600:... would be an undertaking of vast importance to the Indian Government politically, and to the British public religiously. To the first body it would show that India had generally been divided into numerous petty chiefships, which had invariably been the case upon every successful invasion; while, whenever she had been under one ruler, she had always repelled foreign conquest with determined resolution. To the other body it would show that Brahmanism, instead of being an unchanged and unchangeable religion which had subsisted for ages, was of comparatively modern origin, and had been constantly receiving additions and alterations; facts which prove that the establishment of the Christian religion in India must ultimately succeed.
917:
290:
65:
605:
384:
231:
772:, with Cunningham as its director-general from 1 January 1871. Cunningham returned to India and made field explorations each winter, conducting excavations and surveys from Taxila to Gaur. He produced twenty-four reports, thirteen as author and the rest under his supervision by others such as J. D. Beglar. Other major works included the first volume of
801:
Cunningham provided the
Archaeological Survey of India with much-needed organization and expertise after he left the Army in 1861. In his capacity as the first Director General, he carried out excavations in significant ancient towns, issued thirty volumes of archaeological papers, and assessed over
627:
Most antiquarians of the 19th century who took interest in identifying the major cities mentioned in ancient Indian texts, did so by putting together clues found in classical Graeco-Roman chronicles and the travelogues of travellers to India such as
684:. Unlike his contemporaries, Cunningham would also routinely confirm his identifications through field surveys. The identification of Taxila, in particular, was made difficult partly due to errors in the distances recorded by
340:. He demonstrated his abilities as an official by surveying flood-prone areas in and around Delhi. Cunningham's interest in the history and architecture of ancient India developed during his service. Soon after arriving in
704:. Cunningham noticed that this position did not tally with the itineraries of Chinese pilgrims and in particular, the descriptions provided by Xuanzang. Unlike Pliny, these sources noted that the journey to
543:)—who, inspired by the French explorers in Egypt, had excavated the bases of pillars to discover large stashes of Bactrian and Roman coins—excavations became a regular activity among British antiquarians.
1789:
348:. He was in daily communication with Prinsep during 1837 and 1838 and became his intimate friend, confidant and pupil. Prinsep passed on to him his lifelong interest in Indian archaeology and antiquity.
1744:
1769:
813:
His thorough excavations at locations like Sanchi, Sarnath, and
Bharhut produced priceless artifacts and inscriptions that expanded our understanding of the dissemination of Buddhism.
468:
and Rakas Tal in 1846 and his brother
Richard revisited in 1848 with botanist J. E. Winterbottom. The commission was set up to delimit the northern boundaries of the Empire after the
793:(1883) which allowed the dating of Indian antiquities. He retired from the Archaeological Survey on 30 September 1885 and returned to London to continue his research and writing.
1734:
269:
He wrote numerous books and monographs and made extensive collections of artefacts. Some of his collections were lost, but most of the gold and silver coins and a fine group of
730:, or Ohind, must necessarily have been of the same length as those of modern days, and, consequently, the site of the city must be looked for somewhere in the neighbourhood of
900:(1842–1928) of the Bengal and Royal Engineers, and Sir Alexander F. D. Cunningham (1852–1935) of the Indian Civil Service. Cunningham died on 28 November 1893, at his home in
816:
Many others were motivated to pursue a career in archaeology by his authoritative references found in the
Reports of the ASI. The pioneer of Indian prehistoric archaeology,
1774:
246:
441:
1779:
1494:"Verification of the Itinerary of the Chinese Pilgrim, Hwan Thsang, through Afghanistan and India during the First Half of the Seventh Century of the Christian Era"
760:(1871), covering the Buddhist period; but failed to complete the second part, covering the Muslim period. During this period in London he worked as director of the
708:
from the Indus took three days and not two and therefore, suggested a different location for the city. Cunningham's subsequent explorations in 1863–64 of a site at
488:(1848) arose from his visits to the temples in Kashmir and his travels in Ladakh during his tenure with the commission. He was also present at the battles of
258:
who later took an interest in the history and archaeology of India. In 1861, he was appointed to the newly created position of archaeological surveyor to the
1784:
250:
1759:
877:
548:
201:
1012:
The Stupa of
Bharhut: A Buddhist Monument Ornamented with Numerous Sculptures Illustrative of Buddhist Legend and History in the Third Century B.C.
896:(1849). Cunningham married Alicia Maria Whish, daughter of Martin Whish, B.C.S., on 30 March 1840. The couple had two sons, Lieutenant-Colonel
742:, in the extensive ruins of a fortified city, around which I was able to trace no less than 55 stupas, of which two are as large as the great
1794:
1580:
The Bhilsa Topes, Or, Buddhist
Monuments of Central India: Comprising a Brief Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of Buddhism
31:
1764:
889:
636:. Cunningham was able to identify some of the places mentioned by Xuanzang, and counted among his major achievements the identification of
213:
1754:
1749:
1674:
1613:
897:
613:
172:
421:
and was responsible for constructing an arched stone bridge over the Morar River in 1844–45. In 1845–46 he was called to serve in
1641:
1147:
825:
Cunningham made sure archaeology got financing and formal recognition, which helped to establish the field's legitimacy in India.
822:
For the first time, Indians were involved in archaeology thanks to his training of indigenous assistants that he hired for digs.
596:
on the value of an archaeological survey. He provided a rationale for providing the necessary funding, arguing that the venture
1739:
858:
852:, however, obtained most of the gold and silver coins. He had suggested to the Museum that they should use the arch from the
774:
769:
263:
1106:
916:
1605:
The
Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang
322:
819:
Cunningham established techniques for documenting, mapping, photography, and conservation that are still in use today.
511:, which had just been annexed by Britain, for two years; and from 1858 served for three years in the same post in the
806:
He is regarded as the father of Indian archaeology since he was the first to use archaeological data to reconstruct
1799:
933:
929:
925:
52:
49:
457:
453:
302:
188:
566:
516:
473:
444:, but no officials joined. A second commission was set up in 1847 which was led by Cunningham to establish the
716:
Now as Hwen Thsang, on his return to China, was accompanied by laden elephants, his three days' journey from
535:
Cunningham had taken a keen interest in antiquities from early on in his career. Following the activities of
881:
681:
512:
306:
207:
807:
756:
After his department was abolished in 1865, Cunningham returned to
England and wrote the first part of his
1510:
515:. In both regions, he established public works departments. He was therefore absent from India during the
489:
278:
1282:
Imam, Abu (October 1963). "Sir
Alexander Cunningham (1814–1893): The First Phase of Indian Archaeology".
1685:
920:
Portrait of
Cunningham by C. W. Walton, showing him wearing the badge of a KCIE, with other decorations.
905:
761:
536:
1696:
604:
289:
64:
1729:
1724:
864:
469:
310:
1101:
1096:
589:
582:
856:
to mark the entrance of a new section on Indian history. He also published numerous papers in the
1520:
1480:
1472:
1307:
1299:
691:
593:
410:
318:
270:
1556:
1567:
1541:
1670:
1637:
1609:
1078:
430:
414:
1181:
624:. He held this position from 1861 to 1865, but it was then terminated through lack of funds.
1464:
1291:
1152:
1070:
1059:
The World of India’s First Archaeologist: Letters from Alexander Cunningham to J.D.M. Beglar
901:
657:
617:
493:
465:
461:
437:
360:
333:
1666:
A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century
1532:
685:
520:
1589:
949:
336:
at the age of 19 as a Second Lieutenant and he spent the next 28 years in the service of
1027:
1011:
1003:
383:
17:
1441:
849:
558:
402:
274:
255:
230:
119:
89:
1145:
Cotton, J. S.; Lunt, James (revised) (2004). "Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1814–1893)".
988:
976:
950:
LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries
440:
to demarcate boundaries. Letters were written to the Chinese and Tibetan officials by
1718:
1660:
1484:
1311:
1019:
885:
554:
524:
501:
356:
345:
326:
239:
1493:
305:(1784–1842) and his wife Jean née Walker (1791–1864). Along with his older brother,
853:
838:
collection, but much of this was lost when the steamship he was travelling in, the
641:
540:
352:
314:
55:
1164:
1664:
1603:
1578:
995:
981:
1543:
Archaeological Survey of India: four reports made during the years 1862–63–64–65
840:
835:
701:
621:
406:
337:
259:
1035:
968:
957:
1468:
1295:
1156:
709:
697:
426:
387:
372:
1082:
413:. He was then posted at Nowgong in central India before he saw action at the
765:
743:
669:
481:
1453:"An Account of the Discovery of the Ruins of the Buddhist City of Samkassa"
1074:
1036:
Mahâbodhi, or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya
325:(1829–31), followed by technical training at the Royal Engineers Estate at
802:
725 sites. He is regarded as the founder of archaeology in India because:
254:(23 January 1814 – 28 November 1893) was a British Army engineer with the
1634:
The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India's Past 1784–1838
1509:
Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1853) . Garrett, Herbert Leonard Offley (ed.).
962:
908:, London. His wife had predeceased him. He was survived by his two sons.
665:
629:
570:
497:
298:
1476:
1303:
785:
673:
661:
653:
649:
608:
Letter dated 31 January 1862, appointing Cunningham as Surveyor General
562:
477:
418:
364:
405:. In 1842 he was called to serve the army in thwarting an uprising in
1547:
845:
779:
705:
677:
645:
637:
633:
574:
569:
and made careful drawings of the sculptures. In 1842 he excavated at
445:
422:
391:
107:
85:
1452:
367:, which was then not well explored. He finds mention by initials in
915:
603:
508:
449:
382:
341:
288:
1625:
Sir Alexander Cunningham and the beginnings of Indian archaeology
523:
in 1860. He retired on 30 June 1861, having attained the rank of
1067:
Sir Alexander Cunningham and the Beginnings of Indian Archeology
722:
620:, appointed Cunningham as an archaeological surveyor to the
504:
along with Lieutenant Maisey and wrote an account of these.
1383:
1381:
982:
Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65, Volume 1
612:
Following his retirement from the Royal Engineers in 1861,
1708:
The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia
297:
Cunningham was born in London on 23 January 1814 to the
1790:
Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India
317:, both Joseph and Alexander obtained cadetships at the
1653:
India by Design: Colonial History and Cultural Display
401:
In 1841 Cunningham was made executive engineer to the
425:
and helped construct two bridges of boats across the
262:; and he founded and organised what later became the
1745:
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
581:, a piece of work which attempted to establish the
223:
194:
184:
165:
142:
125:
115:
96:
71:
41:
1770:British military personnel of the Gwalior Campaign
934:Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
1558:Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65
746:tope, twenty-eight monasteries, and nine temples.
277:in 1894. He was also the father of mathematician
30:For other people named Alexander Cunningham, see
1561:. Vol. I. Shimla: Government Central Press.
714:
712:convinced him that his hypothesis was correct.
598:
1498:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal
778:(1877) which included copies of the edicts of
1608:. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
696:which pointed to a location somewhere on the
436:In 1846, he was made commissioner along with
8:
1735:Companions of the Order of the Star of India
1151:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
396:Ladak: Physical, Statistical, and Historical
1591:Ladak, physical, statistical and historical
1387:
1372:
1336:
1266:
1254:
689:
588:By 1851, he also began to communicate with
507:In 1856 he was appointed chief engineer of
1636:(1988 ed.). Oxford University Press.
1423:
1348:
1324:
1061:; Oxford University Press: Upinder Singh.
63:
38:
1775:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary
1277:
1275:
1206:
1004:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Volume 1.
1242:
1194:
549:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
486:Essay on the Aryan Order of Architecture
484:expenses to the British. His early work
417:in December 1843. He became engineer at
363:of India. During this period he visited
1148:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1118:
313:, London. Through the influence of Sir
1698:Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note
1572:. Vol. 1. London: Trübner and Co.
1528:
1518:
1411:
1230:
1218:
884:, became well known for their work in
1627:. Dacca: Asiatic Society of Pakistan.
1446:. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.
1360:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
996:Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 3
989:Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 2
977:Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 1
944:Books written by Cunningham include:
738:, just one mile to the north-east of
496:in 1848–49. In 1851, he explored the
309:, he received his early education at
32:Alexander Cunningham (disambiguation)
7:
1780:People educated at Christ's Hospital
1457:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1399:
1284:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1176:
1174:
1785:19th-century British archaeologists
1701:. Westminster: Archibald Constable.
1687:Physical Geography of Western Tibet
1049:Report of Tour in Eastern Rajputana
1690:. London: William Clowes and sons.
561:. He had conducted excavations at
519:. He was appointed Colonel of the
293:Cunningham (fourth from the right)
25:
1655:. University of California Press.
1512:Cunningham's History of the Sikhs
1440:Buckland, Charles Edward (1906).
585:based on architectural evidence.
557:'s article, on the relics in the
273:and jewellery were bought by the
27:British Army engineer (1814–1893)
1760:British people in colonial India
1669:. New Delhi: Pearson Education.
1583:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
932:in 1878. In 1887, he was made a
229:
1710:. University Press of Kentucky.
844:, was wrecked off the coast of
577:in 1851. In 1854, he published
155:
1588:Cunningham, Alexander (1854).
1577:Cunningham, Alexander (1854).
1569:The Ancient Geography of India
1566:Cunningham, Alexander (1871).
1555:Cunningham, Alexander (1871).
1540:Cunningham, Alexander (1871).
1492:Cunningham, Alexander (1848).
1451:Cunningham, Alex (July 1843).
1443:Dictionary of Indian Biography
1182:"Father of Indian Archaeology"
969:The Ancient Geography of India
876:Two of Cunningham's brothers,
859:Journal of the Asiatic Society
775:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
770:Archaeological Survey of India
452:boundary, which also included
264:Archaeological Survey of India
177:Sir Alexander F. D. Cunningham
1:
834:Cunningham assembled a large
1795:Archaeologists of South Asia
1165:UK public library membership
797:Father of Indian Archaeology
546:In 1834 he submitted to the
1765:British Army major generals
1550:: Government Central Press.
924:Cunningham was awarded the
700:, a two-day march from the
338:British Government of India
1816:
1515:(2 ed.). John Murray.
758:Ancient Geography of India
734:. This site is found near
351:From 1836 to 1840, he was
29:
1755:Bengal Engineers officers
1750:Explorers of Central Asia
1706:Waller, Derek J. (2004).
1632:Kejariwal, O. P. (1999).
1469:10.1017/S0035869X0015590X
1296:10.1017/S0035869X00121926
228:
62:
1684:Strachey, Henry (1854).
1107:Sir John Hubert Marshall
892:, became famous for his
872:Family and personal life
567:Frederick Charles Maisey
460:. Henry and his brother
243:Sir Alexander Cunningham
18:Sir Alexander Cunningham
1651:Mathur, Saloni (2007).
1102:Sir Edward Clive Bayley
1043:Coins of Medieval India
1020:The Book of Indian Eras
810:in a methodical manner.
726:] to the Indus at
513:North-Western Provinces
344:on 9 June 1833, he met
208:Joseph Davey Cunningham
1740:English archaeologists
1695:Vibart, H. M. (1894).
1594:. London: W. H. Allen.
1075:10.25501/SOAS.00033626
1028:Coins of Ancient India
921:
898:Allan J. C. Cunningham
848:in November 1884. The
808:ancient Indian history
754:
751:Alexander Cunningham,
690:
609:
602:
398:
294:
173:Allan J. C. Cunningham
1600:Cunningham, Alexander
1157:10.1093/ref:odnb/6916
961:(1854), a history of
919:
906:Kensal Green Cemetery
762:Delhi and London Bank
607:
537:Jean-Baptiste Ventura
386:
332:Alexander joined the
292:
285:Early life and career
912:Awards and memorials
865:Numismatic Chronicle
830:Numismatic interests
470:First Anglo-Sikh War
464:had trespassed into
394:. Illustration from
46:Alexander Cunningham
1097:Joseph David Beglar
928:on 20 May 1870 and
791:Book of Indian Eras
768:re-established the
622:Government of India
590:William Henry Sykes
583:history of Buddhism
565:in 1837 along with
472:concluded with the
323:Addiscombe Seminary
271:Buddhist sculptures
260:government of India
1623:Iman, Abu (1966).
1327:, pp. 241–47.
1221:, pp. 455–59.
1065:Imam, Abu (1963).
1054:Additional works:
922:
904:and was buried at
894:Handbook of London
692:Naturalis Historia
610:
594:East India Company
474:Treaty of Amritsar
399:
319:East India Company
295:
202:Francis Cunningham
148:Alicia Maria Whish
1800:Himalayan studies
1426:, pp. 12–14.
1351:, pp. 13–60.
1163:(Subscription or
888:; while another,
517:Rebellion of 1857
431:Battle of Sobraon
415:Battle of Punniar
311:Christ's Hospital
237:
236:
16:(Redirected from
1807:
1711:
1702:
1691:
1680:
1656:
1647:
1628:
1619:
1595:
1584:
1573:
1562:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1505:
1488:
1447:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1388:Cunningham 1871c
1385:
1376:
1373:Cunningham 1871c
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:Cunningham 1871c
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1290:(3–4): 194–207.
1279:
1270:
1267:Cunningham 1854a
1264:
1258:
1255:Cunningham 1854b
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1142:
1086:
902:South Kensington
752:
695:
618:Viceroy of India
579:The Bhilsa Topes
462:Richard Strachey
438:P. A. Vans Agnew
361:Governor-General
334:Bengal Engineers
303:Allan Cunningham
279:Allan Cunningham
253:
233:
214:Peter Cunningham
189:Allan Cunningham
159:
157:
110:, United Kingdom
103:
100:28 November 1893
81:
79:
67:
39:
21:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1565:
1554:
1539:
1527:
1517:
1508:
1491:
1463:(14): 241–249.
1450:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1424:Cunningham 1853
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1349:Cunningham 1848
1347:
1343:
1339:, pp. 1–3.
1335:
1331:
1325:Cunningham 1843
1323:
1319:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1162:
1144:
1143:
1120:
1115:
1093:
1064:
942:
914:
874:
832:
799:
789:(1879) and the
753:
750:
553:an appendix to
533:
521:Royal Engineers
466:Lake Mansarovar
411:ruler of Jaipur
381:
287:
245:
219:
180:
161:
158: 1840)
153:
149:
138:
111:
105:
101:
92:
83:
82:23 January 1814
77:
75:
58:
47:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1661:Singh, Upinder
1657:
1648:
1642:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1596:
1585:
1574:
1563:
1552:
1537:
1506:
1489:
1448:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1414:, p. 146.
1404:
1402:, p. 191.
1392:
1377:
1375:, p. 105.
1365:
1363:, p. 265.
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1209:, p. 200.
1207:Kejariwal 1999
1199:
1197:, p. 106.
1187:
1170:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
985:
973:
965:
954:
941:
938:
913:
910:
873:
870:
850:British Museum
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
798:
795:
748:
559:Mankiala stupa
532:
529:
476:, which ceded
458:Thomas Thomson
454:Henry Strachey
380:
377:
369:Up the Country
286:
283:
275:British Museum
256:Bengal Sappers
235:
234:
226:
225:
221:
220:
218:
217:
211:
205:
198:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
179:
178:
175:
169:
167:
163:
162:
151:
147:
146:
144:
140:
139:
137:
136:
133:
129:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
106:
104:(aged 79)
98:
94:
93:
90:United Kingdom
84:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
48:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1812:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1676:9788131711200
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1615:9781108056458
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:Strachey 1854
1239:
1236:
1233:, p. 13.
1232:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:Buckland 1906
1191:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
991:
990:
986:
983:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
960:
959:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
945:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
918:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:British India
883:
879:
871:
869:
867:
866:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
829:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
805:
804:
803:
796:
794:
792:
788:
787:
784:The Stupa of
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
747:
745:
741:
740:Kâla-ka-sarâi
737:
733:
732:Kâla-ka-sarâi
729:
725:
724:
719:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
693:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
623:
619:
615:
606:
601:
597:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:James Prinsep
552:
550:
544:
542:
538:
530:
528:
526:
525:Major General
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
502:Central India
500:monuments of
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Lord Hardinge
439:
434:
432:
429:prior to the
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
393:
389:
385:
379:Military life
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Lord Auckland
354:
349:
347:
346:James Prinsep
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
241:
240:Major General
232:
227:
222:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
176:
174:
171:
170:
168:
164:
145:
141:
135:Archaeologist
134:
131:
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
109:
99:
95:
91:
87:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
54:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1707:
1697:
1686:
1665:
1652:
1643:0-19565089-1
1633:
1624:
1604:
1599:
1590:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1542:
1511:
1501:
1497:
1460:
1456:
1442:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1390:, p. ?.
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1287:
1283:
1269:, p. ?.
1262:
1257:, p. ?.
1250:
1245:, p. 3.
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1146:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
987:
975:
967:
958:Bhilsa Topes
956:
948:
943:
940:Publications
923:
893:
875:
863:
857:
854:Sanchi Stupa
839:
833:
800:
790:
783:
773:
757:
755:
739:
735:
731:
727:
721:
717:
715:
642:Ahichchhatra
626:
614:Lord Canning
611:
599:
587:
578:
547:
545:
541:Ranjit Singh
539:(general of
534:
506:
490:Chillianwala
485:
435:
403:king of Oudh
400:
395:
368:
350:
331:
315:Walter Scott
296:
268:
242:
238:
102:(1893-11-28)
36:
1730:1893 deaths
1725:1814 births
1529:|work=
1412:Mathur 2007
1231:Waller 2004
1219:Vibart 1894
764:. In 1870,
718:Takhshasila
531:Archaeology
407:Bundelkhand
126:Occupations
116:Nationality
1719:Categories
1434:References
1361:Singh 2008
1167:required.)
1069:(Thesis).
836:numismatic
736:Shah-dheri
720: [
710:Shah-dheri
698:Haro River
427:Beas river
388:Leh Palace
373:Emily Eden
78:1814-01-23
1531:ignored (
1521:cite book
1485:162756981
1400:Iman 1966
1312:163154105
1113:Citations
1083:966141480
766:Lord Mayo
744:Manikyala
728:Utakhanda
670:Shravasti
658:Padmavati
482:indemnity
224:Signature
216:(brother)
210:(brother)
204:(brother)
195:Relatives
1663:(2008).
1602:(1871).
1477:25207592
1304:25202645
1091:See also
963:Buddhism
862:and the
749:—
682:Vaishali
630:Xuanzang
592:and the
571:Sankassa
498:Buddhist
299:Scottish
166:Children
132:Engineer
980:(1871)
953:(1854).
878:Francis
786:Bharhut
688:in his
674:Srughna
666:Sankisa
662:Sangala
654:Nalanda
650:Kosambi
616:, then
573:and at
563:Sarnath
480:as war
478:Kashmir
419:Gwalior
409:by the
365:Kashmir
327:Chatham
160:
152:
120:British
1673:
1640:
1612:
1548:Shimla
1483:
1475:
1310:
1302:
1161:
1081:
1045:(1894)
1039:(1892)
1031:(1891)
1023:(1883)
1015:(1879)
1007:(1877)
999:(1873)
984:(1871)
972:(1871)
882:Joseph
846:Ceylon
780:Ashoka
706:Taxila
680:, and
678:Taxila
646:Bairat
638:Aornos
634:Faxian
575:Sanchi
494:Gujrat
446:Ladakh
423:Punjab
392:Ladakh
359:, the
307:Joseph
185:Father
143:Spouse
108:London
86:London
1481:S2CID
1473:JSTOR
1308:S2CID
1300:JSTOR
890:Peter
841:Indus
702:Indus
686:Pliny
509:Burma
450:Tibet
342:India
301:poet
249:
154:(
150:
1671:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1533:help
1504:(2).
1079:OCLC
880:and
632:and
492:and
456:and
247:KCIE
97:Died
72:Born
50:KCIE
1465:doi
1292:doi
1153:doi
1071:doi
930:CIE
926:CSI
723:sic
371:by
355:to
353:ADC
329:.
321:'s
251:CSI
56:ADC
53:CSI
43:Sir
1721::
1546:.
1525::
1523:}}
1519:{{
1502:17
1500:.
1496:.
1479:.
1471:.
1459:.
1455:.
1380:^
1306:.
1298:.
1288:95
1286:.
1274:^
1173:^
1121:^
1077:.
936:.
868:.
782:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
656:,
652:,
648:,
644:,
640:,
527:.
433:.
390:,
375:.
281:.
266:.
156:m.
88:,
1679:.
1646:.
1618:.
1535:)
1487:.
1467::
1461:7
1314:.
1294::
1184:.
1159:.
1155::
1085:.
1073::
551:,
448:-
80:)
76:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
