1066:'s fixed duty plan in 1836. However, by 1842 his hard line approach had begun to soften. Henceforth he played a leading role in planning a policy which began by including the introduction of a sliding scale for a levy on the price of corn, the reintroduction of income tax, and a massive change in overall tariffs. Old prohibitions were removed and duties on raw, partly manufactured and fully made imports were limited to a maximum of 5, 12 and 20 per cent. It was argued that the loss occasioned by reducing duties on 769 of some 1200 durable articles would be covered by increased trade and production. In 1843, Graham admitted to the Commons that 'free Trade' principles were the principles of common sense. In 1845, with Graham's support, 430 of the remaining 813 dutiable articles were freed, and other duties lowered, all export taxes abolished, payments on raw cotton and glass ended and timber and sugar preferences modified. In early 1846, Peel proposed, in a three-hour speech, that the Corn Laws would be abolished on 1 February 1849, after three years of gradual reductions of the tariff, leaving only a 1 shilling duty per quarter.
3215:
3085:
668:
874:. In January 1835, notwithstanding criticism from significant parts of the Cumbrian electorate, Graham reassured his supporters that he still favoured peace, retrenchment and reform and in consequence he was returned unopposed at the general election. On 30 June that year Graham crossed the floor of the House and henceforth sat on the Tory side. Graham now joined the Cumberland Conservative Association, and forsook the Carlisle Journal in favour of the Carlisle Patriot.
679:, with the intention that such improvements would benefit both the landowner and the tenant. He began with a one-off gesture, wiping out the arrears of his tenants debts. He reduced the number of small uneconomic farms on the estate; he rebuilt the cottages and farm-buildings, introduced tile drains whereby much marshy land was reclaimed, and improved the breed of stock on the estate, spending in excess of £100,000 over a twenty-year period. He eventually studied the
2569:
1132:
support. On 7 July 1852, Graham returned in triumph at the head of the poll. At the victory dinner, Graham mocked protection calling it 'outdoor relief to distressed landlords', he also reaffirmed is support for restrained reform. In
December that year the Tory government resigned and Lord Aberdeen became prime minister of a Whig, Peelite, Radical, Liberal alliance. Graham now returned to the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. Shortly afterwards the
1176:, which he was forbidden to attack, except in conjunction with the French fleet. The French refused to join in the attempt, and Sir Charles loudly complained on his return of his treatment by the admiralty. It does not seem that Graham was to blame; the shutting up of the Russian fleet was a service of sufficient importance without the glory of an attack upon fortresses which would have cost much bloodshed without an adequate return. On 29 January 1855,
817:
688:
be cut to a level where they simply balanced the landowner's taxes and rates. Whereas high prices increased rents to the benefit of the landowners they conferred no advantage to the labourer and were an injury to the productive and a tax on the unproductive classes of the community. His general conclusions were in favour of free trade and free banking. He was also a founder member of the
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (later
1208:. Notwithstanding the unpopularity of this decision he was returned in the election at Carlisle. However, the Peelite party had been routed, to all intent it was no more. He contested Carlisle again in 1859, where with his nephew their joint election went against the general trend and returned two liberal candidates. Later that year a group of 280 like minded members, including Graham and Lawson, met in
1764:
713:
53:
725:(1794–1827), the Tory candidate, ventured into one of the poorest districts of the city, he was confronted by a group of non-electors seeking his opinions relating to the Corn Laws. When his views failed to meet with their approval he received a storm of abuse followed by a shower of stones, and a general disturbance ensued. Members of the
1240:
mine has been a devious career.' He was too self-conscious in all that he did to be a great statesman; but he was an impressive personality in the House of
Commons, and was an able administrator. Where he failed he failed not through want of foresight or political intelligence, but through a defect of personal sympathy.
1239:
for a number of brilliant sayings rather than for any great speech. He never succeeded in getting outside himself and identifying himself with his audience. Similarly his political judgment was too much swayed by personal considerations, and he said of himself: 'In a party sense it must be owned that
1131:
became the unofficial leaders of the 100 conservative members who had supported free trade. However Graham had lost the support of the influential men who controlled the Ripon seat and while he contemplated his next move a reacquisition arrived from
Carlisle, in which almost 500 electors had promised
848:
church. Parliament proposed that all compositions for tithes should cease, and that an annual land tax should be paid, out of which provision should be made for the clergy and other tithe owners. As such in 1833, the
British Government introduced the Irish Church Temporalities Bill which proposed the
857:
from 22 to 12, to change the structure of the leases of Church lands and to apply the revenues saved by these changes for the use of parishes. Since Graham believed that the union of the two countries principally rested on the church and that any meddling with the establishment would inevitably lead
687:
of 114 pages entitled "Corn and
Currency", which brought him into prominence as a man of advanced Liberal opinions. He argued that liberal economics rather than protection would best serve the interests of the landowners. High duties on foreign corn had failed to help British agriculture and should
761:
I became a Blue, Blue I am, Blue I have always been, and Blue I trust I shall ever continue to be; I am not ashamed to own it, and God forbid the Blues shall ever have cause to be ashamed of me ... The Tories are a "Court Party" aiming at the advancement of kingly power, while the Whigs, the
886:
and the announcement of a general election, a requisition signed by over 2,500 county freeholders sought the election of two alternative Whig candidates. On the day of the election, freeholders flocked from every part of the division to offer support for the reform candidates. The cavalcade of
1057:
Notwithstanding his apparent support for a degree of relaxation in the Corn Law legislation as stated 'Corn and
Currency', Graham remained hostile to major reform. In 1839, he argued that repeal would ruin British agriculture; he supported protection and defended a fixed duty. He supported
1293:. I contributed greatly to supply the people of this country with cheap food, absolutely to repeal the duties on raw materials of manufacture, thus cheapening the price of food and clothing to the poor and needy. Still more I did my best, and not unsuccessfully, to establish peace in
966:
and provided for two hours of daily compulsory education. Graham's new
Factories Bill limited children aged between 8 and 13 to a 6.5 hour workday, with 3.5 hours of education, and women and young persons to a maximum of 12 hours work each day. However, a disagreement between the
1288:
that established the principle of self-government in the corporations of the kingdom. Then, I am sure there is not a popular assembly in the kingdom in which the name I am about to mention will not be received with silence and respect, in conjunction with my departed friend
1160:. However, once installed notwithstanding previously stating that "If driven to war, he was for waging it with the utmost vigour and inflicting as much injury as they could on Russia" the naval action stalled and the war dragged on. Graham was responsible for the choice of
1044:
had been invested by
Parliament with the power, in certain cases, of issuing warrants directing letters to be opened. The division took place in a very thin house and the government survived by a mere 16 votes. The events haunted Graham for the rest of his life; as he told
1305:, and gave it to my successor, and almost without any change that bill became the law of the land. The other day, when out of office, unbought, and without any personal object, I devoted almost the whole of my time to a commission to inquire into the abuse of the
632:. After three days of open voting and official scrutiny, Graham entered parliament as the junior member by a mere four votes. However, he had gained the seat at great personal expense and notwithstanding other donations accrued a debt of £6,000. In January 1820,
3776:
975:
forced a withdrawal of the measure. Graham re-introduced the bill on 7 March 1843, Northern reformers expressed a hatred for Graham; after a fierce parliamentary battle, the bill finally received royal assent after both Peel and Graham threatened to resign.
1321:
It seemed to me that Sir James Graham's actions, often wrong no doubt, were ever actuated by a deesire for his country's and not for his own, advancement, and what higher credit can there be for a statesman? I believe he was the principal factor (after
1074:
emerged as the most forceful opponents of repeal in
Parliamentary debates, arguing that repeal would weaken landowners socially and politically and therefore destroy the 'territorial constitution' of Britain by empowering commercial interests. On the
3771:
1095:, and Tory protectionists'. On 29 June Peel resigned as Prime Minister. As a result, the Conservative Party divided and the Whigs formed a government with Russell as Prime Minister. Those Conservatives who were loyal to Peel became known as the
887:
horsemen, four abreast, many of whom had ridden many miles that morning, stretched over half a mile. Flags and banner, advertising the disapproval of Graham, flew profusely, many of them bearing skits relating to Graham's past conduct. On the
1035:
authorities. When the group landed at the pre-arranged place, they were instantly killed. Although a secret committee convened at Parliament's request exonerated the government, the discussion was renewed in the following session, after
3766:
1284:, and on that occasion I had the good fortune greatly to extend the popular rights of my fellow citizens. In power I was a party to the issuing of that commission of inquiry from which emanated the great measure of
3781:
1330:
in converting Sir Robert Peel to Free Trade, the only great political reform which in my day has been an absolute and complete success. I have heard Mr Bright say that he was one of the cleverest men whom he ever
770:
both returned for Cumberland. In 1830 he first made a name in the House of Commons by a motion for the reduction of official salaries, and he increased his reputation by an attack on the salaries received by
1123:, and although he received offers of cabinet positions from both sides of the political spectrum, he remained loyal to Peel and hostile to any reversal of Free Trade legislation. He saw the repeal of the
720:
At the general election of 1826, Graham, who stood upon principles identical to those advocated when contesting Hull, became the senior member for the city of Carlisle. It was a remarkable contest. When
749:
caused a vacancy in the representation of the county of Cumberland. As a result, Graham resigned his seat and entered parliament in an uncontested election on their behalf. In 1830 the celebrated "
3786:
2599:
935:
However, Graham's tenure in Pembroke was short-lived. In the 1841 general election, Sir John Owen chose to reclaim Pembroke; Graham felt honour-bound to comply and did not stand. Instead,
3239:
1779:
757:
of the county in testimony of their approbation of his conduct in parliament. During the proceedings Graham declared himself a "party man" under the Blue flag of freedom; declaring.
3791:
3116:
3811:
3741:
1248:
At the time of his death the Oxford dandy, the amateur diplomat, and the glamorous parliamentarian had served in many fields, and become an important force in the creation of
3675:
3665:
3630:
3445:
659:. However his parliamentary career, although undistinguished, now became brief: when charged with bribing the electorate he resigned rather than contest an expensive suit.
2669:
2535:
2619:
999:
brought Parliament's attention to an event where certain letters addressed to a foreign refugee had been opened and copied in the course of transmission through the
1982:
1256:
I helped, when out of office, to secure for a large body of my fellow subjects in the United Kingdom a perfect equality of civil rights without regard to religious
442:
2759:
784:
1049:, "he knew, when he was gone, none of his reforms would be recollected, but that he would only be remembered as the man who opened the letters of the Italians."
3801:
3700:
3695:
2864:
2135:
2111:
1227:
Graham was as a speaker exceedingly polished, but tended to pomposity, and carried the habit of quotation to inordinate lengths. His speeches were enlivened by
767:
2809:
2704:
2413:
2164:
1128:
1127:
as a vital step in the liberal march, protection or no protection was the battlefield between reaction and progress. After Peel's untimely death, Graham and
1100:
454:
218:
109:
1340:
Graham married Frances ("Fanny") Callander, of Craigforth and Ardkinglas, a famous society beauty, on 8 July 1819. She died in October 1857. Graham died at
652:, heading the poll with 205 votes. At Westminster, Graham maintained his campaign for economy, generally opposing the Government's proposed increase in the
3746:
3154:
2904:
2814:
2371:
2358:
1784:
1067:
1046:
867:
566:
562:
370:
38:
3640:
3620:
3470:
3109:
2724:
2557:
2506:
2489:
2440:
2420:
1091:
to pass it. On that same night Graham's Preservation of Life Bill (Irish Coercion) was defeated in the Commons by 292 to 219 by 'a combination of Whigs,
891:, Graham found it difficult to obtain a hearing, and in consequence he submitted to his opponents' cries. At the close of the poll the numbers were: for
494:
458:
234:
3084:
3625:
3565:
3284:
2854:
2819:
2804:
429:
from September 1841 to July 1846 and again First Lord of the Admiralty from December 1852 until February 1855. He was a member of the Council of the
3299:
3184:
3164:
3159:
2689:
1310:
859:
3796:
3600:
3450:
2969:
2914:
2644:
2634:
2247:
2126:
940:
462:
3535:
3174:
2684:
2609:
792:
695:
On 8 July 1819, Graham married Frances ("Fanny") Callander, of Craigforth and Ardkinglas, a famous society beauty. In 1824 he succeeded to the
787:. Although this precipitated the need for a new election he was returned unopposed. Graham later became a member of the committee, along with
3751:
3705:
3645:
3525:
3490:
3319:
3199:
3102:
2989:
2889:
2794:
2649:
2624:
2604:
2589:
2339:
2335:
2289:
2243:
2212:
2208:
2160:
2122:
2074:
2070:
2024:
1978:
1445:
1080:
917:
863:
450:
222:
3690:
3685:
3610:
3555:
3550:
3510:
3465:
3455:
3420:
3410:
3344:
3334:
3289:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3204:
3179:
3169:
3139:
2929:
2894:
2679:
2584:
2386:
2049:
2028:
446:
418:
173:
3520:
1180:
carried a motion demanding an inquiry into the conduct of the war and three weeks later Aberdeen and Graham tendered their resignations.
924:, to resign and make way for Graham. Graham won the resulting by-election unopposed and so re-entered Parliament. In 1838 he was elected
522:
3560:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3189:
2874:
2839:
2614:
2479:
1161:
1041:
925:
738:
3710:
3480:
3400:
3329:
3309:
3274:
3244:
3229:
3194:
3144:
2457:
2293:
498:
466:
387:
246:
3500:
3655:
3495:
3485:
3460:
3440:
3430:
3314:
3269:
3019:
2527:
2403:
2278:
1809:
1349:
185:
1751:
3435:
3359:
2639:
2083:
2063:
2013:
1958:
1737:
883:
788:
722:
318:
149:
2236:
936:
3761:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2268:
2201:
1424:
1413:
1402:
1391:
1375:
1285:
1024:
913:
633:
591:
394:
3680:
3595:
3545:
3354:
2884:
2844:
2834:
2699:
2550:
2310:
2302:
2282:
2101:
796:
374:
206:
85:
42:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
1252:. But what did Graham think of his own achievements? In 1852, he reminded the Carlisle electorate of his past achievements:
545:
he agreed that Graham should retain the post. During this time he conducted the negotiations which led to the separation of
3324:
3294:
3279:
2879:
2779:
1971:
741:
appeared to quell the disturbance. The mob received the troops with a volley of stones, the troops reacted with a hail of
2749:
2729:
2714:
2430:
2256:
2232:
422:
121:
97:
828:, and seamen's conditions had improved. The Reform Act was assured, and European peace secured. All was well except in
3390:
3349:
3339:
3125:
2594:
2447:
2393:
2187:
2178:
2059:
1273:
1000:
780:
776:
644:
measures he failed to gain the necessary support to retain the Yorkshire seat and in consequence he stood and won the
383:
161:
128:
1723:
2739:
2497:
2264:
2222:
909:
762:"Country Party", fought to uphold popular rights, defend popular feelings, and forward the happiness of the people.
2543:
2353:
2324:
637:
1062:'s policy in 1828, he drew up the 1833 report, supported the continuation of the Corn Laws in 1834, and opposed
1019:, an Italian freedom fighter, disclosed their intention to take part in an armed insurrection upon the coast at
2017:
996:
844:
majority was strong enough to prevent the collection of tithes to support an antagonistic and as they believed
667:
882:
Graham's conduct in Parliament alienated many of his traditional Whig supporters. In 1837, upon the death of
2754:
2734:
2719:
1356:
1104:
406:
323:
1821:
Hamilton, Charles Iain. "Sir James Graham, the Baltic Campaign and War-Planning at the Admiralty in 1854."
1341:
745:
and when the smoke cleared two young women lay dead and numerous others lay wounded. In 1828, the death of
3806:
2744:
2664:
2115:
1302:
1168:. Sir Charles did not relish the inactivity to which he was reduced by the strength of the fortresses of
1257:
1156:. In April 1854, Queen Victoria recognised Graham services by awarding him the Civil Grand Cross of the
1076:
746:
726:
538:
517:. He left Oxford after two years and while travelling for his pleasure abroad, he took up a position of
514:
414:
354:
849:
administrative and financial restructuring of the Church. The bill sought to reduce the number of both
3756:
3736:
3731:
3540:
3530:
3405:
2629:
2348:
2314:
2097:
2088:
1949:
1071:
742:
653:
608:
on account of his fine appearance and flowery speech, he stood on the Whig doctrine of Parliamentary
294:
25:
895:
2,294; for William James 2,124; for Graham 1,505. This ended Graham's influence in his home county.
386:. He was the eldest son of Sir James Graham, 1st Baronet, by Lady Catherine, eldest daughter of the
2919:
2328:
1345:
1177:
1037:
929:
565:, who went on to join Graham in politics. Lawson also became Graham's brother-in-law and father to
490:
1040:
censured the government for its actions. Graham vigorously defended his actions, stating that the
824:
By the summer of 1834, Graham had become a successful minister, the navy was reformed, apart from
469:
from 1847 until July 1852; and was again returned for Carlisle from 1852 until his death in 1861.
3635:
2367:
1999:
1991:
1722:
1553:
1213:
1084:
984:
621:
542:
510:
430:
333:
582:
Back in London, Graham immersed himself in political affairs. Although his father was a staunch
1297:
on a rock of safety, by leading to those amicable relations with all the foreign powers, which
3660:
3575:
2949:
2824:
1805:
1718:
1441:
1306:
1301:
and extended commerce never fail to bring in their train. Before I left office I prepared the
1277:
1209:
1188:
1157:
1063:
1059:
1028:
1008:
816:
772:
649:
518:
410:
398:
421:
from 1830 to 1834 when he resigned on account of the government pressing for a reform of the
3570:
3515:
3395:
3304:
3064:
3054:
2984:
2909:
2899:
2859:
2829:
2191:
1548:
1204:
1133:
1016:
892:
750:
502:
3670:
2944:
2654:
2513:
2173:
2140:
1967:
1856:
Spring, David. "A great agricultural estate: Netherby under Sir James Graham, 1820–1845,"
1290:
1281:
1184:
1124:
1032:
955:
800:
629:
534:
434:
1926:
1904:
1915:
1893:
3580:
3069:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2694:
2573:
2568:
1880:
1728:
1323:
1196:
1088:
963:
948:
754:
645:
426:
402:
379:
308:
64:
675:
Graham returned to Cumberland and began a programme of improving the family estate at
537:. When Montgomerie became ill the responsibility for the mission fell on Graham. When
3725:
3605:
3585:
3505:
3259:
3149:
3074:
2934:
2849:
2799:
2789:
2045:
2037:
1869:
1775:
1770:
1249:
1200:
1092:
850:
641:
546:
438:
378:(1 June 1792 – 25 October 1861) was a British statesman, who notably served as
3059:
3029:
3024:
2979:
2974:
2869:
2003:
1120:
959:
730:
617:
1083:
voted 327 votes to 229 (a majority of 98) to repeal the Corn Laws. On 25 June the
775:. This gave him a position as one of the more advanced reformers, and in November
1219:
On 25 October 1861, Graham died, exactly four years after the death of his wife.
803:. From 1832 to 1837 he sat for the eastern division of the county of Cumberland.
3777:
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Pembrokeshire constituencies
3650:
3590:
3049:
3044:
3034:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2939:
2769:
2674:
2659:
2472:
1845:
Parry, Jonathan. "Graham, Sir James Robert George, second baronet (1792–1861)",
1327:
1264:, and to wash away that great reproach from British freedom by emancipating the
1173:
1149:
1141:
1004:
968:
944:
871:
837:
825:
587:
470:
3094:
1850:
1260:. In the service of the crown I helped to emancipate the slaves in the British
712:
3415:
3234:
3039:
3004:
2924:
1732:
1348:, on 25 October 1861, aged 69, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son,
1298:
1165:
972:
854:
656:
506:
474:
349:
298:
278:
3615:
1192:
1169:
1153:
680:
625:
602:
1833:
From Adam Smith to Philip Snowden. A history of free trade in Great Britain
52:
3772:
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
1269:
1261:
1232:
1228:
1020:
980:
888:
841:
684:
676:
595:
550:
526:
1885:
The Worthies of Cumberland Vol. 2 The Right Honourable Sir J.R.G. Graham
1788:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 318.
766:
At the end of July, following the dissolution of parliament, Graham and
1944:
1861:
1826:
1265:
1235:; but their construction was always artificial. He is remembered as an
1096:
858:
to its downfall he resigned from the government. He did not act alone,
829:
734:
696:
598:
554:
486:
328:
274:
34:
1425:
leighrayment.com House of Commons: Radcliffe-cum-Farnworth to Rochdale
943:, stood down in favor of Graham, who was elected unopposed there. Sir
683:
and their effects upon the community, publishing his conclusions in a
1294:
1236:
1145:
1137:
845:
833:
609:
558:
530:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1309:, from which has emanated that measure of Chancery reform for which
1502:
For the Love of Animals: The Rise of the Animal Protection Movement
983:, by his unconciliating policy on the church question prior to the
1769:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1116:
1012:
921:
815:
711:
689:
666:
613:
605:
1895:
The Life and Times of the Right Honourable Sir James R. G. Graham
1119:
constituency returned Graham unopposed. He had resigned from the
753:" took place, a public dinner given to Graham by a number of the
594:
contacts. On 10 June 1818 he announced that he would contest the
870:
also tendered their resignations. He now became a member of the
583:
3098:
2539:
3767:
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dorchester
1802:
How Tory Governments Fall. The Tory Party in Power since 1783
3782:
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for St Ives
1392:
leighrayment.com House of Commons: Cornwall to Cynon Valley
1079:
of Peel's Bill of Repeal (Importation Act 1846) on 15 May,
393:
In 1819, he married Fanny Callander, youngest daughter of
1414:
leighrayment.com House of Commons: Devizes to Dorset West
1403:
leighrayment.com House of Commons: Paddington to Platting
1906:
Corn and Currency : In an Address to the Landowners
1216:. A two party system had returned to British politics.
799:
charged with the task of compiling and introducing the
612:, the abolition of unnecessary positions and pensions,
1800:
Coleman, B. (1996) "1841–1846", in: Seldon, A. (ed.),
1376:
leighrayment.com House of Commons: Horncastle to Hythe
1136:
raised its ugly head and within weeks the Britain and
958:
in the industrial districts by replacing the existing
737:. In the course of the afternoon a detachment of the
509:, kept by the Rev. Walter Fletcher, before attending
979:
As Home Secretary he incurred considerable odium in
3368:
3222:
3132:
348:
340:
314:
304:
284:
261:
256:
240:
228:
212:
202:
179:
167:
155:
145:
127:
115:
103:
91:
81:
63:
23:
3787:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
1868:
1620:
1618:
1500:(London: Cassell, 1961), p 23. Kathryn Shevelow,
1440:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 23.
1840:The Crimean War: British grand strategy, 1853–56
1950:contributions in Parliament by Sir James Graham
1319:
1254:
1148:. Graham ordered the fleet to sail through the
962:. The 1833 Act limited children under 13 to an
759:
1741:. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
3792:People educated at Westminster School, London
3110:
2551:
1708:Hansard 29 January 1855 vol 136 cols 1121-233
8:
3812:Secretaries of State for the Home Department
1280:I was entrusted with the preparation of the
836:for the church and the problems relating to
3742:Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
1752:Wikisource:Goodenough, James Graham (DNB00)
947:became Prime Minister and appointed Graham
567:Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Brayton
367:Sir James Robert George Graham, 2nd Baronet
3117:
3103:
3095:
2558:
2544:
2536:
1954:
1669:Hansard, 25 June 1846 vol 87 cols 966-1027
1387:
1385:
1383:
497:, by his wife Lady Catherine, daughter of
51:
20:
1498:Valiant Crusade: The History of the RSPCA
198:30 December 1852 – 13 March 1855
1612:Hansard 14 June 1844 vol 75 cols 892–906
1603:Hansard, 7 March 1843 vol67 cols 422–424
77:6 September 1841 – 30 June 1846
1847:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1660:Hansard 15 May 1846 vol 86 cols 616-727
1438:Antarctica: What Everyone Needs to Know
1368:
1027:had then passed the information to the
840:prevailed. The discontent of the Irish
501:. He was taught at a private school at
141:22 November 1830 – 7 June 1834
2574:Home Secretaries of the United Kingdom
1317:His nephew offered a fitting tribute:
640:. As a result of his past support for
1816:The Public Career of Sir James Graham
928:, an award quickly followed with the
733:were man-handled and thrown into the
7:
3802:Rectors of the University of Glasgow
1917:Life and Letters of Sir James Graham
553:. When the war ended he returned to
2480:Rector of the University of Glasgow
1724:"Graham, James Robert George"
1504:(New York: Henry Holt, 2008) p 269.
1313:'s Government takes so much credit.
1003:under the warrant of Graham at the
926:Rector of the University of Glasgow
832:where the unfair system of raising
3747:English people of Scottish descent
1115:In the 1847 general election, the
601:of Hull. Known at the time as the
499:John Stewart, 7th Earl of Galloway
14:
1585:Carlisle Patriot, 17 January 1835
1557:. 23 November 1830. p. 2449.
1529:Carlisle Journal, 17 January 1829
1520:Carlisle Journal, 26 October 1861
3213:
3150:William Juxon, Bishop of Lincoln
3083:
2567:
1959:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1762:
1738:Dictionary of National Biography
954:In 1842 Graham tried to improve
723:Sir Philip Musgrave, 8th Baronet
427:Secretary of the Home Department
1931:. London: Smith Elder & Co.
1780:Graham, Sir James Robert George
1538:Carlisle Journal, 6 August 1830
3797:People from Brampton, Carlisle
1023:. Duncombe suggested that the
1:
708:Representative for Cumberland
495:Sir James Graham, 1st Baronet
16:British statesman (1792–1861)
3752:Fellows of the Royal Society
3126:First Lords of the Admiralty
1903:Sir J. R. C. Graham (1827).
1231:and by passages of splendid
1164:to command the fleet in the
1099:, they included Graham, the
586:he made his headquarters in
3601:The Viscount Lee of Fareham
2498:Baronetage of Great Britain
2448:First Lord of the Admiralty
2394:First Lord of the Admiralty
1928:Sir Wilfrid Lawson A Memoir
1359:(who was named after him).
820:Sir James Graham as a child
807:First Lord of the Admiralty
783:. He was also sworn of the
781:First Lord of the Admiralty
533:, during the period of the
419:First Lord of the Admiralty
384:First Lord of the Admiralty
344:Frances Callander (d. 1857)
129:First Lord of the Admiralty
3888:
3471:The Duke of Northumberland
3155:The Earl of Northumberland
2441:The Duke of Northumberland
2265:George Lionel Dawson-Damer
1853:doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11204
1849:2004; online ed, May 2009
1835:, London: T. Fisher Unwin.
1009:Emilio and Attilo Bandiera
910:Sir John Owen, 1st Baronet
465:from 1841 until 1847; for
461:from 1838 until 1841; for
457:from 1830 until 1837; for
453:from 1826 until 1829; for
235:The Duke of Northumberland
3211:
3081:
2580:
2524:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2486:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2445:
2437:
2427:
2418:
2410:
2400:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2364:
2354:William Nicholson Hodgson
2333:
2325:William Nicholson Hodgson
2321:
2307:
2287:
2275:
2261:
2241:
2229:
2219:
2206:
2198:
2184:
2158:
2153:
2120:
2108:
2094:
2068:
2056:
2042:
2022:
2010:
1996:
1976:
1964:
1957:
1925:G W Russell, ed. (1909).
1898:. London: Saunders Otley.
1011:(residing at the time in
638:dissolution of parliament
636:succeeded thus forcing a
360:
252:
191:
134:
70:
59:
50:
3456:The Earl of Ellenborough
2414:The Marquess of Normanby
1825:(1976) 19#1 pp: 89–112.
1183:In 1857, Graham opposed
1152:and eventually into the
1031:through a link with the
997:Thomas Slingsby Duncombe
930:Freedom of the same city
801:Great Reform Act of 1832
779:offered him the post of
481:Background and education
401:. Sir James was created
110:The Marquess of Normanby
3621:The Viscount Chelmsford
3255:The Viscount Torrington
3200:The Earl of Bridgewater
2490:Marquess of Breadalbane
2050:Sir Christopher Hawkins
1818:(Greenwood Press, 1974)
1785:Encyclopædia Britannica
1357:James Graham Goodenough
1272:. In office along with
1199:authority's seized the
1105:William Ewart Gladstone
620:, the abolition of the
561:he became friends with
445:from 1818 to 1820; for
407:University of Cambridge
223:The Viscount Palmerston
3762:Lords of the Admiralty
3636:Sir Austen Chamberlain
3626:The Viscount Bridgeman
3526:The Earl of Northbrook
3496:Sir John Pakington, Bt
3486:Sir John Pakington, Bt
3466:Sir Francis Baring, Bt
3451:The Earl of Haddington
3376:The Earl of St Vincent
3290:The Earl of Winchilsea
3265:The Earl of Winchilsea
3175:The Earl of Torrington
3170:The Earl of Nottingham
1920:. London: John Murray.
1892:T. M. Torrens (1863).
1875:. New York: Macmillan.
1333:
1315:
821:
764:
717:
672:
573:Early political career
459:Pembrokeshire District
3696:The Viscount Hailsham
3536:The Marquess of Ripon
3421:The Viscount Melville
3411:The Viscount Melville
3381:The Viscount Melville
3369:of the United Kingdom
3240:The Earl of Strafford
3190:The Viscount Falkland
2387:The Viscount Melville
2148:constituency divided
1914:C. S. Parker (1907).
960:Factories Act of 1833
819:
747:John Christian Curwen
739:55th regiment of Foot
715:
670:
663:Agricultural improver
539:Lord William Bentinck
515:Christ Church, Oxford
415:University of Glasgow
355:Christ Church, Oxford
174:The Viscount Melville
3646:Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt
3641:The Viscount Monsell
3556:The Earl of Selborne
3541:Lord George Hamilton
3531:Lord George Hamilton
3491:The Duke of Somerset
3481:Sir Charles Wood, Bt
3476:Sir James Graham, Bt
3461:The Earl of Auckland
3426:Sir James Graham, Bt
3416:The Duke of Clarence
3406:Charles Philip Yorke
3330:The Earl of Sandwich
3320:Sir Charles Saunders
3310:The Earl of Sandwich
3275:The Earl of Sandwich
3250:The Earl of Berkeley
3205:The Earl of Pembroke
3180:The Earl of Pembroke
3140:The Earl of Portland
2336:Member of Parliament
2290:Member of Parliament
2244:Member of Parliament
2209:Member of Parliament
2161:Member of Parliament
2123:Member of Parliament
2116:John Cristian Curwen
2098:James Law Lushington
2089:James Law Lushington
2071:Member of Parliament
2025:Member of Parliament
1979:Member of Parliament
1887:. London: Routledge.
1867:Ward, J. T. (1967).
1858:Agricultural History
1851:accessed 1 Sept 2014
1831:Hirst, F. W. (1925)
1651:Coleman, p. 135–136.
1355:He was godfather to
1072:Lord George Bentinck
878:Cumberland rejection
477:is named after him.
388:7th Earl of Galloway
219:The Earl of Aberdeen
26:The Right Honourable
3706:The Lord Carrington
3701:The Earl of Selkirk
3566:The Lord Tweedmouth
3521:William Henry Smith
3355:The Earl of Chatham
3345:The Viscount Keppel
3335:The Viscount Keppel
3300:The Earl of Halifax
3270:The Duke of Bedford
3185:The Lord Cornwallis
3160:The Lord Cottington
3145:The Earl of Lindsey
2329:Philip Henry Howard
2279:Sir George Cockburn
2084:Sir Philip Musgrave
2064:Sir Philip Musgrave
2014:Sir Walter Stirling
1814:Erickson, Arvel B.
1804:, London: Fontana,
1594:Ward, pages 165-166
1460:Torrens pages 77-78
1436:Day, David (2019).
1303:County Courts Bills
1178:John Arthur Roebuck
1038:Richard Lalor Sheil
1007:. The letters from
904:Entry to government
812:Break with Whiggism
590:where he made many
485:Graham was born at
3691:Viscount Cilcennin
3315:The Earl of Egmont
3245:The Earl of Orford
3230:The Earl of Orford
3195:The Earl of Orford
2379:Political offices
1983:Kingston upon Hull
1909:. London: Ridgway.
1823:Historical Journal
1633:Ward pages 172-189
1554:The London Gazette
1162:Sir Charles Napier
1085:Duke of Wellington
1042:Secretary of State
1001:London Post Office
985:Disruption of 1843
822:
718:
673:
511:Westminster School
443:Kingston upon Hull
431:Duchy of Lancaster
397:of Craigforth and
395:Sir James Campbell
3719:
3718:
3711:The Earl Jellicoe
3681:The Viscount Hall
3661:Winston Churchill
3656:The Earl Stanhope
3586:Sir Edward Carson
3576:Winston Churchill
3501:Henry Lowry-Corry
3446:The Earl of Minto
3441:The Lord Auckland
3431:The Lord Auckland
3401:The Lord Mulgrave
3350:The Viscount Howe
3340:The Viscount Howe
3260:Sir Charles Wager
3092:
3091:
2740:Sotheron-Estcourt
2534:
2533:
2525:Succeeded by
2487:Succeeded by
2465:Academic offices
2455:Succeeded by
2428:Succeeded by
2404:The Lord Auckland
2401:Succeeded by
2365:Succeeded by
2344:1852–1861
2308:Succeeded by
2298:1847–1852
2262:Succeeded by
2252:1841–1847
2220:Succeeded by
2185:Succeeded by
2169:1832–1837
2131:1829–1832
2102:Sir William Scott
2095:Succeeded by
2079:1826–1829
2043:Succeeded by
2033:1820–1821
1997:Succeeded by
1987:1818–1820
1860:29 (1955), 73–81
1719:Mandell Creighton
1567:Ward pages 97-105
1487:Corn and Currency
1447:978-0-19064-132-0
1307:Court of Chancery
1278:Lord John Russell
1250:Victorian Britain
1189:Gunboat diplomacy
1158:Order of the Bath
1140:drifted into the
1068:Benjamin Disraeli
1064:Lord John Russell
1060:William Huskisson
941:MP for Dorchester
797:Lord John Russell
773:privy councillors
519:private secretary
441:. He represented
399:Ardkinglas Castle
364:
363:
186:The Lord Auckland
3879:
3872:UK MPs 1859–1865
3867:UK MPs 1857–1859
3862:UK MPs 1852–1857
3857:UK MPs 1847–1852
3852:UK MPs 1841–1847
3847:UK MPs 1837–1841
3842:UK MPs 1835–1837
3837:UK MPs 1832–1835
3832:UK MPs 1831–1832
3827:UK MPs 1830–1831
3822:UK MPs 1826–1830
3817:UK MPs 1818–1820
3571:Reginald McKenna
3546:The Earl Spencer
3516:George Ward Hunt
3436:The Earl de Grey
3396:Thomas Grenville
3360:The Earl Spencer
3325:Sir Edward Hawke
3305:George Grenville
3223:of Great Britain
3217:
3216:
3165:Sir Henry Capell
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3087:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2528:Frederick Graham
2504:Preceded by
2470:Preceded by
2458:Sir Charles Wood
2438:Preceded by
2411:Preceded by
2384:Preceded by
2322:Preceded by
2276:Preceded by
2230:Preceded by
2199:Preceded by
2192:Francis Aglionby
2155:New constituency
2136:Sir John Lowther
2112:Sir John Lowther
2109:Preceded by
2057:Preceded by
2011:Preceded by
1965:Preceded by
1955:
1932:
1921:
1910:
1899:
1888:
1876:
1874:
1871:Sir James Graham
1789:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:Carlisle Journal
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:Russell, page 24
1622:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1505:
1496:Arthur W. Moss,
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:Ward pages 24-45
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1378:
1373:
1286:municipal reform
1191:when bombarding
1134:Eastern Question
1101:Earl of Aberdeen
1029:Neapolitan court
1017:Giuseppe Mazzini
951:in his cabinet.
912:ordered his son
893:Francis Aglionby
868:Duke of Richmond
768:Sir John Lowther
716:Sir James Graham
541:returned to the
523:Lord Montgomerie
377:
291:
271:
269:
257:Personal details
247:Sir Charles Wood
243:
231:
215:
196:
182:
170:
158:
139:
118:
106:
94:
75:
55:
45:
30:Sir James Graham
21:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3676:A. V. Alexander
3671:Brendan Bracken
3666:A. V. Alexander
3631:A. V. Alexander
3591:Sir Eric Geddes
3561:The Earl Cawdor
3391:Viscount Howick
3386:The Lord Barham
3364:
3285:The Earl Temple
3218:
3214:
3209:
3128:
3123:
3093:
3088:
3079:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2530:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2492:
2483:
2475:
2460:
2451:
2443:
2433:
2431:Sir George Grey
2424:
2416:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2357:
2352:
2349:Joseph Ferguson
2345:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:William Beckett
2313:
2311:Edwin Lascelles
2303:Edwin Lascelles
2299:
2297:
2285:
2283:Edwin Lascelles
2281:
2271:
2267:
2253:
2251:
2239:
2237:Robert Williams
2235:
2225:
2216:
2204:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2174:William Blamire
2170:
2168:
2165:East Cumberland
2141:William Blamire
2139:
2132:
2130:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2048:
2034:
2032:
2020:
2018:Samuel Stephens
2016:
2006:
2002:
1988:
1986:
1974:
1970:
1968:John Staniforth
1940:
1935:
1924:
1913:
1902:
1891:
1879:
1866:
1796:
1794:Further reading
1778:, ed. (1911). "
1774:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1729:Stephen, Leslie
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1508:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1338:
1291:Sir Robert Peel
1246:
1225:
1185:Lord Palmerston
1125:Navigation Acts
1113:
1055:
993:
991:Mazzini letters
956:state education
937:Robert Williams
918:MP for Pembroke
906:
901:
880:
814:
809:
743:ball cartridges
710:
705:
665:
630:civil liberties
580:
578:Whig beginnings
575:
535:Napoleonic Wars
483:
455:East Cumberland
417:, 1840. He was
369:
332:
327:
322:
315:Political party
293:
289:
288:25 October 1861
273:
267:
265:
241:
229:
221:
213:
197:
192:
180:
168:
156:
140:
135:
122:Sir George Grey
116:
104:
98:Sir Robert Peel
92:
76:
71:
46:
33:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Arthur Balfour
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:George Goschen
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:George Goschen
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:The Lord Anson
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:The Lord Anson
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Sir John Leake
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Sturges Bourne
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2421:Home Secretary
2417:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:Wilfrid Lawson
2366:
2363:
2359:Wilfrid Lawson
2332:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2263:
2260:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2205:
2202:Hugh Owen Owen
2200:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2183:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1939:
1938:External links
1936:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1911:
1900:
1889:
1881:Henry Lonsdale
1877:
1864:
1854:
1843:
1838:Lambert, A.D.
1836:
1829:
1819:
1812:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1776:Chisholm, Hugh
1756:
1755:
1744:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1506:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1395:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1337:
1334:
1245:
1242:
1224:
1221:
1210:Willis's Rooms
1112:
1109:
1089:House of Lords
1087:persuaded the
1054:
1051:
1025:Foreign Office
995:In June 1844,
992:
989:
964:eight-hour day
949:Home Secretary
905:
902:
900:
899:Home Secretary
897:
879:
876:
855:archbishoprics
813:
810:
808:
805:
793:Lord Duncannon
751:Dalston Dinner
709:
706:
704:
701:
664:
661:
654:Royal Family's
579:
576:
574:
571:
563:Wilfrid Lawson
482:
479:
437:for county of
403:Doctor of Laws
380:Home Secretary
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
346:
345:
342:
338:
337:
316:
312:
311:
306:
302:
301:
292:(aged 69)
286:
282:
281:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
216:
214:Prime Minister
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
159:
157:Prime Minister
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
132:
131:
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
95:
93:Prime Minister
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
68:
67:
65:Home Secretary
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
32:
29:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3884:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:RSPCA workers
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Lord Pakenham
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Hugh Childers
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3086:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Joynson-Hicks
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Akers-Douglas
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2518:(of Netherby)
2517:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:Edmund Potter
2362:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2223:Sir John Owen
2215:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:William James
2182:
2180:
2179:William James
2175:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2060:William James
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:Lyndon Evelyn
2040:
2039:
2038:Lyndon Evelyn
2031:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:John Mitchell
1994:
1993:
1992:John Mitchell
1985:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:0-00-686366-3
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1771:public domain
1760:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1681:, 8 July 1852
1680:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1642:Hirst, p. 35.
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1576:Ward page 136
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1244:Retrospective
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Liberal Party
1211:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:third reading
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
988:
986:
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
903:
898:
896:
894:
890:
885:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
818:
811:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Privy Council
782:
778:
774:
769:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
714:
707:
703:In Parliament
702:
700:
698:
693:
691:
686:
682:
678:
671:Netherby Hall
669:
662:
660:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
589:
588:Brooks's Club
585:
577:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Joachim Murat
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:, the son of
492:
488:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:in 1820; for
448:
444:
440:
439:Hertfordshire
436:
433:, and Deputy
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:in 1835, was
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
359:
356:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
325:
320:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
287:
283:
280:
276:
264:
260:
255:
251:
248:
245:
239:
236:
233:
227:
224:
220:
217:
211:
208:
205:
201:
195:
190:
187:
184:
178:
175:
172:
166:
163:
162:The Earl Grey
160:
154:
151:
148:
144:
138:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
114:
111:
108:
102:
99:
96:
90:
87:
84:
80:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
40:
36:
27:
22:
19:
3475:
3425:
2920:Lloyd George
2915:Maxwell-Fyfe
2709:
2519:
2512:
2507:James Graham
2478:
2446:
2419:
2392:
2347:
2334:
2301:
2288:
2257:Henry Ashley
2255:
2242:
2233:Henry Ashley
2207:
2172:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2134:
2121:
2082:
2069:
2036:
2023:
2004:Daniel Sykes
1990:
1977:
1972:George Denys
1943:
1927:
1916:
1905:
1894:
1884:
1870:
1857:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1822:
1815:
1801:
1783:
1747:
1736:
1713:
1704:
1699:Wood, p. 276
1695:
1690:Wood, p. 257
1686:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1469:Ward page 25
1465:
1456:
1437:
1431:
1420:
1409:
1398:
1371:
1354:
1339:
1320:
1316:
1255:
1247:
1226:
1218:
1212:to form the
1203:
1182:
1121:Carlton Club
1114:
1056:
994:
978:
953:
934:
907:
881:
860:Lord Stanley
826:impressments
823:
765:
760:
731:constabulary
719:
694:
674:
618:retrenchment
581:
484:
425:. He became
423:Irish Church
392:
366:
365:
324:Conservative
290:(1861-10-25)
242:Succeeded by
193:
181:Succeeded by
136:
117:Succeeded by
72:
18:
3757:Graham Land
3737:1861 deaths
3732:1792 births
3651:Duff Cooper
3596:Walter Long
2473:Robert Peel
2269:Henry Sturt
1948:1803–2005:
1733:Lee, Sidney
1549:"No. 18748"
1258:distinction
1150:Dardanelles
1142:Crimean War
1005:Home Office
945:Robert Peel
872:Derby Dilly
838:land tenure
789:Lord Durham
755:freeholders
727:corporation
622:slave trade
471:Graham Land
411:Lord Rector
336:(1859–1861)
331:(1846–1859)
326:(1835–1846)
321:(1818–1835)
305:Nationality
272:1 June 1792
230:Preceded by
169:Preceded by
105:Preceded by
3726:Categories
3133:of England
2985:Waddington
2910:Chuter Ede
2725:Palmerston
2690:Wellington
2635:Hawkesbury
2522:1824–1861
2484:1838–1840
2452:1852–1855
2425:1841–1846
2398:1830–1834
2361:1859–1861
2248:Dorchester
2217:1838–1841
2181:1836–1837
2143:1831–1832
2127:Cumberland
2091:1827–1829
1363:References
1346:Cumberland
1311:Lord Derby
1299:free trade
1282:Reform Act
1195:after the
1053:Free trade
1047:his nephew
973:Dissenters
884:William IV
864:Lord Ripon
851:bishoprics
657:Civil List
596:mercantile
557:. Back in
525:, British
507:Cumberland
491:Cumberland
475:Antarctica
463:Dorchester
435:Lieutenant
350:Alma mater
299:Cumberland
279:Cumberland
268:1792-06-01
150:William IV
3616:Leo Amery
3065:Braverman
3055:Braverman
3015:C. Clarke
2995:K. Clarke
2945:Callaghan
2905:Somervell
2860:Henderson
2855:Bridgeman
2825:Churchill
2820:Gladstone
2685:Duncannon
2680:Melbourne
2670:Lansdowne
2645:Liverpool
2610:Grenville
2590:Townshend
2585:Shelburne
2356:1857–1859
2351:1852–1857
2176:1832–1836
2138:1829–1831
2086:1826–1827
1350:Frederick
1274:Lord Grey
1262:dominions
1170:Kronstadt
1154:Black Sea
969:Anglicans
914:Hugh Owen
908:In 1838,
846:heretical
777:Earl Grey
697:baronetcy
681:Corn Laws
634:George IV
626:religious
603:Yorkshire
194:In office
137:In office
73:In office
3611:Anderson
3070:Cleverly
3010:Blunkett
2970:Whitelaw
2950:Maudling
2900:Morrison
2895:Anderson
2795:Matthews
2790:Childers
2780:Harcourt
2705:Normanby
2695:Goulburn
2655:Sidmouth
2620:Portland
2340:Carlisle
2213:Pembroke
2075:Carlisle
1883:(1868).
1862:in JSTOR
1827:in JSTOR
1735:(eds.).
1721:(1890).
1342:Netherby
1270:colonies
1233:rhetoric
1229:epigrams
1174:Sveaborg
1129:Aberdeen
1097:Peelites
1093:Radicals
1033:Austrian
1021:Calabria
981:Scotland
971:and the
889:hustings
866:and the
842:Catholic
729:and the
685:pamphlet
677:Netherby
648:seat of
551:Napoleon
527:diplomat
451:Carlisle
295:Netherby
207:Victoria
86:Victoria
3030:Johnson
2975:Brittan
2960:Jenkins
2940:Jenkins
2935:Soskice
2880:Gilmour
2830:McKenna
2810:Ritchie
2800:Asquith
2755:Walpole
2735:Walpole
2720:Walpole
2700:Russell
2640:Spencer
2514:Baronet
2029:St Ives
1945:Hansard
1773::
1268:in our
1266:Negroes
1197:Chinese
1111:Peelite
830:Ireland
735:Milldam
650:St Ives
646:Cornish
642:radical
599:borough
555:England
543:Embassy
503:Dalston
487:Naworth
447:St Ives
413:of the
405:at the
334:Liberal
329:Peelite
309:British
275:Naworth
203:Monarch
146:Monarch
82:Monarch
3075:Cooper
3060:Shapps
3000:Howard
2930:Brooke
2925:Butler
2875:Samuel
2870:Clynes
2850:Shortt
2840:Samuel
2805:Ridley
2710:Graham
2625:Pelham
2615:Dundas
2605:Sydney
2600:Temple
2346:With:
2300:With:
2254:With:
2171:With:
2133:With:
2081:With:
2035:With:
1989:With:
1842:(1990)
1808:
1767:
1444:
1336:Family
1328:Bright
1324:Cobden
1295:Europe
1237:orator
1223:Orator
1201:Lorcha
1193:Canton
1166:Baltic
1146:Russia
1138:France
834:tithes
624:, and
610:reform
559:London
531:Sicily
341:Spouse
3050:Patel
3045:Javid
3025:Smith
3005:Straw
2990:Baker
2890:Hoare
2885:Simon
2835:Simon
2785:Cross
2775:Cross
2765:Bruce
2760:Hardy
2745:Lewis
2650:Ryder
2630:Yorke
2595:North
2294:Ripon
1727:. In
1205:Arrow
1144:with
1117:Ripon
1015:) to
1013:Corfu
922:Wales
690:RSPCA
614:peace
606:Dandy
549:from
467:Ripon
373:
41:
37:
3606:Wood
3040:Rudd
3020:Reid
2980:Hurd
2965:Rees
2955:Carr
2845:Cave
2770:Lowe
2750:Grey
2730:Grey
2715:Grey
2675:Peel
2660:Peel
2338:for
2292:for
2246:for
2211:for
2163:for
2125:for
2073:for
2027:for
1981:for
1806:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1331:met.
1326:and
1276:and
1172:and
1103:and
1070:and
853:and
795:and
628:and
592:Whig
584:Tory
513:and
382:and
319:Whig
285:Died
262:Born
3035:May
1782:".
1187:'s
1081:MPs
920:in
692:).
529:in
521:to
505:in
473:in
371:GCB
39:GCB
3728::
1731:;
1617:^
1551:.
1509:^
1382:^
1352:.
1344:,
1107:.
987:.
939:,
932:.
916:,
862:,
791:,
699:.
616:,
569:.
489:,
390:.
375:PC
297:,
277:,
43:PC
35:Bt
3118:e
3111:t
3104:v
2559:e
2552:t
2545:v
1450:.
270:)
266:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
