Simba rebellion - Knowledge (XXG)

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Portuguese as both feared a Soviet influenced socialist state in the middle of Africa. Tshombe's forces were composed primarily of Belgian trained Katangese Gendarmes who had previously served the Belgian Colonial Authority. They were a highly disciplined and well equipped force who had only just barely lost a bid for independence in the previous conflict. In addition the force was accompanied by Jerry Puren and a score of mercenary pilots flying Second World War surplus training planes fitted with machine guns. The combined force marched on Kasai Province and encountered Simba forces near

1421:) back into the country. The mercenary-led forces gradually arrived at the frontlines from July 1964. Tshombe's rise to power caused considerable displeasure in the Congo and other African countries. The Ugandan government, which felt that the newly installed Tshombe government was beholden to Western interests, promptly offered covert aid to Gbenye. This included the use of government forces to train the rebels as well as the allowance for Ugandan territory to be used as a resupply route. Some Ugandan troops served alongside the rebels in combat, and the Congolese ANC and the 1198:

insurgents, the Congolese government expelled the Soviet embassy's personnel from the country in July 1964; the Soviet leadership responded by increasing its aid for the Simbas. Meanwhile, the Simbas continued to advance. By late July 1964, the insurgents controlled about half of the Congo. Utterly demoralized by repeated defeats, many ANC soldiers believed that the Simba rebels had become invincible thanks to magical rituals performed by insurgent shamans. Amid these rebel successes, the United States government pressured President Kasa-Vubu to dismiss Prime Minister

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disadvantaged. The final Simba stronghold near Bukavu held out for a month. It was captured only after the Simba force had killed several thousand civilians. Morale among the rebels plummeted, and many Rwandans wanted to quit the conflict. As local farmers also turned against the Simbas, showing insurgent camps to the government troops, the Cubans realized that no revolution would occur in the Congo. In November 1965, the Communist Cubans left the Congo in a nightly evacuation. At this point, the Simba rebellion was effectively defeated. According to historian

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Bendera. The operation (which was opposed by Che Guevara) failed completely, with the Rwandans being particularly poorly motivated and fleeing upon the first sign of combat. However, the Cubans continued their training and the performance of the rebels began to improve, resulting in a series of well-organized ambushes against ANC targets. However, these successes came at a significant cost. One Rwandan rebel leader told Che Guevara that he was losing so many of his fighters that the exiles' plans to invade Rwanda in future had become almost impossible.

251: 265: 278: 459: 205: 1472:. Kasaï had rich mining concerns but was also a strategic key to more lasting control of Congo. If the rebels could capture Kasai Province up to the Angola border they could cut the government forces in half, isolating Katanga Province and severely overstretching ANC lines. In August 1964 unknown thousands of Simbas moved down out of the hills and began the conquest of Kasaï. As before ANC forces retreated with little fight by either throwing down arms completely or defecting to the rebels. 1136:, and southern Orientale Province. They did not coordinate their operations with Soumialot who distrusted Gbenye. A third rebel force, independent of Soumialot, Gbenye, and Olenga, rebelled in northern Katanga in early June. These insurgents considered themselves "true" Communists, and were led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila and Ildéphonse Massengo. They had no real connections to the other Simba factions. Kabila and Massengo's troops conquered the entire western shore of 495: 402: 132: 1565: 224: 1810:. Furthermore, the Maoist leadership of the Simbas disagreed with the Cubans over ideology, resulting in tensions that undermined any military cooperation. In contrast, the Rwandan exiles continued to back the Simba rebels, and became even more important to the Simba forces due to the gradual end of other foreign support. The "Rwanadese Popular Movement" and the "Rwanda Youth National Union" led by Jean Kayitare, son of Rwandan exile leader 506: 412: 144: 1937:

some Cuban-Congolese ultimately returned to Africa or relocated to other parts of the world. Many ex-Simbas greatly profited from the better education opportunities in Cuba, and integrated well into the society of their host country. Despite being relatively small, the community has played a major part in modern Congolese politics due to the influence of Cuba-based ex-Simbas on the first post-Mobutu government of the Congo.

1480:. The engagement began in a shallow, long valley with Simba forces attacking in an irregular mixture of infantry and motorized forces, which charged directly at the ANC force. In response, the ANC troops also advanced directly, led by jeeps and trucks. The Simba rebels encountered heavy losses because of ANC machine-gun fire. It was a decisive defeat and the Simba rebels were forced to abandon their attacks in Kasai. 5297: 1814:, each mobilized a battalion to assist the beleaguered Simbas. One Rwandan exile later explained that their continued support for the Simba rebels was mostly motivated by the fact that they were being expelled from other countries such as Burundi, making this "the only choice we had". Despite this, their working relationship with the Congolese insurgents became more strained. The Simba rebels also alienated the 1161:(ANC) garrisons reacted with brutal counter-insurgency actions that failed to defeat the Simbas, but alienated the population of the eastern provinces. Furthermore, the Simba rebels often managed to intimidate well-equipped ANC units into retreating or defecting without a fight, thereby capturing much-needed weaponry for the insurgency. As the Simba rebellion in eastern Congo spread, the states of the 4976: 304: 54: 193: 869: 1608: 237: 1691:. The fall of Stanleyville and Isiro "broke the back of the eastern insurrection, which never recovered." The Simba leadership fled into exile while descending into disarray and severe disagreements; Gbenye was shot in the shoulder by one of his generals after dismissing him. However, many African states voiced support for the Simbas' cause after the Belgian operations. 1531:, a white mercenary commander, led three boats of mercenaries around the Simba rebel flank to attack Albertville from the rear in a night attack. The move made good progress but was diverted when it ran across a Catholic priest who convinced the mercenaries to rescue 60 clergy being held by Simba troops. The mercenaries failed to either rescue the priests or capture the 1865:

insurgents from their exile in Tanzania. In contrast, Gbenye and Olenga initially became businessmen in Sudan and Uganda. They made peace with Mobutu and returned to the Congo in 1971. Soumialot was probably killed by his own troops while waging an insurgency in the Fizi-Baraka area of the Congo in the late 1960s. Notable Simba holdouts were located in the western

422: 156: 1869:(these forces eventually became the Parti de Libération Congolais) and in South Kivu (Kabila's People's Revolution Party). The Rwandan exiles no longer played a significant role in the Simba holdouts. Some exiled Simbas resumed their insurgency in the 1980s or 1990s. Notable examples include the Front for the Liberation of Congo – Patrice Lumumba (FLC-L) and 1206:. The U.S. and Belgian leadership believed that Tshombe was supportive of their interests as well as a more effective leader, thereby being the ideal person to lead the Congo in the conflict against the Simba rebels. With few options left, Kasa-Vubu agreed and Tshombe returned from exile as the new prime minister on 30 July 1964. 1716: 1887:. Accordingly, the memory of the Banyamulenge-Simba fighting became ethnically charged, a development which was further fuelled by the Banyamulenge exploiting their victory over the rebels by expanding their holdings in South Kivu after the rebellion. The local ethnic rivalries would have a major impact on the First and 1535:. The next day ANC infantry and the motorized Gendarmes re-captured the city, overwhelming poorly armed Simba resistance. Together with the success in Kasai the victory at Albertville stabilized the government southern flank. The abuse of the clergy also increased Western support for the Tshombe Government. 1511:

arrived in Katanga Province over the next month. The largely white mercenaries provided the ANC with a highly trained and experienced force that was unaffected by the indiscipline and social tensions within the ANC. They provided an expertise that could not be matched. Ironically, their presence also

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on the western outskirts of Stanleyville. Once the paratroopers had secured the airfield and cleared the runway they made their way to the Victoria Hotel, prevented Simba rebels from killing most of the 60 hostages, and evacuated them via the airfield. Over the next two days over 1,800 Americans and

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Though war was turning in favor of the ANC, problems remained for the Congolese government. Most notably, the rebels still held numerous hostages and important towns in eastern Congo. In response, the Congolese government turned to Belgium and the United States for help. The Belgian Army sent a task

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Though the main rebel forces had been dispersed, large areas in eastern Congo remained under Simba control. In fact, the government offensives stalled after the reconquest of Stanleyville and Isiro. The Simba rebels proved to be still a capable fighting force by inflicting a major defeat on the ANC

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were murdered in Stanleyville alone. In contrast, the rebels initially left whites and foreigners mostly alone. Following the fall of Stanleyville, the Congolese government reacted to the prominent involvement of Rwandan exiles in the Simba rebellion by ordering that all Rwandan refugees were to be

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retook the town, rescuing Sendwe and killing about 250 rebels. The government troops soon alienated the locals due to their brutal behavior. When another rebellion broke out in the town on 19 June 1964, Soumialot's forces exploited the resulting chaos and captured Albertville. The government forces

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of December 1963. Frustrated that Congolese authorities hampered their activities and radicalised by their repeated failures, Inyenzi based in the Congo joined the Simba rebellion because they hoped that a Simba-led government would support their own efforts in Rwanda. Rwandan exiles held prominent

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who lived in South Kivu during this time, as the retreating insurgents killed the Banyamulenge's cows for food. Even though they were related to ethnic Rwandans, the Banyamulenge had previously tried to remain neutral and now opted to side with the Congolese government. They organized militias and

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later that month. Regardless, the insurgents had become too weak to actually restart their offensives and were unable to exploit their defensive successes, resulting in a temporary stalemate. Meanwhile, their international supporters continued to arm and train the rebels, although Burundi expelled

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The Congolese government and its Western allies finally decided to launch a multi-pronged campaign. ANC troops led by mercenary columns would advance from the west, southwest, southeast (Albertville) and east (Bukavu). The mercenaries were well equipped for the campaign, and given access to jeeps,

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The emigration of about 500 ex-Simbas to Cuba after the rebellion, as well as the subsequent intermarriage between ethnic Cubans and ex-Simbas, resulted in the emergence of a Cuban-Congolese community. Marked by a unique blend of Cuban and Congolese cultures, this community spread beyond Cuba, as

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As aid from the Soviet Union was received by the Simba military establishment, the Simba force made one final push against the government capital of Leopoldville. The advance made some headway but was stopped cold when several hundred mercenaries were airlifted North and attacked the flank of the

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The rebels started taking hostages from the local white population in areas under their control. Several hundred hostages were taken to Stanleyville and placed under guard in the Victoria Hotel. A group of Belgian and Italian nuns were taken hostage by rebel leader Gaston Soumaliot. The nuns were

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in South Kivu. Despite the occasional rebel success, the ANC and the mercenaries continued their advance, and began to cut off the insurgents from their supply roues across Lake Tanganyika. This forced the rebels to make stands and face the government forces head-on in battles in which they were

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By May 1965, the Simbas had lost a majority of their territory in northeastern Congo. Despite this, the Cubans attempted to improve the training and organization of the Congolese and Rwandan insurgents. In late June, Kabila ordered a first Cuban-Simba-Rwandan attack aimed at the ANC garrison of

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arrived to train the remaining Simba forces in eastern Congo. There were also plans to send trainers from other communist countries to Congo as well. Instead, however, international support for the Simbas declined. This resulted from growing conflicts within and among the socialist states, most

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Though the initial ground attacks met with some success, the Simbas still managed to offer significant resistance, and even retook some areas amid counter-attacks soon after the campaign's beginning. The first airborne assault was carried out on 24 November. Organized by Belgian Colonel Charles

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Newly appointed Prime Minister Tshombe acted decisively against the new threat. Using contacts he had made while exiled in Spain, Tshombe was able to organize an airlift of his former soldiers currently exiled in rural Angola. The airlift was enacted by the United States and facilitated by the

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Though the Simba rebellion had been crushed, rebel remnants continued to be active. Weak and no real threat to the Congolese government, they waged a low-level guerrilla war from bases in remote frontier regions. Of the rebel leadership, Kabila and Soumialot continued to support the remaining

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As the rebel movement spread, acts of violence and terror increased. Thousands of Congolese were executed in systematic purges by the Simbas, including government officials, political leaders of opposition parties, provincial and local police, school teachers, and others believed to have been

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By August 1964, they had captured Stanleyville where a 1,500-man ANC force fled leaving behind weapons and vehicles which the Simba rebels captured. The attack consisted of a charge, led by shamans, with forty Simba warriors. No shots were fired by the Simba rebels. Following the conquest of

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learned of these attacks, it allied with the Anyanya. The Anyanya consequently helped the Western/Congolese air forces to locate Simba rebel camps and supply routes, and destroy them. In return, the Sudanese rebels were given weapons for their own war. Angered by the Soviet support for the

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Mulele proved to be a capable leader and scored a number of early successes, although these would remain localised to Kwilu. With the country again seeming to be in open rebellion of the government in Kinshasa, the CNL launched its rebellion in their political heartland of eastern Congo.

4932: 1793:. These operations cut off important rebel supply routes, recaptured a number of strategically significant towns in northern Orientale Province, and deprived the insurgents of local gold mines. This greatly weakened the Simba rebellion. Meanwhile, around 100 1512:

strengthened the recruitment efforts of the Simba rebels who could portray the ANC as a Western puppet. Once the mercenaries were concentrated they spearheaded a combined offensive against Albertville. Once captured, Albertville would give the ANC access to

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on 13 February 1965. The bombings caused minimal damage, but resulted in a public outcry in Uganda whose government promptly expanded the military to defend its borders. There were also reports about Ugandan troops crossing the border in a raid targeting

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Tshombe reorganized the Congolese war effort, circumventing other political and military leaders such as Kasa-Vubu and Mobutu. He asked the Western nations for military assistance, recruited White mercenaries, and brought his exiled loyalist troops (the

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expelled from the Congo. Even though the vast majority of Rwandans in the Congo were uninvolved in the uprising and living peacefully, they were consequently the target of ethnic violence and blamed "for all sorts of evil" by Congolese authorities.

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as they positioned themselves as being "socialists" opposed to American intervention in the Congo and involvement in the death of Lumumba although, as with Lumumba, there is some dispute over the true political inclinations of the Lumumbists.

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and serve as a staging base for future offensives to relieve Government enclaves in the North. Simba forces were deployed in several large mobs around Albertville in expectation for an attack by ANC infantry and the motorized Gendarmes.

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regimes to aid the rebels. The Soviet leadership promised that it would replace all weaponry given to the Simbas in given time, but rarely did so. In order to supply the rebels, the Soviet Union transported equipment via cargo planes to

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The decision to aid the Simbas divided the Ugandan government, as it strained relations with the Congolese government and with the United States. It also created differences between the Ugandan national government and the sub-national

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Once that the final Simba offensives were checked, the ANC began to squeeze Simba-controlled territory from all sides. ANC commanders formed a loose perimeter around rebel areas, pushing in with a variety of shallow and deep

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government. A Ugandan Member of Parliament later accused Colonel Amin of taking advantage of the situation to embezzle funds allocated for aid to Gbenye and smuggling gold, coffee, and ivory from the Congo, triggering the

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In addition to native Congolese, the Simba rebels included Rwandan exiles. Known as "Inyenzi" in Rwanda, these exiles had repeatedly attempted to retake their home country without success, most prominently during the

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In late October 1964, nearly 1,000 European and U.S. citizens were taken hostage by rebel forces in Stanleyville. In response, Belgium and the United States launched a military intervention on 24 November 1964.

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Europeans were evacuated, as well as around 400 Congolese. However, almost 200 foreigners and thousands of Congolese were executed by the Simbas. Among them were several missionaries such as the American Dr.

1749:. Gbenye gained their sympathies, and it was decided that covert aid would be channeled to him primarily through Uganda, due to its proximity to the geographic base of the rebellion. Obote selected Colonel 1425:'s 1st Battalion directly clashed along the border of the two countries at some point in 1964. Other countries which sent covert military support through weapons shipments and training included Egypt under 3879:

Stapleton, Tim (2017). "Refugee-warriors and other people's wars in post-colonial Africa: the experience of Rwandese and South African military exiles (1960–94)". In Falola, Toyin; Mbah, Emmanuel (eds.).

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Vandewalle was a Belgian national, but was personally asked by Prime Minister Tshombe to become his personal military adviser on 5 August 1964 and, later, take the command to retake the rebellious region.

1843:, most of the remaining Simba rebels were "slaughter" by the ANC, mercenaries, and Banyamulenge militias. Many Simbas and their families were able to escape into exile; some ultimately relocated to Cuba. 1675:. While the Belgians were securing Stanleyville, the ANC's columns "Lima I" and "Lima II" broke through the Simba defenses and arrived at Stanleyville on the same day. On 26 November, a second mission ( 5300: 4940: 850:, the rebels suffered several major defeats and disintegrated. By November 1965, the Simba rebellion was effectively defeated, though holdouts of the rebels continued their insurgency until the 1990s. 5011: 5320: 1585:. With mercenaries acting as shock contingent for ANC forces, the Congolese government used aircraft to transport mercenaries to hotspots or rebel strongholds. Mercenary forces became adept at 1024:

The majority of the Simbas were young men and teens although children were not unheard of in the conflict. The rebels were led by Gaston Soumialot and Gbenye, who had been members of Gizenga's

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wrote that the majority of the fighters did not hold these views. The fighters also practised a system of traditional beliefs which held that correct behaviour and the regular reapplying of

3178: 1260: 1248: 935:. These talks ultimately did not deliver the Lumumbist government that had been intended. Gizenga was arrested and imprisoned on Bula-Mbemba and many of the Lumumbists went into exile. 5223: 2664: 4264: 1039:

Because of the range of political beliefs amongst the Simba rebels, attributing an ideology to the rebellion is very complex. Whilst the leaders claimed to be influenced by Chinese

4970: 1624:. The Belgian and American governments tried to come up with a rescue plan. Several ideas were considered and discarded, while attempts at negotiating with the Simba force failed. 5330: 5325: 5228: 3493:

Ethnicity and Military Rule in Uganda: a study of ethnicity as a political factor in Uganda, based on a discussion of political anthropology and the application of its results

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began to hunt for the rebels. By April 1965, several thousand pro-Simba Rwandan militants operated in eastern Congo, but their support did little to stem the ANC's advance.

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Africa's World War : Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

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Large civilian casualties, including 392 Europeans and at minimum 20,000 Africans executed by rebels. Tens of thousands killed in total during suppression of the rebellion.

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A Simba rebel with traditional clothing and weaponry. Poorly armed, the insurgents often placed an emphasis on magical protection to terrify and overwhelm their opponents.

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The Banyamulenge's involvement in the conflict would result in lasting ethnic resentment in South Kivu, as the Simba insurgents of the region had mostly belonged to the

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fled, leaving Sendwe behind; he was subsequently murdered by either Simba rebels or, less likely, ANC soldiers, though the circumstances remain unclear and disputed.

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Meanwhile, Christophe Gbenye and Nicholas Olenga rose in revolt in northeastern Congo, quickly expanding their army and territories. By June 1964, they held

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Luntumbue, Michel (2020). "Cuban-Congolese families: From the Fizi-Baraka underground to Havana". In Kali Argyriadis; Giulia Bonacci; Adrien Delmas (eds.).

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Westernized. Many of the executions were carried out with extreme cruelty, in front of a monument to Patrice Lumumba in Stanleyville. About 1,000 to 2,000

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It was in exile that the rebellion began to take shape. On 3 October 1963, the Conseil National de Libération (CNL) was founded by Gbenye and Soumialot in

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Fox, Renee C.; de Craemer, Willy; Ribeaucourt, Jean-Marie (October 1965). ""The Second Independence": A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion in the Congo".

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Success in Kasai justified Tshombe's decision to bring in Western mercenaries to augment well-trained Katangese formations. Two hundred mercenaries from

1433:. China also provided limited aid to the rebels, with Chinese experts based in the Congo, Burundi, and Tanzania suspected of training Simba insurgents. 954:

in eastern Congo. However, whilst these plans for rebellion were being developed in exile, Pierre Mulele returned from his training in China to launch

846:. When the Congolese government launched a number of major counter-offensives from late 1964, spearheaded by battle-hardened mercenaries and backed by 5395: 1548:, near the border with Burundi was a supply route for the rebellions. On October 7, 1964, the nuns were liberated. From Uvira they escaped by road to 2689: 931:

However, in August 1961, Gizenga dissolved the government in Stanleyville with the intention of taking part in the United Nations sponsored talks at

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CIA agents who operated on the ground and also flew for the Congolese Air Force. The ground forces which were coming from the west and attacking

877: 796: 550: 125: 85: 1141: 993:'s forces were organized as the "Armée Populaire de Libération" (APL), though were generally nicknamed "Simbas", meaning a lion or big lion in 583: 3491: 4881: 4715: 4319: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 3943: 3891: 3842: 3821: 3793: 3769: 3612: 3554: 3331: 2933: 2527: 1753:

to lead the assistance effort. As Uganda continued to support the rebels, the Congolese government retaliated by bombing the two villages of

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Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

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Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

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Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

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Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

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in 1996/97 when Kabila became President of the Congo. Ex-Simbas played a major role in Kabila's government until his murder in 2001.

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Gleijeses, Piero (April 1994). ""Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!": The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–65".

1179: 209: 3590: 4965: 4442: 4298: 4291: 2886:. Leavenworth Papers. Vol. 14. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College 1408: 560: 5385: 5370: 4587: 2639: 1803: 1182:. From there, the Sudanese brought the weapons to Congo This operation backfired, however, as southern Sudan was engulfed in 5405: 4843: 4284: 1786: 1710: 1659: 740: 4640: 1914: 1072:

positions within the rebel hierarchy, with Inyenzi leaders Louis Bidalira and Jerome Katarebe serving as chief of staff and

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in late 1963. After taking control of most of the province, Soumialot's army overran the last local government holdouts at

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local Chinese experts who had possibly aided the insurgency around early February. In January 1965 Ugandan Prime Minister

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were often chaotic. They were also poorly armed, with many rebels relying on machetes and spears due to lacking guns.

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With much of northern Congo and the Congolese upcountry under their control, the Simba rebels moved south against

4552: 1629: 1055:) would leave the fighters impervious to bullets. Researcher Ato Kwamena Onoma described the Simba rebellion as " 463: 4615: 4520: 3452:

Glentworth, Garth; Hancock, Ian (July 1973). "Obote and Amin: Change and Continuity in Modern Uganda Politics".

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To the extent that the movement had an ideology, it was an mixture of nationalism, village Marxism, and magic.

382: 4920: 4573: 1790: 1633: 1183: 1025: 515: 3169:"Zaïre: Mobutu, cible des rebelles. A Goma, le commandant Kisase réfute le caractère ethnique de la rébellion" 892:. The rebellion can be immediately traced back to the assassination of the first Prime Minister of the Congo, 4601: 4594: 4396: 4050: 1190:

insurgents consequently ambushed the Soviet-Sudanese supply convoys and captured the weapons for themselves.

5211: 5104: 4697: 4421: 4154: 2160:. Historical Dictionaries of Africa. Vol. 112 (3, illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 110. 1778: 630: 394: 4825: 4492: 1564: 1524:

Official pass issued by the People's Republic of the Congo, the communist government declared by the Simbas

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O'Malley, Alanna (2021). "The Simba Rebellion, the Cold War, and the Stanleyville Hostages in the Congo".

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respectively. The Rwandan exiles held a reputation as good and disciplined fighters among the insurgents.

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in recruiting thousands of troops along the Burundian-Congolese border. With these forces, he invaded

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The causes of the Simba Rebellion should be viewed as part of the wider struggle for power within the

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Mujaju, Akiiki B. (October 1987). "The Gold Allegations Motion and Political Development in Uganda".

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In 1961, this change in power led Antoine Gizenga to declare the creation of a rebel government in

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forced into hard labor and numerous atrocities were reported by news agencies all over the world.

5238: 5233: 5001: 3984: 3761: 3689: 3469: 3402: 3394: 3350: 2556: 1767: 1426: 1293: 1097: 947: 283: 4092: 3573: 1811: 1683:. The Belgians withdrew most of their forces from the Congo after the successful conclusion of 5139: 5119: 5099: 5049: 4064: 3939: 3920: 3887: 3838: 3817: 3789: 3765: 3740: 3719: 3658: 3637: 3608: 3550: 3527: 3431: 3327: 2929: 2759: 2523: 2161: 1866: 1840: 1807: 1663: 1586: 1508: 1469: 1440: 1317: 1068: 990: 982: 909: 896:, in January 1961. Political infighting and intrigue followed, resulting in the ascendancy of 834:

The Simba rebels were initially successful and captured much of eastern Congo, proclaiming a "

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Operatie rode draak: De bevrijding van 1800 blanken door Belgische para's in Congo in 1964

2911: 1877: 1827: 1700: 1582: 1532: 1513: 1504: 1430: 1390: 1229: 1137: 1093: 1056: 955: 946:. The CNL was backed by pro-Lumumba leaders as well as "emerging local warlords" based in 905: 893: 859: 824: 808: 768: 747: 709: 704: 59: 3685: 3465: 17: 3523:

Congo Unravelled: Military operations from Independence to the Mercenary Revolt, 1960–68

1017:). Although they were on average well motivated, the Simbas lacked discipline and their 5196: 5081: 4779: 4566: 4545: 4078: 4057: 4043: 3427: 3364: 1831: 1742: 1641: 1496: 1210:

Moïse Tshombe assumes power and government forces regain initiative, July – August 1964

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Predikbroeders in woord en daad : Dominicanen in Vlaanderen in de twintigste eeuw

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Thousands of Simba rebels fled to Burundi. Many of them joined with Hutu militants in

1607: 1112:

shortly after. Pro-Simba forces successfully revolted in the important harbor town of

5314: 5129: 5091: 4731: 4513: 4113: 3712: 3406: 3173: 1738: 828: 656: 149: 1789:", military offensives aimed at retaking the areas bordering Uganda, Sudan, and the 5191: 4633: 4580: 4506: 4460: 4027: 2643: 1906: 1884: 1815: 1758: 1734: 1668: 1492: 1443:(left) and General Nicholas Olenga (right), before the Patrice Lumumba monument in 1166: 1162: 1125: 1117: 1052: 889: 847: 843: 800: 600: 370: 229: 164: 41: 5274:

International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1860:

Economic rehabilitation project in Albertville following the Simba rebellion, 1965

1830:", in September 1965 against the last major Simba stronghold which was located at 1461: 3933: 3881: 3832: 3811: 3755: 3734: 3602: 3521: 3321: 3079: 2789: 2231: 2155: 807:. The rebellion, located in the east of the country, was led by the followers of 4690: 4647: 4428: 4179: 1798: 1794: 1044: 939: 625: 426: 53: 2914:, International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, December 2001 1632:. In addition, the ANC was provided with foreign advisors, including about 200 1456:) while portraying the existing Congolese government as Western puppet regime. 868: 4538: 3390: 1725: 1672: 1528: 1133: 1101: 3924: 3435: 2881: 2763: 1005:

was divided into regular units which were organized like the ANC (namely the

3935:

Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967

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in Kinshasa at the expense of politicians who had supported Lumumba such as

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spread and escalated, Soumialot obtained the support of the government of

997:. They were recruited from ANC mutineers, tribesmen, and youth militants ( 3629: 2755: 1777:

From March to June 1965, ANC contingents and mercenaries under Hoare and

1750: 1637: 1617: 1341: 885: 804: 556: 45: 3901:

Verhaegen, Benoît (1967). "Les rébellions populaires au Congo en 1964".

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in early February 1965, followed by another, smaller rebel victory near

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Simba pincer. The mercenaries were then able to capture the key town of

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Stanleyville, the rebels proclaimed a "People's Republic of the Congo" (

1084: 5268: 4127: 3988: 2904: 2560: 1901: 1500: 1477: 1187: 1145: 1113: 881: 309: 160: 137: 3788:. Provinces (in French). Tervuren: Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale. 3693: 3473: 3398: 4975: 2543:

M. Crawford Young (1966). "Post-Independence Politics in the Congo".

1754: 1574: 1549: 1484: 1040: 198: 89: 3980: 2552: 3971:

Young, Crawford (1966). "Post-Independence Politics in the Congo".

3604:

Cuba and Africa, 1959–1994: Writing an alternative Atlantic history

2847:"HistoryNet – From the World's Largest History Magazine Publisher" 2118:"Chronology of the Democratic Republic of Congo/Zaire (1960–1997)" 1921: 1855: 1771: 1746: 1714: 1680: 1655: 1606: 1563: 1545: 1519: 1435: 1149: 1105: 1083: 924: 867: 458: 270: 204: 5421:

20th-century mass murder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5059: 3499:. Uppsala: Scandinavian Inst. of African Studies. Archived from 1175: 1109: 951: 242: 5171:

Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)

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Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 1959-1976

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Soviet explosives seized by the Congolese army from the Simbas

1194: 2522:. Vol. 2. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. p. 268. 2439: 2437: 2157:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1876:

Some of the Simba holdouts continued to be active until the

3483:

Congo Diary: Episodes of the Revolutionary War in the Congo

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became the Democratic Republic of the Congo in August 1964.

5411:

Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda military relations

2924:

Lamberigts, Mathijs; de Caluwe, Mark; Milh, Anton (2016).

2883:

Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964–1965

2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2236:, East African Educational Publisher Ltd, 2001, p. 42 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2191: 2189: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1951: 1949: 1909:. Several ex-Simba rebels were eventually enlisted in the 3607:. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. pp. 161–182. 3566:

Civil Wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1960-2010

3084:, vol. 156, American Bible Society, 1971, p. 58 1013:), and units which were more akin to irregular militias ( 3366:

Imagining the Congo: International Relations of Identity

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Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Annual Report of the American Bible Society, Volume 156

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arranged for Gbenye to meet with him, Kenyan President

884:

on 30 June 1960 as well as within the context of other

3782:

Tanganyika : Espace fécondé par le lac et le rail

3625:

Armoured Trains. An Illustrated Encyclopedia 1825–2016

2124:. Paris Institute of Political Studies. Archived from 1144:

by late June. They then advanced into the Province of

3714:

The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

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Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3703:

The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: a people's history

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(2009). 1658:transports dropped 350 Belgian paratroopers of the 1404: 1387: 1374: 1361: 1351: 1337: 1323: 1311: 1299: 1283: 1273: 1216: 1148:, and captured its strategically important capital 5381:Civil wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3711: 3363: 1719:ANC soldiers with captured Maoist rebel propaganda 799:between 1963 and 1965 in the wider context of the 795:, was a regional uprising which took place in the 5416:Massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5361:Communism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4971:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations 3955:Dragon Rouge: The Rescue of Hostages in the Congo 3259: 1611:Refugees move towards the airfield for evacuation 1552:from where they returned to Belgium by airplane. 5321:1963 in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 3271: 2960: 2948: 2370: 1124:. On 30 May 1964, a small ANC detachment led by 5022:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries 2122:Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network 1032:, who had been a member of the Lumumba aligned 974: 76:(Simba holdouts continue resistance until 1996) 34: 3886:. New York City: Routledge. pp. 241–259. 3757:Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890–1985 2358: 1774:in retaliation for the Congolese air attacks. 4948: 4012: 3447:. London: University of North Carolina Press. 1654:and targeted Stanleyville. Five US Air Force 923:, received support from the Soviet Union and 823:. The rebellion was contemporaneous with the 584: 559:in April 1964 following its incorporation of 8: 5331:1965 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5326:1964 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3957:. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. 3326:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. 3323:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002 3030: 1221: 1080:Early rebel expansion, late 1963 – July 1964 888:interventions in Africa by the West and the 811:, who had been ousted from power in 1960 by 3069:, Chapter: Operation South and Che Guevara. 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2518:Kinder, Hermann; Hilgemann, Werner (1978). 1560:Rebel collapse, August 1964 – November 1965 819:and subsequently killed in January 1961 in 5115: 5087: 4955: 4941: 4933: 4410: 4019: 4005: 3997: 3813:Anti-Refugee Violence and African Politics 3378:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3057:, Chapter: Operation Violettes Imperiales. 2833: 2794:, American Bible Society, 1971, p. 58 2111: 2109: 1213: 1034:Association générale des Baluba du Katanga 591: 577: 569: 31: 3816:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3283: 3211: 3142: 3112: 2721:(presentation) (in Dutch). Archived from 2455: 2443: 2416: 2389: 2339: 2272: 2218: 2195: 2180: 1980: 1679:) was flown by the Belgians and captured 4187:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas") 2928:(first ed.). Halewijn. p. 98. 4313:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale) 3975:(26). Indiana University Press: 34–41. 3298: 3199: 3167:Colson, Marie-Laure (8 November 1996). 3154: 3127: 3097: 2776: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2428: 2404: 2060: 2045: 1955: 1945: 1589:and then reducing Simba positions with 872:Gaston Soumialot (center right) in 1965 219: 3938:. Abingdon; New York City: Routledge. 3883:Dissent, Protest and Dispute in Africa 3247: 3235: 3223: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3018: 3003: 2991: 2821: 2809: 2505: 2249: 2141: 2100: 2077: 1997: 1202:, and install a new government led by 4882:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 4205:United Nations Operation in the Congo 3628:. Translated by Roger Branfill-Cook. 2972: 2737: 2735: 2578: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 1386: 1373: 1360: 1350: 1346: 1322: 1310: 1306: 1298: 864:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 764:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 7: 3779:Omasombo Tshonda, Jean, ed. (2014). 3718:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. 3686:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097945 3466:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096383 2665:"Atrocities at Uvira, July 24, 1964" 2468:Risdel Kasasira (27 February 2017). 1826:The ANC launched another campaign, " 919:. This rival government, dubbed the 5166:2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash 5040:East African campaign (World War I) 4914:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961 3863:Congo: the epic history of a people 3837:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3736:The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98 3587:Minority Rights Group International 3564:Kisangani, Emizet Francois (2012). 2696:from the original on 27 August 2017 1648:Laurent, the attack was code-named 1059:". The rebellion was backed by the 3739:(illustrated ed.). Springer. 3710:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2007). 3701:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2002). 3428:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x 2692:(in French). Kisimba. 2010-08-20. 2642:. Users.telenet.be. Archived from 25: 3515:. Boulder: Sycamore Island Books. 3045:, Chapter: Operation White Giant. 2667:. Catholic herald. Archived from 2520:The Anchor Atlas of World History 5396:Wars involving the United States 5296: 5295: 4974: 4964: 4306:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium) 4299:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium) 4292:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium) 4155:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC) 2849:. Historynet.com. Archived from 2470:"Life as an Amin army commander" 1409:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1259: 1247: 797:Democratic Republic of the Congo 504: 493: 479: 457: 420: 410: 400: 388: 376: 364: 352: 340: 328: 302: 289: 276: 263: 249: 235: 222: 203: 191: 154: 142: 130: 126:Democratic Republic of the Congo 119: 86:Democratic Republic of the Congo 52: 27:1963–1965 rebellion in the Congo 3657:. London: Hurst & Company. 3481:Guevara, Ernesto 'Che' (2011). 3370:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2116:Olivier, Lanotte (2016-01-25). 1353:• Capture of Stanleyville 4889:Torture and killing of Lumumba 1711:Operation Violettes Imperiales 1218:People's Republic of the Congo 1165:took increasing interest. The 942:, capital of the neighbouring 769:Torture and killing of Lumumba 1: 3861:Reybrouck, David van (2014). 3579:Selective Genocide in Burundi 3490:Hansen, Holger Bernt (1977). 3260:Glentworth & Hancock 1973 2905:The Responsibility to Protect 1597:Government counter-offensives 1454:République populaire du Congo 1223:République populaire du Congo 1051:(water ritually applied by a 1043:, the Cuban military advisor 1003:Armée Populaire de Libération 531:200 Cuban and Soviet advisors 5110:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 3964:The Assassination of Lumumba 3543:Obote: A political biography 3272:Lemarchand & Martin 1974 1108:on 15 May 1964, followed by 880:following independence from 3904:Cahiers d'études africaines 3810:Onoma, Ato Kwamena (2013). 3754:Omara-Otunnu, Amii (1987). 3177:(in French). Archived from 2744:Journal of Cold War Studies 5437: 5254:Great Lakes refugee crisis 4992:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement 3932:Villafana, Frank (2017) . 3733:O'Ballance, Edgar (1999). 3622:Malmassari, Paul (2016) . 2714:Dewyspelaere, Marie-Rose. 2640:"Gaston Soumaliot (Dutch)" 1741:, and Tanzanian President 1704: 1698: 1630:armoured fighting vehicles 1600: 1158:Armée Nationale Congolaise 1019:command as well as control 921:Free Republic of the Congo 857: 519:5 C-130 transport aircraft 58:Simba rebellion (red) and 5292: 4896:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld 3953:Wagoner, Fred E. (2003). 3870:Rodgers, Anthony (1998). 3545:. New York & London: 3443:Gleijeses, Piero (2002). 3391:10.1017/s0010417500003911 1932:Cuban-Congolese community 1804:1965 Algerian coup d'état 1400: 1347: 1333: 1307: 1243: 1238: 970:Simba forces and ideology 774:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld 608: 548: 543: 538: 472: 318: 112: 66: 51: 39: 18:Sister Ernestine Declercq 4921:Decolonisation of Africa 4574:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian 4247:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt 3831:Prunier, Gérard (2009). 3576:; Martin, David (1974). 3568:. London: Lynne Rienner. 3541:Ingham, Kenneth (1994). 3485:. New York: Ocean Press. 2880:Odom, Thomas P. (1988). 1791:Central African Republic 1620:, airlifted by the U.S. 1026:Parti Solidaire Africain 985:, United States diplomat 960:native province of Kwilu 912:, and Gaston Soumialot. 827:led by fellow Lumumbist 5212:Belgian colonial empire 5105:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign 4672:Force Publique mutinies 4641:William "Rip" Robertson 4397:Cuban Exile Naval Force 4051:Egide Bocheley-Davidson 3962:Witte, Ludo de (2002). 3651:Martell, Peter (2018). 3632:: Seaforth Publishing ( 3520:Hudson, Andrew (2012). 3362:Dunn, Kevin C. (2003). 1695:Final rebel strongholds 1640:were also supported by 1116:in late May, capturing 613:Force Publique mutinies 184:Kabila-Massengo faction 88:, with spillovers into 5386:Wars involving Belgium 5371:Insurgencies in Africa 5217:Kivu frontier incident 5017:East African Community 4787:Port Francqui incident 3852:Quanten, Kris (2014). 3526:. Helion and Company. 3320:Abbott, Peter (2014). 2716:"1964 events in Uvira" 2233:Modern Swahili Grammar 1861: 1781:organized Operations " 1720: 1660:Para-Commando Regiment 1612: 1603:Operation Dragon Rouge 1569: 1525: 1448: 1383:15 March – 29 May 1965 1365:Operation Dragon Rouge 1222: 1122:North Katanga Province 1089: 978: 873: 698:Port Francqui incident 319:Commanders and leaders 5406:Wars involving Uganda 4864:Stanleyville mutinies 4493:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur 4390:211th Makasi Squadron 4173:Katangese Gendarmerie 3917:10.3406/cea.1967.3100 3805:on November 22, 2022. 3596:on February 24, 2023. 2961:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007 2949:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007 2728:on December 30, 2013. 2690:"Liberation of Uvira" 2646:on September 28, 2021 2371:Omasombo Tshonda 2014 1859: 1718: 1707:Operation White Giant 1705:Further information: 1622:322d Airlift Division 1610: 1601:Further information: 1567: 1523: 1462:Westernized Congolese 1439: 1419:Katangese Gendarmerie 1378:Operation White Giant 1169:implored neighboring 1087: 1030:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 944:Republic of the Congo 878:Republic of the Congo 871: 858:Further information: 555:b. Tanganyika became 551:Republic of the Congo 539:Casualties and losses 449:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 178:Gbenye-Olenga faction 5401:Wars involving Sudan 5376:Rebellions in Africa 5279:2014 Mutarule attack 4845:Violettes Imperiales 4468:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 4422:Conor Cruise O'Brien 4320:5 Mechanised Brigade 4107:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 3705:. London: Zed Books. 3511:Hoare, Mike (2008). 3181:on December 10, 2022 2756:10.1162/jcws_a_00985 2671:on December 30, 2013 2629:, pp. 16, 20–21 1852:Effects on the Congo 1787:Violettes Imperiales 1628:trucks, mortars and 1429:, and Algeria under 902:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 817:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 791:, also known as the 742:Violettes Imperiales 525:Unknown Simba rebels 464:Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa 395:Joseph-Desiré Mobutu 188:Rwandan exile groups 74:1963 – November 1965 5391:Wars involving Cuba 5336:Cold War rebellions 4521:Frédéric Vandewalle 3856:. Antwerp: Manteau. 3634:Pen and Sword Books 3286:, pp. 142–149. 3238:, pp. 484–485. 2951:, pp. 138–139. 2323:, pp. 205–206. 2299:, pp. 204–205. 1917:in Uganda in 1971. 1871:André Kisase Ngandu 1533:Albertville airport 1007:unités d'operations 1001:). In general, the 933:Lovanium University 485:Congo-Léopoldville: 453:Ildéphonse Massengo 383:Frédéric Vandewalle 5239:Katanga insurgency 5234:Rwandan Revolution 5070:Massacres of Hutus 5033:Military relations 5002:Sun City Agreement 4874:Other major events 4707:Congo-Stanleyville 4180:South Kasai forces 3872:Someone Else's War 3762:Palgrave Macmillan 3654:First Raise a Flag 3506:on April 25, 2023. 3416:Diplomatic History 3274:, pp. 14, 23. 3202:, pp. 77, 83. 2910:2014-11-15 at the 1924:against President 1862: 1763:West Nile District 1721: 1613: 1570: 1526: 1449: 1427:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1294:socialist republic 1090: 1011:unités de garnison 948:Orientale Province 874: 831:in central Congo. 758:Other major events 638:Congo-Stanleyville 528:Thousands Rwandans 104:Government victory 5366:Mercenary warfare 5351:Conflicts in 1965 5346:Conflicts in 1964 5341:Conflicts in 1963 5308: 5307: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5140:Kishishe massacre 5100:Makobola massacre 5050:Rwandan Civil War 5012:Gorilla Agreement 4930: 4929: 4662:Main operations / 4657: 4656: 4285:White mercenaries 4147:government forces 4065:Christophe Gbenye 4036:Political leaders 3945:978-1-4128-4766-7 3893:978-1-138-22003-4 3874:. Harper-Collins. 3865:. New York: Ecco. 3844:978-0-19-970583-2 3823:978-1-107-03669-7 3795:978-9-4916-1587-0 3771:978-1-349-18738-6 3614:978-1-77614-633-8 3556:978-0-415-05342-6 3333:978-1-78200-076-1 3031:Omara-Otunnu 1987 2935:978-90-8528-393-5 2824:, pp. 17–18. 2617:, pp. 16, 20 2529:978-0-385-06178-0 2446:, pp. 73–74. 2419:, pp. 72–73. 2063:, pp. 74–75. 1958:, pp. 51–52. 1867:Virunga Mountains 1808:Sino-Soviet split 1797:volunteers under 1664:Simi-Simi Airport 1441:Christophe Gbenye 1414: 1413: 1318:Christophe Gbenye 1313:• 1964–1965 1184:its own civil war 1069:Bugesera invasion 991:Christophe Gbenye 983:Monteagle Stearns 910:Christophe Gbenye 836:people's republic 782: 781: 617:Secession crisis 567: 566: 438:Christophe Gbenye 181:Soumialot faction 108: 107: 16:(Redirected from 5428: 5299: 5298: 5249:Rwandan genocide 5207:Ngweshe Chiefdom 5116: 5088: 5077:Second Congo War 4979: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4934: 4923: 4916: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4764: 4757: 4748: 4741: 4739:Battle of Kabalo 4734: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4678:Secession crisis 4674: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4588:Siegfried Müller 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4500:Jules Crèvecoeur 4495: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4445: 4438: 4436:Dewan Prem Chand 4431: 4424: 4411: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4267: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4157: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4121:Gaston Soumialot 4116: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4086:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 4081: 4074: 4072:Dag Hammarskjöld 4067: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4021: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3992: 3967: 3966:. London: Verso. 3958: 3949: 3928: 3897: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3827: 3806: 3804: 3798:. Archived from 3787: 3775: 3750: 3729: 3717: 3706: 3697: 3680:(345): 479–504. 3668: 3647: 3618: 3597: 3595: 3589:. Archived from 3584: 3574:Lemarchand, René 3569: 3560: 3537: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3498: 3486: 3477: 3460:(288): 237–255. 3448: 3439: 3410: 3371: 3369: 3358: 3337: 3306: 3303: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3116: 3110: 3101: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2921: 2915: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2877: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2796: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2605:, pp. 16–19 2600: 2594: 2593:, pp. 13–16 2588: 2582: 2576: 2565: 2564: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2476:. Archived from 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2343: 2337: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2199: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2128:on May 12, 2019. 2113: 2104: 2098: 2081: 2075: 2064: 2058: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1984: 1978: 1959: 1953: 1926:Michel Micombero 1889:Second Congo War 1671:and the Belgian 1370:24 November 1964 1357:7 September 1964 1329:Gaston Soumialot 1288:Marxist–Leninist 1263: 1251: 1233: 1225: 1214: 986: 898:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 813:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 793:Orientale revolt 662:Battle of Kabalo 603: 593: 586: 579: 570: 516:Cuban dissidents 509: 508: 507: 501:350 paratroopers 498: 497: 496: 484: 483: 482: 462: 461: 445:Gaston Soumialot 425: 424: 423: 416:Robert D. Forman 415: 414: 413: 405: 404: 403: 393: 392: 391: 381: 380: 379: 369: 368: 367: 357: 356: 355: 345: 344: 343: 335:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 333: 332: 331: 308: 306: 305: 295: 293: 292: 282: 280: 279: 269: 267: 266: 259: 255: 253: 252: 241: 239: 238: 228: 226: 225: 208: 207: 197: 195: 194: 170: 159: 158: 157: 148: 146: 145: 136: 134: 133: 124: 123: 122: 68: 67: 56: 32: 21: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5288: 5284:Kipupu massacre 5244:Kanyarwanda War 5202:Kaziba Chiefdom 5175: 5146: 5121: 5114: 5086: 5065:Lemera massacre 5055:First Congo War 5045:Simba rebellion 5028: 4997:Pretoria Accord 4980: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4869: 4862: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4810:Simba rebellion 4808: 4803:Kwilu rebellion 4801: 4796:Kanyarwanda War 4794: 4785: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4721: 4716:UN intervention 4714: 4705: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4621: 4614: 4609:Roger Trinquier 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4553:Charles Gardien 4551: 4544: 4537: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4277:mercenary units 4276: 4270: 4263: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4100:Patrice Lumumba 4098: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4031: 4025: 3995: 3981:10.2307/2934325 3970: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3931: 3900: 3894: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3753: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3709: 3700: 3674:African Affairs 3671: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3621: 3615: 3600: 3593: 3582: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3540: 3534: 3519: 3513:Congo Mercenary 3510: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3480: 3454:African Affairs 3451: 3442: 3413: 3374: 3361: 3343:The World Today 3340: 3334: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3126: 3119: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2912:Wayback Machine 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2878: 2865: 2856: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2834:Malmassari 2016 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2799: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2568: 2553:10.2307/2934325 2542: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2359:O'Ballance 1999 2357: 2346: 2338: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2133: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2084: 2076: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1987: 1979: 1962: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1913:after Idi Amin 1897: 1895:Regional impact 1878:First Congo War 1854: 1849: 1828:Operation South 1812:François Rukeba 1713: 1703: 1701:Operation South 1697: 1642:armoured trains 1605: 1599: 1562: 1541: 1514:Lake Tanganyika 1431:Ahmed Ben Bella 1396:8 December 1965 1393: 1391:Operation South 1380: 1367: 1354: 1326: 1314: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1234: 1227: 1219: 1212: 1186:. The Sudanese 1138:Lake Tanganyika 1120:, President of 1094:Kwilu rebellion 1082: 1074:chef de cabinet 988: 980: 972: 906:Antoine Gizenga 894:Patrice Lumumba 866: 860:Kwilu rebellion 856: 825:Kwilu rebellion 809:Patrice Lumumba 789:Simba rebellion 785: 784: 783: 778: 715:Simba rebellion 710:Kwilu rebellion 705:Kanyarwanda War 645:UN intervention 604: 599: 597: 554: 534: 518: 513: 511: 505: 503: 502: 500: 494: 492: 491: 486: 480: 478: 468: 456: 442:Nicholas Olenga 431: 421: 419: 411: 409: 406:Charles Laurent 401: 399: 389: 387: 377: 375: 365: 363: 353: 351: 341: 339: 329: 327: 314: 303: 301: 290: 288: 277: 275: 264: 262: 250: 248: 247: 236: 234: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216:Foreign support 202: 201: 192: 190: 189: 168: 163: 155: 153: 152: 143: 141: 140: 131: 129: 128: 120: 118: 96: 75: 60:Kwilu rebellion 57: 35:Simba rebellion 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5434: 5432: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5197:Bwito Chiefdom 5194: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5082:Dongo conflict 5079: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4780:Kindu atrocity 4776: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4687: 4675: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4616:Hugh van Oppen 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4546:Roger Faulques 4542: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4415: 4414:United Nations 4408: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4258: 4257:Other entities 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4079:Albert Kalonji 4075: 4068: 4061: 4058:Gaston Eyskens 4054: 4047: 4044:Cyrille Adoula 4039: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3993: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3944: 3929: 3911:(26): 345–59. 3898: 3892: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3828: 3822: 3807: 3794: 3776: 3770: 3751: 3745: 3730: 3724: 3707: 3698: 3669: 3664:978-1849049597 3663: 3648: 3643:978-1848322622 3642: 3619: 3613: 3598: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3538: 3533:978-1907677632 3532: 3517: 3508: 3487: 3478: 3449: 3440: 3411: 3372: 3359: 3349:(4): 169–176. 3338: 3332: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3284:Luntumbue 2020 3276: 3264: 3262:, p. 251. 3252: 3250:, p. 110. 3240: 3228: 3226:, p. 496. 3216: 3214:, p. 142. 3212:Luntumbue 2020 3204: 3192: 3159: 3147: 3145:, p. 188. 3143:Villafana 2017 3132: 3117: 3115:, p. 141. 3113:Luntumbue 2020 3102: 3087: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3021:, p. 103. 3008: 3006:, p. 174. 2996: 2977: 2965: 2963:, p. 136. 2953: 2941: 2934: 2916: 2897: 2863: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2797: 2781: 2769: 2731: 2706: 2681: 2656: 2631: 2627:Rodgers (1998) 2619: 2615:Rodgers (1998) 2607: 2603:Rodgers (1998) 2595: 2591:Rodgers (1998) 2583: 2581:, p. 206. 2566: 2535: 2528: 2510: 2508:, p. 173. 2491: 2480:on 11 May 2019 2460: 2456:Villafana 2017 2448: 2444:Villafana 2017 2433: 2421: 2417:Villafana 2017 2409: 2394: 2390:Villafana 2017 2375: 2373:, p. 230. 2363: 2344: 2340:Villafana 2017 2325: 2313: 2311:, p. 205. 2301: 2289: 2287:, p. 204. 2277: 2275:, p. 244. 2273:Stapleton 2017 2254: 2239: 2223: 2219:Villafana 2017 2200: 2196:Villafana 2017 2185: 2183:, p. 243. 2181:Stapleton 2017 2173: 2166: 2146: 2131: 2105: 2082: 2065: 2050: 2048:, p. 109. 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2002: 2000:, p. 484. 1985: 1983:, p. 245. 1981:Stapleton 2017 1960: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1896: 1893: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1841:Gérard Prunier 1743:Julius Nyerere 1699:Main article: 1696: 1693: 1598: 1595: 1561: 1558: 1540: 1537: 1497:United Kingdom 1470:Kasaï Province 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338:Historical era 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1200:Cyrille Adoula 1081: 1078: 973: 971: 968: 855: 852: 848:Western powers 780: 779: 777: 776: 771: 766: 755: 754: 753: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 712: 707: 702: 701: 700: 695: 693:Kindu atrocity 690: 683: 682: 681: 669: 664: 659: 654: 642: 641: 640: 635: 634: 633: 623: 615: 609: 606: 605: 598: 596: 595: 588: 581: 573: 565: 564: 546: 545: 541: 540: 536: 535: 533: 532: 529: 526: 522: 520: 510:United States: 475: 474: 470: 469: 467: 466: 454: 451: 446: 443: 440: 434: 432: 430: 429: 417: 407: 397: 385: 373: 361: 349: 347:Cyrille Adoula 337: 324: 321: 320: 316: 315: 313: 312: 299: 286: 273: 260: 245: 232: 215: 214: 213: 186: 185: 182: 179: 171: 115: 114: 110: 109: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 84: 82: 78: 77: 72: 64: 63: 49: 48: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5433: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5303: 5302: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5135:M23 offensive 5133: 5131: 5130:M23 rebellion 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5092:Kivu conflict 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732:Niemba ambush 4729: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4514:Jean Schramme 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197:UN contingent 4195: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4135:Moïse Tshombe 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4114:Pierre Mulele 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3746:9780230286481 3742: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3725:9781842770535 3721: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3422:(2): 207–37. 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385:(1): 78–109. 3384: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3302: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3160: 3157:, p. 83. 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3130:, p. 77. 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3100:, p. 52. 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3081:Annual Report 3075: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3033:, p. 71. 3032: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2994:, p. 19. 2993: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2975:, p. 40. 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2853:on 2008-03-16 2852: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2836:, p. 99. 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2812:, p. 17. 2811: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2779:, p. 20. 2778: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547:(26): 34–41. 2546: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2479: 2475: 2474:Daily Monitor 2471: 2464: 2461: 2458:, p. 74. 2457: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2431:, p. 75. 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2407:, p. 74. 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2392:, p. 72. 2391: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2361:, p. 73. 2360: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2342:, p. 71. 2341: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2252:, p. 16. 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2221:, p. 73. 2220: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2198:, p. 69. 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2167:9780810863255 2163: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2147: 2144:, p. 14. 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2103:, p. 18. 2102: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2080:, p. 15. 2079: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739:Jomo Kenyatta 1736: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1591:enfilade fire 1588: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1407: 1405:Today part of 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1382: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1356: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 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Raja 4383:15 Commando 4376:14 Commando 4369:13 Commando 4362:12 Commando 4355:11 Commando 4030:(1960–1965) 3313:Works cited 3248:Hansen 1977 3236:Mujaju 1987 3224:Mujaju 1987 3067:Hudson 2012 3055:Hudson 2012 3043:Hudson 2012 3019:Ingham 1994 3004:Anstey 1965 2992:Abbott 2014 2890:20 December 2822:Abbott 2014 2810:Abbott 2014 2506:Anstey 1965 2250:Abbott 2014 2142:Abbott 2014 2101:Abbott 2014 2078:Abbott 2014 1998:Mujaju 1987 1911:Uganda Army 1873:'s forces. 1799:Che Guevara 1783:White Giant 1689:Dragon Noir 1677:Dragon Noir 1587:outflanking 1423:Uganda Army 1171:nationalist 1114:Albertville 1045:Che Guevara 1028:(PSA), and 950:as well as 940:Brazzaville 735:White Giant 728:Dragon Noir 626:South Kasai 427:Joseph Lagu 5315:Categories 4746:Jadotville 4567:Mike Hoare 4539:Bob Denard 4407:Commanders 4348:9 Commando 4341:6 Commando 4334:5 Commando 4327:4 Commando 3973:Transition 3760:. London: 3585:. London: 3174:Libération 2973:Young 1966 2857:2010-12-21 2700:2014-07-22 2675:2014-07-22 2650:2014-07-22 2579:Onoma 2013 2545:Transition 2321:Onoma 2013 2309:Onoma 2013 2297:Onoma 2013 2285:Onoma 2013 1941:References 1795:Afro-Cuban 1726:Bafwasende 1529:Mike Hoare 1478:Luluabourg 1284:Government 1178:in allied 1155:The local 1134:North Kivu 1102:South Kivu 854:Background 667:Jadotville 257:Tanganyika 5159:Incidents 4985:Diplomacy 4772:Grandslam 4724:Rum Punch 4531:Mercenary 4453:Congolese 4275:Belgian / 4145:Congolese 3925:0008-0055 3547:Routledge 3436:0145-2096 3407:145504330 2764:1520-3972 1928:in 1972. 1847:Aftermath 1616:force to 1300:President 1291:one-party 1239:1964–1965 1193:When the 1057:Lumumbist 1015:barriéres 962:in 1963. 687:Grandslam 651:Rum Punch 167:militias 5301:Category 5122:Movement 5120:March 23 4698:Invasion 4240:Ethiopia 3630:Barnsley 3355:40393719 2908:Archived 2694:Archived 1922:a revolt 1902:Bugandan 1806:and the 1751:Idi Amin 1638:Bas-Uele 1539:Hostages 1342:Cold War 999:jeunesse 886:Cold War 805:Cold War 803:and the 631:Invasion 561:Zanzibar 557:Tanzania 499:Belgium: 487:~29,000 473:Strength 81:Location 62:(yellow) 46:Cold War 44:and the 5269:MONUSCO 5180:Related 4906:Related 4684:Katanga 4664:battles 4485:Belgian 4219:Ireland 4128:U Thant 3989:2934325 2561:2934325 1785:" and " 1583:pincers 1501:Ireland 1389:• 1376:• 1363:• 1274:Capital 1188:Anyanya 1146:Maniema 1098:Burundi 1092:As the 1063:party. 995:Swahili 958:in his 882:Belgium 821:Katanga 621:Katanga 549:a. The 310:Algeria 284:Burundi 161:Anyanya 138:Belgium 5187:Border 5007:COMESA 4754:UNOKAT 4226:Sweden 4212:Canada 3987: 3942: 3923: 3890: 3841: 3820: 3792: 3768: 3743: 3722: 3694:722666 3692: 3661: 3640: 3611: 3553: 3530: 3474:719846 3472: 3434: 3405: 3399:177537 3397: 3353: 3330: 2932: 2762: 2559: 2526: 2484:11 May 2164: 1836:Baraka 1768:Mahagi 1755:Paidha 1575:Boende 1550:Bukavu 1509:Angola 1507:, and 1495:, the 1485:France 1447:, 1964 1303: 1230:French 1226: 673:UNOKAT 307: 294: 281: 268: 254: 240: 227: 199:Uganda 196: 169:(1965) 147: 135: 101:Result 90:Uganda 4854:South 4626:Other 4233:India 3985:JSTOR 3803:(PDF) 3786:(PDF) 3690:JSTOR 3594:(PDF) 3583:(PDF) 3504:(PDF) 3497:(PDF) 3470:JSTOR 3403:S2CID 3395:JSTOR 3351:JSTOR 3293:Notes 2726:(PDF) 2719:(PDF) 2557:JSTOR 1772:Bunia 1747:Mbale 1730:Bumba 1724:near 1681:Isiro 1662:onto 1656:C-130 1634:Cuban 1546:Uvira 1505:Spain 1180:Sudan 1150:Kindu 1106:Uvira 1061:MNC-L 925:China 838:" at 749:South 297:Egypt 271:China 210:Sudan 94:Sudan 5259:FDLR 5060:AFDL 3940:ISBN 3921:ISSN 3888:ISBN 3839:ISBN 3818:ISBN 3790:ISBN 3766:ISBN 3741:ISBN 3720:ISBN 3659:ISBN 3638:ISBN 3609:ISBN 3551:ISBN 3528:ISBN 3432:ISSN 3328:ISBN 3187:2021 2930:ISBN 2892:2022 2760:ISSN 2524:ISBN 2486:2019 2162:ISBN 1832:Fizi 1770:and 1759:Goli 1757:and 1709:and 1687:and 1254:Flag 1176:Juba 1142:Moba 1110:Fizi 1049:dawa 1009:and 952:Kivu 900:and 862:and 815:and 787:The 514:200 243:Cuba 92:and 71:Date 5264:RCD 4265:CIA 3977:doi 3913:doi 3682:doi 3636:). 3462:doi 3424:doi 3387:doi 2752:doi 2549:doi 1745:in 1195:CIA 489:ANC 5317:: 3983:. 3919:. 3907:. 3764:. 3688:. 3678:86 3676:. 3549:. 3468:. 3458:72 3456:. 3430:. 3420:18 3418:. 3401:. 3393:. 3381:. 3347:21 3345:. 3135:^ 3120:^ 3105:^ 3090:^ 3011:^ 2980:^ 2866:^ 2800:^ 2758:. 2748:23 2746:. 2734:^ 2569:^ 2555:. 2494:^ 2472:. 2436:^ 2397:^ 2378:^ 2347:^ 2328:^ 2257:^ 2242:^ 2203:^ 2188:^ 2134:^ 2120:. 2108:^ 2085:^ 2068:^ 2053:^ 1988:^ 1963:^ 1948:^ 1891:. 1593:. 1503:, 1499:, 1491:, 1487:, 908:, 4956:e 4949:t 4942:v 4020:e 4013:t 4006:v 3991:. 3979:: 3948:. 3927:. 3915:: 3909:7 3896:. 3847:. 3826:. 3774:. 3749:. 3728:. 3696:. 3684:: 3667:. 3646:. 3617:. 3559:. 3536:. 3476:. 3464:: 3438:. 3426:: 3409:. 3389:: 3383:8 3357:. 3336:. 3189:. 2938:. 2894:. 2860:. 2766:. 2754:: 2703:. 2678:. 2653:. 2563:. 2551:: 2532:. 2488:. 2170:. 1834:- 1232:) 1228:( 981:— 592:e 585:t 578:v 563:. 20:)

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