1027:
supporters suffered harassment or periods of detention on fabricated charges. That Jawara was able to eschew coercive techniques and still survive reflected an element of good fortune, and yet his skillful political leadership was also crucial. Within his own party Jawara was fortunate to be surrounded by individuals willing to refrain from violence to achieve their goals, and yet much of the credit for this restraint must go to Jawara—his skillful manipulation of patronage resources, cultivation of affective ties and shrewd balancing of factions within the PPP. Lacking the coercive option, and given that affective ties, which had to be earned, were a medium- to long-term resource, Jawara initially relied heavily on instrumental ties and distribution of patronage. His limited resource base posed an obvious, though not insurmountable, problem.
835:. In December 1981, five months after the foiled coup, the treaties of confederation were signed in Dakar. The speed with which the treaties were signed and the lack of input from the bulk of The Gambian population suggested to many that the arrangement was an exercise in political expedience. President Jawara was under great pressure because of the repercussions of the aborted coup and the Senegalese government. Under the treaty with Senegal, Diouf served as president and Jawara as his vice president. A confederal parliament and cabinet were set up with several ministerial positions going to The Gambia. Additionally, a new Gambian army was created as part of a new confederate army.
1413:
1297:
1385:
892:
credibility of the competitive party system was severely challenged as Jawara's PPP was unable to show that good economic management could lead to benefits for the majority of society. Sir Dawda
Kairaba Jawara, the first President of The Gambia, played a significant role in shaping the country's early economic policies following its independence from British colonial rule in 1965. During his tenure, which lasted until 1994, government focused on various economic reforms aimed at promoting stability, development, and growth in The Gambia.
839:
seeds of his eventual political demise. The army would in time become a serious contender for political office, different from political parties only in its control over the instruments of violence. Such an atmosphere, however, as the events of 1994 would show, was fertile ground for coups and counter coups. Perhaps more importantly, the creation of a new army diverted limited resources that could have otherwise been used to enhance the strong rural development programmes of the PPP government. The confederation collapsed in 1989.
751:, Jawara, and the PPP sought to build a nation and develop an economy to sustain both farmers and urban dwellers. Many in the rural areas hoped that political independence would bring with an immediate improvement in their life circumstances. These high expectations, as in other newly independent ex-colonies, stemmed partly from the extravagant promises made by some political leaders. In time, however, a measure of disappointment set in as the people quickly discovered that their leaders could not deliver on all their promises.
1331:
1440:
1174:
increased public awareness of corruption weakened the PPP regime and furnished the 1994 conspirators with a suitable pretext for intervention. Since many soldiers reportedly regarded their unsatisfactory living conditions as a manifestation of corruption, it also gave them a motive. Jawara may have underestimated the real risk a new army would pose to himself and the country, and in fact, may have dragged his feet in dealing accordingly with corruption. To this accusation he responded:
721:
1427:
1345:
696:
heads, in later years formed the bulk of his initial political support. As noted, British colonial policy at that time divided The Gambia into two sections; the colony and the protectorate. Adults in the colony area, which included
Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary sub-regions, were franchised, while their counterparts in the protectorate were not. Political activity and representation at the Legislative Council were limited to the colony.
52:
744:, which laid the foundation for PPP and Jawara domination of The Gambia's political landscape. With Jawara's rise to power after the 1962 elections, the colonial administration began a gradual withdrawal from The Gambia, and self-government was granted in 1963. Jawara was appointed prime minister in the same year, and independence came on February 18, 1965. This completed The Gambia's peaceful transition from colonial rule.
1358:
2237:
1400:
2454:
2209:
868:, The Gambia greatly reformed the economic structure of the country. Under ERP, in 1985–86, the deficit was 72 million Dalasis, and it increased to 169 million Dalasis in 1990–91. However, by mid-1986, just a year after the ERP was established, the revival of The Gambian economy had begun. The government reduced its budget deficit, increased its foreign exchange reserves, and eliminated its debt service arrears.
823:. While Senegal's intervention was ostensibly to rescue President Jawara's regime, it had the effect of undermining Gambian sovereignty, which was something that had been jealously guarded by Gambians and Jawara in particular. Yet it was relinquished expediently. The presence of Senegalese troops in Banjul was testimony to Jawara's growing reliance on Senegal, which consequently was a source of much resentment.
1284:
1372:
1061:
922:
1170:
this occurred in 1981 when, during the coup attempt of that year, Kukoi Samba
Sanyang cited “corruption and the squandering of public funds” as a primary motive of intervention. No doubt there was a strong element of opportunism in Sanyang's actions, yet the fact that he seized upon corruption as a suitable justification for his actions reflected increasing public awareness of the problem.
616:. After graduation from Mohammedan, Jawara won a scholarship to an all-boys High School, where he enjoyed all his classes, but showed the greatest aptitude in science and mathematics. Upon matriculation in 1945, he worked as a nurse until 1947 at the Victoria Hospital in Bathurst (now Banjul). The limited career and educational opportunities in colonial Gambia led to a year's stint at
708:(PPP) to make the party inclusive as opposed to the generally held perception of it being a Mandinka-based party. Over time, the PPP and Jawara would supersede the urban-based parties and their leaders. This change is what Arnold Hughes termed a "Green Revolution", a political process in which a rural elite emerges to challenge and defeat an urban-based political petty-bourgeoisie.
1184:
route to political survival. On the one hand, the PPP needed to win successive multi-party elections. On the other, Jawara's rejection of coercion as a survival technique meant that overt public challenges could not simply be suppressed; it was vital the latent threat posed by specific societal groups remain dormant. Fortunately, Jawara did have a great deal of public support.
652:
politics began. In 1948 he joined the
African Students Association and was later elected secretary-general and president, respectively. Also, while at Glasgow, Jawara honed his political interests and skills by joining the Student Labour Party Organization, Forward Group, and became active in labour politics of the time. Though never a "leftist", Jawara immersed himself in the
1318:
1158:
and many of his lieutenants followed suit. Conflicting survival imperatives—in particular, the need for foreign aid and popular support, both of which were unlikely to be forthcoming under a thoroughly corrupt regime, persuaded Jawara to set some limits on “allowable” corruption. The possibility of exposure in parliament or by the press provided a further constraint.
856:
dominant sectors and also the main sources of foreign exchange, employment, and income for the country. Thanks to the growing economy, the government introduced in the 1970s the policy of 'Gambianisation', which led to an expansion of the state's role in the economy. There was a 75 percent increase in total government employment over the period from 1975 to 1980.
1039:
Jawara may not have used force, but neither was he hampered by sentiment; his pragmatism and willingness to demote, or even drop, former supporters in order to strengthen his personal political position was apparent. Jawara further strengthened his political position with the incorporation of new sources of support within the ruling group.
1210:
hoped that his work would create an economically prosperous society based on his priorities: democracy, unity, and tolerance for personal differences. However, the new self-appointed, five-man ruling council dissolved the constitution and established a nationwide curfew until democracy was reinstated (at least on paper).
2223:
798:
intra-party competition, and growing social inequalities were factors that could not be discounted. Also crucial to the causes of the aborted coup was a deteriorating economy whose major victims were the urban youth in particular. In his 1981 New Year message, Jawara explained The Gambia's economic problems thus:
1202:. After 30 years of leading his country, he decided to retire. However, his announcement was met with panic, so he consented to stand for re-election again. The question of his retirement continued to loom over The Gambia's political future, however, and dissent mounted. He was re-elected with 56% of the vote.
1209:
stormed the capital. The coup was successful and Jawara was exiled until 2002. Compared with the previous attempt to overthrow Jawara, though, this coup was deemed "bloodless". Jawara escaped unharmed: he was taken to
Senegal by an American warship that was in the area when the coup began. Jawara had
1038:
In response to the pre-1965 challenges to his authority, Jawara moved to reduce the size, cohesion, and authority of the founding members as a group. Many of the party's earliest adherents (even those who showed no outward sign of disloyalty) lost ministerial posts during the early years of PPP rule.
703:
The same year, a delegation headed by
Sanjally Bojang (a well-off patron and founding member of the new party), Bokarr Fofanah and Madiba Janneh, arrived at Abuko to inform Jawara of his nomination as secretary of the party. Jawara resigned his position as chief veterinary officer in order to contest
1157:
For many years observers viewed corruption in The Gambia as significantly less prevalent than in many other
African states. In retrospect, this view appears overstated, though it is true that corruption did not reach the heights seen elsewhere. Jawara himself refrained from excessive self-enrichment
1046:
Jawara's popular support and cultivation of affective ties were crucial for easing the pressure on scarce patronage resources. Although the skillful distribution of patronage and associated tolerance of corruption (to be discussed later) played an important role in the PPP's survival, Jawara did not
1042:
His enthusiasm for political accommodation stemmed from the closely related imperatives of weakening the influence of the PPP's original members and avoiding political isolation. The original group resented the fact that newcomers had not participated in the early struggle for power and yet were now
871:
Under the ERP, economic opportunities became more abundant, and many private businessmen and public officials turned to illegal means to make profit. Corruption created a serious legitimacy crisis for the PPP. Several cases of corruption were revealed and these seriously indicted the PPP regime. The
1183:
Many
African leaders are aware of the positive relationship between popular support and elite acquiescence. However, resource shortages had more likely than not persuaded leaders to priorities in favour of elites. In The Gambia, two additional factors persuaded Jawara to pursue a somewhat different
1173:
Just a month prior to the coup, Reverend Ian Roach had spoken out publicly against corruption, the local press reported numerous instances of low-level bureaucratic theft, and higher up, Jawara's leniency towards the ministers and civil servants towards the end of the 1970s was widely resented. The
1026:
Given these circumstances, Jawara's task was to overcome his low caste status, assert his authority over the party, and secure control over its political direction. In doing this, he did not use coercion. Politically inspired “disappearances” were never an element of PPP rule; neither opponents nor
880:
A group of para-statal heads and big businessmen closely associated with the PPP (nicknamed the Banjul Mafia) were seen as the culprits responsible for corruption in the public sector. Driven to make profit, many elites did not refrain from manipulating state power to maintain a lifestyle of wealth
842:
Jawara did not resort to the authoritarian and often punitive backlash that follows coups in most of Africa. Instead, he made overtures of reconciliation, with judicious and speedy trial and subsequent release of over 800 detainees. Individuals who received death sentence convictions were committed
838:
The creation of a new
Gambian army was cause for concern for many observers. Such an institution, it was felt, would by no means diminish the recurrence of the events of July 30, 1981, nor would it guarantee the regime's stability. By agreeing to the creation of an army, Jawara had planted the very
797:
The attempted coup reflected the desire for change, at least on the part of some civilians and their allies in the Field Force. Despite Kukoi's failure to assume power, the attempted coup revealed major weaknesses within the ruling PPP and society as a whole. The hegemony of the PPP, contraction of
651:
to study veterinary medicine. At the time, colonial education was intended to train
Africans for the most menial of clerical tasks in the civil service. And it was rare for Gambians to be awarded scholarships in the sciences. It was at Glasgow University in the late 1940s, that Jawara's interest in
1169:
Initially, then, corruption played a significant part in the survival of the PPP, uniting political, bureaucratic, and business interests in a series of mutually beneficial and supportive relationships. In the longer term, however, it served to undermine the regime. Perhaps the first indication of
1022:
status constituted a grave handicap and one which threatened to overshadow his strengths (most notably, a university education). The two pre-independence challenges to Jawara's position demonstrated his vulnerability and illustrated the fact that he could not rely upon the undivided loyalty of the
884:
By 1992, The Gambia was one of the poorest countries in Africa and the world, with a 45-year life expectancy at birth, an infant mortality rate of 130 per 1000 live births, a child mortality rate of 292 per 1000, and an under-five mortality rate of 227 per 1000. At that time, 120 out of every 1000
876:
in 1992, but the PPP government was not willing to use its influence to assist AMRC in its recovery exercise. This was particularly embarrassing because the people and organisations with the highest loans were close to PPP. In an embezzlement scheme at The Gambia Cooperative Union (GCU), fraud was
855:
The Gambia was incorporated into the world economy as a supplier of agricultural exports (largely groundnuts) and tourism. Since independence, there has been little change in the structure of the economy, which remains very heavily dependent on groundnut production. Agriculture and tourism are the
1178:
I believe in the rule of law and democracy. We are a poor country where petty jealousies exist. One buys a car or builds a house, so he must be corrupt, and Jawara did not do anything. I am expected to serve as a judge and policeman at the same time. At the Cooperative Union, it was agreed that a
891:
programmes implemented in response to the economic crisis resulted in government fragmentation, privatisation, less patronage in co-opting various groups and growing corruption. The 30 years the PPP regime operated with diminished resources and therefore could no longer rule as it always had. The
695:
As a veterinary officer, Jawara traveled the length and breadth of The Gambia for months vaccinating cattle. In the process, he established valuable social contacts and relationships with the relatively well-to-do cattle owners in the protectorate. This group, with the district chiefs and village
699:
At the time of his return to The Gambia, politics in the colony were dominated by a group of urban elites from Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary's areas. At a meeting in 1959 at Basse, a major commercial town almost at the end of The Gambia River, the leadership of the People's Progressive Society
1165:
rule together with post-coup revelations and inquiries suggest that corruption was both a significant phenomenon and one which played an important role in the PPP's survival. Jawara understood the political advantages of corruption. Fundamentally, corruption formed an important component of the
1034:
By 1992, the number remained a comparatively modest fourteen. Despite these limits, Jawara skillfully used all the various permutations of patronage distribution (appointment, promotion, termination, demotion, and rehabilitation) to dramatise his power over subordinates’ political futures and
802:
We live in a world saddled with massive economic problems. The economic situation has generally been characterized by rampant inflation, periods of excessive monetary instability, and credit squeeze...soaring oil prices and commodity speculation. These worldwide problems have imposed extreme
668:. Jawara classified this period in his life “as very interesting politically”. It was a moment of rising Pan-Africanist fervour and personal growth politically. He completed his studies in 1953. He later returned to Scotland to gain a further diploma in tropical veterinary medicine at the
1179:
Presidential Commission be established to investigate the alleged corruption. Action was taken, then the coup occurred. We must let the law take its course. We were serious to run a government according to the rule of law and for this we were highly rated and respected.
611:
Around 1933, young Jawara's formal education was sponsored by a friend of his father, a trader named Ebrima Youma Jallow, whose trading post was across the street from Alammi's in Wally-Kunda. Dawda was enrolled at Mohammedan primary school where he was taught by
807:
The most striking consequence of the aborted coup was the intervention of the Senegalese troops at the request of Jawara, as a result of the defense treaty signed between the two countries in 1965. At the time of the aborted coup, Jawara was attending the
1030:
Within the ruling group, ministerial positions—which provided a generous salary, perks and for some, access to illicit wealth—constituted the most sought after form of patronage and yet, before 1970, the number of ministerial posts did not exceed seven.
906:
The promotion of tourism under Jawara's direction, the Gambia's tourism sector started to grow. His government marketed The Gambia as a travel destination, especially for European tourists, seeing the potential of tourism as a source of foreign cash and
692:. Despite their relatively small size, they came to dominate both the social, political, and economic life of the colony. Many opponents claim that it was pragmatic, albeit an unusual, fulfillment of Jawara's wish to marry a well-to-do Anglican woman.
793:
which deployed 400 troops to The Gambia on July 31, and by August 6 2,700 Senegalese troops had been deployed and they had defeated the coup leaders' forces. Between 500 and 800 people were killed during the coup and the resulting violence.
782:. The coup, which followed a weakening of the economy and allegations of corruption against leading politicians, occurred on July 29, 1981, and was carried out by the leftist National Revolutionary Council, composed of Kukoi Samba Sanyang's
1166:
patronage network, facilitating elite accumulation. It provided a means of creating and sustaining mutually beneficial and supportive relationships between PPP politicians (headed by Jawara), senior civil servants, and Gambian businessmen.
859:
In mid-1985, The Gambia under Jawara initiated the Economic Recovery Program (ERP), one of the most comprehensive economic adjustment programmes devised by any country in sub-Saharan Africa. With the aid of a team of economists from the
608:, a rite of passage for many Gambian children. There were no primary schools in Barajally Tenda: the nearest was in Georgetown (Janjanbureh), the provincial capital, but this boarding school was reserved for the sons of the chiefs.
885:
live births died of malaria. The Gambia also had a 75 percent illiteracy rate, only 40 percent of the population had access to potable water supply, and over 75 percent of the population were living in absolute poverty.
899:
Trade and export promotion which recognising the importance of trade for the Gambian economy, Jawara's government worked to improve the country's trade relations and expand its export base, particularly in agricultural
2559:
1043:
enjoying the fruits of their labour. The secondary factor of ethno-regional considerations compounded this resentment; those who were co-opted came from all ethnic groups in the former colony and protectorate.
711:
Jawara's ascendance to the leadership of the party was hardly contested. As one of the few university graduates from the protectorate, the only other possible candidate was Dr. Lamin Marena from Kudang.
903:
Infrastructure development such as investment of road networks, energy, and telecommunications, which especially for rural populations, were crucial for promoting trade and expanding access to markets.
831:
Three weeks after the aborted coup and the successful restoration of Jawara by Senegalese troops, Presidents Diouf and Jawara, at a joint press conference, announced plans for the establishment of the
640:
at a time when Ghana and many colonies in Africa were beginning to become restless for political independence or internal self-government. While he was happy to have met Ghana's founding father,
2604:
809:
441:
41:
1023:
party's founding members. At independence, Jawara's lieutenants regarded him as their representative, almost a nominal leader, and clearly intended him to promote their personal advancement.
2195:
778:
The greatest challenge to Dawda Jawara's rule (other than the coup that ended his power in 1994) was an attempted coup in 1981, headed by a disgruntled ex-politician turned Marxist,
2410:
843:
to life in prison instead, and many prisoners were released for lack of sufficient evidence. More serious offenders were tried by an impartial panel of judges drawn from Anglophone
847:
countries. International goodwill toward the regime was immediate and generous and before long, Jawara had begun a process of political and economic reconstruction of the country.
2569:
493:
2190:
2624:
586:, then called Bathurst. One of six sons, Dawda was the lastborn on his mother's side and a younger brother to sister Na Ceesay and brothers Basaddi and Sheriffo Jawara.
1817:
2162:
1675:
872:
Gambia Commercial Development Bank collapsed, largely due to its failure to collect loans. The Asset Management and Recovery Corporation (AMRC) was set up under an
861:
2584:
2629:
1569:
877:
revealed in Customs, and through the process of privatisation, it was discovered that many dummy loans had been given to well-connected individuals at GCDB.
2614:
2599:
2403:
770:, intentions to coordinate The Gambia's and Senegal's economic programmes were announced. Particular focus was to be placed on the field of agriculture.
2370:
2343:
551:
were forced to intervene, with 400 to 800 deaths reported by the end of the coup attempt. Following the coup attempt, Jawara and Senegalese President
543:. In 1970, The Gambia became a republic, and Jawara was elected as its first president. The greatest challenge to Jawara's power came in 1981 when an
680:
When Jawara returned home in 1953 after completing his studies as a veterinary surgeon, he first served as a veterinary officer. In 1955 he married
1528:
2594:
1162:
766:, the Secretary-General, agreed to. The British attitude was said to be one of "friendly encouragement". In March 1964, following a visit from
705:
544:
513:
509:
316:
2396:
1922:
1801:
2419:
2037:
Cooke, David; Hughes, Arnold (1997-03-01). "The politics of economic recovery: The Gambia's experience of structural adjustment, 1985–94".
783:
66:
1915:
Promoting Accountability under International law for Gross Human Rights Violation in Africa. Essay in honor of prosecutor Assan B. Jallow
1500:
2074:
1581:
570:
seized power. Following this, he went into exile, but returned in 2002, and lived in retirement in The Gambia until his death in 2019.
2579:
203:
2589:
2574:
2311:
2273:
2124:
1444:
1144:
1005:
517:
700:
decided to change its name to challenge the urban-based parties and their leaders. Thus was born the Protectorate People's Party.
2072:
Hughes, Arnold (1975). "From Green Uprising to National Reconciliation: The people's Progressive Party in The Gambia 1959–1973".
1529:"Berkeley Rice On IM Garba-Jahumpa (Excerpts From Enter Gambia, Birth Of An Improbable Nation) – The Standard Newspaper | Gambia"
1213:
He returned to The Gambia as an elder statesman, but was forbidden to take part in politics for the rest of his life. He went to
593:
who commuted from Barajally Tenda to his trading post in Wally Kunda. His family, the Jawaras, had once served as members of the
896:
Agricultural Development particularly groundnut (peanut) farming, was the backbone of Th Gambia's economy during his presidency.
1794:
Promoting Accountability Under International law for Gross Human Rights in Africa. Essays in honor of prosecutor Assan B.Jallow
1412:
2619:
1961:
1622:
The Oxford companion to politics of the world by Joël Krieger, Margaret E. Crahan. Published by Oxford University Press, 2001
1301:
1222:
1082:
943:
1193:
881:
and privilege. Corruption had become a serious problem in The Gambia, especially during the last two years of the PPP rule.
563:
458:
2170:
1672:
1125:
986:
1668:
1199:
1078:
939:
1097:
958:
2549:
2136:
521:
450:
174:
89:
1487:
1296:
865:
767:
1847:
1765:
1613:
Sir Dawada Kairaba Jawara by Dawada Kairaba Jawara. Published by Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara (December 31, 2009)
1384:
1104:
965:
2609:
786:
and elements of the "Field Force" (a paramilitary force which constituted the bulk of the country's armed forces).
688:
in Bathurst. The Aku, a small and educated group, are descendants of freed slaves who settled in The Gambia after
2564:
832:
278:
103:
2554:
2544:
1416:
556:
146:
1111:
972:
1568:
Hughes, Arnold, and David Perfect. Historical Dictionary of the Gambia, Scarecrow, Lanham, MD, 2008, p. 113.
2284:
2250:
1362:
1071:
932:
844:
669:
501:
497:
454:
425:
421:
70:
1330:
1439:
1335:
469:
95:
1093:
954:
1389:
1248:
1237:
888:
489:
417:
1888:
2539:
2534:
2266:
817:
525:
230:
720:
2431:
2302:
1593:
1252:
779:
590:
540:
125:
582:
in the central region of The Gambia, approximately 240 kilometres (150 mi) from the capital,
2008:
1811:
1723:
1715:
1469:
648:
629:
613:
485:
207:
2363:
2353:
2459:
2336:
2214:
2120:
2054:
2000:
1957:
1918:
1797:
873:
653:
508:, beginning work as a veterinary officer. He entered politics and became secretary of the new
99:
472:, the son of Mamma Fatty and Almami Jawara. He was educated at the Methodist Boys' School in
2228:
2083:
2046:
1990:
1872:"Gambia: 'President Jammeh Oks Gambianization of Moroccans,' Says Foreign Ministry Official"
1707:
1477:
725:
633:
632:, where he studied science. While at Prince of Wales College and School (popularly known as
617:
754:
During the self-government period of 1962–65, promising overtures were made from Jawara to
2242:
1679:
1118:
979:
477:
1357:
17:
1432:
1264:
762:(UN) to appoint experts to assess the future of Senegal and The Gambia together, which
759:
741:
681:
661:
532:
505:
334:
282:
2236:
1682:. In depth: Economic crisis and a leftist coup attempt in 1981. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
559:, but it proved to be short-lived and ultimately collapsed eight years later in 1989.
2528:
1740:
1727:
641:
363:
2513:
2508:
2492:
2440:
2321:
2294:
2087:
2025:
1695:
1233:
1206:
748:
657:
567:
536:
138:
119:
51:
1232:
On 3 February 2017, Jawara was visited at his home by the newly elected president
1047:
rely on elite-level resource distribution as heavily as some of his counterparts.
578:
Dawda Jawara was born in 1924 to Almammi Jawara and Mamma Fatty in the village of
1871:
2380:
1405:
1350:
1060:
921:
820:
729:
689:
598:
552:
167:
2388:
1263:
Sir Dawda's portrait is depicted on various banknotes and coins of The Gambian
2449:
2423:
2204:
2050:
1711:
1505:
1289:
1244:
685:
446:
412:
306:
2140:
2058:
2004:
1954:
Economic Recovery in the Gambia: Insights for Adjustmet in Sub-Saharan Africa
1243:
When he died, Sir Dawda was the last living Gambian who had been conferred a
589:
Their father Almammi, who had several wives, was a well-to-do trader from an
579:
465:
274:
1995:
1978:
1580:
Molony, Tom. Nyerere: The Early Years, James Currey, Oxford, 2016, p. 110.
2137:"Office of The Gambian President: State House Online: Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh"
604:
Dawda from an early age attended the local Arabic schools to memorize the
1468:
Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 March 1966
1377:
647:
After attending Achimota College, Jawara won a scholarship to Scotland's
637:
621:
2012:
1018:
With Jawara's precarious hold on power at Gambian independence, his low
1501:"The Gambia's first president, Dawda Jawara, dies aged 95 - Presidency"
1214:
1085: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
946: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
790:
763:
755:
548:
1848:"Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara: his life, politics, leadership, and legacy"
1766:"Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara: his life, politics, leadership, and legacy"
1719:
1198:
In December 1991, Jawara announced that he would not seek re-election
1226:
1218:
733:
665:
583:
473:
298:
1979:"Democracy in The Gambia: Past, Present and Prospect for the Future"
704:
the 1960 election. The Protectorate People's Party was renamed the
1019:
813:
719:
625:
605:
594:
481:
302:
1632:"Gambia: A possible union between two new West African states".
1323:
747:
With a small civil service, staffed mostly by the Aku and urban
2392:
520:. He became the leader of the PPP and then the country's first
1054:
915:
2560:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
2163:"Sir Dawda pledges support to President Barrow's Government"
810:
Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer
524:
in 1962, only the second-ever head of government following
1217:
in 2007 after being selected to head a West African team (
656:’s socialist politics and ideology. At Glasgow Jawara met
2371:
Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
2344:
Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
1547:
Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, written by Dawda Kairaba Jawara
789:
President Jawara immediately requested military aid from
1952:
McPherson, Malcolm F.; Radelet, Steven C., eds. (1995).
1205:
On 22 July 1994, a group of soldiers led by Lieutenant
2039:
The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
531:
Under Jawara, The Gambia gained independence from the
1161:
Nevertheless, events during the closing years of the
644:, the impact did not prove significant at the time.
2501:
2485:
2469:
2430:
411:
403:
323:
312:
288:
257:
252:
236:
224:
213:
199:
191:
173:
163:
144:
132:
113:
87:
65:
32:
2115:Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999)
1947:
1945:
1943:
1889:"Lessons From Former President Sir Dawda Jawara"
1698:(1990). "Economics and Politics in the Gambia".
1555:
1553:
504:. He returned to The Gambia in 1953 and married
2605:People's Progressive Party (Gambia) politicians
1913:Jallow and Marong, Charles and Alhagie (2015).
1176:
862:Harvard Institute for International Development
800:
27:First president of the Gambia from 1970 to 1994
2026:Demographic Profile of The Gambia – Population
2404:
2251:More stories of ex-Gambian president's legacy
1983:Africa Development / Afrique et DĂ©veloppement
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
803:limitations on the economies like the Gambia.
159:12 December 1981 – 30 September 1989
8:
2502:President of the Second Republic (from 1996)
1816:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1499:Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (27 August 2019).
684:, daughter of Sir John Mahoney, a prominent
2570:Grand Crosses of the National Order of Mali
2470:President of the First Republic (1970–1994)
2101:Dawada Kairaba Jawara (December 31, 2009).
1792:Jallow, Chales and Marong, Alhagie (2015).
562:Jawara continued to rule until 1994 when a
535:in 1965. He remained as prime minister and
2411:
2397:
2389:
2255:
547:took place and soldiers from neighbouring
50:
29:
2625:Gambian expatriates in the United Kingdom
1994:
1690:
1688:
1145:Learn how and when to remove this message
1006:Learn how and when to remove this message
453:from 1962 to 1970, and then as the first
1300:Grand Master and Grand Commander of the
1225:. He then took residence in the town of
1461:
1221:) to assess Nigeria's preparedness for
1809:
1752:Countries and Territories of the World
2585:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1787:
1785:
1741:The Confederal Document of Senegambia
758:. In November 1962, Jawara asked the
496:, then completed his training at the
445:(16 May 1924 – 27 August 2019) was a
187:12 June 1962 – 24 April 1970
83:24 April 1970 – 22 July 1994
7:
2117:Elections in Africa: A data handbook
1594:"Information on Colonial-Government"
1223:its April 2007 presidential election
1083:adding citations to reliable sources
944:adding citations to reliable sources
784:Gambia Socialist Revolutionary Party
636:), Jawara showed little interest in
2630:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
2075:Canadian Journal of African Studies
1443:Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the
1302:Order of the Republic of The Gambia
2615:People from Central River Division
2600:Government ministers of the Gambia
2161:Ceesay, Saikou (7 February 2017).
2105:. Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara.
812:in London and flew immediately to
618:Prince of Wales College and School
25:
1700:Journal of Modern African Studies
1445:Order of St Michael and St George
1236:and pledged to render support to
1051:Corruption and political survival
2452:
2235:
2221:
2207:
1878:, 16 August 2006, via AllAfrica.
1438:
1425:
1411:
1398:
1383:
1370:
1356:
1343:
1329:
1316:
1295:
1282:
1059:
920:
350:
2167:Office of The Gambian President
1796:. Leiden/Boston: Bril Nijhoff.
1527:Balajo, Babucarr (2014-04-04).
1488:Profile of Dawda Kairaba Jawara
1070:needs additional citations for
931:needs additional citations for
457:from 1970 to 1994, when he was
392:
372:
346:
2088:10.1080/00083968.1975.10803727
1636:. 1 December 1962. p. 17.
1035:entrench himself as a leader.
660:, who later became Premier of
555:announced the creation of the
1:
2595:Prime ministers of the Gambia
1917:. Boston: Brill and Nijhoff.
1669:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
1259:Depiction on Gambian currency
716:Self-government in The Gambia
574:Childhood and early education
539:remained as head of state as
512:(PPP) and was elected to the
494:School of Veterinary Medicine
2274:Prime Minister of the Gambia
1937:Budget Speech, 15 June 1990.
175:Prime Minister of the Gambia
2486:Military regime (1994–1996)
866:International Monetary Fund
528:'s term as Chief Minister.
2646:
1191:
1163:People's Progressive Party
706:People's Progressive Party
510:People's Progressive Party
317:People’s Progressive Party
2580:Alumni of Achimota School
2447:
2377:
2368:
2360:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2309:
2291:
2280:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2103:Sir Dawada Kairaba Jawara
2051:10.1080/14662049708447740
1977:Edie, Carlene J. (2000).
1712:10.1017/s0022278x00054768
833:Senegambian Confederation
827:Senegambian Confederation
470:MacCarthy Island Division
449:politician who served as
431:
279:MacCarthy Island Division
248:
180:
152:
104:Alhajie Alieu Badara Njie
76:
61:
49:
2590:Presidents of the Gambia
2575:Leaders ousted by a coup
1647:"News Summary: Africa".
1417:Grand Order of Mugunghwa
1194:1994 Gambian coup d'Ă©tat
557:Senegambia Confederation
514:House of Representatives
438:Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara
18:Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara
2312:President of the Gambia
2285:President of the Gambia
1846:Gambiana (2019-08-28).
1833:Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawar
1764:Gambiana (2019-08-28).
1363:Order of the Golden Ark
740:In 1962, Jawara became
670:University of Edinburgh
502:University of Edinburgh
498:University of Liverpool
455:President of The Gambia
426:University of Edinburgh
422:University of Liverpool
71:President of the Gambia
1996:10.4314/ad.v25i3.22106
1893:The Standard Newspaper
1336:National Order of Mali
1253:monarchy of the Gambia
1181:
805:
737:
208:Sir Farimang Singhateh
96:Sheriff Mustapha Dibba
2620:Gambian veterinarians
2283:Himself as the first
1390:Order of Prince Henry
1249:1966 New Year Honours
889:Structural adjustment
768:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
723:
545:attempted coup d'Ă©tat
490:University of Glasgow
418:University of Glasgow
1870:Ebrima G. Sankareh,
1388:Grand Collar of the
1079:improve this article
940:improve this article
676:Return to The Gambia
349: 1955;
262:Dawda Kairaba Jawara
2550:Gambian politicians
2303:Queen of the Gambia
2173:on 20 February 2017
1334:Grand Cross of the
1267:from 1971 to 1994.
1238:Barrow's government
780:Kukoi Samba Sanyang
774:1981 attempted coup
591:aristocratic family
541:Queen of The Gambia
464:Jawara was born in
126:Queen of the Gambia
2259:Political offices
2194:Freedom Newspaper
1678:2013-10-04 at the
1474:Honours and Awards
1470:The London Gazette
738:
732:during a visit to
649:Glasgow University
614:I.M. Garba-Jahumpa
486:veterinary surgeon
484:. He trained as a
476:and then attended
145:Vice President of
107:Bakary Bunja Darbo
2610:Conflicts in 1981
2522:
2521:
2460:The Gambia portal
2387:
2386:
2378:Succeeded by
2351:Succeeded by
2337:Ibrahim Babangida
2329:Diplomatic posts
2319:Succeeded by
2307:
2281:Succeeded by
2267:Pierre Sarr N'Jie
2215:The Gambia portal
1956:. Harvard Press.
1924:978-90-04-27174-6
1803:978-90-04-27174-6
1361:Commander of the
1155:
1154:
1147:
1129:
1016:
1015:
1008:
990:
874:Act of Parliament
526:Pierre Sarr N'Jie
474:Banjul (Bathurst)
435:
434:
231:Pierre Sarr N'Jie
220:
200:Governors General
128:
100:Assan Musa Camara
16:(Redirected from
2637:
2565:Knights Bachelor
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2361:Preceded by
2334:Preceded by
2298:
2292:Preceded by
2264:Preceded by
2256:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2229:Biography portal
2226:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2189:The Gambia Echo
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2169:. Archived from
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2139:. Archived from
2133:
2127:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1989:(3/4): 161–198.
1974:
1968:
1967:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1831:Dawda K Jawara.
1828:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1696:Sallah, Tijan M.
1692:
1683:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1651:. 21 March 1964.
1644:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1476:, 11 March 1966
1466:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1415:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1387:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1360:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1299:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1229:where he died.
1150:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1087:
1063:
1055:
1011:
1004:
1000:
997:
991:
989:
948:
924:
916:
816:to consult with
726:David Ben-Gurion
634:Achimota College
478:Achimota College
444:
396:
394:
376:
374:
354:
352:
348:
295:
271:
269:
253:Personal details
243:Office abolished
239:
227:
218:
185:
157:
135:
123:
116:
92:
81:
54:
44:
30:
21:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2555:Gambian knights
2545:Gambian Muslims
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2497:
2481:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2426:
2417:
2383:
2374:
2366:
2364:Blaise Compaoré
2356:
2354:Blaise Compaoré
2347:
2339:
2324:
2315:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2269:
2243:Politics portal
2241:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1876:The Gambia Echo
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1680:Wayback Machine
1667:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1426:
1424:
1399:
1397:
1371:
1369:
1344:
1342:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1261:
1196:
1190:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1064:
1053:
1012:
1001:
995:
992:
949:
947:
937:
925:
914:
912:Regime survival
853:
851:Economic reform
829:
776:
724:PM Jawara with
718:
682:Augusta Mahoney
678:
580:Barajally Tenda
576:
506:Augusta Mahoney
440:
424:
420:
399:
398:
395: 1970)
390:
386:
378:
375: 1968)
370:
366:
356:
353: 1967)
344:
340:
337:
335:Augusta Mahoney
313:Political party
297:
293:
273:
267:
265:
264:
263:
237:
225:
206:
186:
181:
158:
153:
133:
122:
114:
108:
106:
102:
98:
88:
82:
77:
57:
45:
40:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2420:Heads of state
2418:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2308:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2232:
2218:
2202:
2201:External links
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2153:
2128:
2108:
2093:
2064:
2029:
2018:
1969:
1962:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1905:
1880:
1863:
1838:
1823:
1802:
1781:
1756:
1744:
1733:
1706:(4): 621–648.
1684:
1654:
1639:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1540:
1519:
1491:
1480:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1433:United Kingdom
1422:
1421:
1420:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1153:
1152:
1094:"Dawda Jawara"
1067:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1014:
1013:
955:"Dawda Jawara"
928:
926:
919:
913:
910:
909:
908:
904:
901:
897:
852:
849:
828:
825:
775:
772:
760:United Nations
742:prime minister
717:
714:
677:
674:
662:British Guiana
628:, in the then
575:
572:
533:United Kingdom
522:prime minister
451:prime minister
433:
432:
429:
428:
415:
409:
408:
407:Bolumbo Jawara
405:
401:
400:
388:
385:Njaimeh M'Boge
384:
383:
382:
381:
368:
362:
361:
360:
359:
342:
338:
333:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
321:
320:
314:
310:
309:
296:(aged 95)
292:27 August 2019
290:
286:
285:
283:British Gambia
261:
259:
255:
254:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
217:Sir John Paul
215:
211:
210:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
178:
177:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
150:
149:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
117:
111:
110:
109:Saihou Sabally
93:
90:Vice President
85:
84:
74:
73:
63:
62:
59:
58:
56:Jawara in 1979
55:
47:
46:
39:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2219:
2216:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2143:on 2008-02-21
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:0-19-829645-2
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:(1): 93–117.
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1895:. 31 May 2019
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096: –
1095:
1091:
1090:Find sources:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1068:This section
1066:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1010:
1007:
999:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957: –
956:
952:
951:Find sources:
945:
941:
935:
934:
929:This section
927:
923:
918:
917:
911:
905:
902:
898:
895:
894:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
869:
867:
863:
857:
850:
848:
846:
840:
836:
834:
826:
824:
822:
819:
815:
811:
804:
799:
795:
792:
787:
785:
781:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
745:
743:
735:
731:
727:
722:
715:
713:
709:
707:
701:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
645:
643:
642:Kwame Nkrumah
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
609:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
518:1960 election
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
380:
379:
365:
358:
357:
336:
329:
328:
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
260:
256:
251:
247:
244:
241:
235:
232:
229:
223:
216:
212:
209:
205:
204:Sir John Paul
202:
198:
194:
190:
184:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
156:
151:
148:
143:
140:
137:
131:
127:
121:
118:
112:
105:
101:
97:
94:
91:
86:
80:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
43:
31:
19:
2476:
2441:Elizabeth II
2369:
2342:
2322:Yahya Jammeh
2310:
2300:
2299:
2295:Elizabeth II
2272:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:the original
2166:
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2131:
2116:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2082:(1): 61–74.
2079:
2073:
2067:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2021:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1953:
1933:
1914:
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1875:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1793:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1736:
1703:
1699:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1588:
1576:
1564:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1504:
1494:
1483:
1473:
1464:
1448:
1262:
1251:) under the
1242:
1234:Adama Barrow
1231:
1212:
1207:Yahya Jammeh
1204:
1197:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1141:
1135:January 2023
1132:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1089:
1077:Please help
1072:verification
1069:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1002:
996:January 2023
993:
983:
976:
969:
962:
950:
938:Please help
933:verification
930:
887:
883:
879:
870:
858:
854:
845:Commonwealth
841:
837:
830:
806:
801:
796:
788:
777:
753:
746:
739:
728:and General
710:
702:
698:
694:
679:
658:Cheddi Jagan
654:Labour Party
646:
610:
603:
588:
577:
568:Yahya Jammeh
561:
537:Elizabeth II
530:
463:
437:
436:
364:Chilel N'Jie
294:(2019-08-27)
242:
238:Succeeded by
195:Elizabeth II
182:
154:
139:Yahya Jammeh
134:Succeeded by
120:Elizabeth II
78:
37:Dawda Jawara
2540:2019 deaths
2535:1924 births
2434:(1965–1970)
2381:Abdou Diouf
1599:October 16,
1559:Saine, 2000
1406:South Korea
1351:Netherlands
821:Abdou Diouf
730:Moshe Dayan
690:manumission
564:coup d'Ă©tat
553:Abdou Diouf
272:16 May 1924
226:Preceded by
219:(1962–1965)
168:Abdou Diouf
115:Preceded by
2529:Categories
2424:The Gambia
2375:1991–1992
2348:1989–1990
2316:1970–1994
2278:1962–1970
2177:8 November
2147:2008-03-09
1963:0674229754
1899:2020-05-29
1857:2020-05-24
1775:2020-05-29
1649:The Sphere
1634:The Sphere
1534:2023-06-01
1512:8 November
1506:Africanews
1457:References
1245:knighthood
1105:newspapers
966:newspapers
672:in 1957.
630:Gold Coast
413:Alma mater
307:The Gambia
268:1924-05-16
147:Senegambia
2119:, p. 420
2059:0306-3631
2005:0850-3907
1812:cite book
1728:154352929
1188:1994 coup
900:products.
818:President
466:Barajally
275:Barajally
183:In office
164:President
155:In office
79:In office
2013:43658048
1852:Gambiana
1770:Gambiana
1676:Archived
1378:Portugal
1276:National
1247:(in the
864:and the
736:in 1962.
638:politics
622:Achimota
599:Old Mali
500:and the
404:Children
214:Governor
1754:Vol III
1447:(GCMG)
1310:Foreign
1271:Honours
1215:Nigeria
1200:in 1992
1119:scholar
980:scholar
791:Senegal
764:U Thant
756:Senegal
749:Wollofs
566:led by
549:Senegal
516:at the
488:at the
459:deposed
447:Gambian
397:
389:
377:
369:
355:
343:
339:
324:Spouses
192:Monarch
2514:Barrow
2509:Jammeh
2493:Jammeh
2477:Jawara
2123:
2057:
2011:
2003:
1960:
1921:
1800:
1726:
1720:160924
1718:
1673:Gambia
1430:
1419:(1984)
1403:
1392:(1993)
1375:
1348:
1321:
1290:Gambia
1287:
1265:dalasi
1227:Fajara
1219:ECOWAS
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1092:
982:
975:
968:
961:
953:
734:Israel
666:Guyana
664:, now
584:Banjul
299:Fajara
2432:Queen
2009:JSTOR
1724:S2CID
1716:JSTOR
1126:JSTOR
1112:books
1020:caste
987:JSTOR
973:books
907:jobs.
814:Dakar
626:Accra
606:Quran
595:Gbara
482:Ghana
391:(
387:
371:(
367:
345:(
341:
319:(PPP)
303:Bakau
69:
2179:2019
2121:ISBN
2055:ISSN
2001:ISSN
1958:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1818:link
1798:ISBN
1601:2011
1582:Link
1570:Link
1514:2019
1324:Mali
1098:news
959:news
442:GCMG
351:div.
289:Died
258:Born
42:GCMG
2422:of
2301:as
2084:doi
2047:doi
1991:doi
1708:doi
1449:Sir
1081:by
942:by
686:Aku
620:in
597:of
492:'s
480:in
124:as
67:1st
34:Sir
2531::
2165:.
2078:.
2053:.
2043:35
2041:.
2007:.
1999:.
1987:25
1985:.
1981:.
1942:^
1891:.
1874:,
1850:.
1814:}}
1810:{{
1784:^
1768:.
1722:.
1714:.
1704:28
1702:.
1687:^
1671:,
1657:^
1552:^
1503:.
1472:,
1435::
1408::
1380::
1353::
1326::
1292::
1255:.
1240:.
624:,
601:.
468:,
461:.
393:m.
373:m.
347:m.
305:,
301:,
281:,
277:,
2412:e
2405:t
2398:v
2181:.
2150:.
2090:.
2086::
2080:9
2061:.
2049::
2015:.
1993::
1966:.
1927:.
1902:.
1860:.
1835:.
1820:)
1806:.
1778:.
1730:.
1710::
1603:.
1537:.
1516:.
1148:)
1142:(
1137:)
1133:(
1123:·
1116:·
1109:·
1102:·
1075:.
1009:)
1003:(
998:)
994:(
984:·
977:·
970:·
963:·
936:.
270:)
266:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.