414:. The troupe was largely female, meaning that many male parts were expected to be danced by women, and Forbes embraced the opportunity to be in public in a kilt and jacket. By this time, Forbes's heart was set on studying medicine. However, his father refused to fund his studies, arguing that since there was more than enough work to be done managing the estate, there was no need for him to study further. Ewan resolved to fund his own studies, aiming to put aside £1,000 to cover the costs. In 1933, he studied under the psychologist Leonhard Seif in
626:
686:
335:
218:, together with a large estate. This inheritance was challenged by his cousin, who argued that the re-registration was invalid; under this interpretation, Forbes would legally be considered a woman, and thus unable to inherit the baronetcy. The legal position was unclear, and it took three years before a ruling by the
544:
At the time, gender re-registration was permitted in a limited set of cases; the leading case, decided in 1965, had held that re-registration of this form was only permitted when "the sex of a child was indeterminate at birth and it was later discovered ... that an error had been made". The challenge
708:
Dexter: A knight in armour of the fifteenth century, armed at all points, leaving the beaver of his helmet up and leaning on a shield or, charged with a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure within a double tressure flowered and counterflowered with fleurs-de-lis of the second; Sinister, a bear
496:
races. He did not live in Alford, but remained at Brux, appointing a medical assistant to live in the town. The estate, left in the hands of a small resident staff, quickly ran into financial troubles. To raise a large amount of money quickly, Forbes sold the practice in Alford and returned to the
616:
in 1991, with additional documents released in 1994 after an appeal to the Home
Secretary. However, further release of records was limited, with the Lord Advocate's office stating that disclosing the files "would not be appropriate", and the case would not be fully publicly documented until 2021.
577:
The judge's ruling was that "as a matter of probability, the second petitioner is a ... hermaphrodite" according with the legal requirement of "indeterminate at birth". It has been suggested that the judge desired to ensure the estate and the title was inherited by the "right" candidate, and was
540:
in reporting that the heir to the baronetcy was the Hon. Ewan Forbes-Sempill, "formerly registered as
Elizabeth". However, this was challenged by his cousin John Forbes-Sempill, who argued that the 1952 re-registration was invalid. This would mean that Forbes was still legally considered a woman,
523:
The re-registration passed without much public comment, and the issue of his gender would remain a private one until 1965. That
December, his elder brother died, leaving daughters but no sons, and thus posing a problem of inheritance. The barony could be inherited by heirs male or female, and so
510:
of 12 September 1952: "Dr E. Forbes-Sempill henceforth wishes to be known as Dr Ewan Forbes-Sempill". His plans had been known in advance to many of his patients, who were reported as universally supportive. Forbes was equally candid with the press, describing the situation to one reporter as "a
350:
The issue of Ewan's gender would later prove contentious; the birth registration recorded a female child, but Forbes later commented that this was "a ghastly mistake". Ewan was brought up as a girl alongside
Margaret, but found childhood to be dominated by a growing gender insecurity. In early
316:, was born in 1893, shortly after their marriage. William later became an engineer, aviator, and spy for the Japanese. There were then two daughters; Gwendolyn (also known as Gwyneth), who died of appendicitis before Ewan's birth, and Margaret, who later became a decorated member of the
51:
597:
The level of secrecy of the case, which was criticised by some contemporary observers, meant that it was not properly recorded or published, and the exact facts of the argument were not known for some time. As a result, whilst it sharply differs from later rulings such as
362:
as well as in
European languages. Forbes refused to go away to a girls' school, which meant being educated at home; at fifteen, he pressed to be allowed to go overseas to attend a pre-university course, and eventually settled on a co-educational institution in
511:
ghastly mistake. I was carelessly registered as a girl in the first place, but of course, that was forty years ago ... the doctors in those days were mistaken, too ... I have been sacrificed to prudery, and the horror which our parents had about sex."
351:
childhood, his mother began to call him "Benjie", a name that persisted among family and friends well into his later life. He spent a large amount of time playing with their cousins
Patrick and David, and routinely dressed as a boy. In his book
666:
207:. After an uncomfortable upbringing, he began presenting as a man in the 1930s, following a course of medical treatments in Germany. He formally re-registered his birth as male in 1952, changing his name to Ewan, and was married a month later.
569:
returned to his records of the case in 1999 and "concluded, with hindsight, that Forbes-Sempill was almost certainly a female-to-male transsexual"; the details that have since emerged of his treatment make it clear that he was a
528:, but the baronetcy – along with the bulk of the land – would have to pass to the first male heir. The family had assumed that Ewan would inherit, as the younger brother. Following the death of the Lord Sempill in December 1965,
514:
A month later, on 10 October, he married
Isabella Mitchell, his housekeeper for the past five years, and formerly co-founder of his dance troupe. The marriage took place at the kirk in Kildrummy, which he had recently joined.
633:
On taking up the baronetcy, Forbes dropped
Sempill from his surname; this had been adopted by the family in the 1880s when it inherited the barony, and there was no reason to persist once the titles were separated.
1014:
553:– no papers were publicly filed, and the judge sat in a solicitor's office rather than in open court to hear the case. A total of twelve medical experts were called to give evidence. Among the experts, Professor
383:. This journey provided the opportunity for a further series of visits to medical specialists for treatment. In the following academic year, he continued his studies in Paris, where he attended lectures at the
500:
On moving to Alford, Forbes had continued to present himself publicly as a man. In 1952, he formally became male by the simple process of requesting a warrant for birth re-registration from the
656:
Forbes died in 1991, leaving no children, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his cousin John, the relative who had made the legal challenge in the 1960s. His widow, Isabella, died in 2002.
449:. He avoided upper-class society, where female clothing would be expected, and the last time he publicly appeared in a dress was to escort his mother to a royal garden party in 1935.
262:, the eighth baronet, inherited his cousin Maria's title as Lord Sempill and took the surname of Forbes-Sempill. On William's death in 1905, both titles passed to his eldest son,
1056:
1316:
484:
The Alford area was one of the largest medical practices in Great
Britain, and in the winter months Forbes often had to travel through ten-foot snowdrifts in a converted
1662:
1642:
1627:
1632:
637:
With the inheritance case settled, he left the public eye and returned to the life of a rural landowner, continuing to live in his house at Brux. Forbes was an
1622:
1602:
230:
recognising his claim to the title. The case was heard in great secrecy, with the effect that it was unable to be considered in other judgments on the
1647:
1612:
1551:
355:, written many years later, Forbes recalled a hatred of being "made to dress up" for social engagements, and of going to great lengths to avoid them.
313:
259:
215:
72:
840:
578:
flexible with his judgement to obtain this result. The ruling continued to be challenged by John Forbes-Sempill, who caused it to be referred to the
1682:
1617:
1143:
263:
204:
164:
1344:
1380:
1032:
525:
1707:
1607:
550:
437:
On the death of Lord
Sempill in 1934, both the barony and the baronetcy passed to William, the eldest child. Forbes inherited an estate at
504:
of Aberdeen, registering himself as male, and changing his name to Ewan Forbes-Sempill. He announced this with a notice in the Aberdeen
358:
Lord Sempill insisted on a "strict Scottish" upbringing for his children, which meant that he was taught to speak and write fluently in
1397:
609:
423:
231:
394:
As well as the harp, Forbes was an accomplished public reciter; in the summer of 1930, he won the Scots Verse recital contest at the
1712:
1692:
1529:
1510:
1454:
1308:
473:
in 1945. In addition to the normal work of a rural doctor, in 1946 Forbes was called upon to act as a medical officer for German
375:
in London in the late 1920s, Forbes studied in Dresden for a year, 1929–1930, before travelling through central Europe, visiting
1697:
1687:
587:
1273:
1677:
1657:
317:
1702:
613:
1309:"John Forbes-Sempill: Petition under the Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1933: Respondent: Ewan Forbes-Sempill"
1298:; see also extract quoted in Playdon 1996. The exact process by which the dispute reached the Home Secretary is unclear.
506:
1637:
1422:
368:
594:, and finally declared in December 1968 that Ewan should be entered on the Roll as the rightful holder of the title.
298:
331:
Finally, in 1912, a fourth child was born, christened Elizabeth Forbes-Sempill, and known to the family as "Betty".
1572:
1542:
1398:"'Hidden Case of Ewan Forbes' Book, About Scottish Trans Pioneer, to Be Adapted by Synchronicity Films (Exclusive)"
554:
388:
625:
850:
407:
1672:
1652:
462:
359:
1160:
1667:
458:
1522:
The Hidden Case of Ewan Forbes: The Transgender Trial That Threatened to Upend the British Establishment
1139:
470:
403:
1464:
Barnes, Lesley-Anne (2007). "Gender Identity and Scottish Law: The Legal Response to Transsexuality".
1597:
1592:
646:
638:
562:
466:
441:, Aberdeenshire, of about 1,300 acres (5.3 km), and enthusiastically took to the lifestyle of a
325:
192:
845:
815:
384:
1345:"The secret court case 50 years ago that has robbed transgender people of their rights ever since"
492:
at the age of thirteen had led to him taking up skiing and figure-skating and winning a number of
1265:
1050:
1006:
255:
50:
1013:"Forbes of Craigievar, Hon. Sir Ewan, (6 Sept. 1912–12 Sept. 1991), JP; landowner and farmer".
685:
1525:
1506:
1450:
1376:
1028:
1001:
600:
485:
338:
282:
1473:
1257:
1246:"'Sex Changes'? Paradigm Shifts in 'Sex' and 'Gender' Following the Gender Recognition Act?"
1020:
649:
for Aberdeenshire in 1969. He published a book of reminiscences of his early years in 1984,
546:
474:
406:. After returning from Paris, he led a troupe of Scottish country dancers – the "Dancers of
321:
219:
1024:
1558:
583:
478:
419:
411:
399:
286:
251:
141:
1146:; he was thus the next male heir, as neither of Lord Sempill's sisters had male children.
702:
Azure, a cross patée fitchee or between three bear’s heads couped argent, muzzled gules.
367:. In Dresden, he and his mother first began visiting specialist doctors for a course of
579:
334:
290:
227:
1188:
Barnes, p. 166. The papers are reported as being held under reference CS258/1991/P892.
422:. He continued his hormone treatment during this time. Whilst there, he witnessed the
1586:
591:
501:
294:
270:
243:
1269:
1245:
566:
431:
274:
247:
536:
1370:
667:
The Hidden Case of Ewan Forbes: And the Unwritten History of the Trans Experience
1443:
1095:
Casely, Gordon (5 March 2002). "Obituary: Isabella, Lady Forbes of Craigievar".
558:
438:
278:
129:
1477:
489:
465:. After a swift progression to Senior Casualty Officer, he began to work as a
461:. He graduated in 1944 and took up the post of Junior Casualty Officer at the
427:
1124:
1005:, A & C Black, 1920–2007; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007
642:
605:
571:
557:
observed in evidence that he felt Forbes' condition was closer to that of a
530:
372:
196:
565:
described the medical tests involved as "not wholly conclusive". Professor
488:. These conditions were not entirely unfamiliar; a trip to see an uncle in
541:
unable to inherit the title, and so it would pass to John Forbes-Sempill.
1486:
493:
395:
302:
285:. He would later command the 8th Battalion of the Black Watch during the
223:
364:
211:
36:
1261:
415:
380:
376:
293:. During the 1880s, he had met Gwendolyn Prodger at the fashionable
497:
farm in 1952, running it directly as a going concern from then on.
624:
445:, adopting a broad Doric accent and taking to wearing a masculine
442:
333:
306:
187:
40:
1164:
254:. The baronetcy had been bestowed in 1630, and was restricted to
191:(6 September 1912 – 12 September 1991), was a Scottish nobleman,
446:
549:, where the case was heard in great secrecy by a single judge,
670:. The book is set to be adapted into a television miniseries.
612:. The records of the case were finally made available via the
25:
301:; the couple were married on 22 June 1892. The bride, from a
899:
Playdon 2021, ch. 1. A number of pictures are in his memoir.
234:, but has become more widely known since his death in 1991.
457:
In 1939, Forbes was accepted as a medical student at the
387:
and studied the harp under the principal harpist of the
203:
and officially registered as the youngest daughter of
477:
who were held in the area, due to his command of the
1216:
Playdon, Zoë (May 2004). "The Case of Ewan Forbes".
664:
In 2021, Zoë Playdon published a book about Forbes,
172:
160:
135:
125:
113:
94:
86:
78:
68:
60:
23:
1442:
1505:. Vol. 1 (106th ed.). Burke's Peerage.
629:The kirk in Kildrummy, where Forbes was an elder.
1055:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
995:
993:
1154:
1152:
1082:gives his retirement from medical work as 1955.
418:, living with his cousin, the British novelist
402:to make a series of recordings of the poems of
809:
807:
679:Coat of arms of Sir Ewan Forbes, 11th Baronet
269:John, the new Lord Sempill and Baronet, was a
946:
944:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
524:passed directly to Sempill's eldest daughter
8:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1037:. Archived from the original on 4 April 2021
874:
872:
870:
868:
604:(1970), it was not able to be considered as
1108:
1106:
1090:
1088:
974:
972:
970:
968:
958:
956:
916:
914:
82:John Alexander Cumnock Forbes, 12th Baronet
1538:
999:"Forbes of Craigievar, Hon. Sir Ewan", in
886:
884:
835:
833:
831:
829:
684:
677:
328:, before dying in a car accident in 1966.
312:The couple had four children. The eldest,
49:
20:
1244:Stephen Whittle and Lewis Turner (2007).
1184:
1182:
768:
766:
73:William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill
738:
736:
734:
732:
16:11th Baronet of Craigievar, 1968 to 1991
1449:. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
1427:. London: Macmillan. 1985. p. 333.
1424:Debrett's peerage & baronetage 1985
1343:Strudwick, Patrick (10 November 2021).
819:dated 1 October 1991, reprinted in the
728:
1663:LGBT Calvinist and Reformed Christians
1643:British Army personnel of World War II
1138:John was the only son of Rear-Admiral
1048:
755:"Obituary of William Forbes-Sempill".
678:
341:, principal seat of the Forbes family.
165:John Forbes-Sempill, 18th Lord Sempill
1628:20th-century Scottish medical doctors
1396:Ravindran, Manori (1 November 2021).
242:The Forbeses were a well-established
7:
1633:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
1025:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U172497
610:legal recognition of gender variance
586:, as the person responsible for the
410:", that he had formed together with
273:and soldier who had served with the
232:legal recognition of gender variance
1078:Forbes, p. 68. Note, however, that
305:background, had been brought up in
1163:. Press for Change. Archived from
821:Daily Telegraph Book of Obituaries
14:
1623:20th-century Scottish LGBT people
1603:People from Alford, Aberdeenshire
1319:from the original on 4 April 2021
1276:from the original on 3 April 2007
309:and was an accomplished harpist.
289:, in which he was wounded at the
210:In 1965, he stood to inherit the
1648:Elders of the Church of Scotland
1613:20th-century Scottish landowners
398:Music Festival, and was paid by
1128:. 31 December 1965. p. 10.
1122:"Baronetcy Heir Once a Woman".
150:
1683:Scottish justices of the peace
1503:Burke's Peerage and Baronetage
849:. 2 March 2002. Archived from
246:noble family, holders of both
1:
1618:20th-century Scottish farmers
1485:Reitwiesner, William Addams.
1375:. Aberdeen University Press.
823:, ed. Hugh Massingberd, 1995.
614:National Archives of Scotland
183:Sir Ewan Forbes, 11th Baronet
1501:Charles Mosley, ed. (1999).
1313:National Records of Scotland
1250:Sociological Research Online
176:General practitioner, farmer
1708:Intersex military personnel
1608:Nobility from Aberdeenshire
318:Women's Auxiliary Air Force
1729:
1159:Playdon, Zoe-Jane (1996).
759:. 22 July 1905. p. 5.
608:in later judgments on the
590:. Callaghan consulted the
1569:
1556:
1548:
1543:Baronetage of Nova Scotia
1541:
1487:"Ancestry of Ewan Forbes"
1478:10.3366/elr.2007.11.2.162
1369:Forbes, Sir Ewan (1984).
1161:"The Case of Ewan Forbes"
1142:, the younger brother of
195:and farmer. Forbes was a
48:
1713:Intersex transgender men
1693:Scottish transgender men
1206:Barnes, p. 171, note 43.
463:Aberdeen Royal Infirmary
371:. After coming out as a
201:Elizabeth Forbes-Sempill
99:Elizabeth Forbes-Sempill
1010:(subscription required)
841:"Isabella, Lady Forbes"
519:Inheritance and lawsuit
222:, which held him to be
1698:Younger sons of barons
1688:Scottish Presbyterians
1552:William Forbes-Sempill
1524:. London: Bloomsbury.
709:argent, muzzled gules.
645:, and was appointed a
630:
588:Roll of the Baronetage
459:University of Aberdeen
430:into power, and heard
342:
1678:Lovat Scouts officers
1658:Forbes-Sempill family
1520:Playdon, Zoë (2021).
1441:Forbes, Ewan (1984).
1140:Arthur Forbes-Sempill
641:of the local kirk at
628:
471:Alford, Aberdeenshire
337:
226:, finally led to the
216:William, Lord Sempill
214:of his elder brother
1703:British intersex men
1466:Edinburgh Law Review
950:Playdon 2021, ch. 2.
878:Playdon 2021, ch. 1.
647:Justice of the Peace
467:general practitioner
326:Justice of the Peace
199:; he was christened
193:general practitioner
1296:The Daily Telegraph
1007:accessed 9 Nov 2008
816:The Daily Telegraph
680:
90:Ewan Forbes-Sempill
1638:British debutantes
1167:on 2 December 2008
631:
426:which brought the
343:
260:Sir William Forbes
205:John, Lord Sempill
1579:
1578:
1570:Succeeded by
1382:978-0-08-030409-0
1034:978-0-19-954089-1
721:
720:
601:Corbett v Corbett
545:was taken to the
507:Press and Journal
486:Universal Carrier
412:Isabella Mitchell
339:Craigievar Castle
283:South African War
238:Family background
180:
179:
168:Gwendolyn Prodger
142:Isabella Mitchell
117:12 September 1991
1720:
1549:Preceded by
1539:
1535:
1516:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1481:
1460:
1448:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
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1393:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1262:10.5153/sro.1511
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1156:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1046:
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1042:
1011:
997:
988:
985:
979:
976:
963:
960:
951:
948:
939:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
879:
876:
863:
862:
860:
858:
853:on 21 April 2013
837:
824:
811:
782:
779:
773:
770:
761:
760:
752:
746:
740:
688:
681:
561:, and Professor
547:Court of Session
475:prisoners of war
424:German elections
322:Second World War
220:Court of Session
190:
154:
152:
120:
109:6 September 1912
108:
106:
100:
87:Other names
55:Sir Ewan in 1952
53:
43:
21:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1673:LGBT physicians
1653:Forbes baronets
1583:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1532:
1519:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1484:
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1368:
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1351:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1234:Barnes, p. 185.
1233:
1229:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:Barnes, p. 170.
1196:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1144:Forbes's father
1137:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1012:
1009:
998:
991:
986:
982:
977:
966:
961:
954:
949:
942:
937:
933:
928:
924:
919:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
882:
877:
866:
856:
854:
839:
838:
827:
812:
785:
780:
776:
771:
764:
754:
753:
749:
741:
730:
726:
676:
662:
623:
584:James Callaghan
521:
455:
420:Phyllis Bottome
369:hormone therapy
348:
287:First World War
240:
186:
167:
156:
153: 1952)
148:
144:
118:
104:
102:
101:
98:
56:
44:
35:
33:
32:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
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1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1517:
1511:
1498:
1482:
1472:(2): 162–186.
1461:
1455:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1414:
1388:
1381:
1361:
1330:
1300:
1287:
1236:
1227:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1178:
1148:
1131:
1114:
1112:Forbes, p. 65.
1102:
1084:
1071:
1069:Forbes, p. 88.
1062:
1033:
989:
987:Forbes, p. 79.
980:
978:Forbes, p. 11.
964:
962:Forbes, p. 50.
952:
940:
938:Forbes, p. 54.
931:
929:Forbes, p. 44.
922:
920:Forbes, p. 19.
910:
901:
892:
890:Forbes, p. 31.
880:
864:
825:
783:
774:
762:
747:
727:
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580:Home Secretary
520:
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454:
453:Medical career
451:
404:Charles Murray
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291:Battle of Loos
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228:Home Secretary
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121:(aged 79)
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908:Forbes, p. 6.
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778:
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772:Forbes, p. 5.
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244:Aberdeenshire
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27:
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19:
1580:
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1490:. Retrieved
1469:
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1423:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1371:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1321:. Retrieved
1312:
1303:
1295:
1294:Obituary in
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1256:(1): 75–89.
1253:
1249:
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1221:
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1202:
1193:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:the original
1134:
1123:
1117:
1097:The Scotsman
1096:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1039:. Retrieved
1015:
1000:
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855:. Retrieved
851:the original
844:
820:
814:
813:Obituary in
777:
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674:Coat of arms
665:
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567:Louis Gooren
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275:Lovat Scouts
268:
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182:
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119:(1991-09-12)
18:
1598:1991 deaths
1593:1912 births
1573:John Forbes
1492:13 November
1407:11 November
1354:10 November
1349:inews.co.uk
1323:11 February
1016:Who Was Who
1002:Who Was Who
563:John Strong
559:transsexual
555:Martin Roth
551:Lord Hunter
439:Brux Castle
389:Paris Opéra
299:Bad Homburg
279:Black Watch
252:a baronetcy
130:Brux Castle
69:Predecessor
31:Ewan Forbes
1587:Categories
1567:1965–1991
1435:References
1280:9 November
1171:9 November
857:9 November
745:, p. 1082.
705:Supporters
699:Escutcheon
621:Later life
490:St. Moritz
428:Nazi Party
346:Early life
297:resort of
271:land owner
258:. In 1884
256:heirs male
173:Occupation
105:1912-09-06
1125:The Times
1080:Who's Who
1051:cite book
757:The Times
643:Kildrummy
606:precedent
572:trans man
537:Debrett's
531:The Times
373:debutante
212:baronetcy
197:trans man
136:Spouse(s)
126:Residence
79:Successor
64:1968–1991
1317:Archived
1274:Archived
1270:54714279
1019:. 2007.
494:bob sled
479:language
396:Aberdeen
385:Sorbonne
248:a barony
224:intersex
1559:Baronet
1402:Variety
1041:4 April
743:Burke's
502:Sheriff
434:speak.
400:Beltona
365:Dresden
320:in the
314:William
303:Cornish
281:in the
161:Parents
155:
147:
1528:
1509:
1453:
1379:
1268:
1218:Polare
1031:
660:Legacy
534:cited
416:Munich
381:Vienna
377:Prague
324:and a
295:German
61:Tenure
1266:S2CID
724:Notes
715:Watch
712:Motto
693:Crest
639:elder
443:laird
360:Doric
307:Wales
188:MBChB
149:(
145:
41:MBChB
1526:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1494:2008
1451:ISBN
1409:2021
1377:ISBN
1356:2021
1325:2020
1282:2008
1173:2008
1057:link
1043:2021
1029:ISBN
859:2008
447:kilt
379:and
264:John
250:and
114:Died
95:Born
1474:doi
1258:doi
1021:doi
526:Ann
469:in
408:Don
26:Sir
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107:)
103:(
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