322:
European use. About the shortage of land for
Africans in the Shire Highlands he said "the only method of dealing with the problem is to re-acquire from the landowners in convenient blocks of sufficient area to accommodate the natives at present resident on the estates for whom accommodation acceptable to them and to Government cannot be provided elsewhere on Crown Land". He proposed to pay for the scheme through a graduated land tax, hitting the largest estates hardest.
326:
the
Legislative Council, and finally in 1928 the "Native Tenants on Private Estates Bill" was passed. Africans resident on estates were liable to pay rent in cash or kind equivalent to about 2–3 months' pay, and in return would get a plot of land large enough to grow crops for their family and materials for a hut. The owner could not claim rent if he refused to offer work.
288:
settlers, and he pushed measures that could benefit the
African population and was less bigoted than many Kenyan settlers about the Indian immigrants. However, when face to face with settlers he often gave in to their demands. He was a supporter of the idea that two nominated Indians and one African should be added to the Legislative Council.
325:
There were delays and disputes over the proposed reforms. In the second half of 1926 Bowring returned to
England on leave and met officials at the Colonial Office in person, but was not able to gain their agreement to his proposal for settling the land problem. In 1927 he submitted a revised bill to
317:
wanted to develop into a university for
African students in Nyasaland and neighbouring colonies. He wrote "Livingstonia appeals to me enormously as a training centre because of its comparative isolation and at the same time easy accessibility. The students are away from the many temptations of town
329:
Official policy in
Nyasaland was to consolidate villages to facilitate administration and control. By the late 1920s the practice had largely been abandoned. Bowring tried to revive it, trying to gain support from chiefs and district officers, but it lapsed again after he had left office. On the
321:
Bowring believed that the future of the
Nyasaland protectorate would be based on developing agriculture. A few European planters would be involved in this project, but mostly the land was to be developed by Africans instructed by Europeans. He was against setting aside large amounts of land for
287:
Between 1917 and 1919 Bowring was acting
Governor of the East African Protectorate. He became acting governor of the EAP at a time when the colony was recovering from famine, there was a shortage of manpower and settlers were becoming increasingly assertive. Bowring was not always favourable to
284:. In October 1912 Bowring was appointed to a commission on labour in Kenya. The report was published in 1913, and contained written and aural submissions from over two hundred Europeans and sixty Africans. Much of this evidence had been called a "concerted display of negrophobe malevolence".
291:
In response to a financial crisis in the colony, he proposed to increase the hut and poll taxes. Despite resistance from the
Colonial Office, he pushed the measure through, to take effect in the 1920–1921 fiscal year. Although supporting the idea of settling veterans of the
296:
in the colony, he pointed out that there were shortages both of land and of labour, and said that settlers should have capital of more than £500. He was strongly in favour of extending the railway across the Uasin Gishu plateau for the benefit of the settlers in that area.
925:
338:), Bowring was in favour of a three-way partition. Part would go to South Africa and part to Southern Rhodesia, while the northeast would be combined with Nyasaland in joining an East African federation.
368:
in
Nyasaland, appointing chiefs as Native Authorities. Bowring resisted on the basis that he thought Nyasaland's tribal organisation was disintegrating and his tour of duty was cut short in May 1929.
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had caused a scandal with his 1919 instruction to government officials to coerce African labour to work on European-owned farms and estates, despite earlier Colonial Office objections.
205:
44:
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approval to extend its use to unpaid work on road building projects, often taking workers far from their homes. This was similar to the proposed use of forced labour in
830:
O. Okia, (2008). The Northey Forced Labour Crisis, 1920-1921: A Symptomatic Reading. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 41, No. 2 pp 263–4.
276:
He served Chief Secretary to the Government of the protectorate in 1911., remaining Chief Secretary if what was later transformed from a protectorate to be from 1920
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378:
57:
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364:, who wanted to avoid a repeat of the Northey scandal, vetoed the proposal and, in 1928, instructed Bowring to consider the introduction of a form of
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Bowring was an enthusiastic advocate of conscripting forced labour to work on European tobacco farms or on public works at minimal wages. He sought
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249:. Bowring joined the Colonial Audit Branch in 1890 and served in the Far East until 1895 when he was appointed local auditor in the
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269:. He quickly rose to prominence, being made treasurer of the Protectorate in 1901, and was appointed to the newly instituted
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from 1911 until 1924, when he was appointed Governor of Nyasaland. During this period he was also a Grand Deacon of the
270:
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in 1923. and held office until 30 May 1929. In October 1925, Bowring laid the foundation stone of the new buildings at
423:
Robert M. Maxon, Thomas P. Ofcansky, Historical Dictionary of Kenya, Rowman & Littlefield, 9 September 2014, p.231
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Robert M. Maxon, Thomas P. Ofcansky, Historical Dictionary of Kenya, Rowman & Littlefield, 9 September 2014, p.231
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Politics and Christianity in Malawi, 3ed: The Impact of the Livingstonia Mission in the Northern Province
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J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey pp. 130–2.
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Struggle for Kenya: the loss and reassertion of imperial initiative, 1912-1923
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Seeds of trouble: government policy and land rights in Nyasaland, 1946-1964
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life, and within easy reach by the lake and in touch by telegraph".
382:, daughter of G. K. Watts; they had four sons and three daughters.
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214:
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Unconsummated union: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1900-45
305:
Bowring was appointed Governor and Commander in Chief of the
431:
429:
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Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
751:
Armorial families: a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour
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In 1899 he moved to East Africa to become auditor for the
761:'Benefits bestowed'?: education and British imperialism
217:, who was later Governor and Commander in Chief of the
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Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and Practice
398:"Sir Charles Bowring – Former Governor of Nyasaland".
931:
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
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728:Clayton, Anthony; Savage, Donald C. (1975).
245:was his younger brother. He was educated at
665:Anderson, David; Grove, Richard H. (1990).
435:
28:
731:Government and labour in Kenya, 1895-1963
543:
376:In 1909, he married Ethel Dorothy Watts
209:(20 November 1872 – 13 June 1945) was a
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390:
632:"Who's Who, Men and Women of the Time"
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567:
555:
519:
507:
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483:
7:
911:British expatriates in British Kenya
278:the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya
70:27 March 1924 – 30 May 1929
749:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1929).
251:British Central Africa Protectorate
233:, the son of Hong Kong businessman
936:People educated at Clifton College
785:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
764:. Manchester University Press ND.
713:. Manchester University Press ND.
213:colonial administrator, mainly in
25:
93:Wilfred Bennett Davidson-Houston
671:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
840:. Strategic Book Publishing.
837:Reflections of Twelve Decades
638:. p. 410. Archived from
282:United Grand Lodge of England
861:A history of southern Africa
806:. African Books Collective.
753:. Hurst & Blackett, ltd.
621:McCracken (2012), pp. 221–2
198:Sir Charles Calvert Bowring
81:Richard Sims Donkin Rankine
18:Sir Charles Calvert Bowring
957:
916:Chief Secretaries of Kenya
692:. British Academic Press.
404:. 16 June 1945. p. 8.
330:question of the future of
779:Maxon, Robert M. (1993).
580:Anderson & Grove 1990
460:Clayton & Savage 1975
191:
98:
63:
52:
800:McCracken, John (2008).
707:Chanock, Martin (1977).
603:McCracken (2012), p. 221
263:East Africa Protectorate
243:Humphrey Wykeham Bowring
157:Humphrey Wykeham Bowring
877:Charles Calvert Bowring
140:, Bedfordshire, England
36:Charles Calvert Bowring
921:Governors of Nyasaland
834:Morgan, Frank (2010).
758:Mangan, J. A. (1988).
612:Okia (2008), pp. 263–4
307:Nyasaland Protectorate
219:Nyasaland Protectorate
941:People from Winkfield
856:Walker, Eric Anderson
686:Baker, Colin (1993).
231:Cranbourne, Berkshire
121:Cranbourne, Berkshire
58:Governor of Nyasaland
237:and grandson of Sir
235:John Charles Bowring
229:Bowring was born in
162:John Charles Bowring
349:where the governor
271:Legislative Council
221:from 1923 to 1929.
358:Colonial Secretary
351:Sir Edward Northey
847:978-1-60976-067-0
826:978-1-84701-050-6
813:978-99908-87-50-1
570:, pp. 33–34.
510:, pp. 136ff.
486:, pp. 111ff.
332:Northern Rhodesia
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16:(Redirected from
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186:Clifton College
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642:on 6 July 2015
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644:. Retrieved
640:the original
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311:Livingstonia
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239:John Bowring
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167:John Bowring
133:(1945-06-13)
131:13 June 1945
88:Succeeded by
65:
26:
901:1945 deaths
896:1872 births
864:. Longmans.
532:Walker 1957
472:Morgan 2010
448:Mangan 1988
315:Robert Laws
313:, which Dr
257:East Africa
148:Ethel Watts
76:Preceded by
890:Categories
568:Baker 1993
556:Baker 1993
520:Maxon 1993
508:Maxon 1993
496:Maxon 1993
484:Maxon 1993
386:References
225:Early life
114:1872-11-20
401:The Times
362:Leo Amery
301:Nyasaland
273:in 1907.
182:Education
159:(brother)
153:Relations
123:, England
66:In office
858:(1957).
265:and the
174:Children
164:(father)
658:Sources
211:British
138:Bedford
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646:4 July
336:Zambia
145:Spouse
347:Kenya
334:(now
215:Kenya
204:
43:
842:ISBN
822:ISBN
808:ISBN
787:ISBN
766:ISBN
736:ISBN
715:ISBN
694:ISBN
673:ISBN
648:2015
636:1935
356:The
202:KCMG
128:Died
108:Born
41:KCMG
879:at
379:CBE
206:KBE
45:KBE
33:Sir
892::
634:.
428:^
360:,
253:.
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850:.
816:.
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177:7
116:)
112:(
20:)
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