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inches square at the bottom and 5 inches at the top, painted white. Rather than a single wire with earth return, four wires were run, four insulators on each post. Where sandhills had to be crossed, a hardwood crosspiece was bolted to each base so they were impervious to sand drift. A submarine cable was used to cross the Port River, buried in iron pipe where it crossed the shifting sands of the peninsula. Additional equipment included an astronomical observatory in the west Park Lands and a
545:
and his staff at the West
Terrace Observatory in Adelaide were drawing inter-continental weather charts that had greater geographical reach than any other jurisdiction in the world. Todd's ability to pull together the individual threads of technology, weather science, and a widely dispersed group of weather observers put him in the forefront of the profession. His chief mentor in this field was
193:
200:
74:
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covering the period 1879–1909. These volumes have been digitally imaged by volunteers of the
Australian Meteorological Society in conjunction with the South Australian Regional Office of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Atmospheric pressure data from these journals has been digitised and sent to
552:
Todd is believed to be one of the first meteorologists to suggest that local climate was affected by global phenomena. Todd noted that abnormally high atmospheric pressure in India was matched with similar extremes in
Australia, typically resulting in parallel droughts thousands of kilometres apart.
540:
Charles Todd was one of the pioneers of meteorology in
Australasia. As the Government Meteorological Observer for the Colony of South Australia, he worked with his counterparts in the other British colonies and established the Australia-New Zealand weather observation network. His work in meteorology
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about the possibility of building telegraph routes that would link to an overseas cable. In 1868 the direct line between
Adelaide and Sydney was completed and was used to determine the 141st meridian, the boundary line between South Australia and Victoria. Todd's calculations showed it to be 2¼ miles
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Todd's line, more direct and technically superior (and far more expensive) was opened in
February 1856. To begin, the posts were of uniform size and material — Singapore cedar or Swan River mahogany, 18 feet long or 24 feet where crossing roads, 4 feet into the ground, and uniform appearance — 6 or 7
684:
In his official report to
Parliament in 1862 Todd pressed the Government for a time ball to be installed near the port. An accurate signal would be sent by telegraph from the Adelaide Observatory to the port. Time balls were dropped daily at ports so that ship navigators could set their chronometers
524:
In 1870 the Post Office and the
Telegraph Department were amalgamated, and Charles Todd was appointed Postmaster General. At this time Todd was busy with the construction of the Overland Telegraph. There were problems with the running of the Post Office culminating in two robberies. Consequently, in
544:
However, his main contribution to meteorology began with the completion of the
Australian and New Zealand telegraph systems in the mid to late 1870s. Being at the centre of the network, Todd used weather observations from all the Colonies to create extensive synoptic charts. In the early 1880s Todd
306:
In
February 1855, he accepted the position of Astronomical and Meteorological Observer, and Head of Electric Telegraph Department in South Australia. Meteorology was work done by astronomers; it was the recording of data so that the climate in different regions was known. The Royal Observatory was
318:
During Todd's time at the Greenwich and Cambridge observatories the railway system was expanding, and the electric telegraph was invented. Faster railway travel, and the need for timetables and signalling systems, necessitated a change from using solar time in different regions to a standardised
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From 1886 until his retirement in 1905, Todd set and marked the astronomy paper that formed part of the exams for candidates aiming to become licensed surveyors. His best known work in surveying was his participation in setting the boundary line between South Australia and New South Wales that
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installed one privately, running his line down council streets since the Government refused him permission to run it along main roads or the railway easement, on the grounds of unnecessary duplication. His line was working on 26 November 1855 and began commercial operation on 10 December.
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at any place there was telegraphic connection. It was also possible to perform a number of astronomical and other experiments. While at Cambridge, Charles Todd was a member of a team that determined the exact degrees of longitude at Greenwich and Cambridge using the electric telegraph.
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When the colonies were federated in 1901 it was found that, in spite of its large area and sparse population, South Australia was the only one whose post and telegraphic department was carried on at a profit. Todd continued in office as deputy-postmaster-general until 1905.
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invites a prominent member of the telecommunications industry to present the Charles Todd Oration and awards a medal to the industry high achiever best embodying the pioneer spirit. He has been inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Institute of Engineers Australia.
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Todd and the Harbour Master made repeated requests for a time ball in the following years. Port Adelaide was visited by more ships after the completion of the Overland Telegraph, and approval by Parliament was eventually given in 1874 to build the time ball at
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1874 a Government Inquiry was held into the workings of the Post Office. The outcome of the inquiry was positive; Todd was able to implement reforms that improved both the working conditions of Post Office employees and the services provided by them.
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was completed on 22 August 1872, but the undersea cable to Darwin had broken and communication with England was not effected until 21 October. After the first messages had been exchanged over the new line, Todd was accompanied by surveyor
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The contractor at the northern end threw up his contract and Todd had to go to the north himself and finish it. Everything had to be sent by sea and then carted, but he met each difficulty as it arose, and overcame it successfully. The
718:
took over all such services on 1 March 1901 and Todd became a federal public servant at the age of 74. He retired in December 1906, having been over 51 years in the service of the South Australian and Commonwealth governments.
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In 1885 he attended the international telegraphic conference at Berlin, the following year Todd travelled to Great Britain, where he was made an honorary M.A. of the University of Cambridge. In 1889 he was elected as a
1737:
739:, Mawson Lakes Campus is named after him. The Astronomical Society of South Australia have also named the observatory that houses their 20-inch Jubilee Telescope, the Sir Charles Todd Observatory. Each year the
585:, the first in 1860. In 1867 he demonstrated the arc lamp in King William St, lighting up from the Town Hall to North Terrace (about 500m). He was instrumental in having electric lighting installed at the 1887
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and its tributary, the Charles River, in the Northern Territory were named after Todd, and a waterhole in the bed of the Todd River was named Alice Springs for his wife, Alice, and subsequently used for the
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in the north, though the other colonies declined to share in the cost. The southern and northern sections of the line were let by contract, and the 1000 miles in between was constructed by the department.
809:(Alice) Maude Mary Todd (1865 – 4 February 1929) married Rev. Frederick G. Masters ( – ) on 1 May 1900. Masters was rector of All Souls' (Anglican) church, St Peter's, Adelaide, then Holy Trinity Church,
345:
Todd's work as head of the Galvanic Department at Greenwich was to be an extension of his work using the electric telegraph. In particular, it was to transmit electric time signals to slave clocks and
581:
Charles Todd had many responsibilities, but during his lifetime he referred to himself as "Government Electrician". He promoted the use of electric light in the colony by giving demonstrations of the
311:. Accurate calculation of time was an important part of the Royal Observatory's responsibilities. Greenwich Time had long been used at sea; ship's navigators relied on its accuracy to calculate their
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Outgoing letter books from Charles Todd as South Australian Government Astronomer (Astronomical Observer), Superintendent of Telegraphs and, later, Post Master General, 1866 – 1880, are held by
595:
Todd was appointed to a commission to add electric lighting to Parliament House in 1890; he supervised the installation the following year. Two years later the GPO finally had electric light.
210:
47:
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Outgoing letter books and a notebook of Charles Todd as Post Master General and Superintendent of Telegraphs during the construction of the Overland Telegraph Line in 1872 are held by
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Also in 1887, the South Australian Electrical Society was established with Charles Todd as president. He was influential in setting up the first electrical engineering course in SA.
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in November 1847, and officially confirmed in the position the following February. While here he used the recently built Northumberland telescope, and he was the first person to take
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1727:
865:
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Dr Charles Edward Todd (1858 – 23 May 1917) married Elsie Beatrice Backhouse (sister of Judge Backhouse of Sydney on 1 May 1889 (no children). Honorary Assistant Surgeon at
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At about the time Charles Todd moved to Cambridge, George Airy arranged the connection of the Greenwich Observatory to the nearby telegraph line that was being built by the
1722:
651:
As "Astronomical Observer" Todd was responsible for accurate setting of the position and the time at the colony, these were part of his initial tasks on his appointment.
617:(completed in 1860), which was thoroughly equipped with astronomical and meteorological instruments, he contributed valuable observations to the scientific world on the
226:
63:
429:, a German-born, British businessman and inventor, who would provide assistance to Todd in his future projects, and with whom he would maintain a life-long friendship.
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started with his arrival in South Australia, as he had brought with him a number of meteorological instruments that had been calibrated to instruments at Greenwich.
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636:
in 1895 and advised on the building and instruments to be obtained. He was the author of numerous papers on scientific subjects, many of which were printed in the
374:). On his arrival Todd found that his department was a very small one without a single telegraph line. His first commission was to erect a telegraph line between
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396:
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to analyse, calibrate and publish a backlog of 80 years of data. While at the Royal Observatory he was, in 1846, one of the earliest observers of the planet
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458:
904:
Source Citation: Place: Islington, London, Eng; Collection: Dr. William's Library; Nonconformist Registers; Date Range: 1815 – 1832; Film Number: 815926
273:. He was fortunate that his school leaving coincided with the Astronomer Royal being granted special funding to employ an additional four young men as
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59:
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Hedley Lawrence Todd (1860 – 4 August 1907) married Jessie Scott ( –1945) on 17 August 1892. Hedley was a member of the Adelaide Stock Exchange.
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Though so much of his time was taken up by the duties of the postal department, Todd did not neglect his work as government astronomer. Using the
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Finally, Todd was responsible for drawing up the draft document which would regulate electricity supply in the newly federated Australian states.
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and of the Society of Electrical Engineers. Todd continued in his duties to posts and telegraphs in South Australia, until the newly federated
323:). The electric telegraph made it possible to transmit information, including time signals, almost instantaneously. So the development of the
262:, where his father set up as a wine and tea merchant. Charles was educated and spent most of his life in Greenwich before moving to Australia.
602:, demonstrated a wireless system that could be used over a distance of 4 km; but at this time was too expensive to be put into practice.
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and others was unknown, and it was many years before Todd could convince the South Australian government of the practicability of the scheme.
1732:
1065:
938:
895:
H. P. Hollis, 'Todd, Sir Charles (1826–1910)', rev. K. T. Livingston, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
1742:
557:(ENSO). These globally linked meteorological phenomena are termed teleconnections and Todd was one of the first to recognise their effect.
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A diary kept by Todd while he was Superintendent of Telegraphs and supervising the construction of the Overland Telegraph Line is held by
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382:. Such a line had been mooted some years before and, impatient with the lack of action and seeing its commercial possibilities,
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The precise position of the Adelaide Observatory was calculated by astronomical observations, enabling a standard point for
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Todd's proposal of routes and estimated costs of building segments of the telegraph line in Australia's far north held by
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should be constructed. Todd personally rode over much of the country through which the line would have to pass. Todd and
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51:
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GRG 154/5 Rough notes by Charles Todd outlining a plan for construction of the Overland Telegraph Line to Port Darwin
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Department at Greenwich. This was to be an extension of work he had done using the electric telegraph at Cambridge.
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In 1882 the South Australian Institute of Surveyors was established with Charles Todd as its inaugural president.
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334:. This gave the observatories access to the electric telegraph, and the railway company access to accurate time.
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669:. This call led to a lengthy dispute between the two colonies which was finally settled in Victoria's favour.
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This particular phenomenon is now recognised as part of the Southern Oscillation which in turn is part of the
350:, and to co-ordinate simultaneous astronomical or meteorological observations at multiple distant locations.
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In May 1854, shortly before his appointment to South Australia, he was placed in charge of the newly-formed
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Todd married Alice Gillam Bell (7 August 1836 – 9 August 1898) on 5 April 1855. Their children were:
693:. It was completed in 1875, and is believed to have been designed by Todd and manufactured locally.
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Written by his wife's Great Great Granddaughter who retraced his route across Australia in the 1990s
681:. The Adelaide Post Office clock was installed in 1875 and it became a key timekeeper for Adelaide.
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He was held in high esteem by his staff, and he continued to control his department with ability.
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in the 1880s, Todd's department would replace the rotting poles along the OTL with Oppenheimer's
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accurately, a small inaccuracy in a chronometer resulted in large inaccuracies in navigation.
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photographs of the moon through it. While at Cambridge he also gained experience in using the
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as astronomical and meteorological observer, and head of the electric telegraph department.
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Charlotte Elizabeth Todd (1856– ) married Henry Charles Squires ( – 12 December 1930) of
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Once the electric telegraph was in place, the observatory was able to control clocks and
258:, London, the second of five children. Shortly after Charles's birth the family moved to
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Lorna Gillam Todd (1877–1963) wrote a series of articles on her father for the Adelaide
160:
Astronomical and meteorological observer, and head of the electric telegraph department.
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438:
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1181:
This article contains much information on the (then) superiority of the Henley patent.
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1701:
1403:
757:
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The accurate determination of time was achieved by astronomical observations using a
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359:
289:
1434:
Abell, Lesley; Kinns, Roger (2010). "'Telegraph' Todd and the Semaphore Time Ball".
1324:
Walker, Martin (June 2013). "Charles Todd- Postmaster General of South Australia".
818:
403:, where Macgeorge's instrument had been installed, as a more convenient location.
1580:. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 4, 504. South Australia. 19 October 1929. p. 51
457:
farther east than had previously been determined. This led to the long-drawn-out
1665:. Adelaide: South Australian Trained Nurses’ Centenary Committee. February 1938.
509:– a distance of 759 miles (1,221 km) – in 1876, again surveyed by Knuckey.
473:
17:
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Later that year, the Government purchased Macgeorge's line and pulled it down.
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Todd, along with his 19-year-old wife Alice Gillam Todd, née Bell, (after whom
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1683:. Vol. 95, no. 5, 372. South Australia. 4 December 1952. p. 24
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and his wife. (Cracknell subsequently became superintendent of telegraphs in
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for inclusion in the International Surface Pressure Databank as part of the
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1250:. Vol. LVI, no. 17, 368. South Australia. 16 June 1914. p. 9
1200:. Vol. XXI, no. 3222. South Australia. 2 February 1857. p. 2
1143:. Vol. XIII, no. 650. South Australia. 8 December 1855. p. 5
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on 5 November 1855. They were accompanied by Todd's assistant, 24-year-old
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1635:"Past Presidents of South Australian Branch of the BMA and AMA (SA) 1879-"
1611:. Vol. LIX, no. 18, 288. South Australia. 25 May 1917. p. 6
1171:. Vol. XX, no. 2902. South Australia. 18 January 1856. p. 2
1561:
Northern Territory Government Place Names Register Retrieved 9 June 2020.
1549:
Northern Territory Government Place Names Register Retrieved 9 June 2020.
1537:
Northern Territory Government Place Names Register Retrieved 9 June 2020.
1525:
Northern Territory Government Place Names Register Retrieved 9 June 2020.
1513:
Northern Territory Government Place Names Register Retrieved 9 June 2020.
1459:
1115:. Vol. XX, no. 2889. South Australia. 2 January 1856. p. 3
792:
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399:, 1848 patent. In February 1857 Todd's telegraph office was relocated to
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Todd was the son of grocer Griffith Todd and Mary Parker; he was born at
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1087:. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 28 August 1855. p. 3
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198:
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Gwendoline Todd (1869 – 29 September 1929) married the physicist
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resulted in a call for a change in the existing boundary between
735:, Adelaide, on 31 January. The Sir Charles Todd Building at the
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445:. Most of the country in between except for the explorations of
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In 1857 or 1859 Todd conceived the idea of the transcontinental
134:
The Sir Charles Todd Observatory, the Sir Charles Todd Building
1408:
Sir Charles Todd an Australian Science and Technology Pioneer
421:, proceeded to link the two colonies' telegraph systems near
409:
In June 1856 he recommended that a line between Adelaide and
1738:
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1663:
Nursing in South Australia: First Hundred Years 1837-1937
1482:"25th Anniversary of the Sir Charles Todd Building (SCT)"
731:, near Adelaide, on 29 January 1910, and was buried at
242:
and undersea cables until engaged by the government of
549:, one of the founders of the science of meteorology.
395:
at the Port. The telegraph instruments used were the
1436:
Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia
1027:"Letter of appointment, Sir Charles Todd, 1826–1910"
425:
in July 1858. It was through McGowan, that Todd met
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Elizabeth, Charles, Hedley, Gwendoline, Maude, Lorna
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80:
41:
1285:GRG 154/19, GRG 154/16, GRG 154/23, and GRG 154/15
1221:Behind the Legend: the many worlds of Charles Todd
1060:The Singing Line, Alice Thompson, Doubleday 1999,
170:Building the first telegraph line across Australia
494:to Adelaide, to be met by an enthusiastic crowd.
238:observatory from 1847 to 1854. He then worked on
1346:. Australian Meteorological Assn. Archived from
327:was driven by the requirements of the railways.
265:In December 1841, he entered the service of the
284:He was promoted to Assistant Astronomer at the
859:
857:
230:(7 July 1826 – 29 January 1910) worked at the
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8:
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1223:. Australian Scholarly. pp. 59–60, 132.
1046:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1728:Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society
1691:– via National Library of Australia.
1619:– via National Library of Australia.
1597:
1595:
1588:– via National Library of Australia.
1470:– via National Library of Australia.
1404:"Sir Charles Todd- Electrical Engineering"
1258:– via National Library of Australia.
1208:– via National Library of Australia.
1179:– via National Library of Australia.
1151:– via National Library of Australia.
1123:– via National Library of Australia.
929:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
72:
38:
1723:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
1370:"El Nino – Of Droughts and Flooding Rain"
587:Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition
30:For other people with the same name, see
1677:""Telegraph Todd" And The Overland Line"
560:One of Todd's legacies is the 63-volume
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
853:
828:on 1 June 1889. He and their elder son
776:, London on 25 May 1887. They lived in
741:Telecommunications Society of Australia
621:in 1874 and 1882, the cloudy haze over
27:Australian civil servant and astronomer
1628:
1626:
1450:"STOCK REPORT - MR. TODD AT CAMBRIDGE"
1039:
706:, London. He was also a fellow of the
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864:Engineers Australia South Australia.
520:Postmaster General of South Australia
464:By 1870 it had been decided that the
7:
497:His next great work was a line from
1718:19th-century Australian astronomers
1378:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
589:, the first in Australia to do so.
452:In January 1863 Todd addressed the
1163:"The Telegraph in South Australia"
1000:Dictionary of Australian Biography
926:Australian Dictionary of Biography
789:Private Hospital, Wakefield Street
598:In 1899 Todd, with his son-in-law
466:Australian Overland Telegraph Line
25:
1488:. 27 October 2004. Archived from
1410:. Sir Charles Todd Research Group
1192:"Magnetic and Electric Telegraph"
629:in 1878, and on other occasions.
1312:State Records of South Australia
1296:State Records of South Australia
1283:State Records of South Australia
1270:State Records of South Australia
727:Todd died at his summer home in
632:He selected the site of the new
459:dispute between the two colonies
1547:Alice Springs Telegraph Station
921:"Todd, Sir Charles (1826–1910)"
1748:Burials at North Road Cemetery
1642:Australian Medical Association
931:Australian National University
813:and later vicar of St Luke's,
454:Adelaide Philosophical Society
319:railway or London time (later
1:
1486:University of South Australia
737:University of South Australia
499:Port Augusta, South Australia
125:North Road Cemetery, Adelaide
32:Charles Todd (disambiguation)
1733:Fellows of the Royal Society
1242:"Death of Mr. R. R. Knuckey"
712:Royal Meteorological Society
667:South Australia and Victoria
555:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
267:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
1743:Settlers of South Australia
801:British Medical Association
704:Fellow of the Royal Society
490:on the return journey from
468:should be constructed from
397:Henley's magnetic indicator
232:Royal Greenwich Observatory
1764:
1633:AMA Historical Committee.
1462:. 13 March 1886. p. 5
708:Royal Astronomical Society
640:Royal Astronomical Society
114:Semaphore, South Australia
29:
1603:"Death of Dr. C. E. Todd"
1535:Alice Springs (waterhole)
1455:South Australian Register
1197:South Australian Register
1168:South Australian Register
1112:South Australian Register
1084:South Australian Register
716:Commonwealth of Australia
625:in 1876, the parallax of
71:
1326:Philately from Australia
1135:"The Electric Telegraph"
1079:"The Electric Telegraph"
866:"Hall of Fame Inductees"
787:; practised also at the
562:Weather Folio collection
514:patent telescoping poles
1577:The Observer (Adelaide)
1572:"Prominent S.A. Family"
638:Monthly Notices of the
488:Richard Randall Knuckey
433:Overland Telegraph Line
834:Nobel Prize in Physics
830:William Lawrence Bragg
577:Government Electrician
362:is named), arrived in
203:
196:
1219:Cryle, Denis (2017).
1005:Angus & Robertson
919:Symes, G. W. (1976).
634:observatory for Perth
417:, his counterpart in
415:Samuel Walker McGowan
332:South Eastern Railway
286:Cambridge Observatory
250:Early life and career
202:
195:
1559:Alice Springs (town)
615:Adelaide Observatory
492:Central Mount Stuart
376:Adelaide city centre
236:Cambridge University
1374:Dr Neville Nicholls
1350:on 1 September 2013
873:Engineers Australia
826:William Henry Bragg
795:; President of the
733:North Road Cemetery
600:William Henry Bragg
536:Meteorological work
354:Arrival in Adelaide
321:Greenwich Mean Time
271:George Biddell Airy
1344:"Sir Charles Todd"
673:Other achievements
427:Joseph Oppenheimer
325:electric telegraph
234:1841–1847 and the
204:
197:
1492:on 26 August 2006
1140:Adelaide Observer
1066:978-0-385-49059-7
1025:SLSA: PRG 630/1.
940:978-0-522-84459-7
785:Adelaide Hospital
754:telegraph station
679:transit telescope
619:transits of Venus
609:Astronomical work
583:electric arc lamp
507:Western Australia
441:from Adelaide to
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178:Alice Gillam Bell
16:(Redirected from
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723:Death and legacy
656:geodetic surveys
472:in the south to
401:Green's Exchange
368:Edward Cracknell
229:
207:Sir Charles Todd
167:
109:
90:
88:
76:
66:
43:Sir Charles Todd
39:
21:
18:Sir Charles Todd
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995:"Todd, Charles"
991:Serle, Percival
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384:James Macgeorge
372:New South Wales
356:
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244:South Australia
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106:29 January 1910
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1107:"Public Works"
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815:Bath, Somerset
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747:The ephemeral
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447:Charles Sturt
444:
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423:Mount Gambier
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365:
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360:Alice Springs
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157:Occupation(s)
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121:Resting place
119:
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40:
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33:
19:
1685:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1613:. Retrieved
1606:
1582:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1438:(38): 42–57.
1435:
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1381:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1338:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1314:, GRG 154/26
1290:
1277:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1245:
1220:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1173:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1056:
1030:. Retrieved
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
998:
960:. Retrieved
924:
900:
876:. Retrieved
872:
840:
819:Sion College
767:
756:, and later
746:
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697:Later career
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269:, under Sir
264:
253:
206:
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166:Notable work
108:(1910-01-29)
36:
1713:1910 deaths
1708:1826 births
1496:30 December
1298:, GRG 154/4
1204:20 November
1175:19 November
1147:19 November
1119:19 November
1091:21 February
832:shared the
658:to be set.
474:Port Darwin
307:run by the
139:Nationality
91:7 July 1826
1702:Categories
1511:Todd River
1003:. Sydney:
849:References
803:1901–1902.
780:, England.
749:Todd River
348:time balls
339:time balls
240:telegraphy
142:Australian
87:1826-07-07
1687:22 August
1584:22 August
1466:4 October
1414:16 August
1383:21 August
1010:7 October
962:7 October
949:1833-7538
878:16 August
842:Chronicle
811:Balaklava
778:Cambridge
729:Semaphore
691:Semaphore
647:Surveying
573:project.
411:Melbourne
393:time ball
313:longitude
309:Admiralty
294:telegraph
275:computers
260:Greenwich
256:Islington
151:Greenwich
147:Education
131:Monuments
95:Islington
1460:Adelaide
1042:cite web
993:(1949).
957:70677943
836:in 1915.
821:in 1937.
793:Adelaide
758:the town
419:Victoria
364:Adelaide
301:Galvanic
183:Children
97:, London
1354:23 July
1254:19 July
1032:24 July
623:Jupiter
279:Neptune
1647:13 May
1615:13 May
1064:
955:
947:
937:
764:Family
710:, the
443:Darwin
175:Spouse
1638:(PDF)
869:(PDF)
503:Eucla
225:
221:
217:
213:
62:
58:
54:
50:
1689:2018
1649:2021
1617:2021
1586:2018
1498:2006
1468:2018
1416:2015
1385:2015
1356:2013
1256:2019
1206:2023
1177:2023
1149:2023
1121:2023
1093:2015
1062:ISBN
1048:link
1034:2013
1012:2008
964:2008
953:OCLC
945:ISSN
935:ISBN
880:2015
627:Mars
571:ACRE
567:NOAA
565:the
483:line
378:and
227:FIEE
223:FRMS
219:FRAS
211:KCMG
103:Died
81:Born
64:FIEE
60:FRMS
56:FRAS
48:KCMG
1330:LXV
791:in
505:in
501:to
315:.
215:FRS
52:FRS
1704::
1679:.
1640:.
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1040:{{
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89:)
85:(
34:.
20:)
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