2803:
2798:
729:
further statement about it. I am simply evincing my moral disapproval of it. It is as if I had said, "You stole that money," in a peculiar tone of horror, or written it with the addition of some special exclamation marks. … If now I generalise my previous statement and say, "Stealing money is wrong," I produce a sentence that has no factual meaning—that is, expresses no proposition that can be either true or false. … I am merely expressing certain moral sentiments.
4021:
4031:
874:. As a logical positivist, Ayer was in conflict with Heidegger's vast, overarching theories of existence. Ayer considered them completely unverifiable through empirical demonstration and logical analysis, and this sort of philosophy an unfortunate strain in modern thought. He considered Heidegger the worst example of such philosophy, which Ayer believed entirely useless. In
897:, in the widest sense of that term", and that non-believers are allowed to give the lectures if they are "able reverent men, true thinkers, sincere lovers of and earnest inquirers after truth". He still believed in the viewpoint he shared with the logical positivists: that large parts of what was traditionally called philosophy—including
663:
as the only valid basis for philosophy. Unless logical or empirical verification is possible, statements like "God exists" or "charity is good" are not true or untrue but meaningless, and may thus be excluded or ignored. Religious language in particular is unverifiable and as such literally nonsense.
541:
football team, where he was for many years a season ticket holder. For an academic, Ayer was an unusually well-connected figure in his time, with close links to 'high society' and the establishment. Presiding over Oxford high-tables, he is often described as charming, but could also be intimidating.
2014:"I do not believe in God. It seems to me that theists of all kinds have very largely failed to make their concept of a deity intelligible; and to the extent that they have made it intelligible, they have given us no reason to think that anything answers to it." Ayer, A.J. (1966). "What I Believe,"
536:
from 1946 until 1959, during which time he started to appear on radio and television. He was an extrovert and social mixer who liked dancing and attending clubs in London and New York. He was also obsessed with sport: he had played rugby for Eton, and was a noted cricketer and a keen supporter of
728:
The presence of an ethical symbol in a proposition adds nothing to its factual content. Thus if I say to someone, "You acted wrongly in stealing that money," I am not stating anything more than if I had simply said, "You stole that money." In adding that this action is wrong I am not making any
635:
after his heart stopped for four minutes as he choked on smoked salmon. Of the experience, he first said that it "slightly weakened my conviction that my genuine death ... will be the end of me, though I continue to hope that it will be." A few weeks later, he revised this, saying, "what I
839:
and is widely read in philosophy courses around the world. In it, Ayer also proposes that the distinction between a conscious man and an unconscious machine resolves itself into a distinction between "different types of perceptible behaviour", an argument that anticipates the
620:. We are both pre-eminent in our field. I suggest that we talk about this like rational men". Ayer and Tyson then began to talk, allowing Campbell to slip out. Ayer was also involved in politics, including anti-Vietnam War activism, supporting the Labour Party (and later the
724:. But he differs from intuitionists by discarding appeals to intuition of non-empirical moral truths as "worthless" since the intuition of one person often contradicts that of another. Instead, Ayer concludes that ethical concepts are "mere pseudo-concepts":
595:
From 1959 to his retirement in 1978, Ayer held the
Wykeham Chair, Professor of Logic at Oxford. He was knighted in 1970. After his retirement, Ayer taught or lectured several times in the United States, including as a visiting professor at
822:
or "metaphysical" (i.e. meaningless, or "literally senseless"). He started to work on the book at the age of 23 and it was published when he was 26. Ayer's philosophical ideas were deeply influenced by those of the Vienna Circle and
448:. At Eton Ayer first became known for his characteristic bravado and precocity. Though primarily interested in his intellectual pursuits, he was very keen on sports, particularly rugby, and reputedly played the
452:
very well. In the final examinations at Eton, Ayer came second in his year, and first in classics. In his final year, as a member of Eton's senior council, he unsuccessfully campaigned for the abolition of
708:
He focuses on propositions of the first class—moral judgements—saying that those of the second class belong to science, those of the third are mere commands, and those of the fourth (which are considered
5342:
584:, arguing that they were far too dogmatic and extreme in their anti-communism, in fact proposing illiberal measures in the defence of liberty. Adding to the tension was the location of the congress in
6623:
2084:
6573:
545:
Ayer was married four times to three women. His first marriage was from 1932 to 1941, to (Grace Isabel) Renée, with whom he had a son—allegedly the son of Ayer's friend and colleague
1145:, London: Macmillan. (Essays on knowledge, man as a subject for science, chance, philosophy and politics, existentialism, metaphysics, and a reply to Austin on sense-data theory .)
2853:
351:
6513:
4715:
4672:
6738:
6598:
6558:
6553:
6518:
1914:
1434:
2983:
503:
937:, a landmark 1950s work of ordinary language philosophy. Ayer responded in the essay "Has Austin Refuted the Sense-datum Theory?", which can be found in his
5532:
668:'s opinion that metaphysics is a form of intellectual poetry. The stance that a belief in God denotes no verifiable hypothesis is sometimes referred to as
499:
2075:
1592:
6688:
6608:
5432:
636:
should have said is that my experiences have weakened, not my belief that there is no life after death, but my inflexible attitude towards that belief".
6713:
6698:
6618:
5977:
6718:
6683:
6673:
6603:
6563:
6523:
5294:
1943:
5537:
4682:
6733:
6628:
6298:
6074:
6678:
2566:
2550:
2357:
1355:
1336:
6703:
6538:
4067:
553:, with whom he had one son. That marriage was dissolved in 1983, and the same year, Ayer married Vanessa Salmon, the former wife of politician
1929:
1886:
6708:
6568:
4034:
3190:
2603:
2338:
2309:
2115:
1999:
1751:
1627:
1540:
1513:
1234:
1218:
1182:
1150:
992:
765:
720:
Ayer argues that moral judgements cannot be translated into non-ethical, empirical terms and thus cannot be verified; in this he agrees with
2163:
1319:
1076:
6758:
5570:
4708:
2138:
1923:
1880:
1099:
51:
6743:
6723:
2705:
2435:
676:). In later years, Ayer reiterated that he did not believe in God and began to call himself an atheist. He followed in the footsteps of
509:
In the Second World War, Ayer served as an officer in the Welsh Guards, chiefly in intelligence (Special
Operations Executive (SOE) and
425:
4491:
3231:
6533:
3150:
6258:
6242:
6098:
4462:
4339:
2976:
2726:
1841:
1813:
1667:
1466:
878:, Ayer accuses Heidegger of "surprising ignorance" or "unscrupulous distortion" and "what can fairly be described as charlatanism."
613:
292:
695:"Propositions that express definitions of ethical terms, or judgements about the legitimacy or possibility of certain definitions"
6693:
6613:
4741:
2620:
6250:
5638:
5527:
4701:
810:, were already writing papers on the issue. Ayer's formulation was that a sentence can be meaningful only if it has verifiable
506:, who ran as the appeasement candidate. The by-election, held on 27 October 1938, was quite close, with Hogg winning narrowly.
1043:
1032:, London: Macmillan. (Essays on freedom, phenomenalism, basic propositions, utilitarianism, other minds, the past, ontology.)
998:
6753:
6528:
6508:
6114:
5507:
5372:
4602:
3961:
1103:, London: Macmillan. (Essays on truth, privacy and private languages, laws of nature, the concept of a person, probability.)
815:
2826:
2400:
1051:
893:. In the book's preface, he defends his selection to hold the lectureship on the basis that Lord Gifford wished to promote "
601:
1968:"Representation and Expression," Analysis, Vol.1, No.3; "Metaphysics and Emotive Language," Analysis Vol. II, nos. 1 and 2,
6548:
6543:
6322:
5658:
5253:
5032:
4994:
4944:
3655:
3135:
2032:
1012:
933:
761:
625:
565:
421:
386:
274:
142:
40:
6643:
6106:
5992:
5704:
5502:
5402:
4541:
4024:
3536:
3458:
3175:
2969:
2668:
2028:
1375:
773:
621:
557:. She died in 1985, and in 1989 Ayer remarried Wells, who survived him. He also had a daughter with Hollywood columnist
379:
340:
5193:
6728:
6658:
6306:
6138:
5955:
5243:
4536:
4442:
4352:
2253:
2036:
976:
6593:
6588:
6266:
6162:
6146:
6130:
5930:
5382:
5122:
5002:
4733:
4060:
3236:
3130:
2882:
1084:
798:
631:
In 1988, a year before his death, Ayer wrote an article titled "What I saw when I was dead", describing an unusual
617:
454:
359:
305:
177:
768:
in 1963. In 1965, he became the first president of the
Agnostics' Adoption Society and in the same year succeeded
6648:
6638:
6583:
6346:
5898:
5883:
5467:
5067:
4974:
4814:
4677:
4478:
4470:
4367:
4212:
3838:
3615:
3028:
2830:
2582:
1869:
1367:
962:
961:
Ayer's biographer, Ben Rogers, deposited 7 boxes of research material accumulated through the writing process at
917:
568:
in West Berlin, though he later said he went only because of the offer of a "free trip". He gave a speech on why
533:
474:
355:
592:
began on 25 June 1950, the fourth day of the congress, giving a feeling that the world was on the brink of war.
6653:
6633:
6435:
6282:
5999:
5893:
5888:
5563:
5392:
4639:
4551:
4447:
4412:
4172:
3408:
2655:
1323:
886:
558:
2053:
1506:
The politics of apolitical culture: the
Congress for Cultural Freedom, the CIA, and post-war American hegemony
2780:
1684:
1453:
472:
After graduating from Oxford, Ayer spent a year in Vienna, returned to
England and published his first book,
6409:
6122:
5925:
5903:
5648:
5037:
4964:
4819:
4619:
4452:
4328:
4262:
4084:
3690:
2362:
1341:
1328:
1266:
1209:
1157:
1141:
1125:
1061:
640:
491:
125:
389:
for a time; he remarked, "as a notorious heterosexual I could never be accused of feathering my own nest."
6748:
5833:
5799:
5283:
5127:
5062:
4724:
4566:
4486:
3274:
3246:
3221:
3023:
2763:
2651:
2532:
2448:
1194:
793:
660:
529:
243:
209:
172:
1947:
6330:
5950:
5935:
5839:
5258:
5238:
5173:
5057:
4839:
4667:
4644:
4624:
4506:
4377:
4317:
4053:
3917:
3873:
3372:
3185:
3033:
2511:
1787:
1351:
1257:
1173:
1028:
905:—were not matters that could be judged true or false, and that it was thus meaningless to discuss them.
781:
749:, a short-lived British "Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics" edited by the ex-Communist
632:
572:'s conceptions of liberty and freedom were still valid in the 20th century. Together with the historian
495:
458:
329:
227:
100:
2298:
2664:
Exact
Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science
1311:
1189:
612:. When Ayer demanded that Tyson stop, Tyson reportedly asked, "Do you know who the fuck I am? I'm the
6668:
6578:
6503:
6498:
6338:
6009:
5972:
5873:
5868:
5804:
5663:
5422:
5332:
5131:
5092:
4824:
4576:
4561:
4192:
3095:
2915:
2689:
1874:
1567:
721:
525:
367:
325:
321:
222:
1284:
1275:
1225:
6477:
6314:
5762:
5745:
5699:
5689:
5556:
5472:
5462:
5312:
5268:
5102:
4879:
4794:
4654:
4649:
4629:
4531:
4516:
4511:
4312:
3739:
3670:
3448:
3279:
3261:
3225:
3145:
3100:
3090:
2992:
836:
681:
466:
363:
182:
149:
6399:
2527:
2444:
1702:
401:, in north west London, to Jules Louis Cyprien Ayer and Reine (née Citroen), wealthy parents from
6663:
6389:
6190:
6066:
5940:
5861:
5825:
5633:
5322:
5218:
5213:
5137:
5112:
4914:
4899:
4864:
4307:
4097:
3912:
3630:
3587:
3556:
3546:
3506:
3364:
3344:
3205:
3165:
3160:
3085:
2489:
2381:
2278:
2167:
1707:
832:
745:
624:), chairing the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination in Sport, and serving as president of the
479:
402:
300:
154:
135:
3997:
2131:
2376:
6364:
6205:
6180:
6056:
5288:
5208:
5047:
4929:
4556:
4137:
3749:
3726:
3716:
3650:
3531:
3466:
3200:
3105:
2821:
2722:
2599:
2481:
2334:
2305:
2270:
2111:
2107:
2027:"I trust that my remaining an atheist will allay the anxieties of my fellow supporters of the
1995:
1837:
1809:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1663:
1623:
1536:
1509:
1462:
1302:
1230:
1214:
1198:
1178:
1162:
1146:
1130:
1104:
1066:
1033:
1017:
988:
981:
819:
573:
538:
514:
445:
414:
398:
1856:
6369:
6290:
6274:
6200:
6154:
5719:
5628:
5352:
5263:
5087:
5082:
4884:
4634:
4586:
4521:
4407:
4272:
4247:
4207:
4122:
3802:
3779:
3769:
3592:
3541:
3438:
3294:
2865:
2807:
2625:
2262:
2074:
894:
882:
871:
848:
757:
710:
677:
569:
546:
462:
436:, where he started boarding at the relatively early age of seven for reasons to do with the
336:
281:
248:
2327:
2057:
6384:
6379:
5960:
5915:
5750:
5724:
5668:
5497:
5412:
5168:
5147:
5097:
5077:
5017:
4984:
4939:
4934:
4894:
4779:
4526:
4392:
4387:
4282:
4237:
4117:
3953:
3933:
3907:
3881:
3774:
3764:
3744:
3476:
3443:
3334:
3319:
3170:
3155:
3075:
3054:
2892:
2784:
2685:
1633:
1563:
1546:
1448:
1080:
950:
750:
577:
371:
110:
2770:
2607:
806:, which Ayer had visited as a young guest. Others, including the circle's leading light,
490:
of
British philosophy. As a newly famous intellectual, he played a prominent role in the
1482:
1293:
1248:
299:; 29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989) was an English philosopher known for his promotion of
6046:
5987:
5820:
5755:
5740:
5643:
5248:
5203:
5027:
4959:
4834:
4829:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4197:
4162:
4152:
4127:
4102:
4092:
3981:
3863:
3734:
3665:
3660:
3625:
3526:
3423:
3392:
3377:
3339:
3329:
3284:
3059:
2846:
2797:
1619:
1003:
807:
609:
581:
449:
1685:"Graham Greene, Arthur Ransome and Somerset Maugham all spied for Britain, admits MI6"
780:, a collection of essays on the meaning of humanism. He was one of the signers of the
6492:
6225:
6220:
6195:
6004:
5945:
5856:
5784:
5714:
5709:
5492:
5107:
5012:
5007:
4969:
4889:
4869:
4844:
4809:
4417:
4357:
4322:
4257:
4232:
4227:
4187:
4157:
4002:
3971:
3966:
3858:
3853:
3833:
3823:
3789:
3759:
3754:
3685:
3680:
3610:
3602:
3579:
3486:
3433:
3324:
3289:
3251:
3180:
3080:
3049:
2935:
2675:
2594:
2554:
2244:
2100:
1093:
A Modern
Introduction to Philosophy; readings from classical and contemporary sources
803:
769:
740:
483:
6080:
5878:
5809:
5769:
5597:
5233:
5228:
5183:
5142:
5052:
4954:
4909:
4904:
4874:
4859:
4854:
4501:
4432:
4277:
4147:
4132:
4076:
3891:
3807:
3675:
3620:
3569:
3516:
3511:
3471:
3418:
3387:
3382:
3354:
3314:
3241:
3125:
3018:
2953:
2943:
2793:
2747:
2659:
2523:
2440:
928:
913:
597:
554:
518:
441:
317:
214:
195:
2637:
2439:, the same being reviewed (with attention given to the Ayer/Copleston debate) in:
6404:
6394:
6374:
5794:
5774:
5684:
5607:
5477:
5442:
5362:
5188:
4979:
4919:
4804:
4789:
4581:
4437:
4427:
4372:
4347:
4292:
4267:
4252:
4222:
4202:
4177:
4107:
3976:
3943:
3938:
3886:
3848:
3843:
3828:
3797:
3711:
3521:
3491:
3481:
3428:
3413:
3349:
3013:
2925:
2907:
2875:
2752:
898:
841:
714:
669:
585:
437:
50:
2629:
1657:
1612:
1530:
17:
6215:
6210:
5965:
5789:
5653:
5602:
5579:
5482:
5273:
5117:
5072:
4949:
4849:
4784:
4591:
4571:
4422:
4397:
4362:
4217:
4182:
4167:
4142:
3695:
3501:
3496:
3195:
2758:
2742:
2679:
2190:
1987:
1429:
1088:
902:
860:
844:
published in 1950 to test a machine's capability to demonstrate intelligence.
824:
673:
665:
644:
605:
589:
502:, who ran on an anti-appeasement platform against the Conservative candidate,
429:
406:
2485:
2333:. Internet Archive. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. ix.
2274:
802:. The principle was at the time at the heart of the debates of the so-called
734:
A. J. Ayer, Language Truth and Logic, Ch. VI. Critique of Ethics and
Theology
698:"Propositions describing the phenomena of moral experience, and their causes"
549:—and a daughter. Renée subsequently married Hampshire. In 1960, Ayer married
6456:
6442:
6430:
6414:
5982:
5920:
5779:
5612:
5514:
5223:
5163:
5042:
5022:
4774:
4769:
4749:
4546:
3269:
3140:
2812:
2789:
1047:
811:
688:
550:
498:, and then for the joint Labour-Liberal "Independent Progressive" candidate
410:
2715:
1637:
1550:
764:
from 1947 until his death. He was elected a
Foreign Honorary Member of the
2775:
1404:
1202:
1166:
1134:
1070:
1037:
985:
5694:
5487:
5178:
4799:
4759:
4693:
4402:
1241:
Perception and Identity: Essays Presented to A. J. Ayer, With His Replies
864:
375:
2493:
2468:
1332:(Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements). Cambridge University Press.
1114:
1108:
1021:
5198:
4754:
4382:
2817:
2282:
965:
in 2007. The material was donated in collaboration with Ayer's family.
2961:
6440:
5910:
5278:
4496:
1593:"A. J. Ayer Dead in Britain at 78; Philosopher of Logical Positivism"
433:
324:, after which he studied the philosophy of logical positivism at the
2266:
2424:
listed in some bibliographies as (The) "Freedom of the Will" (1936)
6449:
4764:
4596:
4242:
2497:
2248:
417:, including for their bank and as secretary to Alfred Rothschild.
358:
from 1946 until 1959, after which he returned to Oxford to become
494:
campaign of 1938. Ayer campaigned first for the Labour candidate
859:(1972). He also wrote an introductory book on the philosophy of
6026:
5552:
5343:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
4697:
4049:
4045:
2965:
405:. His mother was from the Dutch-Jewish family that founded the
2771:
Ayer's Elizabeth Rathbone Lecture on Philosophy & Politics
2618:
Wollheim, Richard (January 2011) . "Ayer, Sir Alfred Jules ".
1977:
Ayer A. J. Language, Truth and Logic 1946/1952, New York/Dover
510:
344:
284:
5548:
1921:. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Reprinted in
1243:, London: Macmillan; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
827:. His clear, vibrant and polemical exposition of them makes
647:, where a memorial plaque was unveiled on 19 November 1995.
639:
Ayer died on 27 June 1989. From 1980 to 1989 he lived at 51
600:
in 1987. At a party that same year held by fashion designer
2249:"Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage. by A. J. Ayer"
1053:
Observation and Interpretation in the Philosophy of Physics
980:, London: Gollancz., 2nd ed., with new introduction (1946)
691:
divides "the ordinary system of ethics" into four classes:
608:, who was forcing himself upon the then little-known model
521:
from the Officer Cadet Training Unit on 21 September 1940.
1459:
Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers
2672:, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74–76.
1788:"The worst crime was to be a bore | the Spectator"
1120:
vol. XVIII, pp. 117–140. (Reprinted in Ayer 1969).
2776:
Ayer entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1044:"The conception of probability as a logical relation"
293:
6624:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
835:; the book is regarded as a classic of 20th-century
6423:
6357:
6234:
6173:
6090:
6037:
5849:
5818:
5733:
5677:
5621:
5590:
5455:
5304:
5156:
4993:
4740:
4612:
4461:
4338:
4083:
3990:
3952:
3926:
3900:
3872:
3816:
3788:
3725:
3704:
3643:
3601:
3578:
3555:
3457:
3401:
3363:
3307:
3260:
3214:
3118:
3068:
3042:
3006:
2999:
870:Ayer was a strong critic of the German philosopher
564:In 1950, Ayer attended the founding meeting of the
352:
Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic
235:
201:
191:
162:
141:
131:
121:
106:
96:
80:
57:
34:
2714:
2565:Hahn (1992) also includes a comprehensive 27-page
2467:
2326:
2297:
2099:
1992:The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge
1735:
1611:
1452:
796:, in particular through his presentation of it in
2813:Appearance on Desert Island Discs - 3 August 1984
739:Between 1945 and 1947, together with Russell and
328:. From 1933 to 1940 he lectured on philosophy at
2512:a detailed listing of Ayer's philosophical works
457:at the school. He won a classics scholarship to
2166:. American Humanist Association. Archived from
1344:(The Library of Living Philosophers Volume XXI)
776:, a post he held until 1970. In 1968 he edited
726:
616:", to which Ayer replied, "And I am the former
478:, in 1936. This first exposition in English of
6574:British Special Operations Executive personnel
6075:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
2304:. New York : Vintage Books. p. 228.
1902:Can There Be Life After Life? Ask the Atheist!
1711:(Supplement). 27 September 1940. p. 5776.
760:movement. He was an Honorary Associate of the
409:car company in France; his father was a Swiss
5564:
4709:
4061:
2977:
2569:of Ayer's writings compiled by Guida Crowley.
1878:. Reprinted as "The Undiscovered Country" in
1586:
1584:
756:Ayer was closely associated with the British
680:by debating religion with the Jesuit scholar
8:
6454:
6064:
6054:
6044:
5760:
2624:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1683:Norton-Taylor, Richard (21 September 2010).
1435:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1115:"Has Austin Refuted the Sense-Datum Theory?"
524:After the war, Ayer briefly returned to the
2608:Chapter one and a review by Hilary Spurling
1356:"Bibliography of the writings of A.J. Ayer"
1350:*For more complete publication details see
743:, Ayer contributed a series of articles to
717:) are too concrete for ethical philosophy.
6034:
6023:
5587:
5571:
5557:
5549:
5433:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
4716:
4702:
4694:
4068:
4054:
4046:
3575:
3360:
3257:
3003:
2984:
2970:
2962:
2835:
2796:
2385:(Supplement). 30 December 1969. p. 1.
1239:1979, "Replies", in G. F. Macdonald, ed.,
1158:Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage
927:was famously criticised by fellow Oxonian
374:in 1970. He was known for his advocacy of
49:
31:
5978:Relationship between religion and science
2137:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
2054:"Ch. VI. Critique of Ethics and Theology"
953:in the London Gazette on 1 January 1970.
6514:20th-century British non-fiction writers
2076:"Where are the Hirsts of the 1930s now?"
1994:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus. p. 194.
1836:. New York: Free Press. pp. 30–32.
1775:
1339:and Replies in: Lewis Edwin Hahn (ed.),
1100:The Concept of a Person and Other Essays
910:The Concept of a Person and Other Essays
853:Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage
847:Ayer wrote two books on the philosopher
792:Ayer is best known for popularising the
6299:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
2900:Professional and academic associations
2621:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2132:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1724:article by Tim Heald, 20–26 August 1977
1391:
1352:"The Philosophical Works of A. J. Ayer"
6739:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
6599:English people of Dutch-Jewish descent
6559:British people of Dutch-Jewish descent
6554:British Army personnel of World War II
6519:Academics of University College London
5654:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2721:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
2201:. The Philosophical Society of England
2102:Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain
1013:The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge
378:, and was the second president of the
2703:Graham Macdonald, Alfred Jules Ayer,
2549:Phillips (1991) also includes a 1989
2394:
2392:
2352:
2350:
2087:from the original on 25 January 2012.
2047:
2045:
1827:
1825:
1799:
1797:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1461:. London: Routledge. pp. 37–39.
1399:
1397:
1395:
1267:Freedom and Morality and Other Essays
1056:, New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications.
766:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
2589:, Vol. 104 (1), May, pp. 10–13.
2436:The Meaning of Life and Other Essays
1808:. New York: Free Press. p. 28.
1312:The Meaning of Life and Other Essays
2706:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2680:Ayer's Philosophy and its Greatness
2474:Revue Internationale de Philosophie
2329:The central questions of philosophy
2325:Ayer, A. J. (Alfred Jules) (1974).
2300:Philosophy in the twentieth century
2296:Ayer, A. J. (Alfred Jules) (1984).
2106:. Oxford University Press. p.
2073:Buckman, David (13 November 1998).
1944:"City of Westminster green plaques"
1409:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1258:Philosophy in the Twentieth Century
1210:The Central Questions of Philosophy
891:The Central Questions of Philosophy
876:Philosophy in the Twentieth Century
831:essential reading on the tenets of
5931:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
2759:"Frege, Russell, and Modern Logic"
2694:Proceedings of the British Academy
1572:Proceedings of the British Academy
1508:. London: Routledge. p. 109.
925:Foundations of Empirical Knowledge
588:, together with the fact that the
25:
6689:British philosophers of education
6609:20th-century English philosophers
6259:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
6243:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
6099:The Course in Positive Philosophy
2767:interview with Bryan Magee (1987)
2433:reprinted in Ayer, A. J., (1990)
1900:Lougrhan, Gerry (18 March 2001),
1252:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
949:Ayer was awarded a knighthood as
814:import; otherwise, it is either "
614:heavyweight champion of the world
241:
207:
147:
6714:British philosophers of religion
6699:British philosophers of language
6619:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
4029:
4020:
4019:
2358:"Has Austin Refuted Sense-data?"
2144:from the original on 10 May 2011
912:(1963), Ayer heavily criticised
428:for boys in the seaside town of
280:
6719:British philosophers of science
6684:British philosophers of culture
6674:People educated at Eton College
6604:English people of Swiss descent
6564:British people of Swiss descent
6524:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
6251:History and Class Consciousness
1913:Ayer, A. J. (15 October 1988).
1306:, London: Secker & Warburg.
1077:"Logical Positivism - A Debate"
532:. He then taught philosophy at
234:
27:English philosopher (1910–1989)
6734:English political philosophers
6629:Fellows of the British Academy
6115:Critical History of Philosophy
5373:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
4492:Analytic–synthetic distinction
3232:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2510:McDonald (1979) also includes
2466:Wolfowicz, Jacqueline (1979).
1868:Ayer, A. J. (28 August 1988).
1742:. London: Hutchinson. p.
701:"Exhortations to moral virtue"
1:
6704:British philosophers of logic
6539:Atheism in the United Kingdom
6323:Knowledge and Human Interests
5659:Rankean historical positivism
5254:Principle of compositionality
2033:Rationalist Press Association
762:Rationalist Press Association
626:Homosexual Law Reform Society
566:Congress for Cultural Freedom
551:Alberta Constance (Dee) Wells
528:where he became a fellow and
413:financier who worked for the
387:Homosexual Law Reform Society
382:(now known as Humanists UK).
6709:British philosophers of mind
6569:British critics of religions
6441:
6107:A General View of Positivism
5403:Philosophical Investigations
2944:British Humanist Association
2856:Philosophy of Mind and Logic
2804:Works by or about A. J. Ayer
2669:The New York Review of Books
2638:UK public library membership
2029:British Humanist Association
2018:, Vol.81 (8) August, p. 226.
1930:The Philosophy of A. J. Ayer
1915:"POSTSCRIPT TO A POSTMORTEM"
1887:The Philosophy of A. J. Ayer
1870:"What I Saw When I Was Dead"
1618:. London: Vintage. pp.
1376:List of British philosophers
1337:"Intellectual Autobiography"
1315:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1142:Metaphysics and Common Sense
939:Metaphysics and Common Sense
923:Ayer's sense-data theory in
774:British Humanist Association
513:). He was commissioned as a
380:British Humanist Association
341:Special Operations Executive
303:, particularly in his books
6759:Wykeham Professors of Logic
6307:Conjectures and Refutations
6139:The Logic of Modern Physics
5956:Deductive-nomological model
5244:Modality (natural language)
4537:Internalism and externalism
2583:"That undiscovered country"
2469:"Review of Part of my Life"
2254:The Philosophical Quarterly
2037:South Place Ethical Society
1591:Pace, Eric (29 June 1989).
1504:Scott-Smith, Giles (2002).
1346:, Open Court Publishing Co.
1342:The Philosophy of A.J. Ayer
1329:A. J. Ayer: Memorial Essays
704:"Actual ethical judgements"
6775:
6744:Presidents of Humanists UK
6724:Philosophers of technology
6679:People from St John's Wood
6267:The Poverty of Historicism
6163:The Universe in a Nutshell
6147:Language, Truth, and Logic
6131:The Analysis of Sensations
5383:Language, Truth, and Logic
5123:Theological noncognitivism
5008:Contrast theory of meaning
5003:Causal theory of reference
4734:Index of language articles
3131:Causal theory of reference
2883:Wykeham Professor of Logic
2356:listed (and reprinted) as
2059:Language, truth, and logic
1738:Iris Murdoch as I knew her
1270:, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
977:Language, Truth, and Logic
881:In 1972–73, Ayer gave the
799:Language, Truth, and Logic
659:(1936), Ayer presents the
618:Wykeham Professor of Logic
486:, made Ayer at age 26 the
482:as newly developed by the
422:Ascham St Vincent's School
385:Ayer was president of the
366:. He was president of the
360:Wykeham Professor of Logic
306:Language, Truth, and Logic
178:University College, London
6534:Aristotelian philosophers
6475:
6347:The Rhetoric of Economics
6033:
6028:Positivist-related debate
6022:
5586:
5523:
5468:Philosophy of information
5068:Mediated reference theory
4731:
4663:
4368:Evolutionary epistemology
4015:
2950:
2940:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2862:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2831:University College London
2700:(1996), pp. 255–282.
2666:, Basic Books, 449 pp.),
2598:. New York: Grove Press.
2399:UCL Special Collections.
2232:Language, Truth and Logic
2220:Language, Truth and Logic
1483:"Alfred Jules Ayer Facts"
1320:"A Defense of Empiricism"
1297:, New York: Random House.
1126:The Origins of Pragmatism
963:University College London
918:private language argument
863:and a short biography of
829:Language, Truth and Logic
657:Language, Truth and Logic
534:University College London
475:Language, Truth and Logic
356:University College London
256:
117:
48:
6283:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
6000:Structural functionalism
5926:Naturalism in literature
5393:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
4640:Philosophy of perception
4443:Representational realism
4413:Naturalized epistemology
3191:Scientific structuralism
2363:Symposium on J.L. Austin
2191:"Unanswerable Questions"
2189:Schlick, Moritz (1935).
2098:Collini, Stefan (2006).
1174:Probability and Evidence
1062:The Problem of Knowledge
999:"Causation and free will
887:University of St Andrews
559:Sheilah Graham Westbrook
311:The Problem of Knowledge
6694:Philosophers of history
6614:British epistemologists
6410:Willard Van Orman Quine
6123:Idealism and Positivism
5715:Critique of metaphysics
5649:Sociological positivism
5194:Use–mention distinction
5038:Direct reference theory
4620:Outline of epistemology
4453:Transcendental idealism
2553:with Ayer conducted by
2234:, Penguin, 2001, p. 140
2164:"Humanist Manifesto II"
1832:Coleman, Peter (1989).
1804:Coleman, Peter (1989).
622:Social Democratic Party
126:20th-century philosophy
6455:
6424:Concepts in contention
6065:
6055:
6045:
5936:Objectivity in science
5834:Non-Euclidean geometry
5800:Methodological dualism
5761:
5128:Theory of descriptions
5063:Linguistic determinism
4725:Philosophy of language
4567:Problem of other minds
3247:Reflective equilibrium
2854:Grote Professor of the
2781:A.J. Ayer: Out of time
2764:The Great Philosophers
2630:10.1093/ref:odnb/39796
2533:London Review of Books
2449:London Review of Books
2405:UCL Archives Catalogue
2401:"Ayer (Rogers) Papers"
2222:, Penguin, 2001, p. ix
1834:The Liberal Conspiracy
1806:The Liberal Conspiracy
1734:Wilson, A. N. (2003).
1324:Griffiths, A. Phillips
1213:, London: Weidenfeld.
1195:Fontana Modern Masters
794:verification principle
737:
661:verification principle
576:, Ayer fought against
530:Dean of Wadham College
461:. He graduated with a
370:from 1951 to 1952 and
244:Verification principle
210:Philosophy of language
173:Wadham College, Oxford
6754:Welsh Guards officers
6529:Analytic philosophers
6509:20th-century atheists
6331:The Poverty of Theory
5951:Philosophy of science
5840:Uncertainty principle
5239:Mental representation
5174:Linguistic relativity
5058:Inquisitive semantics
4645:Philosophy of science
4625:Faith and rationality
4507:Descriptive knowledge
4378:Feminist epistemology
4318:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3918:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3373:David Malet Armstrong
2713:Foster, John (1985),
2360:in Fann. K.T. (ed.),
2039:." (Ayer 1989, p. 12)
1857:Rogers (1999), p. 344
1662:. New York: Vintage.
1610:Rogers, Ben (2000) .
1529:Rogers, Ben (2000) .
1261:, London: Weidenfeld.
1177:, London: Macmillan.
1161:, London: Macmillan.
1129:, London: Macmillan.
1065:, London: Macmillan.
1016:, London: Macmillan.
969:Selected publications
889:, later published as
722:ethical intuitionists
633:near-death experience
496:Patrick Gordon Walker
459:Christ Church, Oxford
420:Ayer was educated at
330:Christ Church, Oxford
316:Ayer was educated at
228:philosophy of science
169:Christ Church, Oxford
101:Christ Church, Oxford
6549:Bard College faculty
6544:Atheist philosophers
6339:The Scientific Image
6010:Structuration theory
5973:Qualitative research
5874:Criticism of science
5869:Critical rationalism
5805:Problem of induction
5423:Naming and Necessity
5333:De Arte Combinatoria
5132:Definite description
5093:Semantic externalism
4577:Procedural knowledge
4562:Problem of induction
2916:Aristotelian Society
2827:Ayer (Rogers) Papers
2743:"Logical Positivism"
2614:, 24 December 2000.)
2592:Rogers, Ben (1999).
2062:. pp. 103, 106.
2052:Ayer, A. J. (1952).
1875:The Sunday Telegraph
1656:Rogers, Ben (1999).
1578:(1996), pp. 255–282.
1454:"Ayer, Alfred Jules"
1029:Philosophical Essays
934:Sense and Sensibilia
778:The Humanist Outlook
772:as president of the
526:University of Oxford
424:, a former boarding
368:Aristotelian Society
326:University of Vienna
322:University of Oxford
6644:Jewish philosophers
6315:One-Dimensional Man
5763:Geisteswissenschaft
5746:Confirmation holism
5473:Philosophical logic
5463:Analytic philosophy
5269:Sense and reference
5148:Verification theory
5103:Situation semantics
4655:Virtue epistemology
4650:Social epistemology
4630:Formal epistemology
4517:Epistemic injustice
4512:Exploratory thought
4313:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3740:Patricia Churchland
3671:Christine Korsgaard
3557:Logical positivists
3449:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3226:paradox of analysis
2993:Analytic philosophy
2790:Works by A. J. Ayer
2656:"Positive Thinking"
2581:Ayer, A.J. (1989).
1924:The Meaning Of Life
1881:The Meaning Of Life
1535:. London: Vintage.
1405:"Alfred Jules Ayer"
1285:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1229:, London: Collins.
837:analytic philosophy
682:Frederick Copleston
664:He also criticises
651:Philosophical ideas
467:first-class honours
455:corporal punishment
183:New College, Oxford
150:Analytic philosophy
6729:Philosophy writers
6659:Logical positivism
6390:Hans-Georg Gadamer
6191:Alexander Bogdanov
6067:Positivismusstreit
5862:Post-behavioralism
5826:history of science
5678:Principal concepts
5634:Logical positivism
5323:Port-Royal Grammar
5219:Family resemblance
5138:Theory of language
5113:Supposition theory
4308:Timothy Williamson
4098:Augustine of Hippo
3913:William Lane Craig
3631:Friedrich Waismann
3588:Carl Gustav Hempel
3547:Timothy Williamson
3507:Alasdair MacIntyre
3365:Australian realism
3345:Russ Shafer-Landau
3206:Analytical Thomism
3161:Logical positivism
2612:The New York Times
2526:(30 August 1990).
2443:(30 August 1990).
2382:The London Gazette
2170:on 20 October 2012
1708:The London Gazette
1597:The New York Times
1288:, London: Penguin.
1279:, London: Collins.
833:logical empiricism
782:Humanist Manifesto
687:Ayer's version of
604:, Ayer confronted
492:Oxford by-election
480:logical positivism
426:preparatory school
403:continental Europe
301:logical positivism
155:logical positivism
136:Western philosophy
6594:English logicians
6589:English humanists
6484:
6483:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6365:Theodor W. Adorno
6181:Richard Avenarius
6057:Werturteilsstreit
6018:
6017:
5966:Sense-data theory
5664:Polish positivism
5639:Positivist school
5546:
5545:
5048:Dynamic semantics
4691:
4690:
4557:Privileged access
4193:Søren Kierkegaard
4043:
4042:
4011:
4010:
3727:Pittsburgh School
3717:Peter van Inwagen
3651:Roderick Chisholm
3639:
3638:
3532:Richard Swinburne
3467:G. E. M. Anscombe
3303:
3302:
3201:Analytic theology
3176:Ordinary language
3114:
3113:
2960:
2959:
2951:Succeeded by
2942:President of the
2923:Succeeded by
2914:President of the
2890:Succeeded by
2863:Succeeded by
2839:Academic offices
2690:Alfred Jules Ayer
2636:(Subscription or
2604:978-0-8021-3869-9
2595:A.J. Ayer: A Life
2340:978-0-03-013116-5
2311:978-0-394-71655-8
2117:978-0-19-929105-2
2001:978-0-87975-766-3
1753:978-0-09-174246-1
1629:978-0-09-953681-9
1614:A.J. Ayer: A Life
1568:Alfred Jules Ayer
1542:978-0-09-953681-9
1532:A.J. Ayer: A Life
1515:978-0-415-24445-9
1485:. Your Dictionary
1235:978-0-00-216017-9
1219:978-0-297-76634-6
1183:978-0-333-12756-8
1151:978-0-333-10517-7
993:978-0-14-118604-7
672:(for example, by
574:Hugh Trevor-Roper
539:Tottenham Hotspur
515:second lieutenant
444:, where he was a
415:Rothschild family
397:Ayer was born in
260:
259:
223:theory of meaning
192:Academic advisors
62:Alfred Jules Ayer
16:(Redirected from
6766:
6649:Knights Bachelor
6639:Jewish humanists
6584:English atheists
6460:
6446:
6370:Gaston Bachelard
6291:Truth and Method
6275:World Hypotheses
6155:The Two Cultures
6070:
6060:
6050:
6035:
6024:
5766:
5720:Unity of science
5629:Legal positivism
5588:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5550:
5508:Formal semantics
5456:Related articles
5448:
5438:
5428:
5418:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5358:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5088:Relevance theory
5083:Phallogocentrism
4718:
4711:
4704:
4695:
4635:Metaepistemology
4613:Related articles
4587:Regress argument
4522:Epistemic virtue
4273:Bertrand Russell
4248:Duncan Pritchard
4208:Hilary Kornblith
4123:Laurence BonJour
4070:
4063:
4056:
4047:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4022:
3962:Nancy Cartwright
3803:Nicholas Rescher
3780:Bas van Fraassen
3770:Nicholas Rescher
3593:Hans Reichenbach
3576:
3542:Bernard Williams
3439:Bertrand Russell
3361:
3295:Rigid designator
3258:
3004:
3000:Related articles
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2933:Preceded by
2926:H. B. Acton
2905:Preceded by
2876:H. H. Price
2873:Preceded by
2866:Stuart Hampshire
2844:Preceded by
2836:
2808:Internet Archive
2800:
2732:
2720:
2641:
2633:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2480:(129): 588–597.
2471:
2463:
2457:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2373:
2367:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2247:(January 1972).
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1946:. Archived from
1940:
1934:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1659:A.J. Ayer A Life
1653:
1642:
1641:
1617:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1579:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1456:
1449:Quinton, Anthony
1445:
1439:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1401:
895:natural theology
883:Gifford Lectures
872:Martin Heidegger
849:Bertrand Russell
735:
711:normative ethics
678:Bertrand Russell
602:Fernando Sanchez
570:John Stuart Mill
547:Stuart Hampshire
337:Second World War
296:
291:
290:
287:
286:
277:
263:Sir Alfred Jules
249:emotivist ethics
87:
71:
69:
53:
43:
32:
21:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6654:Linguistic turn
6634:Jewish atheists
6489:
6488:
6485:
6480:
6463:
6419:
6385:Paul Feyerabend
6380:Wilhelm Dilthey
6353:
6230:
6169:
6086:
6029:
6014:
5961:Ramsey sentence
5916:Instrumentalism
5845:
5823:
5821:paradigm shifts
5814:
5751:Critical theory
5729:
5725:Verificationism
5673:
5669:Russian Machism
5617:
5582:
5577:
5547:
5542:
5519:
5498:School of Names
5451:
5446:
5436:
5426:
5416:
5413:Of Grammatology
5406:
5396:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5356:
5346:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5300:
5152:
5098:Semantic holism
5078:Non-cognitivism
5018:Conventionalism
4989:
4736:
4727:
4722:
4692:
4687:
4659:
4608:
4527:Gettier problem
4457:
4388:Foundationalism
4334:
4283:Wilfrid Sellars
4238:Alvin Plantinga
4118:George Berkeley
4085:Epistemologists
4079:
4074:
4044:
4039:
4030:
4007:
3998:Jan Łukasiewicz
3986:
3954:Stanford School
3948:
3934:Paul Feyerabend
3922:
3908:Alvin Plantinga
3896:
3882:James F. Conant
3868:
3812:
3784:
3775:Wilfrid Sellars
3765:Alexander Pruss
3745:Paul Churchland
3721:
3700:
3656:Donald Davidson
3635:
3597:
3574:
3551:
3477:Michael Dummett
3453:
3444:Frank P. Ramsey
3397:
3359:
3335:Jaakko Hintikka
3320:Keith Donnellan
3299:
3256:
3210:
3171:Neurophilosophy
3156:Logical atomism
3110:
3064:
3038:
2995:
2990:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2895:
2893:Michael Dummett
2886:
2878:
2868:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2785:Alex Callinicos
2751:interview with
2739:
2729:
2712:
2686:Anthony Quinton
2648:
2646:Further reading
2635:
2617:
2578:
2573:
2564:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2267:10.2307/2218597
2243:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2195:The Philosopher
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2081:The Independent
2072:
2071:
2067:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1950:on 16 July 2012
1942:
1941:
1937:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1761:
1754:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1630:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1564:Anthony Quinton
1562:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1364:
1276:More of My Life
1226:Part of My Life
1081:F. C. Copleston
971:
959:
951:Knight Bachelor
947:
901:, theology and
790:
751:Humphrey Slater
736:
733:
653:
578:Arthur Koestler
488:enfant terrible
438:First World War
395:
294:
283:
279:
273:
238:
204:
187:
111:Knight Bachelor
97:Alma mater
92:
91:London, England
89:
85:
76:
75:London, England
73:
72:29 October 1910
67:
65:
64:
63:
44:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Sir Alfred Ayer
15:
12:
11:
5:
6772:
6770:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6491:
6490:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6452:
6447:
6438:
6433:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6279:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6206:Émile Durkheim
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6159:
6151:
6143:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6111:
6103:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6062:
6052:
6047:Methodenstreit
6041:
6039:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5988:Social science
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5948:
5943:
5941:Operationalism
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5853:
5851:
5850:Related topics
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5758:
5756:Falsifiability
5753:
5748:
5743:
5741:Antipositivism
5737:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5644:Postpositivism
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5349:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5249:Presupposition
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5028:Deconstruction
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4476:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Constructivism
4350:
4344:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Baruch Spinoza
4300:
4298:P. F. Strawson
4295:
4290:
4288:Susanna Siegel
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4263:W. V. O. Quine
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4163:Nelson Goodman
4160:
4155:
4153:Edmund Gettier
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:René Descartes
4135:
4130:
4128:Gilles Deleuze
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4103:William Alston
4100:
4095:
4093:Thomas Aquinas
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3982:Patrick Suppes
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3864:Michael Walzer
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Adolf Grünbaum
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Robert Brandom
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3691:W. V. O. Quine
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Nelson Goodman
3663:
3661:Daniel Dennett
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3626:Moritz Schlick
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:Charles Taylor
3534:
3529:
3527:P. F. Strawson
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Norman Malcolm
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3393:J. J. C. Smart
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:David Chalmers
3375:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Giuseppe Peano
3337:
3332:
3330:Edmund Gettier
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Possible world
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Counterfactual
3234:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Paraconsistent
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3007:Areas of focus
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2850:
2847:John Macmurray
2845:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2810:
2801:
2787:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2756:
2738:
2737:External links
2735:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2710:
2701:
2683:
2673:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2615:
2590:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2558:
2555:Ted Hondereich
2542:
2515:
2503:
2458:
2426:
2417:
2388:
2368:
2346:
2339:
2317:
2310:
2288:
2245:White, Alan R.
2236:
2224:
2212:
2181:
2155:
2123:
2116:
2090:
2065:
2041:
2020:
2007:
2000:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1935:
1906:
1892:
1861:
1849:
1842:
1821:
1814:
1793:
1790:. 2 July 2011.
1779:
1759:
1752:
1726:
1714:
1694:
1675:
1668:
1643:
1628:
1602:
1580:
1556:
1541:
1521:
1514:
1496:
1474:
1467:
1440:
1422:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1333:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1221:
1205:
1185:
1169:
1153:
1137:
1121:
1111:
1095:
1073:
1057:
1040:
1024:
1008:
1004:The Aryan Path
995:
970:
967:
958:
955:
946:
943:
808:Moritz Schlick
789:
786:
731:
713:as opposed to
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
652:
649:
610:Naomi Campbell
582:Franz Borkenau
500:Sandie Lindsay
450:Eton Wall Game
446:King's Scholar
399:St John's Wood
394:
391:
258:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
239:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
225:
220:
217:
212:
205:
203:Main interests
202:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
166:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
145:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
88:(aged 78)
82:
78:
77:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
38:
36:Sir A. J. Ayer
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6771:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:Vienna Circle
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6487:
6479:
6474:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6400:György Lukács
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6226:Vienna Circle
6224:
6222:
6221:Berlin Circle
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6201:Eugen Dühring
6199:
6197:
6196:Auguste Comte
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:Contributions
6089:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6005:Structuralism
6003:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:Phenomenalism
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5857:Behavioralism
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Human science
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:Pseudoscience
5708:
5706:
5705:Justification
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Scholasticism
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Structuralism
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:Descriptivism
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Contrastivism
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Justification
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Phenomenalism
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Naïve realism
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Contextualism
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:Vienna Circle
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Hilary Putnam
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Robert Nozick
4231:
4229:
4228:John McDowell
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Immanuel Kant
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Alvin Goldman
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4036:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4004:
4003:Alfred Tarski
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Peter Galison
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Nathan Salmon
3857:
3855:
3854:Richard Rorty
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Alonzo Church
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Ruth Millikan
3758:
3756:
3755:John McDowell
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Hilary Putnam
3684:
3682:
3681:Robert Nozick
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Rudolf Carnap
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3603:Vienna Circle
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3580:Berlin Circle
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Philippa Foot
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Graham Priest
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Charlie Broad
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Gottlob Frege
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3252:Supervenience
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Functionalism
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Descriptivism
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Philosophical
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Non-classical
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2936:Julian Huxley
2931:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2728:0-7102-0602-X
2724:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2709:, 7 May 2005.
2708:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:Ted Honderich
2674:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2524:McGinn, Colin
2522:Reviewed in:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:"Old Scores".
2442:
2441:McGinn, Colin
2438:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:The Spectator
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1843:9780029064818
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:9780029064818
1811:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:Wollheim 2011
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1669:9780099536819
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1468:0-415-06043-5
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Edwards, Paul
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
978:
973:
972:
968:
966:
964:
956:
954:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:Vienna Circle
801:
800:
795:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:Julian Huxley
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:George Orwell
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
712:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
637:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Vienna Circle
481:
477:
476:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
289:
276:
272:
268:
264:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:Notable ideas
229:
226:
224:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
200:
197:
194:
190:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
168:
167:
165:
161:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
83:
79:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
6486:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6281:
6273:
6265:
6257:
6249:
6241:
6185:
6161:
6153:
6145:
6137:
6129:
6121:
6113:
6105:
6097:
6081:Science wars
5879:Epistemology
5810:Reflectivism
5770:Hermeneutics
5622:Declinations
5598:Antihumanism
5591:Perspectives
5441:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5401:
5391:
5381:
5371:
5351:
5341:
5331:
5321:
5311:
5293:
5234:Metalanguage
5229:Logical form
5184:Truth-bearer
5143:Unilalianism
5053:Expressivism
4924:
4880:Wittgenstein
4825:von Humboldt
4742:Philosophers
4601:
4502:Common sense
4480:A posteriori
4479:
4471:
4433:Reductionism
4327:
4278:Gilbert Ryle
4148:Fred Dretske
4133:Keith DeRose
4112:
4077:Epistemology
3892:Cora Diamond
3808:Morton White
3676:Thomas Nagel
3621:Otto Neurath
3570:Ernest Nagel
3564:
3517:Gilbert Ryle
3512:Derek Parfit
3472:J. L. Austin
3419:Casimir Lewy
3388:Peter Singer
3383:J. L. Mackie
3355:Barry Stroud
3315:Noam Chomsky
3308:Philosophers
3242:Natural kind
3126:Anti-realism
3086:Mathematical
3060:Performative
3019:Epistemology
2954:Edmund Leach
2941:
2913:
2881:
2852:
2794:Open Library
2762:
2748:Men of Ideas
2746:
2731:, 071020602X
2716:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2667:
2663:
2660:Karl Sigmund
2619:
2611:
2593:
2587:New Humanist
2586:
2567:bibliography
2561:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2528:"Old Scores"
2518:
2506:
2496:– via
2477:
2473:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:
2380:
2371:
2361:
2328:
2320:
2299:
2291:
2258:
2252:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2198:
2194:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:the original
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2126:
2101:
2093:
2080:
2068:
2058:
2023:
2015:
2010:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1938:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1852:
1833:
1805:
1782:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1697:
1689:The Guardian
1688:
1678:
1658:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1531:
1524:
1505:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1477:
1458:
1443:
1433:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1408:
1368:
1349:
1340:
1327:
1310:
1303:Thomas Paine
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1224:
1208:
1188:
1172:
1156:
1140:
1124:
1117:
1098:
1092:
1060:
1052:
1027:
1011:
1002:
975:
960:
948:
938:
932:
929:J. L. Austin
924:
922:
914:Wittgenstein
909:
907:
890:
880:
875:
869:
856:
852:
846:
828:
797:
791:
777:
755:
744:
738:
727:
719:
707:
686:
656:
654:
638:
630:
598:Bard College
594:
563:
555:Nigel Lawson
544:
523:
519:Welsh Guards
508:
504:Quintin Hogg
487:
473:
471:
442:Eton College
419:
396:
384:
349:
334:
318:Eton College
315:
310:
304:
270:
266:
262:
261:
215:epistemology
196:Gilbert Ryle
163:Institutions
86:(1989-06-27)
84:27 June 1989
29:
6669:Ontologists
6579:Empiricists
6504:1989 deaths
6499:1910 births
6436:Objectivity
6405:Karl Popper
6395:Thomas Kuhn
6375:Mario Bunge
6126:(1879–1884)
6061:(1909–1959)
5795:Metaphysics
5775:Historicism
5690:Demarcation
5685:Consilience
5608:Rationalism
5478:Linguistics
5443:Limited Inc
5363:On Denoting
5189:Proposition
4840:de Saussure
4805:Ibn Khaldun
4582:Proposition
4552:Objectivity
4438:Reliabilism
4428:Rationalism
4373:Fallibilism
4348:Coherentism
4293:Ernest Sosa
4268:Thomas Reid
4253:James Pryor
4223:G. E. Moore
4213:David Lewis
4203:Saul Kripke
4198:Peter Klein
4178:Susan Haack
4108:Robert Audi
3991:Lwow-Warsaw
3977:Ian Hacking
3944:Karl Popper
3939:Thomas Kuhn
3887:Alice Crary
3849:Saul Kripke
3844:Jaegwon Kim
3839:David Lewis
3829:Jerry Fodor
3798:Susan Haack
3712:Robert Audi
3522:John Searle
3492:Peter Geach
3482:Antony Flew
3429:G. E. Moore
3350:Ernest Sosa
3280:Possibility
3029:Mathematics
3014:Metaphysics
2908:John Wisdom
2753:Bryan Magee
2658:(review of
2576:Works cited
2377:"No. 44999"
1988:Kurtz, Paul
1927:(1990) and
1884:(1990) and
1722:Radio Times
1703:"No. 34957"
1354:(1979) and
1089:Pap, Arthur
957:Collections
899:metaphysics
855:(1971) and
842:Turing test
820:tautologous
715:meta-ethics
641:York Street
586:West Berlin
364:New College
339:Ayer was a
335:During the
309:(1936) and
6493:Categories
6216:Ernst Mach
6211:Ernst Laas
6186:A. J. Ayer
6174:Proponents
5993:Philosophy
5790:Humanities
5734:Antitheses
5603:Empiricism
5580:Positivism
5538:Discussion
5533:Task Force
5483:Pragmatics
5274:Speech act
5204:Categories
5118:Symbiosism
5073:Nominalism
4985:Watzlawick
4865:Bloomfield
4785:Chrysippus
4683:Discussion
4673:Task Force
4592:Simplicity
4572:Perception
4448:Skepticism
4423:Positivism
4398:Infinitism
4363:Empiricism
4218:John Locke
4183:David Hume
4173:Anil Gupta
4168:Paul Grice
4143:John Dewey
4113:A. J. Ayer
3967:John Dupré
3834:Kurt Gödel
3790:Pragmatism
3705:Notre Dame
3696:John Rawls
3565:A. J. Ayer
3502:R. M. Hare
3497:Paul Grice
3409:Arif Ahmed
3196:Sense data
3181:Pragmatism
3055:Linguistic
2948:1966–1969
2920:1951–1952
2887:1959–1978
2860:1944–1959
2818:A. J. Ayer
2640:required.)
2261:(86): 68.
2205:4 November
2083:. London.
1382:References
1193:, London:
903:aesthetics
861:David Hume
825:David Hume
816:analytical
674:Paul Kurtz
666:C. A. Mace
645:Marylebone
606:Mike Tyson
590:Korean War
430:Eastbourne
68:1910-10-29
6664:Logicians
6457:Verstehen
6443:Phronesis
6431:Knowledge
6415:Max Weber
6235:Criticism
5983:Sociology
5921:Modernism
5899:pluralism
5884:anarchism
5780:Historism
5700:Induction
5613:Scientism
5515:Semiotics
5503:Semantics
5353:Alciphron
5289:Statement
5224:Intension
5164:Ambiguity
5043:Dramatism
5023:Cratylism
4775:Eubulides
4770:Aristotle
4750:Confucius
4547:Knowledge
4532:Induction
4482:knowledge
4474:knowledge
3817:Princeton
3616:Hans Hahn
3402:Cambridge
3275:Necessity
3270:Actualism
3141:Emotivism
3106:Predicate
3076:Classical
2551:interview
2486:0048-8143
2275:0031-8094
2174:4 October
1691:. London.
1387:Footnotes
1371:knowledge
1203:186128708
1167:464766212
1135:641463982
1071:557578816
1048:S. Korner
1038:186636305
986:416788667
812:empirical
689:emotivism
517:into the
440:, and at
411:Calvinist
350:Ayer was
6478:Category
5894:nihilism
5889:idealism
5819:Related
5695:Evidence
5528:Category
5488:Rhetoric
5313:Cratylus
5284:Sentence
5259:Property
5179:Language
5157:Concepts
4995:Theories
4960:Strawson
4945:Davidson
4935:Hintikka
4930:Anscombe
4875:Vygotsky
4830:Mauthner
4800:Averroes
4790:Zhuangzi
4780:Diodorus
4760:Cratylus
4668:Category
4487:Analysis
4472:A priori
4463:Concepts
4403:Innatism
4340:Theories
4025:Category
3901:Reformed
3874:Quietism
3262:Modality
3222:Analysis
3215:Concepts
3186:Quietism
3146:Feminism
3119:Theories
3024:Language
2761:(video)
2745:(video)
2652:Jim Holt
2494:23944125
2148:28 April
2139:Archived
2085:Archived
2035:and the
2016:Humanist
1990:(1992).
1638:6782148M
1551:6782148M
1489:18 April
1451:(1996).
1415:15 April
1369:A priori
1362:See also
1358:(1992).
1294:Voltaire
1118:Synthese
1091:(eds.),
941:(1969).
865:Voltaire
758:humanist
732:—
670:igtheism
376:humanism
372:knighted
320:and the
313:(1956).
6358:Critics
6083:(1990s)
6077:(1980s)
6071:(1960s)
6051:(1890s)
5904:realism
5836:(1830s)
5824:in the
5295:more...
5199:Concept
4940:Dummett
4915:Gadamer
4910:Chomsky
4895:Derrida
4885:Russell
4870:Bergson
4855:Tillich
4815:Leibniz
4755:Gorgias
4603:more...
4383:Fideism
4329:more...
3927:Science
3644:Harvard
3290:Realism
3166:Marxism
3081:Deviant
3050:Aretaic
3034:Science
2806:at the
2410:25 June
2283:2218597
1326:(ed.),
1190:Russell
1109:3573935
1050:, ed.,
1022:2028651
885:at the
857:Russell
746:Polemic
407:Citroën
347:agent.
267:Freddie
6350:(1986)
6342:(1980)
6334:(1978)
6326:(1968)
6318:(1964)
6310:(1963)
6302:(1962)
6294:(1960)
6286:(1951)
6278:(1942)
6270:(1936)
6262:(1934)
6254:(1923)
6246:(1909)
6166:(2001)
6158:(1959)
6150:(1936)
6142:(1927)
6134:(1886)
6118:(1869)
6110:(1848)
6102:(1830)
6038:Method
5911:Holism
5842:(1927)
5447:(1988)
5437:(1982)
5427:(1980)
5417:(1967)
5407:(1953)
5397:(1951)
5387:(1936)
5377:(1921)
5367:(1905)
5357:(1732)
5347:(1668)
5337:(1666)
5327:(1660)
5317:(n.d.)
5279:Symbol
4980:Searle
4970:Putnam
4920:Kripke
4905:Austin
4890:Carnap
4835:Ricœur
4820:Herder
4810:Hobbes
4497:Belief
4393:Holism
3459:Oxford
2755:(1978)
2725:
2634:
2602:
2492:
2484:
2366:(1969)
2337:
2308:
2281:
2273:
2114:
2031:, the
1998:
1954:7 July
1933:(1992)
1890:(1992)
1840:
1812:
1750:
1666:
1636:
1626:
1549:
1539:
1512:
1465:
1430:"Ayer"
1411:. 2005
1335:1992,
1318:1991,
1309:1990,
1300:1988,
1291:1986,
1282:1986,
1273:1984,
1264:1984,
1255:1982,
1246:1980,
1233:
1223:1977,
1217:
1207:1973,
1201:
1187:1972,
1181:
1171:1972,
1165:
1155:1971,
1149:
1139:1969,
1133:
1123:1968,
1113:1967,
1107:
1097:1963,
1083:) in:
1079:(with
1075:1957,
1069:
1059:1956,
1042:1957,
1036:
1026:1954,
1020:
1010:1940,
997:1936,
991:
984:
974:1936,
945:Awards
434:Sussex
219:ethics
143:School
132:Region
113:(1970)
107:Awards
6450:Truth
5305:Works
5214:Class
4975:Lewis
4965:Quine
4950:Grice
4900:Whorf
4860:Sapir
4845:Frege
4795:Xunzi
4765:Plato
4678:Stubs
4597:Truth
4243:Plato
4035:Index
3069:Logic
3043:Turns
2540:(16).
2498:JSTOR
2490:JSTOR
2456:(16).
2279:JSTOR
2142:(PDF)
2135:(PDF)
1622:–44.
1046:, in
818:" if
788:Works
465:with
5264:Sign
5169:Cant
4955:Ryle
4925:Ayer
4850:Boas
2822:IMDb
2723:ISBN
2717:Ayer
2600:ISBN
2482:ISSN
2412:2024
2335:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2271:ISSN
2207:2011
2199:XIII
2176:2012
2150:2011
2112:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1956:2011
1838:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1491:2015
1463:ISBN
1417:2016
1322:in:
1249:Hume
1231:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1199:OCLC
1179:ISBN
1163:OCLC
1147:ISBN
1131:OCLC
1105:OCLC
1067:OCLC
1034:OCLC
1018:OCLC
989:ISBN
982:OCLC
580:and
393:Life
343:and
271:Ayer
81:Died
58:Born
5209:Set
2829:at
2820:at
2792:at
2783:by
2626:doi
2606:. (
2263:doi
2108:396
1744:156
1001:",
931:in
916:'s
908:In
655:In
511:MI6
432:in
362:at
354:at
345:MI6
295:AIR
285:ɛər
275:FBA
122:Era
41:FBA
6495::
5365:"
2698:94
2696:,
2692:.
2688:,
2678:,
2662:,
2654:,
2610:,
2585:,
2538:12
2536:.
2530:.
2488:.
2478:33
2476:.
2472:.
2454:12
2452:.
2403:.
2391:^
2379:.
2349:^
2277:.
2269:.
2259:22
2257:.
2251:.
2197:.
2193:.
2110:.
2079:.
2056:.
2044:^
1917:.
1872:.
1824:^
1796:^
1762:^
1746:.
1705:.
1687:.
1646:^
1634:OL
1632:.
1620:42
1595:.
1583:^
1576:94
1574:,
1570:.
1566:,
1547:OL
1545:.
1457:.
1432:.
1407:.
1394:^
1197:.
1087:,
920:.
867:.
851:,
784:.
753:.
684:.
643:,
628:.
561:.
469:.
463:BA
332:.
269:"
5572:e
5565:t
5558:v
5361:"
5134:)
5130:(
4717:e
4710:t
4703:v
4069:e
4062:t
4055:v
3228:)
3224:(
2985:e
2978:t
2971:v
2682:.
2632:.
2628::
2500:.
2414:.
2343:.
2314:.
2285:.
2265::
2209:.
2178:.
2152:.
2120:.
2004:.
1958:.
1859:.
1846:.
1818:.
1756:.
1672:.
1640:.
1599:.
1553:.
1518:.
1493:.
1471:.
1438:.
1419:.
1007:.
288:/
282:/
278:(
265:"
70:)
66:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
