323:. Her clinic brought people from around the world who sought her expertise in curing the paralysis caused by polio prior to the existence of the vaccine. Her method, opposite of standard practice of splints to immobilize the limbs, was to apply heat to soothe the muscles and then encourage movement through an early form of physical therapy. That 'get up and go' approach has since become common response to many crippling illnesses and injuries.
222:. The Sister Kenny Institute (which opened in 1942) and Courage Center (which started serving children in 1928) were both focused on physical rehabilitation for people with specific physical conditions, as well as advocacy and other support. The two organizations had been working toward similar goals for decades prior to the formal merger, and they were funded by some of the same sources such as
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315:. At first the building served both groups, but within 18 months the heart patients were moved out to make room for the growing number of polio patients. That building later became the Hennepin County Detox Center. In 1975 the Sister Kenny Institute moved to the Chicago and 27th Street location of the recently merged Abbott-Northwestern Hospital.
258:; they would be initially treated at the Kenny Institute within Abbott-NW Hospital, and then continue their healing at Courage Center. Managed-care health plans and other systemic changes in the US had impacts on both organizations, as their network situations and their service provisions continued to be updated.
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The
Institute faced a fund-raising scandal in the early 1960s. In March 1960, the state of Minnesota began an investigation on the charity. The state found that between 1952 and 1959 the mail-based fundraising campaign had brought in $ 20 million, of which the fundraising company kept $ 11 million in
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Annual summer camps at Camp
Kiwanis near Stillwater, Minnesota, were held in the 1940s for children with speech defects. The children were provided with brief periods of intensive training provided by speech therapists from the University of Minnesota and elsewhere. The camp site was provided by the
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Sister Kenny
Institute and Courage Center also had some personnel in common, including at the highest levels. Dr. Miland Knapp (1906-1991), who along with Sister Kenny, pioneered physical rehabilitation techniques, was director of training at the Sister Kenny Institute as of when it opened in 1942,
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survivors resulted in less severe deformities and reduced hospital stays, and led to today’s innovative rehabilitation therapy methods. The original
Minneapolis facility, initially called the Kenny clinic, was the first one established in the United States. Kenny worked closely with physicians and
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Camp
Courage in Wright County on Cedar Lake between Annandale and Maple Lake opened for its first summer session in 1955. Some of those first campers had been affected by a variety of diseases including polio, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis. Other campers had experienced
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The main year-round rehabilitation facility and office building was established in Golden Valley in 1973. The fitness and wellness center was rebuilt at twice its original size in 2017 through a capital campaign which raised $ 4.75 million. It is part of the
Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation
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Fundraising for the Sister Kenny
Institute was varied. The Sister Kenny Foundation was established in 1943 to support Kenny and clinics throughout the United States. In addition to established sources such as March of Dimes and United Way, the institute received funds from private groups such as
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Polio is a disease that had existed throughout human history, but increased sanitation reduced immunity to it, which led to increasing incidence and increasing severity in the 20th century. The initial response by the medical community was to put splints and braces on affected limbs, in order to
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Courage Center’s predecessor organization, the
Minnesota Society for Crippled Children and Adults, was founded in 1928. It had a legacy in advocating the needs of children and adults in education, by granting access to health care issues. The national organization became better known as Easter
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The ad in 1929 read: 'Anyone knowing of a crippled child financially unable to be cared for, please call Regent 1138.' Mrs. Olson of South
Minneapolis received 23 calls the day the ad ran. Fourteen children at the University hospitals were identified as needing assistance. Almost 300 people
941:
Ison, Chris; Howatt, Glenn (December 12, 1997). "Navigating the System: Denials of coverage by a managed-care health plan can be appealed - and many who engage the fight on behalf of themselves or a loved one have been successful. But it's a lonely, bureaucratic and exhausting process".
271:, an Australian healthcare provider who worked as a nurse during World War I, had a different approach. She spent decades in her career investigating and experimenting with treatments involving heat (to relax the muscles) and movement (to help heal the entire body). In
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By 1953, 600 children had to be turned away from Camp
Kiwannis summer camp sessions because the demand was so much greater than that location's capacity. Planning started for a second location at Camp Courage, with the capacity for 400 children each year.
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By the 1980s the natural overlap between the two organizations became more evident. There were more and more patients and families who had interactions with both organizations, they also worked together on events and in other ways. Some, like Lloyd Zeise
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has been one of Courage Kenny's main program partners since 2010, providing opportunities for cross-country skiing, mountain biking, kayaking, archery, geocaching, ice fishing and maple sugaring. Courage Kenny is Minnesota's main chapter of
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Chapman, Graison Hensley (October 8, 2014). "Opening up Opportunities – The Three Rivers Park system's adaptive sports programs are giving people with disabilities ever increasing opportunities to do things like bike, ski, fish, and more".
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Sister Kenny approved of the Chicago Avenue location for her primary teaching and treatment location in the U.S. originally because of its proximity to the staff of the Minneapolis General Hospital and to the research laboratories of the
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The Institute serves clients of all ages with a wide range of diagnoses. The Institute’s care team provides physician, therapy, community and mental health services in more than 40 locations in Minnesota and western Wisconsin.
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Seals, and the Minnesota Society was referred to with both names for decades. Besides the original Easter Seals campaigns themselves, funding has been provided by a variety of sources, including United Way.
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and was director of physical medicine and rehabilitation from 1948 to 1964. He was medical director at Courage Center from 1957 to 1975. He also was a senior consultant at the VA Hospital from 1948 to 1964.
250:), was treated at Sister Kenny Institute as a child and used the services of the Courage Center as an adult due to contracting polio at age 3. An increasing number had exposure to both organizations due to
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In Minneapolis, the initial Sister Kenny facility was located within the Lymanhurst Health Center on Chicago Avenue and 18th Street in Minneapolis. which had served children with heart problems caused by
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Courage Center has held events such as competitive wheelchair basketball tournaments since the 1980s, with the participation and support of various organizations including the Sister Kenny Institute.
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congenital deformities, physical changes from accidents, head injuries and/or blindness. The name 'Camp Courage' was so popular that the predecessor organization changed its name to Courage Center.
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St. Paul Kiwanis Club. Other camps were held for children with heart problems or orthopedic challenges. Expenses for those who cannot pay the costs themselves were provided by Easter Seal returns.
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In 2003 a survey by Twin Cities Business Monthly magazine on nonprofit reputations resulted in Mayo Clinic having the best reputation in the State of Minnesota, and Courage Center being #2.
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and other birth defects as well as conditions caused by accidents all became included in the work of the Kenny Institute. In 1975 the Sister Kenny Institute merged with Abbott-Northwestern.
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Crippled Child Relief, Inc., a Minnesota nonprofit which sprang from a single short advertisement in the newspaper. In 1945 a $ 5 million national drive was launched, chaired by
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Stevens, Eric (April 27, 2003). "Business Forum: By helping the disabled regain their health, return to the workforce and live next door, Courage Center helps society as well".
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In 1942 Kenny came to the US to provide her experience for treatment of the disease. Minnesota alone was immediately receptive to her methods. Her therapeutic treatment for
46:
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335:"fees", which included both legitimate expenses and such things as kickbacks to the Institute's executive director. That director, former Minneapolis mayor
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NeuroRecovery Network (NRN), focused on people with spinal cord injuries. Additional facilities were opened in Stillwater, Burnsville and Forest Lake.
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in 1961 for illegally boosting his salary as director by creating false documentation upping his salary from $ 25,000 per year to $ 48,000.
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Carlson, Joe (August 22, 2015). "Device offers giant step forward, but at high cost - $ 77,000 exoskeleton helps paralyzed patients walk".
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in the mid-1950s reduced the number of cases nationwide, the clinic switched its focus to rehabilitation medicine more broadly defined.
1546:
Olson, Jeremy (March 29, 2012). "Using Locomotor Therapy for Strength and Mobility – New treatments give spinal injury patients hope".
672:"OUTDOORS:Courage Kenny celebrates 40 years of getting people outdoors, Program adapts outdoor recreation to people with disabilities"
307:) including providing training at the University of Minnesota". Other locations were established around the country that same decade.
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The Courage Center outdoor adaptive sports program in Duluth was established in 1979. It began originally as a partnership with the
75:
397:), sailing (with the involvement of the Duluth Superior Sailing Association), swimming, and track and field. In the Twin Cities
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Koop, Peggy (March 22, 1990). "The best in wheelchair basketball - Teams are headed to Twin Cities to compete for titles".
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metropolitan area of Minnesota. Services are provided at several Allina Health hospitals. Some of the locations include:
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Arney, Corrine (January 27, 1946). "March of Dimes, Volunteer Workers Aid Hospital Staffs in Caring for Polio Victims".
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many community-based Courage Kenny Sports & Physical Therapy Centers located throughout the Twin Cities metro area
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Courage North, which opened at Lake George near Itasca State Park in 1971, was a donation to the Society.
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contributed small amounts. Soon after that by-laws were drawn up and the organization was incorporated.
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Anderson, John W. (October 6, 1988). "10 state Paralympics athletes to complete in Seoul".
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1117:"City Council Pledges Aid for Kenny Clinic – Bastis' Resolution Calls for Help on Polio".
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Pheifer, Pat (February 9, 1991). "Physical rehabilitation pioneer Dr. Miland Knapp dies".
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1273:(November 23, 1945). "Sister Kenny Institute Has Few Aspects of Hospital; Patients Gay".
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Reynolds, Virginia (December 3, 1944). "Want Ad Started Crippled Child Relief Society".
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programs were a competitive wheelchair basketball team, adapted downhill skiing (at
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Hoagland, Alex (September 19, 1949). "Kenny Group May Get Foundation Assistance".
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1005:"Sister Kenny Forged Medical Revolt – Physicians Concede Her Spot in History".
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Jordan, George (September 20, 1981). "Sports taking 'dis' out of 'disable'".
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Infantile Paralysis and Cerebral Diplegia: Method of Restoration of Function
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Sister Elizabeth Kenny: Maverick Heroine of The Polio Treatment Controversy
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Surowicz, Tom (December 6, 1996). "Something Fierce is back on CD racks".
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Morris, Margaret (October 22, 1978). "Margaret Morris Column 10/22/1978".
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prevent the affected parts of the body from harming the rest of the body.
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Meier, Peg (December 17, 1992). "When Sister Kenny Came to Minneapolis".
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Levy, Paul (July 22, 1991). "Head injury plunges life into the unknown".
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Courage Center had formerly operated a sports and recreation office in
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Morris, Margaret (May 21, 1978). "Margaret Morris Column 5/21/1978".
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452:. Courage Center also advocates for people with disabilities at the
966:"Sister Kenny Institute revolutionized treatment of polio patients"
1030:"Sister Kenny Demonstrates Her Method of Treating Poliomyelitis".
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The Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute has facilities in the
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Rehabilitation medicine organizations based in the United States
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Polio Wars: Sister Kenny and The Golden Age of American Medicine
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in the Outpatients Building of the Rockhampton Base Hospital in
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The Royal North Shore Hospital 1888 - 1988: A Century of Caring
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Thornton, Ralph (December 2, 1980). "Athlete rolls in awards".
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Sister Kenny Institute in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
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The Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute serves people with
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1529:"Philanthropy – Accounting firm alumni step up for Courage".
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Lamberton, Gretchen (March 21, 1955). "The Casual Observer".
1321:"Kilne, 5 Associates, Get Up to 10 Years, Fines of $ 17,000"
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Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute - Northland in Duluth
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The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis and Its Treatment
886:"Life goes on for student crippled in vacation mishap".
1385:"Easter Seals Seen as Opportunity to Build New Lives".
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The Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in the Acute Stage
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and those recovering from serious injuries such as a
607:, (Minneapolis–St. Paul, Bruce Publishing Co. 1941).
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fund-raising campaigns that progressed into medical
1190:Cope, Lewis (December 17, 1992). "What Is Polio?".
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1228:Sister Kenny: The woman who challenged the doctors
614:, (Bruce Publishing Co, Minneapolis-St Paul 1943).
990:Sherrington, Geoffrey; Roger Vanderfield (1988).
1445:"Camp Courage celebrates 50 years in Maple Lake"
1364:"Mrs. A.L. Kitt to Head Easter Seal Sale Here".
709:"History, Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Institute"
1406:"Blowing Soap Bubbles Aids Children's Speech".
214:facility was created in 2013 by the merger of
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812:"Mexico joins field for wheelchair tourney".
43:The examples and perspective in this article
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758:"United Way to Ask $ 5,095,000 for 1962".
610:Ostenso, Martha and Kenny, Elizabeth, And
303:and the Minneapolis General Hospital (now
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1339:"Kline Gets Up to 10 Years at Stillwater"
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76:Learn how and when to remove this message
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994:. Cammeray, Australia: Horwitz Grahame.
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628:, (Oxford University Press, N.Y. 2014).
1303:"State Probes Sister Kenny Foundation"
964:Cartwright, R.L. (November 27, 2012).
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617:Pohl, John, MD, and Kenny, Elizabeth,
192:Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute
89:Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute
220:Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Institute
18:Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Institute
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600:(Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1937).
385:Recreational Sports program and the
537:Courage Kenny Main in Golden Valley
450:testing services for senior drivers
27:Medicine institute in Minnesota, US
1057:"Kenny Treatment of Poliomyelitis"
621:, (St. Paul: Bruce Pub. Co. 1943).
283:, and she also set up a clinic at
47:include all significant viewpoints
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346:After widespread adoption of the
1654:1942 establishments in Minnesota
1639:Organizations based in Minnesota
818:. February 28, 1985. p. 1Y.
670:Myers, John P. (July 21, 2019).
34:
1395:. February 28, 1951. p. 3.
1215:: Greystone Press. p. 238.
1173:"The Case for a Kenny Clinic".
1067:(4297): 615–616 (quote p.616).
1044:. March 25, 1946. p. 1, 4.
442:physical rehabilitation therapy
1374:. February 1, 1955. p. 2.
1179:. August 10, 1942. p. 12.
1140:. October 2, 1943. p. 14.
1019:. December 1, 1952. p. 7.
580:Allina Hospitals & Clinics
305:Hennepin County Medical Center
114:28th Street and Chicago Avenue
1:
1649:Hospitals established in 1942
1240:University of Minnesota Press
896:. March 31, 1985. p. 6B.
707:Allina Health System (2005).
1535:. June 25, 2017. p. D2.
1412:. June 29, 1947. p. D4.
1367:The Winona Republican-Herald
1176:The Minneapolis Star Journal
1137:The Minneapolis Star Journal
1120:The Minneapolis Star Journal
815:Minneapolis Star and Tribune
764:. June 28, 1961. p. 1B.
478:Abbott Northwestern Hospital
456:and in other public forums.
1343:Minneapolis Morning Tribune
1213:San Luis Obispo, California
454:Minnesota state legislature
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1409:Minneapolis Sunday Tribune
1289:International News Service
1276:The San Francisco Examiner
1256:Minneapolis Sunday Tribune
1123:. May 29, 1942. p. 9.
739:Minneapolis Sunday Tribune
285:Royal North Shore Hospital
1099:Asbury Park Evening Press
510:Unity Hospital in Fridley
275:in 1932 Kenny opened the
1207:Alexander, Wade (2012).
1073:10.1136/bmj.1.4297.615-b
855:Minneapolis Star Tribune
835:Minneapolis Star Tribune
585:Camp Courage (Minnesota)
514:Cambridge Medical Center
399:Three Rivers Park system
1104:Asbury Park, New Jersey
1061:British Medical Journal
948:. p. A1, A26, A27.
541:Courage Kenny St. Croix
196:rehabilitation medicine
155:44.999208°N 93.329511°W
1134:"The Heart Hospital".
1033:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
1008:The Windsor Daily Star
532:New Ulm Medical Center
269:Sister Elizabeth Kenny
262:Sister Kenny Institute
1453:Maple Lake, Minnesota
1327:. September 13, 1963.
1055:Kenny (15 May 1943).
160:44.999208; -93.329511
1644:Stroke organizations
1449:Maple Lake Messenger
1393:St. Cloud, Minnesota
1325:The Minneapolis Star
872:The Minneapolis Star
761:The Minneapolis Star
526:River Falls Hospital
448:services, including
1518:. p. AA1, AA6.
1500:. p. 13C, 14C.
1497:Minneapolis Tribune
1480:Minneapolis Tribune
894:Fort Myers, Florida
795:Minneapolis Tribune
677:Duluth News Tribune
321:University Hospital
301:University Hospital
277:Sister Kenny Clinic
151: /
90:
54:improve the article
1573:. p. A1, A10.
1554:Lompoc, California
1431:Winona, Minnesota
1372:Winona, Minnesota
603:Kenny, Elizabeth,
596:Kenny, Elizabeth,
446:independent living
438:spinal cord injury
256:spinal cord injury
1556:. p. A7, A8.
1549:The Lompoc Record
1426:Winona Daily News
1309:. March 25, 1960.
1196:. p. 1E, 3E.
1162:. p. 1E, 3E.
913:. p. 1E, 3E.
682:Duluth, Minnesota
499:Owatonna Hospital
444:and a variety of
202:, United States.
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105:800 E 28th Street
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