626:. In this book, Bell described his idea of the different nervous tracts connecting with different parts of brain and thus leading to different functionality. His experiments to investigate this consisted of cutting open the spinal cord of a rabbit and touching different columns of the cord. He found that an irritation of the anterior columns led to a convulsion of the muscles, while an irritation of the posterior columns had no visible effect. These experiments led Bell to declare that he was the first to distinguish between sensory and motor nerves. While this essay is considered by many to be the founding stone of clinical neurology, it was not well received by Bell's peers. His experimentation was criticized and the idea that he presented of the anterior and posterior roots being connected to the cerebrum and cerebellum respectively, was rejected. Furthermore, Bell's
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440:, and helped establish the Medical School at the University of London, gave the inaugural address when it formally opened, and even helped contribute to the requirements of its certification program. Bell's stay at the Medical School did not last long and he resigned from his chair due to differences of opinion with the academic staff. For the next seven years, Bell gave clinical lectures at the Middlesex Hospital and in 1835 he accepted the position of the Chair of Surgery at the University of Edinburgh following the premature death of Prof
722:. In the first few chapters, Bell organizes his treatise as an early textbook of comparative anatomy. The book is full of pictures where Bell compares "hands" of different organisms ranging from human hands, chimpanzee paws, and fish feelers. After the first few chapters, Bell orients his treatise around the significance of the hand and its importance in its use in anatomy. He emphasizes that the hand is as important as the eye in the field of surgery and that it must be trained.
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and wounded soldiers who had retreated to
Corunna, and 6 years later he again voluntarily attended to the ill and wounded in the aftermath of the Battle of Waterloo. Regrettably, of Bell's 12 amputation cases, only one man survived. In addition to the amputation surgeries, Bell was quite fascinated by musket-ball injuries and in 1814, he published a
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was not directly involved in his brother's feuds, attempted to make a deal with the faculty of the
University of Edinburgh by offering the university one hundred guineas and his Museum of Anatomy in exchange for allowing him to observe and sketch the operations performed at the Royal Infirmary, but this deal was rejected.
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In 1829, Francis
Egerton, the eighth Earl of Bridgewater, died and in his will, he left a large sum of money to the President of the Royal Society of London. The will stipulated that the money was to be used to write, print, and publish one thousand copies of a work on the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness
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in
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. This paper held Bell's most famous discovery, that the facial nerve or seventh cranial nerve is a nerve of muscular action. This was quite an important discovery because surgeons would often cut this nerve as an attempted cure for facial neuralgia,
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are of particular importance for this marked Bell's first published attempt at fully elucidating the organization of the nervous system. In his introduction to the work, Bell comments on the ambiguous nature of the brain and its inner workings, a topic that would hold his interest for the remainder
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and in 1805 had established himself in the city by buying a house on
Leicester Street. From this house Bell taught classes in anatomy and surgery for medical students, doctors, and artists. In 1809, Bell was among a number of civilian surgeons who volunteered to attend to the many thousands of ill
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and John
Gregory. John Gregory was the chairman of the Royal Infirmary and had declared that only six full-time surgical staff members would be appointed to work at the infirmary. The Bell brothers were not selected and thus barred from practicing medicine at the Royal Infirmary. Charles Bell, who
318:. Charles's father died in 1779 when he was five years old, and so his mother had a unique influence on his early life, teaching him how to read and write. In addition to this, his mother also helped Charles's natural artistic ability by paying for his regular drawing and painting lessons from
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in 1798 and 1799. Furthermore, Bell used his clinical experience and artistic eye to develop the hobby of modelling interesting medical cases in wax. He proceeded to accumulate an extensive collection that he dubbed his Museum of
Anatomy, some items of which can still be seen today at
398:. Bell transferred his practice from his house to the Windmill Street School Bell ended up teaching students and conducting his own research until 1824. In 1813–14, he was appointed as a member of the London College of Surgeons and as a surgeon at the Middlesex Hospital.
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but this would often render the patient with a unilateral paralysis of the facial muscles, now known as Bell's Palsy. Due to this publication, Charles Bell is regarded as one of the first physicians to combine the scientific study of neuroanatomy with clinical practice.
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Bell also combined his many artistic, scientific, literary and teaching talents in a number of wax preparations and detailed anatomical and surgical illustrations, paintings and engravings in his several books on these subjects, such as in his book
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These sets of engravings consisted of intricate and detailed anatomical diagrams accompanied with labels and a brief description of their functionality in the human body and were published as an educational tool for aspiring medical students. The
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played a catalytic role in the development of Darwin's considerations of the origins of human emotional life; and, while he rejected Bell's theological arguments, Darwin very much agreed with Bell's emphasis on the expressive role of the
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in 1815. For three consecutive days and nights, he operated on French soldiers in the Gens d'Armerie
Hospital. The condition of the French soldiers was quite poor, and thus many of his patients died shortly after he operated on them. Dr
414:, who was one of Bell's surgical assistants at Brussels, was critical of Bell's surgical skills and commented rather negatively on Bell's surgical abilities; (the mortality rate of amputations carried out by Bell ran at about 90%).
353:. While developing his talents as a surgeon, Bell's interests forayed into a field combining anatomy and art. His inherent talent as an artist came to the fore when he helped his brother complete a four-volume work called
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Charles Bell was a prolific author who combined his anatomical knowledge with his artistic eye to produce a number of highly detailed and beautifully illustrated books. In 1799, Bell published his first work
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In 1811, Charles Bell married Marion Shaw. Using money from his wife's dowry, Bell purchased a share of the Great
Windmill Street School of Anatomy which had been founded by the anatomist
326:(1784–88). Although he was not a particularly good student, Charles decided to follow in his brother John's footsteps and enter a career in medicine. In 1792, Charles Bell enrolled at the
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on the subject of spiritual philosophy. These lectures had considerable impact on Bell, for some of
Stewart's teachings can be traced in Bell's later works in a passage on his
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Despite this lukewarm response, Charles Bell continued to study the anatomy of the human brain and laid his focus upon the nerves connected to it. In 1821, Bell published the
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338:. In addition to classes on anatomy, Bell took a course on the art of drawing in order to refine his artistic skill. At the university he was also a member of the
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of God. The President of the Royal Society, Davies Gilbert appointed eight gentlemen to write separate treatises on the subject. In 1833, he published the fourth
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679:. Bell was one of the first physicians to combine the scientific study of neuroanatomy with clinical practice. In 1821, he described in the trajectory of the
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615:, later President of the Royal Academy, described Bell as "lacking in temper, modesty and judgement"), Bell turned his attentions to the nervous system.
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Charles Bell's stay in Edinburgh did not last long due to an infamous feud between John Bell and two faculty members at the University of Edinburgh:
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Robinson, Victor, ed. (1939). "Bell's Law, within the description of Bell's Palsy, including a brief discussion about Charles Bell, 1774–1842".
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which led to the unilateral paralysis of facial muscles, in one of the classics of neurology, a paper delivered to the Royal Society entitled
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In addition to his domestic pursuits, Bell also served as a military surgeon, making elaborate recordings of neurological injuries at the
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Rambles in Europe, in 1839.With sketches of prominent surgeons, physicians, medical schools, hospitals, literary personages, scenery, etc
1094:"Book Review: A Surgical Artist at War: the Paintings and Sketches of Sir Charles Bell 1809–1815, by M. K. H. Crumplin and P. Starling"
654:"On the Nerves: Giving an Account of some Experiments on Their Structure and Functions, Which Lead to a New Arrangement of the System"
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On the Nerves: Giving an Account of some Experiments on Their Structure and Functions, Which Lead to a New Arrangement of the System.
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357:. Charles Bell completely wrote and illustrated volumes 3 and 4 in 1803, as well as publishing his own set of illustrations in a
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which occurs when an individual closes their eyes forcibly. It can be appreciated clinically in a patient with paralysis of the
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A System of Dissections, explaining the Anatomy of the Human Body, the manner of displaying Parts and their Varieties in Disease
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as Bell later claimed, and he seems to have issued subsequent incorrectly dated revisions with subtle textual alterations.
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Berkowitz, Carin (1 December 2014). "Charles Bell's seeing hand: Teaching anatomy to the senses in Britain, 1750–1840".
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391:. A number of his illustrations of the wounds are displayed in the hall of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.
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Author of "Treatise on Animal Mechanics", "An Essay on the Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design"
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and began assisting his brother John as a surgical apprentice. While at the university, Bell attended the lectures of
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on 16 November 1826, and awarded the Royal Society's gold medal for his numerous discoveries in science. Bell was
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Hughes, Sean; Gardner-Thorpe, Christopher (31 August 2018). "Charles Bell (1774–1842) and Natural Theology".
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Illustrations of the Great Operations of Surgery: Trepan, Hernia, Amputation, Aneurism, and Lithotomy
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322:, a well-known Scottish painter. Charles Bell grew up in Edinburgh, and attended the prestigious
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In 1798, Bell graduated from the University of Edinburgh and soon after was admitted to the
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on 12 November 1774, as the fourth son of the Reverend William Bell, a clergyman of the
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Medical School, and became, in 1824, the first professor of Anatomy and Surgery of the
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roots contain only motor fibers and the posterior roots contain only sensory fibers.
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in 1803. In that same year, Bell published his three series of engravings titled "
698:(1821). He wrote also the first treatise on notions of anatomy and physiology of
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essay of 1811 did not actually contain a clear description of motor and sensory
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In 1829, the Windmill Street School of Anatomy was incorporated into the new
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digital collection, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto
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as a student and spoke at the Society's centenary celebrations in 1837.
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Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
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in the Midlands, while travelling from Edinburgh to London, in 1842.
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1143:"Sir Charles Bell (1774−1842): contributions to neuro-ophthalmology"
905:"Sir Charles Bell (1774–1842): contributions to neuro-ophthalmology"
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Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.
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The Modern Home Physician, A New Encyclopedia of Medical Knowledge
675:(1872), written with the active collaboration of the psychiatrist
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1570:"Bell's phenomenon should not be regarded as pathognomonic sign"
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Video demonstrating Bell's Phenomenon. OPD Mayo Hospital Lahore.
761:: A normal defense mechanism—upward and outward movement of the
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The Hand. Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design
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The Hand, Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design
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The Hand: Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design
290:(1763–1820), also a noted surgeon and writer; and the advocate
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The anatomy of the brain, explained in a series of engravings
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Grzybowski, Andrzej; Kaufman, Matthew H. (1 December 2007).
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His three older brothers included Robert Bell (1757–1816) a
1248:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1008:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 91, 166.
493:. He served as a Councillor of the RSE from 1836 to 1839.
1664:; Bridgewater Treatises, W. Pickering, 1833 (reissued by
1043:"Key Collection Page - Surgeons' Hall Museums, Edinburgh"
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remains elevated when the patient tries to close the eye.
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Anatomy of the Brain Explained in a Series of Engravings
595:, asserting the existence of a uniquely human system of
247:(12 November 1774 – 28 April 1842) was a
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in 1824. In this work, Bell followed the principles of
1436:"Reprint of the "Idea of a New Anatomiy of the Brain""
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Team, National Records of Scotland Web (31 May 2013).
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Vivisection; what it is, and what it has accomplished
870:"Sir Charles Bell: The artist who went to the roots!"
267:. He is noted for discovering the difference between
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in the spinal cord. He is also noted for describing
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People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
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797:or Bell's Law: States that the anterior branch of
589:Essays on The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression
27:Scottish surgeon, anatomist, artist and theologian
903:Grzybowski, Andrzej; Kaufman, Matthew H. (2007).
672:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
504:into the Guelphic Order of Hanover in 1831. Like
294:(1770–1843) who became a professor of law at the
1771:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
809:, is used for teaching and research in surgery.
579:In 1806, with his eye on a teaching post at the
436:. Bell was invited to be its first professor of
1683:Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015.
1258:Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal Jan 1836
704:Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting
585:Essays on The Anatomy of Expression in Painting
1006:History of the Royal Medical Society 1737–1937
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508:, he was also elected a foreign member of the
1071:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 5–6.
417:Bell was instrumental in the creation of the
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868:Kazi, Rehan; Rhys-Evans, P. (1 April 2004).
611:. After the failure of his application (Sir
405:and famously documenting his experiences at
349:where he taught anatomy and operated at the
833:The life and labours of Sir Charles Bell ..
730:A number of discoveries received his name:
1519:The experimental method in medical science
1502:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
853:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
718:. Charles Bell published four editions of
622:in 1811, in his privately circulated book
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1761:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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751:of facial muscles due to a lesion of the
734:Bell's (external respiratory) nerve: The
30:For other people named Charles Bell, see
1811:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
1098:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
669:. Darwin detailed these opinions in his
607:, ideals which paralleled with those of
479:Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1681:Charles Bell and the Anatomy of Reform.
1623:. WM. H. Wise & Company (New York).
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618:Bell published detailed studies of the
189:Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy
1521:. Cartwright lectures,1882. New York.
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1325:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1069:Charles Bell and the Anatomy of Reform
846:
702:for painters and illustrators, titled
427:Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
1796:19th-century Scottish medical doctors
1756:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1067:Berkowitz, Carin (17 November 2015).
624:An Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain
498:Fellow of the Royal Society of London
481:on 8 June 1807, on the nomination of
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1826:Authors of the Bridgewater Treatises
1821:People of the Scottish Enlightenment
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603:with a unique relationship to the
185:Practising surgeon, London (1804–)
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1147:Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica
909:Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica
510:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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1434:Bell C, Shaw A (November 1868).
1160:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00972.x
922:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00972.x
874:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
787:: Involuntary twitching of the
382:In 1804, Charles Bell left for
1746:Medical doctors from Edinburgh
1270:"National Records of Scotland"
587:(1806), later re-published as
556:The Anatomy of the Human Body"
454:Bell died at Hallow Park near
389:Dissertation on Gunshot Wounds
1:
841:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4th8dz6z
423:College of Surgeons in London
355:The Anatomy of the Human Body
347:Edinburgh College of Surgeons
298:and a principal clerk at the
32:Charles Bell (disambiguation)
1766:Fellows of the Royal Society
1741:19th-century Scottish people
1574:BMJ: British Medical Journal
1546:. London: William Pickering.
1382:Journal of Medical Biography
1274:National Records of Scotland
805:Charles Bell House, part of
447:He was made a Knight of the
316:Episcopal Church of Scotland
1712:(public domain audiobooks)
1694:Sir Charles Bell engravings
560:Engravings of the Arteries"
1847:
1666:Cambridge University Press
1517:Dalton, John Call (1882).
1490:2027/miun.agq7673.0001.001
1478:Dalton, John Call (1867).
1110:10.1177/014107680509801117
957:"Charles Bell (1774–1842)"
568:Engravings of the Nerves".
29:
1239:"Bell, Sir Charles"
1092:Howard, Martin R (2005).
973:10.1007/s00415-011-5912-5
807:University College London
351:Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
310:Charles Bell was born in
216:
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181:Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
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1816:Scottish medical writers
1776:Philosophers of religion
1586:10.1136/bmj.323.7318.935
1394:10.1177/0967772018790736
1204:10.1177/0073275314559334
1019:Gibson, William (1841).
573:Engravings of the Brain"
371:Alexander Monro Secundus
306:Early life and education
265:philosophical theologian
1786:British neuroscientists
1568:Jones, David H (2001).
1527:2027/hvd.32044106446636
1423:(subscription required)
1367:2027/nyp.33433011665720
1344:25 October 2017 at the
1245:Encyclopædia Britannica
1029:2027/nyp.33433082468293
831:Pichot, Amédée (1860).
771:Guillain–Barré syndrome
564:Engravings of the Brain
328:University of Edinburgh
296:University of Edinburgh
131:University of Edinburgh
1801:Scottish physiologists
1540:Bell, Charles (1833).
1357:Bell, Charles (1802).
667:muscles of respiration
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546:
545:by Charles Bell (1809)
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527:by Charles Bell (1806)
199:Professor of Surgery,
106:Hallow, Worcestershire
1706:Works by Charles Bell
892:on 24 September 2015.
677:James Crichton-Browne
640:
583:, Bell published his
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434:King's College London
403:Royal Hospital Haslar
359:System of Dissections
340:Royal Medical Society
1781:British neurologists
1636:"Charles Bell House"
1307:on 19 September 2015
1004:Gray, James (1952).
712:Bridgewater Treatise
662:emotional expression
645:" Image credited to
599:in the service of a
449:Royal Guelphic Order
336:Treatise on the Hand
284:Writer to the Signet
201:Edinburgh University
187:Principal Lecturer,
142:human nervous system
1791:Scottish anatomists
955:van Gijn J (2011).
736:long thoracic nerve
477:Bell was elected a
442:John William Turner
378:Professional career
1699:Anatomia 1522–1867
1679:Berkowitz, Carin.
1192:History of Science
1047:museum.rcsed.ac.uk
660:Bell's studies on
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473:Honours and awards
419:Middlesex Hospital
292:George Joseph Bell
195:Middlesex Hospital
1806:Scottish surgeons
1674:978-1-108-00088-8
795:Bell–Magendie law
767:orbicularis oculi
759:Bell's phenomenon
700:facial expression
496:He was elected a
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775:Bell's palsy
753:facial nerve
742:Bell's palsy
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273:motor nerves
257:physiologist
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193:Lectured at
176:Institutions
159:
100:(1842-04-28)
1736:1842 deaths
1731:1774 births
1104:(11): 517.
632:nerve roots
429:for £3000.
412:Robert Knox
324:High School
320:David Allan
261:neurologist
152:Royal Medal
117:Nationality
1725:Categories
1660:Bell, C.,
1361:. London.
1279:24 January
835:. London.
813:References
777:), as the
746:idiopathic
525:The Maniac
438:physiology
76:1774-11-12
1642:8 October
1498:cite book
1402:0967-7720
1220:145787939
1212:0073-2753
1169:1600-0420
1118:0141-0768
1052:3 October
961:J. Neurol
931:1395-3907
849:cite book
749:paralysis
467:Worcester
456:Worcester
451:in 1833.
312:Edinburgh
288:John Bell
253:anatomist
251:surgeon,
203:(1836–42)
191:(1812–25)
179:Surgeon,
84:Edinburgh
1710:LibriVox
1668:, 2009;
1625:, p. 92.
1604:11693144
1462:17230788
1418:52133460
1410:30165759
1342:Archived
1321:cite web
1177:17680840
991:21267589
939:17680840
886:15235222
720:The Hand
706:(1806).
628:original
566:", and "
502:knighted
407:Waterloo
249:Scottish
121:Scottish
88:Scotland
1595:1121451
1453:1318665
1311:2 April
1127:1276004
982:3101348
605:Creator
541:Tetanus
183:(1799–)
170:Anatomy
110:England
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384:London
166:Fields
154:(1829)
148:Awards
1638:. UCL
1414:S2CID
1305:(PDF)
1298:(PDF)
1216:S2CID
516:Works
241:FRCSE
212:Notes
54:FRCSE
1670:ISBN
1644:2016
1600:PMID
1504:link
1458:PMID
1406:PMID
1398:ISSN
1327:link
1313:2015
1281:2019
1208:ISSN
1173:PMID
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987:PMID
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855:link
489:and
271:and
238:FRSE
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70:Born
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