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drew was that the presence of solid particles is not the only factor that determines the light-giving power of a flame, Further, he showed that the spectrum of a dense ignited gas resembles that of an incandescent liquid or solid, and he traced a gradual change in the spectrum of an incandescent gas under increasing pressure, the sharp lines observable when it is extremely attenuated broadening out to nebulous bands as the pressure rises, till they merge in the continuous spectrum as the gas approaches a density comparable with that of the liquid state. An application of these results to solar physics in conjunction with Sir
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544:, he undertook the duty of making monthly reports to the registrar-general on the character of the water supplied to London, and these he continued down to the end of his life. At one time he was an unsparing critic of its quality, but in later years he became strongly convinced of its general excellence and wholesomeness.
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601:. In 1868, they noticed, in the solar spectrum, a bright yellow line which did not correspond to any substance then known. It was this line which they attributed to the then hypothetical element, helium. This was the first time an element was discovered on an extraterrestrial world before being found on the earth.
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of a candle varies with the density of the atmosphere in which it is burnt, a question which was answered in the negative. Other observations made by
Frankland at the time formed the starting-point of a series of experiments which yielded far-reaching results. He noticed that at the summit the candle
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Frankland's great work was in connection with water-supply. Appointed a member of the second royal commission on the pollution of rivers in 1868, he was provided by the government with a completely equipped laboratory, in which, for a period of six years, he carried on the inquiries necessary for the
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The theoretical deductions
Frankland drew from considering these bodies were even more interesting and important than the bodies themselves. Perceiving a molecular isonomy between them and the inorganic compounds of the metals from which they may be formed, Frankland saw their true molecular type in
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by varying the pressure of the atmosphere in which they are burning. He found that pressure increases luminosity, so that hydrogen, for example, the flame of which gives no light in normal circumstances, burns with a luminous flame under a pressure of ten or twenty atmospheres, and the inference he
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thus founded has dominated the subsequent development of chemical doctrine, and forms the groundwork upon which the fabric of modern structural chemistry reposes. Edward
Frankland's 1852 publication on his discovery of the theory of valence was honoured by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award
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compounds of those metals, from which he held them to be derived by the substitution of an organic group for the oxygen, sulphur, &c. In this way they enabled him to overthrow the theory of conjugate compounds, and they further led him in 1852 to publish the conception that the atoms of each
292:. "I was already much interested in chemistry, my step-father allowed me to stay away from school in order to attend the trial" Frankland wished to become a doctor, but the cost of training was "absolutely prohibitive". So the only entrance for him was "the back door of a druggist's shop"
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Frankland's analyses were both chemical and bacteriological, and his dissatisfaction with the processes in vogue for the former at the time of his appointment caused him to spend two years in devising new and more accurate methods. In 1859 Frankland passed a night on the very top of
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in London and arrange to have
Frankland become his successor. Hence Frankland abruptly terminated his studies in Germany and returned to take up Playfair's former position in England. A year later Frankland became professor of chemistry at a newly established school now known as the
238:. His mother, Margaret "Peggy" Frankland, later married William Helm, a Lancaster cabinet-maker. "His illegitimacy cast a shadow over all his life since he was pledged to silence as to the identity of his natural father, although a handsome annuity was paid to his mother".
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in
October 1849. They had first met on Frankland's 1847 trip. They married on 27 February 1851 at St Martin-in-the-Fields. After Sophie's death from tuberculosis in 1874, in 1875 Edward Frankland married Ellen Frances Grenside. He died in Golaa, a village in the
318:, attending classes in a makeshift cottage laboratory made available to local apprentices and other young men by a local doctor, James Johnson. Others in that youthful circle were the scientific writer Robert Galloway (also apprenticed to Ross) and the anatomist
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purposes of that body, and was thus the means of bringing to light an enormous amount of valuable information respecting the contamination of rivers by sewage, trade-refuse, &c., and the purification of water for domestic use. In 1865, when he succeeded
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924:"Lancaster Library Collection, Item DDX 2743/MS5076, Sir Edward Frankland: Indenture of apprenticeship to Stephen Ross of Lancaster, druggist, for 6 years, as a chemist and druggist, the collection of Lancashire Archives"
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Citation for
Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, for Frankland's 1852 publication on the discovery of the theory of valence, awarded to the
284:, which was adjacent to the Free Grammar School (then located on Castle Hill, Lancaster). It was an action brought by the Corporation of Liverpool against Mr. Muspratt for committing a nuisance by allowing
345:. Robert Bunsen was an influential teacher at Marburg at the time, and Bunsen's reputation was one of the main attractions for Frankland. The following year Frankland accepted an invitation to move to
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Ueber die
Isolirung des Aethyls. Inaugural-Dissertation, welche mit Genehmigung der philosophischen Facultät zu Marburg zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde einreicht Edward Frankland aus Lancaster.
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198:. An expert in water quality and analysis, he was a member of the second royal commission on the pollution of rivers, and studied London's water quality for decades. He also studied
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elementary substance have a definite saturation capacity, so that they can only combine with a certain limited number of the atoms of other elements. The theory of
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How to teach chemistry : hints to science teachers and students being the substance of Six
Lectures delivered at the Royal College of Chemistry in June 1872
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led to the view that at least the external layers of the sun cannot consist of matter in the liquid or solid forms, but must be composed of gases or vapours.
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326:. Whilst there, Frankland attended Playfair's lecture course; at the end of it he passed the examination—the only written one he ever sat.
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and he attended the private school of James
Wallasey, where he first took an interest in chemistry, in particular, reading the work of
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From an early age, Frankland engaged in original research with great success. Analytical problems, such as the isolation of certain
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During the latter part of his six-year apprenticeship, Frankland also attended the
Lancaster Mechanics' Institute (later to become
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Frankland gave a variety of lectures at the Royal Institution. In 1862, 1864, and 1866, Frankland was invited to deliver the
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Seyferth, Dietmar (July 2001). "Zinc Alkyls, Edward Frankland, and the Beginnings of Main-Group Organometallic Chemistry".
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Frankland, Edward (1902). West, Margaret Nanny (Frankland); Colenso, Sophie Jeanette (Frankland) (eds.).
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Frankland, Edward (1902). West, Margaret Nanny (Frankland); Colenso, Sophie Jeanette (Frankland) (eds.).
280:. According to Frankland himself, his interest in chemistry was furthered by a case held in the court of
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In summer 1847 Frankland visited Germany and met some of Playfair's chemistry contacts there, including
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work", pounding and mixing large quantities of chemicals to create medicinal preparations such as
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In January 1850, Lyon Playfair revealed his intention to resign from his professorship at Putney
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and the effects of atmospheric pressure on dense ignited gas, and was one of the discoverers of
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Sketches from the life of Edward Frankland, born January 18, 1825, died August 9, 1899
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Sketches from the life of Edward Frankland, born January 18, 1825, died August 9, 1899
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333:. In August 1847, Frankland accepted a post as science-master at a boarding school (
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Baldwin, Melinda (14 October 2016). "What was it like to get a PhD in the 1840s?".
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Edward Frankland : chemistry, controversy, and conspiracy in Victorian England
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Water analysis for sanitary purposes, with hints for the interpretation of results
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Lecture notes for chemical students : embracing mineral and organic chemistry
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gave a very poor light, and was thereby led to investigate the effect produced on
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Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
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1451:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015
1419:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015
978:. London & New York: G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd.; E.P. Dutton & Co.
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466:, attracted his attention at first, but he soon turned to chemical syntheses.
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Frankland, E. (1852). "On a New Series of Organic Bodies Containing Metals".
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576:. One of the purposes of the expedition was to discover whether the rate of
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1360:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–24.
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The Records of the East India College, Haileybury, & other institutions
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compounds. After his return to England Frankland achieved the synthesis of
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Edward Frankland became engaged to Sophie Fick, sister of physiologist
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428:. His body was returned to Britain and he was buried near his home in
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Garner, William Edward (1948). "Percy Faraday Frankland. 1858–1946".
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373:, London. For two decades Frankland also had a teaching role at the
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At age 12, Edward moved to the Lancaster Free Grammar School (later
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Parish Register of Garstang Parish (St. Helen's Church, Churchtown)
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Lancastrian chemist : the early years of Sir Edward Frankland
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to Stephen Ross, a Lancaster pharmacist. and his duties included "
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on 20 February 1825. As his baptismal record shows, his birth was
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653:, from the Royal Society of Chemistry, at Quay Street, Manchester
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Researches on the isolation of the radicals of organic compounds
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is believed to have directed his students, Edward Frankland and
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American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry
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American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry
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Experimental Researches in Pure, Applied and Physical Chemistry
234:. His natural father was Edward Chaddock Gorst, the father of
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Academics of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
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Marburg, 1849. Druck von George Westermann in Braunschweig. .
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was also a noted chemist and a Fellow of the Royal Society.
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in London; and he taught briefly (from 1859 to 1861) at the
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Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
183:(18 January 1825 – 9 August 1899) was an
1023:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 217.
678:, at 14 Lancaster Gate, Bayswater, London in June 2019
369:, London, and, in 1863, professor of chemistry at the
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1471:"Sir Edward Frankland & Sir Harry Enfield Roscoe"
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Blue plaque from the Royal Society of Chemistry, at
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Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
1264:. In Allinger, Norman L.; Eliel, Ernest L. (eds.).
593:Frankland and Lockyer were also the discoverers of
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1237:. University of Manchester Library. Archived from
2104:People educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School
951:. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press.
524:from the Division of History of Chemistry of the
241:From age 3 to 8 Edward lived and was educated in
194:and introduced the concept of combining power or
1192:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1496:"Lancaster school unveils tribute to scientist"
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1434:
1268:. Vol. 9. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
840:. London and Portland Oregon: Cass. p. 4.
647:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, 1897
288:gas (HCl) to escape from his chemical works in
265:borrowed from the Mechanics Institute Library.
1551:, Audio program and transcript about Frankland
1262:"The Foundations of Classical Stereochemistry"
365:. In 1857, he became lecturer in chemistry at
2149:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
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1153:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
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789:(2nd ed.). London: Gurney & Jackson.
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763:Frankland, Edward; Japp, Francis A. (1884).
752:Frankland, Edward; Chaloner, George (1875).
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1442:"Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award"
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1514:"Sir Edward Frankland Chemical Scientist"
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870:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
825:. Church of England. 1813. p. 146.
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299:by his step-father, William Helm as an
1902:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
975:Famous Chemists The Men And Their Work
912:. London: Spottiswoode & Co., Ltd.
798:. London: Spottiswoode & Co., Ltd.
478:, leading to Frankland's discovery of
392:in 1853. He was awarded the Society's
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400:in 1894 and was also a member of the
272:), that had also educated scientists
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2109:Academics of Imperial College London
1055:. London: H.M.S.O. pp. 119–121.
611:Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
866:"Frankland, Sir Edward (1825–1899)"
442:Frankland's papers are held at the
190:. He was one of the originators of
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2129:People from Lancaster, Lancashire
1112:. American Institute of Physics.
634:Fellow of the Royal Society, 1853
324:Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair
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1580:University of Manchester Library
1571:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1567:Dictionary of National Biography
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769:. London: J. & A. Churchill.
758:. London: J. & A. Churchill.
563:erected Quay Street, Manchester
388:Edward Frankland was elected a
257:. In 1833, the family moved to
142:Discoverer of the principle of
2134:Recipients of the Copley Medal
1080:Journal of the Society of Arts
838:A Life of Sir John Eldon Gorst
661:Lancaster Royal Grammar School
270:Lancaster Royal Grammar School
1:
226:, Lancashire and baptised at
222:Edward Frankland was born in
2119:Fellows of the Royal Society
2114:University of Marburg alumni
1543:"No. 2036: EDWARD FRANKLAND"
1051:Farrington, Anthony (1976).
732:Resources in other libraries
708:Resources in other libraries
379:Royal India Military College
218:Edward Frankland's indenture
1576:Frankland Papers Collection
1086:(2439): 766. 18 August 1899
972:Tilden, William A. (1921).
390:Fellow of the Royal Society
358:College for Civil Engineers
68:Edward Frankland in his 20s
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1846:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
1822:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
1260:Mason, Stephen F. (1976).
1017:Russell, Colin A. (1996).
947:Russell, Colin A. (1986).
864:Russell, Colin A. (2004).
783:Frankland, Edward (1890).
774:Frankland, Edward (1866).
748:(collected papers to 1877)
742:Frankland, Edward (1877).
657:National Chemical Landmark
599:Pierre Jules CĂ©sar Janssen
538:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
474:, to the investigation of
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1561:"Frankland, Edward"
1266:Topics in Stereochemistry
1235:"Edward Frankland Papers"
872:. Oxford University Press
727:Resources in your library
703:Resources in your library
613:, speaking on the topics
526:American Chemical Society
367:St Bartholomew's Hospital
140:Pioneer in water analysis
61:
1547:Engines of our Ingenuity
778:. London: J. Van Voorst.
746:. London: J. Van Voorst.
669:University of Manchester
363:University of Manchester
192:organometallic chemistry
149:Organometallic chemistry
1790:Julius Robert von Mayer
1357:Encyclopædia Britannica
836:Hunter, Archie (2001).
637:Royal Medal, 1857, for
619:The Chemistry of a Coal
424:whilst on a holiday in
1862:James Joseph Sylvester
1678:Michel Eugène Chevreul
1638:Alexander von Humboldt
1388:10.1098/rstl.1852.0020
1205:10.1098/rsbm.1948.0007
623:The Chemistry of Gases
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228:Churchtown, Lancashire
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1966:George Gabriel Stokes
1870:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
1806:Hermann von Helmholtz
1774:Henri Victor Regnault
1654:Johannes Peter MĂĽller
1646:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
1352:Frankland, Sir Edward
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375:Royal School of Mines
343:University of Marburg
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1950:Stanislao Cannizzaro
1918:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1782:James Prescott Joule
1694:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
444:John Rylands Library
295:In 1840, Edward was
161:Sir Edward Frankland
18:Sir Edward Frankland
2139:Royal Medal winners
2022:Marcellin Berthelot
2014:John William Strutt
1998:Albert von Kölliker
1926:Thomas Henry Huxley
1910:Franz Ernst Neumann
1758:Karl Ernst von Baer
1670:Henri Milne-Edwards
766:Inorganic chemistry
716:By Edward Frankland
490:by the reaction of
153:Organotin chemistry
1766:Charles Wheatstone
1541:Lienhard, John H.
1500:Lancaster Guardian
1475:Manchester History
1170:on 24 January 2013
644:Copley Medal, 1894
629:Awards and honours
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1838:James Dwight Dana
1617:Copley Medallists
1312:10.1021/om010439f
1306:(14): 2940–2955.
1275:978-0-470-14740-5
1118:10.1063/PT.5.9071
689:Library resources
674:Blue plaque from
371:Royal Institution
349:'s laboratory at
347:Justus von Liebig
335:Queenwood College
305:mortar and pestle
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551:Edward Frankland
464:organic radicals
458:Edward Frankland
413:Adolf Eugen Fick
404:. He was made a
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282:Lancaster Castle
263:Joseph Priestley
236:John Eldon Gorst
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274:William Whewell
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1565:
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1517:
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1474:
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1453:. Retrieved
1448:
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1416:
1379:
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1265:
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1239:the original
1229:
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1165:the original
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683:Bibliography
638:
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574:John Tyndall
566:
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492:ethyl iodide
488:dimethylzinc
461:
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398:Copley Medal
387:
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278:Richard Owen
267:
240:
232:illegitimate
221:
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146:in chemistry
118:Gudbrandsdal
108:(1899-08-09)
29:
2084:1899 deaths
2079:1825 births
1894:Carl Ludwig
1619:(1851–1900)
1556:Lee, Sidney
1382:: 417–444.
1245:21 November
651:Blue plaque
561:blue plaque
531:In applied
484:diethylzinc
394:Royal Medal
2073:Categories
1076:"Obituary"
810:References
578:combustion
570:Mont Blanc
385:, Surrey.
383:Addiscombe
316:The Storey
301:apprentice
297:indentured
247:Churchtown
243:Manchester
129:Occupation
92:Lancashire
80:1825-01-18
2063:Biography
1396:186210604
1221:177495132
929:4 October
876:4 October
533:chemistry
528:in 2015.
408:in 1897.
339:Hampshire
309:ointments
290:Liverpool
259:Lancaster
255:Claughton
224:Catterall
210:Biography
88:Catterall
605:Lectures
516:chlorine
435:His son
276:and Sir
2037:Portals
1523:25 June
1345::
540:at the
521:valency
512:sulphur
476:cacodyl
415:, from
351:Giessen
251:Salford
196:valence
188:chemist
185:English
144:valency
96:England
2024:(1900)
2016:(1899)
2008:(1898)
2000:(1897)
1992:(1896)
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691:about
671:, 2015
663:, 2015
595:helium
508:oxygen
426:Norway
417:Kassel
402:X Club
204:helium
122:Norway
1445:(PDF)
1392:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1209:JSTOR
1168:(PDF)
1151:(PDF)
1084:XLVII
337:) in
178:
176:,
171:
169:,
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1525:2019
1482:2016
1457:2016
1425:2016
1283:2016
1270:ISBN
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1092:2016
1038:2016
1025:ISBN
993:2016
980:ISBN
953:ISBN
931:2014
878:2014
842:ISBN
621:and
506:the
500:zinc
494:and
486:and
253:and
180:FRSE
114:GĂĄlĂĄ
103:Died
74:Born
54:FRSE
1384:doi
1380:142
1354:".
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514:or
381:at
173:FRS
166:KCB
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