629:(NDNAD) in 1995. With highly automated and sophisticated equipment, modern-day DNA profiling can process hundreds of samples each day. Sixteen microsatellites, plus a marker for sex determination, are used with the current system developed for the NDNAD, giving a discrimination power of one in over a billion. Under British law, anyone arrested in England, Wales or Northern Ireland has their DNA profile taken and stored on the database whether or not they are convicted (different rules apply in Scotland). The national database in 2020 contained the DNA information of about 5.6 million people. Jeffreys has opposed the current use of DNA profiling, where the government has access to that database, and has instead proposed a database of all people's DNA, access to which would be controlled by an independent third party.
62:
537:. The case was resolved when the DNA results proved that the boy was closely related to the other members of the family, and Jeffreys saw the relief in the mother's face when she heard the results. DNA fingerprinting was first used in a police forensic test to identify the killer of two teenagers, Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth, who had been raped and murdered in
549:
samples taken from the two dead girls. This turned out to be a specifically important identification; British authorities believe that without it an innocent man would have inevitably been convicted. Not only did
Jeffreys' work, in this case, prove who the real killer was, but it exonerated Richard
516:
experiment on 10 September 1984, which unexpectedly showed both similarities and differences between the DNA of different members of his technician's family. Within about half an hour, he continued, he realised the possible scope of DNA fingerprinting, which uses variations in the
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simultaneously. By focusing on just a few of these highly variable minisatellites, DNA profiling made the system more sensitive, more reproducible and amenable to computer databases. It soon became the standard forensic DNA system used in criminal case work and
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studies. Before his methods were commercialised in 1987, his laboratory was the only centre in the world that carried out DNA fingerprinting, and was consequently very busy, receiving inquiries from all over the globe.
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613:(PCR) opened up new approaches to forensic DNA testing, allowing automation, greatly increased sensitivity, and a move to alternative marker systems. The most commonly used markers are now variable
425:. He says he liked making small explosions, but an accidental splash of the sulphuric acid caused a burn, which left a permanent scar on his chin (now under his beard). His father also bought him a
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and took it home in his bag. He relates that he started to dissect it on the dining room table before Sunday lunch, causing a foul smell throughout the house after he ruptured its intestines.
865:, Bedfordshire, before he became a university student, and they married on 28 August 1971. Jeffreys has one brother and one sister; he and his wife have two daughters, born in 1979 and 1983.
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to assist police detective work, and it has also proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes. The method can also be applied to non-human species, for example in wildlife
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23 January 2008 – Graham Medal of the
Glasgow Philosophical Society, awarded after he gave his lecture "DNA Profiling; Past, present and future", which was nominated as the Graham Lecture.
2150:
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Jeffreys's DNA method was first put to use in 1985 when he was asked to help in a disputed immigration case to confirm the identity of a
British boy whose family was originally from
1815:
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433:, which he used to examine biological specimens. At about 12, he made a small dissecting kit (including a scalpel, crafted from a flattened pin) which he used to dissect a
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417:. He says he inherited his curiosity and inventiveness from his father and paternal grandfather, who held a number of patents. When he was eight, his father gave him a
437:, but he got into trouble with his parents when he progressed to dissecting a larger specimen. One Sunday morning he found a deceased cat on the road while doing his
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case. STR profiling was further refined by a team of scientists led by Peter Gill at the
Forensic Science Service in the 1990s, allowing the launch of the
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597:, was also developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team in 1985, with the term (DNA fingerprinting) being retained for the initial test that types many
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Buckland, initially a prime suspect, who likely would have spent his life in prison otherwise. The story behind the investigations is told in
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and the murders and subsequent solving of the crimes was featured in
Episode 4 of the first season of the 1996 American TV series
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in 1977, where in 1984 he discovered a method of showing variations between individuals' DNA, inventing and developing
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1980:
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for the
Greatest Briton of the year, winner in the category of Science and Innovation, as well as the overall winner.
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in which
Jeffreys himself also appears. A further television mini-series based on these events was released in 2015,
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of cultured mammalian cells, as a postgraduate student at the
Genetics Laboratory at the University of Oxford.
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bone of his exhumed skeleton, with DNA from his mother and son, in a similar way to paternity testing.
570:. In 1992, Jeffreys's methods were used to confirm the identity for German prosecutors of the body of
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2542:"Sir Alec Jeffreys to receive honorary degree from de Montfort University – University of Leicester"
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421:, which he enhanced over the next few years with extra chemicals, even including a small bottle of
382:
346:
326:
43:
1888:
1739:; Sonnberg, A. (1992). "Identification of the skeletal remains of Josef Mengele by DNA analysis".
1627:
Jeffreys, A.; Wilson, V.; Thein, S. (1985). "Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA".
3923:
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2009:
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2516:"The 'Father' of DNA fingerprinting opens the new Scientific Support Building in Wakefield"
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Chambers, Geoffrey; Curtis, Caitlin; Millar, Craig; Huynen, Leon; Lambert, David (2014).
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426:
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409:, where he spent the first six years of his life until 1956 when the family moved to
367:
1317:"The man behind the DNA fingerprints: An interview with Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys"
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was identified and convicted of their murders after samples taken from him matched
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to assist police detective work and to resolve paternity and immigration disputes.
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2468:"DNA mastermind Sir Alec Jeffreys officially opens Leicester specialist college"
1184:
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215:
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92:
1290:"List of persons upon whom the honorary freedom of the city has been conferred"
959:
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2884:
2680:
2498:"ABRF Annual Award for Outstanding Contributions to Biomolecular Technologies"
2099:
1003:"Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize"
430:
359:
1547:"Discovering DNA fingerprinting: Sir Alec Jeffreys describes its development"
1506:
1170:
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1227:
821:
807:
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awarded by the
University of Leicester, where Jeffreys is a member of staff.
665:
434:
386:
2227:
1976:
1801:
1613:
1442:
1408:
1352:
1333:
1246:
488:, where he worked on mammalian genes as a research fellow, and then to the
61:
2867:
2805:
2788:
2696:
2418:"Lecture Abstract: Prof Sir Alec Jeffreys 'DNA Fingerprinting and beyond'"
1776:"DNA and Crime Investigation: Scotland and the 'UK National DNA Database'"
1760:
1713:
1656:
1594:
919:
861:
Jeffreys met his future wife, Sue Miles, in a youth club in the centre of
247:
1400:
901:
2257:
The Pride of
Britain Awards – Lifetime Achievement, Sir Alec Jeffreys
1704:
1679:
1648:
1038:
406:
275:
88:
910:
3487:
1510:
862:
575:
546:
534:
509:
475:
410:
120:
2432:"The University of Huddersfield's 2009 Honorary Award recipients"
4292:
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
2376:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
2348:"University of Leicester Professor Voted 'Great Briton of 2006'"
2270:"2005 Albert Lasker Award – Acceptance remarks by Alec Jeffreys"
1817:
National DNA Database Strategy Board Biennial Report 2018 – 2020
814:
3491:
3246:
2946:
2621:
1823:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. September 2020. p. 10.
1196:
1194:
1180:
556:
The Blooding: The True Story of the Narborough Village Murders
513:
2434:. University of Huddersfield. 9 December 2009. Archived from
521:
to identify individuals. The method has become important in
2452:. Edinburgh Science Festival. 14 April 2010. Archived from
2181:"Association for Molecular Pathology Past Award Recipients"
820:
2012 – Officially opened the Sir Alec Jeffreys Building in
1441:. University of Leicester. September 2004. Archived from
841:
22 January 2014 – Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from
574:, who had died in 1979, by comparing DNA obtained from a
2296:"2005 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research"
1921:"List of Fellows of the Royal Society: 1660–2007: A – J"
2151:"1998 Australia Prize PROFESSOR SIR ALEC JEFFREYS (UK)"
1494:
Studies on the mitochondria of cultured mammalian cells
675:
for services to genetics and to science and technology.
452:
on a four-year course, where he graduated in 1971 with
282:
Studies on the mitochondria of cultured mammalian cells
4272:
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
4237:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1578:"DNA Fingerprinting in Zoology: Past, Present, Future"
621:(STRs), which Jeffreys first exploited in 1990 in the
444:
Jeffreys was a pupil at Luton Grammar School and then
2394:. King's College London. 8 March 2007. Archived from
952:"The winners of the Louis-Jeantet Prize for medicine"
883:"Highly variable minisatellites and DNA fingerprints"
2204:. University of Leicester. July 2004. Archived from
1284:
1282:
4076:
4017:
3910:
3803:
3690:
3525:
3169:
3098:
3027:
2980:
2923:
2877:
2663:
1387:Hodgson, J. (2006). "Ten years of biotech gaffes".
274:
253:
243:
160:
137:
127:
108:
100:
71:
34:
2060:
1382:
1380:
1062:
2420:. Glasgow Philosophical Society. 23 January 2008.
1680:"Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA"
1261:"Staff pages: Professor Sir Alec J. Jeffreys FRS"
745:Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research
4297:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
4207:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
2974:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
1780:The Scottish Journal of Criminal Justice Studies
1774:Johnson, Paul; Williams, Robin (22 March 2006).
405:Jeffreys was born into a middle-class family in
2589:
2587:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1207:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1077: ed.). Oxford: A & C Black.
850:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour
508:" in his lab in Leicester after looking at the
484:After finishing his doctorate, he moved to the
227:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour
1955:(67th ed.). London: Europa. p. 813.
708:Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics
3503:
3258:
2958:
2633:
2125:"Albert Einstein World Award of Science 1996"
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
589:, based on typing individual highly variable
8:
2155:Australian Government Department of Industry
1977:"Sir Alec Jeffreys FRS – DNA fingerprinting"
1678:Jeffreys, A.; Wilson, V.; Thein, S. (1985).
1430:
1428:
1426:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
609:The development of DNA amplification by the
680:International Society for Forensic Genetics
3510:
3496:
3488:
3265:
3251:
3243:
2965:
2951:
2943:
2640:
2626:
2618:
1944:
1942:
1465:. Technology Academy Foundation, Finland.
756:United States National Academy of Sciences
646:1989 – Press, Radio and TV awards for the
60:
31:
2202:"Response by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys"
1791:
1703:
1603:
1593:
1342:
1332:
1263:. University of Leicester. Archived from
1236:
1226:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
909:
377:Jeffreys is Professor of Genetics at the
4247:Academics of the University of Leicester
2127:. World Cultural Council. Archived from
1292:. Leicester City Council. Archived from
1171:"Desert Island Discs with Alec Jeffreys"
1030:
1028:
997:
995:
2392:"King's first Honorary Degree Ceremony"
2008:. New York: Chelsea House. p. 77.
873:
802:April 2010 – Officially opened the new
2580:from the original on 31 December 2016.
1861:
1851:
1501:(DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.
824:, the scientific support building for
686:Albert Einstein World Award of Science
186:Albert Einstein World Award of Science
1909:from the original on 17 October 2007.
1126:
1124:
1101:
1099:
982:"Find people in the EMBO Communities"
389:on 26 November 1992. In 1994, he was
7:
2067:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
1879:Matthews, Robert (2 November 2006).
775:8 March 2007 – Honorary degree from
362:known for developing techniques for
2298:. Lasker Foundation. Archived from
2272:. Lasker Foundation. Archived from
2238:from the original on 18 August 2009
1923:. The Royal Society. Archived from
1840:from the original on 10 August 2022
706:Association for Molecular Pathology
448:. He won a scholarship to study at
358:(born 9 January 1950) is a British
2568:"The New Year's Honours List 2017"
1460:"CV – Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys"
1367:"Jeffreys reflects on DNA finding"
1083:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.21923
25:
4302:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
2931:Roger Makins, 1st Baron Sherfield
2063:DNA evidence and forensic science
1903:"Privacy fears over DNA database"
1545:Newton, Giles (4 February 2004).
1472:from the original on 18 July 2011
541:, in 1983 and 1986 respectively.
4242:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
3000:Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan
1983:from the original on 9 June 2008
1952:The international who's who 2004
890:Biochemical Society Transactions
772:for Biochemistry and Biophysics.
738:Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
655:Royal Society Research Professor
370:which are now used worldwide in
309:
192:Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
3459:Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team
2474:. 22 April 2010. Archived from
2100:"ISFG - About/Honorary Members"
1009:. 5 August 2014. Archived from
830:Yorkshire and the Humber region
324:from the BBC Radio 4 programme
150:
4287:Recipients of the Copley Medal
2806:Michael Augustine Raftery
2595:Debrett's People of Today 2005
1741:Forensic Science International
1133:BBC. Retrieved 14 October 2011
1107:"Fellows of the Royal Society"
678:1995 – Honorary member of the
27:British geneticist (born 1950)
1:
4282:Winners of the Heineken Prize
2374:"Laureates: Alec J. Jeffreys"
2324:. NAS website. Archived from
2322:"Alec Jeffreys NAS biography"
1203:"Profile of Alec J. Jeffreys"
1131:DNA pioneer's 'eureka' moment
4232:Fellows of the Royal Society
2518:. 3 May 2012. Archived from
2352:University of Leicester News
1881:"The informer in your blood"
1753:10.1016/0379-0738(92)90148-P
1090:UK public library membership
1037:publications indexed by the
881:Jeffreys, Alec John (1987).
751:of the University of Oxford.
660:26 November 1992 – Honorary
4217:British forensic scientists
3526:Biochemistry and Biophysics
2030:"188th Congregation (2013)"
1949:Sleeman, Elizabeth (2003).
813:21 February 2011 – Awarded
785:16 November 2009 – Awarded
641:Fellow of the Royal Society
4318:
4277:Australia Prize recipients
2789:Thomas Nelson Marsham
1905:. BBC. 12 September 2002.
791:University of Huddersfield
554:'s 1989 best-selling book
539:Narborough, Leicestershire
397:for services to genetics.
3281:
2259:Retrieved 14 October 2011
2059:Newton, David E. (2008).
1735:Jeffreys, A.; Allen, M.;
1064:"Jeffreys, Sir Alec John"
822:Wakefield, West Yorkshire
789:Doctor of Science by the
733:for Lifetime Achievement.
611:polymerase chain reaction
460:. Jeffreys completed his
381:, and became an honorary
296:
292:
236:
59:
2868:Gordon Richard Wray
1315:Jeffreys, A. J. (2013).
1041:bibliographic database.
956:Louis-Jeantet Foundation
795:14 April 2010 – Awarded
627:UK National DNA Database
504:Jeffreys says he had a "
446:Luton Sixth Form College
401:Early life and education
2812:Vulimiri Ramalingaswami
2034:University of Hong Kong
1491:Jeffreys, Alec (1975).
1228:10.1073/pnas.0603953103
1201:Zagorski, Nick (2006).
1075:Oxford University Press
1043:(subscription required)
700:Sir George Stokes Medal
490:University of Leicester
486:University of Amsterdam
379:University of Leicester
266:University of Leicester
261:University of Amsterdam
3823:BirdLife International
3804:Environmental Sciences
2895:Antonio Garcia-Bellido
2837:Charles J. M. Stirling
2228:"Royal recent winners"
1582:Investigative Genetics
1334:10.1186/2041-2223-4-21
1321:Investigative Genetics
843:De Montfort University
770:Dr A.H. Heineken Prize
731:Pride of Britain Award
653:1991 – Appointed as a
500:Genetic fingerprinting
494:genetic fingerprinting
481:
450:Merton College, Oxford
364:genetic fingerprinting
342:Sir Alec John Jeffreys
322:Recorded December 2007
132:Genetic fingerprinting
3041:Albrecht Fleckenstein
2817:Peter Richardson
2601:. 2005. p. 857.
2380:on 11 September 2008.
2002:Evans, Colin (2010).
1979:. The Royal Society.
1891:on 29 September 2007.
1595:10.1186/2041-2223-5-3
826:West Yorkshire Police
777:King's College London
648:Midlander of the Year
479:
3451:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
3225:Jean-Pierre Changeux
2857:Elizabeth Warrington
2573:. 31 December 2016.
1389:Nature Biotechnology
1373:. 11 September 2009.
619:short tandem repeats
462:Doctor of Philosophy
304:Alec Jeffreys' voice
113:University of Oxford
4267:Royal Medal winners
4227:English geneticists
3475:Gregory Paul Winter
2697:Dennis Chapman
2504:on 22 January 2011.
2302:on 11 December 2007
2276:on 15 December 2007
1927:on 12 December 2007
1696:1985Natur.316...76J
1641:1985Natur.314...67J
1448:on 9 November 2011.
1401:10.1038/nbt0306-270
1219:2006PNAS..103.8918Z
1179:. 9 December 2007.
1176:Desert Island Discs
962:on 18 November 2007
804:Soar Valley College
527:population genetics
519:genetic information
472:Career and research
454:first-class honours
327:Desert Island Discs
66:Alec Jeffreys, 2009
3435:John B. Goodenough
3207:Ewine van Dishoeck
3083:Charles R. Goldman
3077:Jean-Marie Ghuysen
3047:Raymond U. Lemieux
2890:Albert Eschenmoser
2852:David Wallace
2832:Michael Smith
2738:Martin Fleischmann
2691:Geoffrey Burnstock
2161:on 18 January 2015
1515:uk.bl.ethos.460797
1267:on 26 October 2009
902:10.1042/bst0150309
763:Great Briton Award
713:Honorary doctorate
633:Awards and honours
561:Medical Detectives
482:
210:Great Briton Award
4262:People from Luton
4252:English humanists
4222:Forensic genetics
4189:
4188:
4018:Cognitive Science
3485:
3484:
3427:Jeffrey I. Gordon
3411:Richard Henderson
3274:Copley Medallists
3240:
3239:
3130:Ralph J. Cicerone
3065:Herbert H. Jasper
3012:Margaret Burbidge
2940:
2939:
2753:John Rodney Guest
2743:C. Robin Ganellin
2597:(18th ed.).
2472:Leicester Mercury
2456:on 13 April 2010.
2450:"Edinburgh Medal"
2354:. 19 January 2007
2232:The Royal Society
2208:on 10 August 2007
2078:978-0-8160-7088-6
2015:978-1-60413-615-9
1962:978-1-85743-217-6
1830:978-1-5286-1916-5
1499:bodleian.ox.ac.uk
1436:"The Gene Genius"
1213:(24): 8918–8920.
1117:on 16 March 2015.
1088:(Subscription or
1007:Leicester Mercury
758:, elected member.
666:City of Leicester
639:1986 – Elected a
604:paternity testing
339:
338:
315:
238:Scientific career
174:Bicentenary Medal
18:Sir Alec Jeffreys
16:(Redirected from
4309:
4257:Knights Bachelor
3883:Sinninghe Damsté
3512:
3505:
3498:
3489:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3160:John T. Houghton
3118:Daniel H. Janzen
3059:Sherwood Rowland
2988:Ricardo Bressani
2967:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2827:Raymond Smallman
2795:William Mitchell
2703:John Clarke
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2544:. Archived from
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2500:. Archived from
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2438:on 10 July 2010.
2428:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2398:on 13 March 2007
2388:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2328:on 14 April 2009
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:. Archived from
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2066:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2040:on 18 April 2015
2036:. Archived from
2026:
2020:
2019:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1887:. Archived from
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1786:. UKPMC: 71–84.
1771:
1765:
1764:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1705:10.1038/316076a0
1675:
1669:
1668:
1649:10.1038/314067a0
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1553:. Archived from
1542:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1517:. Archived from
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:on 14 April 2009
1286:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1167:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1113:. Archived from
1103:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1066:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
999:
990:
989:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
958:. Archived from
948:
939:
938:
936:
934:
929:on 9 August 2017
928:
922:. Archived from
913:
887:
878:
617:, also known as
567:Code of a Killer
523:forensic science
512:film image of a
372:forensic science
357:
317:
316:
288:
154:
152:
85:
81:
79:
64:
54:
32:
21:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4072:
4013:
3906:
3799:
3686:
3521:
3519:Heineken Prizes
3516:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3327:Stephen Hawking
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3241:
3236:
3189:Michael Grätzel
3165:
3148:Fraser Stoddart
3112:Niels Birbaumer
3094:
3089:Robert Weinberg
3023:
2976:
2971:
2941:
2936:
2919:
2873:
2778:Chris J. Leaver
2718:Simon Donaldson
2671:Roy M. Anderson
2659:
2646:
2616:
2609:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2548:on 12 June 2018
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2522:on 21 June 2020
2514:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2478:on 8 April 2015
2466:
2465:
2461:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1860:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1690:(6023): 76–79.
1677:
1676:
1672:
1635:(6006): 67–73.
1626:
1625:
1621:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1557:on 5 March 2010
1544:
1543:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1169:
1168:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1087:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:people.embo.org
980:
979:
975:
965:
963:
950:
949:
942:
932:
930:
926:
885:
880:
879:
875:
871:
859:
854:
747:, jointly with
693:Australia Prize
635:
615:microsatellites
584:
552:Joseph Wambaugh
543:Colin Pitchfork
502:
474:
403:
385:of the City of
345:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
330:
318:
310:
307:
305:
286:
270:
232:
156:
153: 1971)
148:
144:
96:
86:
83:
77:
75:
67:
55:
42:
40:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4315:
4313:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4162:Van Oldenborgh
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3379:John E. Walker
3375:
3367:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3287:Jacques Miller
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:(2001–present)
3272:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3231:Zhong Lin Wang
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3177:Julio Montaner
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2783:George Lorimer
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Peter Fellgett
2730:
2728:John M. Edmond
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Peter Day
2705:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2583:
2559:
2533:
2507:
2489:
2459:
2441:
2423:
2409:
2383:
2365:
2339:
2313:
2287:
2261:
2249:
2219:
2193:
2172:
2142:
2131:on 7 June 2014
2116:
2091:
2077:
2051:
2021:
2014:
1994:
1968:
1961:
1938:
1912:
1894:
1885:The First Post
1871:
1862:|website=
1829:
1807:
1766:
1727:
1670:
1619:
1568:
1551:Wellcome Trust
1532:
1521:on 27 May 2020
1483:
1451:
1422:
1395:(3): 270–273.
1376:
1358:
1307:
1278:
1252:
1190:
1135:
1120:
1095:
1046:
1024:
1013:on 16 May 2015
991:
973:
940:
872:
870:
867:
858:
855:
853:
852:
846:
839:
833:
828:and the wider
818:
811:
800:
793:
783:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
749:Edwin Southern
741:
734:
727:
716:
709:
702:
696:
689:
682:
676:
669:
658:
651:
644:
636:
634:
631:
599:minisatellites
591:minisatellites
583:
580:
501:
498:
473:
470:
464:degree on the
423:sulphuric acid
402:
399:
337:
336:
320:
319:
308:
303:
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
278:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
257:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
234:
233:
231:
230:
224:
218:
213:
207:
201:
195:
189:
183:
180:Colworth Medal
177:
171:
164:
162:
158:
157:
146:
142:
141:
139:
135:
134:
129:
128:Known for
125:
124:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
87:
82:9 January 1950
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
41:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4314:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Living people
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4114:Van de Pavert
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:Alec Jeffreys
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
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3363:Tomas Lindahl
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:Roger Penrose
3340:
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3219:Omar M. Yaghi
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3213:Edward Witten
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3071:Alec Jeffreys
3069:
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3035:Gustav Nossal
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2822:Harold Ridley
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2800:Keith Moffatt
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2768:Alec Jeffreys
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2763:Werner Israel
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2653:Royal Society
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2608:1-870520-10-6
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2017:
2011:
2007:
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1998:
1995:
1982:
1978:
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1964:
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1954:
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1737:Hagelberg, E.
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896:(3): 309–17.
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857:Personal life
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587:DNA profiling
582:DNA profiling
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572:Josef Mengele
569:
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506:eureka moment
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480:Alec Jeffreys
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84:(age 74)
74:
70:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
39:Alec Jeffreys
33:
30:
19:
4174:Van Lieshout
4168:Dröge Wendel
3638:
3419:Andrew Wiles
3394:
3371:Dan McKenzie
3351:Martin Evans
3201:Philip Cohen
3142:Ahmed Zewail
3106:Frank Fenner
3070:
3018:Martin Kamen
2994:Werner Stumm
2915:Vivian Fuchs
2910:Shosaku Numa
2866:
2862:Allan Wilson
2842:John Sulston
2804:
2787:
2767:
2758:Gabriel Horn
2695:
2676:John Argyris
2594:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:the original
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:the original
2510:
2502:the original
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:the original
2471:
2462:
2454:the original
2444:
2436:the original
2426:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
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2386:
2378:the original
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2342:
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2326:the original
2316:
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2300:the original
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2274:the original
2264:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:the original
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:the original
2154:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2104:www.isfg.org
2103:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2062:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2033:
2024:
2004:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1971:
1951:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1915:
1897:
1889:the original
1884:
1874:
1842:. Retrieved
1816:
1810:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1747:(1): 65–76.
1744:
1740:
1730:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:the original
1523:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1498:
1493:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1454:
1443:the original
1392:
1388:
1370:
1361:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1269:. Retrieved
1265:the original
1255:
1210:
1206:
1175:
1115:the original
1068:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
1006:
985:
976:
964:. Retrieved
960:the original
931:. Retrieved
924:the original
893:
889:
876:
860:
837:Copley Medal
817:Annual Award
806:building in
650:, 1988, 1989
608:
595:human genome
585:
565:
559:
555:
532:
503:
483:
466:mitochondria
458:biochemistry
443:
415:Bedfordshire
404:
395:Elizabeth II
376:
341:
340:
325:
280:
254:Institutions
237:
221:Copley Medal
198:Lasker award
168:Mendel Medal
29:
4202:1950 births
3978:McKitterick
3924:Van der Wee
3467:Martin Rees
3443:Alan Fersht
3403:Peter Higgs
3311:Harry Kroto
3303:John Gurdon
3124:Martin Rees
3006:Hugh Huxley
2847:Jean Thomas
2748:Adrian Gill
2723:John Dowell
2686:Alec Broers
2402:15 December
2306:19 December
2280:19 December
2242:20 December
2212:15 December
2109:8 September
1987:15 December
1561:23 December
1300:15 December
1271:15 December
966:22 December
720:Royal Medal
606:worldwide.
439:paper round
216:EMBO Member
204:Royal Medal
143:Susan Miles
101:Nationality
93:Oxfordshire
4196:Categories
4132:Van Golden
4049:McClelland
3865:Brunekreef
3794:Deisseroth
3716:Montagnier
3557:Van Deenen
3387:Andre Geim
3335:Robert May
3319:Paul Nurse
3295:John Pople
3195:Paul Nurse
3154:Ada Yonath
2924:Statute 12
2885:Piet Borst
2773:Allen Kerr
2681:Ian Axford
2332:9 February
1844:6 November
1109:. London:
1092:required.)
869:References
431:microscope
360:geneticist
78:1950-01-09
4156:Struycken
4144:B. Visser
4138:Koelewijn
4096:C. Visser
4061:Kanwisher
4037:Tomasello
3954:Schilling
3841:Harremoës
3788:Carmeliet
3746:Blackburn
3698:Lauterbur
3579:Reichardt
3569:Weissmann
3359:David Cox
3053:Ali Javan
2599:Debrett's
2135:13 August
1931:9 October
1864:ignored (
1854:cite book
1507:500483911
1327:(1): 21.
1070:Who's Who
808:Leicester
797:Edinburgh
435:bumblebee
393:by Queen
387:Leicester
109:Education
95:, England
4025:Anderson
3948:De Vries
3901:Le Quéré
3877:Laurance
3847:Thompson
3811:Lovelock
3764:Steinman
3728:Marshall
3704:Van Rood
3691:Medicine
3681:Stillman
3657:De Lange
3639:Jeffreys
3603:Berridge
3533:Chargaff
2655:elected
2575:Archived
2236:Archived
2005:Evidence
1981:Archived
1907:Archived
1835:Archived
1802:16557290
1614:24490906
1588:(3): 3.
1525:29 March
1467:Archived
1409:16525384
1371:BBC News
1353:24245655
1247:16754883
1073:(online
1017:5 August
911:2381/450
787:Honorary
673:Knighted
391:knighted
248:Genetics
4150:Manders
4108:Martens
4084:Verhoef
4067:Zatorre
4031:Dehaene
4002:McNeill
3990:Assmann
3960:Le Goff
3936:Oberman
3911:History
3835:Ehrlich
3817:Branica
3782:Jackson
3776:Alitalo
3770:Clevers
3722:De Wied
3710:Moncada
3645:Szostak
3621:Rothman
3551:De Duve
3539:Brachet
2878:Foreign
2664:Fellows
2657:in 1986
2651:of the
2649:Fellows
2526:18 June
2482:3 April
2358:3 April
2186:3 March
2165:3 April
2084:3 April
2044:3 April
1793:1408072
1761:1398379
1722:4229883
1714:2989708
1692:Bibcode
1665:4356170
1657:3856104
1637:Bibcode
1605:3909909
1476:30 June
1344:3831583
1238:1482540
1215:Bibcode
1185:Radio 4
920:2887471
848:2017 –
835:2014 –
768:2006 –
761:2006 –
754:2005 –
743:2005 –
736:2004 –
729:2004 –
722:of the
718:2004 –
711:2004 –
704:2003 –
698:1999 –
695:, 1998.
691:1998 –
684:1996 –
671:1994 –
664:of the
662:freeman
623:Mengele
593:in the
383:freeman
155:
147:
104:British
4182:(2020)
4176:(2018)
4170:(2016)
4164:(2014)
4158:(2012)
4152:(2010)
4146:(2008)
4140:(2006)
4134:(2004)
4128:(2002)
4122:(2000)
4120:Geelen
4116:(1998)
4110:(1996)
4104:(1994)
4102:Röling
4098:(1992)
4092:(1990)
4086:(1988)
4069:(2020)
4063:(2018)
4057:(2016)
4055:Spelke
4051:(2014)
4045:(2012)
4043:Duncan
4039:(2010)
4033:(2008)
4027:(2006)
4010:(2020)
4008:Daston
4004:(2018)
3998:(2016)
3996:Herrin
3992:(2014)
3986:(2012)
3984:Parker
3980:(2010)
3974:(2008)
3972:Israel
3968:(2006)
3962:(2004)
3956:(2002)
3950:(2000)
3944:(1998)
3938:(1996)
3932:(1994)
3926:(1992)
3920:(1990)
3903:(2020)
3897:(2018)
3895:Hebert
3891:(2016)
3885:(2014)
3879:(2012)
3873:(2010)
3871:Tilman
3867:(2008)
3861:(2006)
3855:(2004)
3849:(2002)
3843:(2000)
3837:(1998)
3831:(1996)
3825:(1994)
3819:(1992)
3813:(1990)
3796:(2020)
3790:(2018)
3784:(2016)
3778:(2014)
3772:(2012)
3766:(2010)
3760:(2008)
3754:(2006)
3748:(2004)
3742:(2002)
3740:Selkoe
3736:(2000)
3734:Kandel
3730:(1998)
3724:(1996)
3718:(1994)
3712:(1992)
3706:(1990)
3700:(1989)
3683:(2020)
3677:(2018)
3675:Zhuang
3671:(2016)
3669:Doudna
3665:(2014)
3663:Dobson
3659:(2012)
3653:(2010)
3647:(2008)
3641:(2006)
3635:(2004)
3629:(2002)
3623:(2000)
3617:(1998)
3615:Pawson
3611:(1996)
3605:(1994)
3599:(1992)
3593:(1990)
3587:(1988)
3581:(1985)
3577:&
3575:Julesz
3571:(1982)
3565:(1979)
3559:(1976)
3553:(1973)
3547:(1970)
3545:Chance
3541:(1967)
3535:(1964)
3477:(2024)
3469:(2023)
3461:(2022)
3453:(2021)
3445:(2020)
3437:(2019)
3429:(2018)
3421:(2017)
3413:(2016)
3405:(2015)
3397:(2014)
3389:(2013)
3381:(2012)
3373:(2011)
3365:(2010)
3353:(2009)
3345:(2008)
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3329:(2006)
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3313:(2004)
3305:(2003)
3297:(2002)
3289:(2001)
3233:(2019)
3227:(2018)
3221:(2017)
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3067:(1995)
3061:(1994)
3055:(1993)
3049:(1992)
3043:(1991)
3037:(1990)
3020:(1989)
3014:(1988)
3008:(1987)
3002:(1986)
2996:(1985)
2990:(1984)
2933:
2605:
2552:7 June
2075:
2071:–101.
2012:
1959:
1827:
1800:
1790:
1759:
1720:
1712:
1684:Nature
1663:
1655:
1629:Nature
1612:
1602:
1513:
1505:
1417:560311
1415:
1407:
1351:
1341:
1245:
1235:
1039:Scopus
933:29 May
918:
429:brass
407:Oxford
287:(1975)
285:
276:Thesis
244:Fields
229:(2016)
223:(2014)
212:(2006)
206:(2004)
200:(2005)
194:(2004)
188:(1996)
182:(1987)
176:(1987)
170:(1987)
161:Awards
138:Spouse
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