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1532:, was formally recognised by the University. Two days later, the Trustees announced that Cockcroft would be its first Master. Although it would also teach the humanities and social sciences, 70 per cent of the student body would study science and technology related subjects. He nominated the first fellows, and he oversaw the initial construction. Controversy arose over the chapel. A 1961 plan to build it at the entrance to the college, as was traditional at Cambridge, led to the immediate resignation of
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79:
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1426:, which stood for Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile, was designed by the Montreal Laboratory, and became the first nuclear reactor to operate in Western Europe when it was started on 15 August 1947. This was followed by BEPO, a 6 MW research reactor designed by AERE, on 3 July 1948. Because heavy water was unavailable in Britain, BEPO was designed and built as a graphite-moderated reactor. Harwell was involved in the design of reactors at
1410:(AERE) at Harwell on 9 November 1945. The official announcement was made on 29 January 1946, but the news leaked two months before the announcement, and before the Canadian government was informed, creating a diplomatic incident. It was agreed that Cockcroft would not depart until a successor was found, and he did not depart Chalk River for Harwell until 30 September 1946. In the meantime he recruited staff for the new laboratory.
6454:
1197:. Because Britain had developed many new technologies but lacked the industrial capacity to fully exploit them, it was decided to share them with the United States, although that nation was not yet at war. The information provided by the Tizard Mission contained some of the greatest scientific advances made during the war. The shared technology included radar technologies, in particular the greatly improved
1145:
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825:, Walker's alma mater. Cockcroft was successful, winning a £30 scholarship and a £20 bursary awarded to undergraduates of limited means. Metropolitan Vickers gave him £50 subject to his returning after completing his degree. Walker and an aunt made up the balance of the £316 fee. As a graduate of another university, he was allowed to skip the first year of the
966:. Cockcroft and Walton then switched to looking for alpha particles instead. On 14 April 1932, Walton bombarded a lithium target and noticed what he thought might be alpha particles. Cockcroft and then Rutherford were summoned, and confirmed that this was indeed the case. That evening, Cockcroft and Walton met at Rutherford's home and produced a letter for
1331:, who was a poor administrator, did not work well with the Canadians, and was regarded as a security risk by the Americans. In April 1944 a Combined Policy Committee meeting at Washington agreed that Montreal Laboratory scientists who were not British subjects would leave, and Cockcroft would become the new director of the Montreal Laboratory in May 1944.
1434:(McMahon Act) in August 1946, made it clear that the UK would no longer be allowed access to the United States' atomic research. This partly resulted from the arrest for espionage of Alan Nunn May in February 1946. Cockcroft helped negotiate a new, more informal and unsigned agreement with the Americans that was announced on 7 January 1948, known as the
1178:(RAF) to detect and track aircraft. Now, he helped deploy scientists to help get the system fully operational. In 1940, he became part of the Advisory Council for Scientific Research and Technical Development. In April 1940, along he became a member of the Committee for the Scientific Study of Air Warfare formed to handle issues arising from the
1268:. The idea was that if a shell could explode when it was near an enemy aircraft, a near miss would be nearly as effective as a direct hit. The technical problem was to miniaturise a radar set, and make it sturdy enough to be fired from a gun barrel. The second problem had been solved by the Germans; a dud German bomb was salvaged that had
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1335:
1482:'s group at the Los Alamos Laboratory was also researching fusion, and Cockcroft struck an agreement with the Americans that they would release their results together, which was done in 1958. Despite Cockcroft's perennial optimism that a breakthrough was imminent, fusion power remained an elusive goal.
1514:
The reactors had been designed to remain clean and uncorroded during use, so it was thought there would be no particulate for the filters to catch. As well, the uranium oxide at Oak Ridge turned out to be from the chemical plant and not the reactor. The filters therefore became known as "Cockcroft's
902:
atoms. This and subsequent experiments hinted at the structure of atomic nuclei. To explore it further, he needed an artificial means of creating particles with a velocity high enough to overcome the charge of the nucleus. This opened a new line of research at the
Cavendish Laboratory. He assigned
1217:
and the Frisch–Peierls memorandum describing the feasibility of an atomic bomb. Though these may be considered the most significant, many other items were also transported, including designs for rockets, superchargers, gunsights and submarine detection devices. He returned to
Britain in December
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enabled a 36-inch (910 mm) cyclotron, based on
Lawrence's design, to be built, along with a new wing to house it. Cockcroft supervised the work. The cyclotron was in operation by October 1938, and the new wing was completed in 1940. Oliphant felt that the cyclotron was not big enough, and
840:
Cockcroft married
Elizabeth Crabtree on 26 August 1925, in a ceremony at the Bridge Street United Methodist Church in Todmorden. They had six children. The first, a boy known as Timothy, died in infancy. They subsequently had four daughters, Joan Dorothea (Thea), Jocelyn, Elisabeth Fielden and
1418:
became head of the
Theoretical Physics; Robert Spence, Cockcroft's deputy at Montreal Laboratory, became head of Chemistry; H.W.B. Skinner, of General Physics; Otto Frisch, of Nuclear Physics; and John Dunworth, of Reactor Physics. Fuchs was later arrested as a Soviet spy on 3 February 1950.
1438:. The renewed cooperation that he hoped for under the agreement proved illusory. The development of the independent British nuclear deterrent led to the Atomic Energy Act being amended in 1958, and to a resumption of the nuclear Special Relationship between America and Britain under the
1502:
As director of the AERE, Cockcroft famously insisted that the chimney stacks of the
Windscale plutonium production reactors be fitted, at great expense, with high-performance filters. That was in response to a report that uranium oxide had been found in the vicinity of the
1123:. The Cavendish Laboratory was able to keep ahead of the Americans despite having an inferior accelerator with clever physics, but Cockcroft pressed Rutherford to obtain a cyclotron for the Cavendish laboratory. Rutherford baulked at the price tag, but a £250,000 gift from
876:
student in 1924, with a
Foundation Scholarship of St John's College, and a State Scholarship. Under Rutherford's supervision, he wrote his doctoral thesis "On phenomena occurring in the condensation of molecular streams on surfaces", which was published in the
627:
became the first nuclear reactor to operate in western Europe when it was started on 15 August 1947. This was followed by the
British Experimental Pile 0 (BEPO) in 1948. Harwell was involved in the design of the reactors and the chemical separation plant at
1386:
in the world. Originally designed in July 1944 with an output of 8 MW, the power was raised to 10 MW through design changes such as replacing uranium rods clad in stainless steel and cooled by heavy water with aluminium-clad rods cooled by light water.
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opened in 1944, and the
Montreal Laboratory was closed in July 1946. ZEEP went critical on 5 September 1945, becoming the first operating nuclear reactor outside the United States. The larger NRX followed on 21 July 1947. With five times the
1473:
under Peter
Thonemann. In 1951, Cockcroft arranged for the Oxford group to be transferred to Harwell. Cockcroft approved the construction of ZETA (Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly) by the Thonemann's Harwell group, and the smaller
1519:
of 1957, the filters prevented a far worse release of radioactive material. Terence Price, future scientific advisor at the Ministry of Defence in the 1960s, noted that "the word folly did not seem appropriate after the accident".
1394:, who worked at the Chalk River Laboratories, was a Soviet spy. In August 1947, Cockcroft was one of the scientists who signed a petition urging that Nunn May's ten-year prison sentence be reduced, an act he later regretted.
1276:
in February 1942. Work proceeded fitfully, and by 1943, production was still two years away. On a visit to the United States in November 1943, Cockcroft discussed adapting the American proximity fuze for British use with
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931:. Cockcroft realised that as a result of this phenomenon, the desired effect could be achieved with much lower voltages than first thought. In fact, he calculated that protons with energy of just 300,000
1690:
in Cambridge, and are accessible to the public. They include his lab books, correspondence, photographs (with dozens depicting the construction of Chalk River, CKFT 26/4), theses and political papers.
1241:
in October 1943 conclusively demonstrated that SCR-584 was superior. This made Cockcroft very unpopular at the Ministry of Supply, but he had intelligence that the Germans were planning to deploy the
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On 24 August 1944, the decision was taken to build a small reactor in order to test the Montreal Laboratory's calculations relating to such matters as lattice dimensions, sheathing materials, and
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that could withstand the acceleration. Plans were given to the Americans by the Tizard Mission, but work continued in Britain, where a team was established at Christchurch under
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1680:
1100:, and Cockcroft supervised rewiring of the electrics. In 1935, Rutherford appointed him the director of research at the Mond Laboratory after Kapitza, who had returned to the
291:
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were ordered on 16 January 1944. The fuzes arrived in time to engage the V-1 flying bombs in August 1944, shooting down 97 per cent of them. For his services, he was made a
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In 1929, Cockcroft was appointed a Supervisor in Mechanical Sciences at St John's College. He was appointed a Supervisor in Physics in 1931, and in 1933 became the junior
1585:
In addition to winning, along with Walton, the Hughes Medal and 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics, Cockcroft received numerous awards and accolades over the years. He became a
939:
nucleus. Cockcroft and Walton worked on their accelerator for the next two years. Rutherford obtained a £1,000 grant from the University of Cambridge for them to buy a
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chemistry or metallurgy, although irradiated uranium slugs were made available for the British to work it out for themselves. A sticking point was the director of the
584:, he shared British technology with his counterparts in the United States. Later in the war, the fruits of the Tizard Mission came back to Britain in the form of the
6666:
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1319:
in Canada, and would provide technical assistance with matters such as corrosion and the effects of radiation on materials. They would not provide details about
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64:
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1365:, for Zero Energy Experimental Pile. Building reactors in downtown Montreal was out of the question; the Canadians selected, and Groves approved, a site at
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887:, who was working on the physics of magnetic fields in extremely low temperatures. Cockcroft helped with the design and construction of helium liquefiers.
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After the war ended, Cockcroft was released from the Army in January 1919. He elected not to return to the Victoria University of Manchester, but to study
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Cockcroft was elected a Fellow of St. John's College on 5 November 1928. He and Walton began operating their accelerator in March 1932, bombarding
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to control the Manhattan Project. A final agreement was spelt out on 20 May 1944. Under it, the Americans would assist with the construction of a
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whilst he was an apprentice at Metropolitan Vickers Trafford Park and was also a member of their research staff. He then won a scholarship to
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798:. Because he had completed a year at Victoria University of Manchester, he was allowed to skip the first year of the course. He received his
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Cockcroft and Walton were well aware of the limits of their accelerator. A much better design had been developed in the United States by
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Oral history interview transcript with John Cockcroft on 28 March 1967, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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1536:, a staunch atheist, as a fellow. The first undergraduates arrived in 1961, and the college, still incomplete, was formally opened by
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Oral history interview transcript with John Cockcroft on 2 May 1963, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1221:
Soon after his return, Cockcroft was appointed Chief Superintendent of the Air Defence Research Development Establishment (ADRDE) at
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from 1961 to 1965, a largely symbolic post that involved a visit once a year for degree conferring ceremonies. He delivered the
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2393:"Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. IV. The Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons and Diplons"
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2240:"Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions"
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in which they announced their results, the first artificial disintegration of an atomic nucleus, which can be described thus:
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1190:, of which Cockcroft was also a member, in June 1940. This committee directed the ground-breaking early research in Britain.
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2342:"Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. III. The Disintegration of Lithium, Boron, and Carbon by Heavy Hydrogen Ions"
1179:
701:. Among the girls at the school was his future wife, Eunice Elizabeth Crabtree. In 1914, he won a County Major Scholarship,
569:
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in June 1920. Miles Walker, the professor of electrical engineering there, persuaded him to take up an apprenticeship with
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developed for the same purpose in the United States became available, and Cockcroft recommended that it be acquired under
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At the outbreak of the Second World War, Cockcroft took up the post of Assistant Director of Scientific Research in the
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1104:. He supervised the installation of new cryogenic equipment, and supervised low temperature research. He was elected a
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1958 visit at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Объединённый институт ядерных исследований) in Dubna (UdSSR)
872:
on the recommendation of Miles Walker and the director of research at Metropolitan Vickers. Cockcroft enrolled as a
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2495:"Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. VI. The Disintegration of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen by Deuterons"
1622:
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849:
883:. He was awarded his doctorate on 6 September 1925. During this time he was an assistant to the Russian physicist
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1092:, making him responsible for the upkeep of the buildings, many of which were suffering from neglect. The college
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program. His insistence that the chimney stacks of the Windscale reactors be fitted with filters was mocked as
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Under Cockcroft's direction, AERE took part in frontier fusion research in the post-war years, including the
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1973:
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2291:"Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons"
675:, England, on 27 May 1897, the eldest son of a mill owner, John Arthur Cockcroft, and his wife Annie Maude
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In April 1945, Cockcroft and Oliphant scouted a site for a similar establishment in Britain, settling on
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broke out in August 1914. Cockcroft completed his first year at Manchester in June 1915. He joined the
537:, and Cockcroft completed his doctorate under Rutherford's supervision in 1928. With Ernest Walton and
3335:
1601:
as a greater honour; Cockcroft became an Order of Merit member in December 1956. He also received the
681:
Fielden. He had four younger brothers; Eric, Philip, Keith and Lionel. His early education was at the
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2444:"Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. V. Further Experiments on the Disintegration of Boron"
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The Fly in the Cathedral: How a Small Group of Cambridge Scientists Won the Race to Split the Atom
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in May 1953. Perhaps because this was rare, scientists normally regarded becoming a member of the
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Manhattan District History, Book I, Volume 4, Chapter 9 – Assistance to the Canadian Pile Project
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Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 2, Policy Execution
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Several buildings in the United Kingdom are named after him: the Cockcroft building at the
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Cockcroft was shocked when he was informed on 10 September 1945 that the British physicist
1237:. On his own initiative, he acquired SCR-584 sets for testing, and trials conducted on the
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Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 1, Policy Making
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748:. He was then posted to B Battery, 92nd Field Artillery Brigade, one of the units of the
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in Europe in 1939, and it too would be obsolescent when it was completed after the war.
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at his home at Churchill College, Cambridge, on 18 September 1967. He is buried at the
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described as "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores", the design for the
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until the core of one of the reactors ignited and released radionuclides during the
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in Cambridge, in the same grave as his son Timothy. A memorial service was held at
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Gott, Richard (April 1963). "The Evolution of the Independent British Deterrent".
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568:. He was also a member of the committee formed to handle issues arising from the
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958:, which French scientists had reported, but none were found. In February 1932,
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5431:
5411:
5254:
5202:
4815:
4751:
4707:
4544:
4460:
4350:
4318:
3737:
1771:
1683:, Australian National University, the Cockcroft building, is named after him.
1632:
1278:
1234:
1214:
1167:
784:
783:, where he was trained as a field artillery officer. He was commissioned as a
776:
677:
632:. Under his direction it took part in frontier fusion research, including the
217:
3888:
3713:
3679:
3609:
3512:
3461:
3067:
2530:
2479:
2428:
2377:
2326:
2275:
2103:
2031:
1996:"On Phenomena Occurring in the Condensation of Molecular Streams on Surfaces"
1970:"On phenomena occurring in the condensation of molecular streams on surfaces"
6401:
6267:
6035:
5838:
4903:
4875:
4711:
3638:
3574:
3543:
3431:
2910:
1427:
1320:
1120:
1093:
1070:
977:
955:
951:
745:
740:
on 24 November 1915. On 29 March 1916, he joined the 59th Training Brigade,
717:
689:
from 1901 to 1908, at Todmorden Elementary School from 1908 to 1909, and at
668:
629:
506:
475:
419:
On phenomena occurring in the condensation of molecular streams on surfaces
168:
145:
3481:
2521:
2494:
2470:
2443:
2419:
2392:
2368:
2341:
2317:
2290:
2266:
2239:
2138:
2022:
1995:
1854:
1589:
in January 1948. This was normal: scientists were seldom inducted into the
6717:
People associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom
6597:
Alumni of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
1732:
1065:
and alpha particles. They demonstrated that they had produced radioactive
6441:
6274:
5808:
4651:
3755:
2693:
1567:
1229:
was developed as a target tracking and predicting radar, but by 1942 the
1201:
designed by Oliphant's group at Birmingham, which the American historian
1062:
1018:
891:
818:
thesis on the "Harmonic Analysis for Alternating Currents" in June 1922.
768:
656:
1193:
In August 1940, Cockcroft travelled to the United States as part of the
861:
where John Cockcroft lived from the age of two until he was 28 years old
6431:
6298:
3075:
2688:
2095:
1066:
963:
947:
854:
698:
686:
396:
3414:
The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology
1667:, comprising a lecture theatre and several hardware laboratories; the
1515:
Folly". However, when the core of one of the two reactors ignited the
923:
source for them. A crucial moment came when Cockcroft read a paper by
5817:
2714:
2712:
2162:
1089:
1058:
1054:
998:
920:
899:
826:
522:
413:
314:
5749:
3059:
2671:
2669:
3633:. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History.
2174:
2172:
1760:"Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas (1897–1967), physicist and engineer".
1671:
at Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire; the Cockcroft building of the
1186:
could be technically feasible. This committee was succeeded by the
771:
in February 1918 to learn about gunnery, and in April 1918, to the
1631:
1542:
1489:
1423:
1333:
1251:
1159:
1143:
1079:
936:
848:
624:
565:
560:
Cockcroft became Assistant Director of Scientific Research in the
3444:
Half-Life: The Divided Life of Bruno Pontecorvo, Physicist or Spy
1045:. For this accomplishment, Cockcroft and Walton were awarded the
545:. Cockcroft and Walton used this to perform the first artificial
6379:
5848:
3306:"Presentation Notes: Cockcroft Building, University of Brighton"
2816:"How it All Began in Canada – The Role of the French Scientists"
1578:
as well as Chairman of the Nuclear Physics Sub-Committee of the
1575:
1362:
1338:
767:. He applied for a commission, and was accepted. He was sent to
729:
601:
5753:
5627:
4116:
3892:
3280:
3103:"Windscale Piles: Cockcroft's Follies avoided nuclear disaster"
2911:"Bruno Pontecorvo: From Rome To Dubna (personal recollections)"
1334:
667:
John Douglas Cockcroft, also known as "Johnny W.", was born in
3106:
1469:, under Allibone's direction. Research independently began at
1430:, and the chemical separation plant there. The passage of the
1358:
1342:
1096:
had to be partly taken down in order to repair damage done by
873:
815:
799:
605:
47:
1128:
commenced construction of a larger 60-inch cyclotron at the
2880:
2878:
841:
Catherine Helena; and another son, Christopher Hugh John.
829:. He sat the tripos exam in June 1924, achieved a B* as a
1498:, with the visible swellings to house Cockcroft's filters
821:
Walker then suggested Cockcroft sit for a scholarship to
3594:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
1249:
sent Washington an urgent request for 134 SCR-584 sets.
474:(27 May 1897 – 18 September 1967) was an English
1574:
in 1944. He was the British delegate on the Council of
1373:
some 110 miles (180 km) north west of Ottawa. The
962:
demonstrated that what had been observed were actually
1132:. Its construction was delayed by the outbreak of the
6466:
2391:
Cockcroft, J. D.; Walton, E. T. S. (1 January 1935).
6662:
Chief Scientific Advisers to the Ministry of Defence
1842:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1681:
Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering
890:
In 1919, Rutherford had succeeded in disintegrating
6712:
Presidents of the Association for Science Education
6322:
6291:
6224:
6013:
5882:
5796:
5264:
4921:
4610:
4388:
4154:
4021:
3996:
3977:
3953:
3928:
2072:(March 1928). "Zur Quantentheorie des Atomkernes".
615:After the war Cockcroft became the director of the
428:
412:
402:
392:
272:
262:
216:
208:
185:
175:
156:
132:
127:
111:
92:
45:
2937:
2896:
2847:"Early Years of Nuclear Energy Research in Canada"
2289:Cockcroft, J. D.; Walton, E. T. S. (1 July 1932).
2238:Cockcroft, J. D.; Walton, E. T. S. (1 June 1932).
1560:British Association for the Advancement of Science
1461:in 1946. This was subsequently transferred to the
911:to the problem. They built what became known as a
6697:Chancellors of the Australian National University
2340:Cockcroft, J. D.; Walton, E. T. S. (1 May 1934).
787:in the Royal Field Artillery on 17 October 1918.
3871:Chancellor of the Australian National University
1623:Knight Commander of the Military Order of Christ
1580:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
1406:. Cockcroft was offered the directorship of the
868:accepted Cockcroft as a research student at the
533:accepted Cockcroft as a research student at the
6592:Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
3242:
3170:
3138:
3126:
3088:
3033:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2774:
2762:
2730:
2718:
2675:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2593:
2493:Cockcroft, J. D.; Lewis, W. B. (2 March 1936).
2442:Cockcroft, J. D.; Lewis, W. B. (2 March 1936).
2178:
2124:
2056:
2044:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1792:
1382:of any other reactor, it was the most powerful
954:with high-energy protons. They expected to see
6692:Niels Bohr International Gold Medal recipients
3785:"Archival material relating to John Cockcroft"
2838:
2836:
2137:Cockcroft, John; Walton, Ernest (April 1932).
647:From 1959 to 1967, he was the first Master of
6677:Presidents of the British Science Association
6632:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
5765:
5655:Chancellors of Australian National University
5639:
4128:
3904:
3009:
1921:(Supplement). 5 November 1918. p. 13089.
1839:(1968). "John Douglas Cockcroft. 1897–1967".
490:, and was instrumental in the development of
8:
3021:
2139:"Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons"
1766:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1287:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1245:. On 1 January 1944, Lieutenant-General Sir
623:, where the low-powered, graphite-moderated
580:which succeeded it. In 1940, as part of the
6587:Jacksonian Professors of Natural Philosophy
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1711:(1967). "Sir John Cockcroft, O.M., F.R.S".
1084:Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit
812:Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851
6627:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
5772:
5758:
5750:
5646:
5632:
5624:
4135:
4121:
4113:
3911:
3897:
3889:
3819:Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy
3800:
3793:
3759:
3389:. Churchill Archives Centre, ArchiveSearch
3212:(Supplement). 28 December 1956. p. 4.
3160:(Supplement). 30 December 1947. p. 2.
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1636:Cockcroft (left) at a sod turning for the
1110:Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy
796:Manchester Municipal College of Technology
576:could be technically feasible, and of the
515:Manchester Municipal College of Technology
231:Manchester Municipal College of Technology
77:
42:
2520:
2469:
2418:
2367:
2316:
2265:
2021:
1595:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
728:. During the summer break he worked at a
596:. In May 1944, he became director of the
3416:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
3192:(Supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 2943.
3101:Leatherdale, Duncan (14 November 2014).
2752:(Supplement). 2 June 1944. p. 2586.
1357:, before proceeding with the full-scale
6582:Masters of Churchill College, Cambridge
6577:Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
6572:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
6473:
3627:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb
2549:University of Cambridge Digital Library
1763:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1700:
1621:by France in 1952, and was awarded the
286:
6667:Presidents of the Institute of Physics
6567:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
2909:Fidecaro, Giuseppe (4 December 1996).
2798:
2608:"The Nuffield Cyclotron at Birmingham"
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1053:in 1951. They went on to disintegrate
6602:British Army personnel of World War I
2884:
2869:
2786:
1650:Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground
1627:Grand Cross of the Order of Alfonso X
1108:in 1936, and in 1939 was elected the
724:there, but did not wish to become an
676:
600:, and oversaw the development of the
592:, which were used to help defeat the
7:
1675:; and the Cockcroft building of the
1422:The low-powered, graphite-moderated
1408:Atomic Energy Research Establishment
1369:, Ontario, on the south bank of the
617:Atomic Energy Research Establishment
407:Atomic Energy Research Establishment
3474:Britain and Atomic Energy 1939–1945
2192:"Award winners : Hughes Medal"
1686:Cockcroft's papers are held at the
1638:Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory
1440:1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
1349:(under construction, in background)
693:from 1909 to 1914, where he played
547:disintegration of an atomic nucleus
6707:Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
6672:Presidents of the Physical Society
6237:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3672:United States Department of Energy
3559:. Bristol: Avon : A. Hilger.
3387:"The Papers of Sir John Cockcroft"
2500:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2449:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2398:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2347:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2296:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2245:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2001:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
1562:. He served as chancellor of the
608:reactors, and the creation of the
357:Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
25:
2217:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951"
1281:. As a result, 150,000 fuzes for
1041:This feat was popularly known as
943:and other equipment they needed.
707:Victoria University of Manchester
226:Victoria University of Manchester
6657:Atoms for Peace Award recipients
6524:
6512:
6500:
6488:
6476:
6453:
6452:
1994:Cockcroft, J. D. (1 June 1928).
1640:in Saskatoon, Canada in May 1962
1619:Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur
1538:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
1463:Associated Electrical Industries
880:Proceedings of the Royal Society
651:. He was also chancellor of the
541:he built what became known as a
6557:20th-century British physicists
3232:. 8 February 1952. p. 789.
1554:Cockcroft was president of the
198:
1564:Australian National University
1558:from 1954 to 1956, and of the
1494:The two chimney stacks of the
1341:reactor in February 1954 with
761:Advance to the Hindenburg Line
759:Cockcroft participated in the
653:Australian National University
525:exam in June 1924, becoming a
180:Ascension Parish Burial Ground
1:
6637:Members of the Order of Merit
3585:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962).
1679:. The oldest building at the
1625:by Portugal in 1955, and the
1414:from the Manhattan Project's
935:would be able to penetrate a
823:St. John's College, Cambridge
736:in Wales. He enlisted in the
519:St. John's College, Cambridge
245:St. John's College, Cambridge
27:British physicist (1897–1967)
6642:Fellows of the Royal Society
6397:Oppenheimer security hearing
3844:Churchill College, Cambridge
2801:, pp. 206–207, 209–214.
1780:UK public library membership
1725:10.1259/0007-1285-40-479-872
1713:British Journal of Radiology
1548:Churchill College, Cambridge
1530:Churchill College, Cambridge
1174:radar stations built by the
1112:, effective 1 October 1939.
913:Cockcroft–Walton accelerator
744:, where he was trained as a
649:Churchill College, Cambridge
549:, a feat popularly known as
95:Churchill College, Cambridge
34:. For the cardiologist, see
6722:People associated with CERN
3661:Manhattan District (1947).
3243:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
3171:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
3139:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
3127:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
3089:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
3034:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2998:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2986:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2974:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2962:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2950:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2775:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
2763:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
2731:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2719:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2676:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2661:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2649:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2637:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2594:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2179:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2125:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2057:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
2045:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
1956:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
1944:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
1932:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
1900:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
1888:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
1876:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
1793:Hartcup & Allibone 1984
1572:Rutherford Memorial Lecture
1182:, which calculated that an
1106:Fellow of the Royal Society
808:1851 Exhibition Scholarship
572:, which calculated that an
303:Order of the British Empire
32:John Cockcroft (politician)
6738:
6622:Nobel laureates in Physics
6617:English nuclear physicists
3336:"New £3m Megalab unveiled"
691:Todmorden Secondary School
543:Cockcroft–Walton generator
486:in 1951 for splitting the
455:Sir John Douglas Cockcroft
29:
18:Sir John Douglas Cockcroft
6450:
6340:Bismuth phosphate process
6335:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
5787:
5661:
4040:
3877:
3868:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3751:Churchill Archives Centre
3446:. New York: Basic Books.
3010:Gowing & Arnold 1974a
2545:"University of Cambridge"
1968:Cockcroft, John Douglas.
1688:Churchill Archives Centre
1478:by Allibone's AEI group.
1432:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
1306:Combined Policy Committee
1180:Frisch–Peierls memorandum
570:Frisch–Peierls memorandum
448:
444:
440:
385:
381:
123:
100:
88:
76:
6702:Manhattan Project people
6607:Royal Artillery soldiers
3694:Cathcart, Brian (2005).
3588:The New World, 1939–1946
3022:Gowing & Arnold 1974
2820:Canadian Nuclear Society
2612:University of Birmingham
1375:Chalk River Laboratories
1361:reactor. This was named
1203:James Phinney Baxter III
1130:University of Birmingham
773:Officer Candidate School
722:Officers' Training Corps
703:West Riding of Yorkshire
683:Church of England school
673:West Riding of Yorkshire
610:Chalk River Laboratories
345:Military Order of Christ
150:West Riding of Yorkshire
30:For the politician, see
6687:British Nobel laureates
6682:English Nobel laureates
6612:Experimental physicists
6417:S-1 Executive Committee
6365:Einstein–Szilard letter
3767:Another Nobel biography
3624:Jones, Vincent (1985).
3260:University of Cambridge
2938:Manhattan District 1947
2897:Manhattan District 1947
1974:University of Cambridge
1665:University of Cambridge
1617:in 1961, He was made a
1593:, but he was created a
1459:Imperial College London
5859:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
4148:Nobel Prize in Physics
4046:Nobel Prize recipients
4023:Physiology or Medicine
3812:Edward Victor Appleton
3557:Cockcroft and the Atom
3412:Avery, Donald (1998).
3310:University of Brighton
2522:10.1098/rspa.1936.0050
2471:10.1098/rspa.1936.0049
2420:10.1098/rspa.1935.0015
2369:10.1098/rspa.1934.0078
2318:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133
2267:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107
2075:Zeitschrift für Physik
2023:10.1098/rspa.1928.0099
1855:10.1098/rsbm.1968.0007
1673:University of Brighton
1644:Cockcroft died from a
1641:
1609:in 1955, the American
1551:
1499:
1350:
1304:, and established the
1274:Charles Drummond Ellis
1264:had been pioneered by
1257:
1170:, the ring of coastal
1151:
1119:, which he called the
1085:
1051:Nobel Prize in Physics
898:emitted from decaying
862:
833:, and was awarded his
792:electrical engineering
511:electrical engineering
484:Nobel Prize in Physics
321:Nobel Prize in Physics
6562:People from Todmorden
6437:X-10 Graphite Reactor
6392:Nobel Prize laureates
6262:509th Composite Group
3528:. London: Macmillan.
3497:. London: Macmillan.
3476:. London: Macmillan.
3340:University of Salford
3281:"Cockcroft Institute"
3048:International Affairs
2812:Goldschmidt, Bertrand
1772:10.1093/ref:odnb/2473
1677:University of Salford
1635:
1615:Atoms for Peace Award
1546:
1505:X-10 Graphite Reactor
1493:
1485:
1416:Los Alamos Laboratory
1337:
1296:subsumed the British
1255:
1147:
1083:
852:
765:Third Battle of Ypres
750:20th (Light) Division
742:Royal Field Artillery
503:Royal Field Artillery
497:After service on the
363:Atoms for Peace Award
6345:British contribution
6247:Operation Peppermint
6242:Operation Crossroads
6101:Maria Goeppert Mayer
3789:UK National Archives
3670:. Washington, D.C.:
3367:on 15 September 2016
3361:"Cockcroft Building"
3316:on 14 September 2016
3256:"Cockcroft Building"
2940:, pp. 9.9–9.10.
1656:on 17 October 1967.
1556:Institute of Physics
1528:On 24 January 1959,
1451:George Paget Thomson
1292:In August 1943, the
870:Cavendish Laboratory
814:, and submitted his
804:Metropolitan Vickers
535:Cavendish Laboratory
509:, Cockcroft studied
6647:Royal Medal winners
6106:George Kistiakowsky
6061:Charles Critchfield
3777:18 May 2021 at the
3698:. London: Penguin.
3583:Hewlett, Richard G.
3285:Cockcroft Institute
3141:, pp. 250–258.
3091:, pp. 201–204.
3036:, pp. 222–223.
3024:, pp. 105–108.
3012:, pp. 379–382.
3000:, pp. 146–147.
2976:, pp. 139–146.
2964:, pp. 136–137.
2952:, pp. 133–134.
2887:, pp. 102–104.
2872:, pp. 246–247.
2844:Laurence, George C.
2789:, pp. 184–185.
2777:, pp. 281–284.
2765:, pp. 277–280.
2721:, pp. 108–111.
2663:, pp. 120–124.
2596:, pp. 368–371.
2513:1936RSPSA.154..261C
2462:1936RSPSA.154..246C
2411:1935RSPSA.148..225C
2360:1934RSPSA.144..704C
2309:1932RSPSA.137..229C
2258:1932RSPSA.136..619C
2155:1932Natur.129..649C
2088:1928ZPhy...51..204G
2014:1928RSPSA.119..293C
1669:Cockcroft Institute
1325:Montreal Laboratory
1283:QF 3.7-inch AA guns
709:, where he studied
659:from 1961 to 1965.
598:Montreal Laboratory
521:, where he sat the
369:Wilhelm Exner Medal
6507:Nuclear technology
6495:History of science
6171:Henry DeWolf Smyth
5950:Robert Oppenheimer
5905:Priscilla Duffield
3829:Otto Robert Frisch
3758:on Nobelprize.org
3520:Gowing, Margaret;
3489:Gowing, Margaret;
3229:The London Gazette
3209:The London Gazette
3189:The London Gazette
3157:The London Gazette
2918:Università di Pisa
2749:The London Gazette
2678:, pp. 96–103.
2219:. Nobel Foundation
2096:10.1007/BF01343196
1918:The London Gazette
1833:Oliphant, M. L. E.
1642:
1629:by Spain in 1958.
1552:
1540:, on 5 June 1964.
1500:
1496:Windscale reactors
1453:began research in
1351:
1258:
1156:Ministry of Supply
1152:
1098:deathwatch beetles
1086:
1043:splitting the atom
929:quantum tunnelling
863:
562:Ministry of Supply
551:splitting the atom
267:Splitting the atom
191:Elizabeth Crabtree
6464:
6463:
6386:Los Alamos Primer
6375:Interim Committee
6330:African Americans
6282:The Great Artiste
6141:Isidor Isaac Rabi
6136:Norman Ramsey Jr.
5935:Franklin Matthias
5874:Heavy water sites
5781:Manhattan Project
5747:
5746:
5696:Richard Blackburn
5621:
5620:
4110:
4109:
3887:
3886:
3878:Succeeded by
3854:William Hawthorne
3851:Succeeded by
3826:Succeeded by
3804:Academic offices
3705:978-0-14-027906-1
3648:on 7 October 2014
3601:978-0-520-07186-5
3566:978-0-85274-759-9
3535:978-0-333-16695-6
3504:978-0-333-15781-7
3453:978-0-465-06998-9
3423:978-0-8020-5996-3
2697:. 12 January 1997
2639:, pp. 89–90.
2606:Clarke, Dr N. M.
2570:"The Nobel Prize"
2181:, pp. 50–53.
2059:, pp. 37–42.
1946:, pp. 20–25.
1934:, pp. 15–19.
1902:, pp. 10–15.
1778:(Subscription or
1654:Westminster Abbey
1486:Cockcroft's Folly
1471:Oxford University
1302:Manhattan Project
1300:project into the
1166:showed Cockcroft
1049:in 1938, and the
866:Ernest Rutherford
638:Cockcroft's Folly
531:Ernest Rutherford
452:
451:
435:Ernest Rutherford
387:Scientific career
327:Order of the Bath
161:18 September 1967
118:William Hawthorne
83:Cockcroft in 1951
36:John R. Cockcroft
16:(Redirected from
6729:
6652:Knights Bachelor
6529:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6516:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6456:
6455:
6407:Quebec Agreement
6191:John von Neumann
6131:George B. Pegram
5940:Dorothy McKibbin
5774:
5767:
5760:
5751:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5625:
5614:
5598:
5582:
5566:
5550:
5534:
5518:
5502:
5486:
5474:
5458:
5446:
5434:
5418:
5406:
5390:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5334:
5318:
5302:
5286:
5257:
5241:
5229:
5213:
5197:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5113:
5097:
5081:
5069:
5053:
5045:
5033:
5021:
5013:
4997:
4985:
4969:
4953:
4937:
4914:
4898:
4886:
4870:
4854:
4846:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4786:
4770:
4754:
4746:
4734:
4726:
4714:
4698:
4686:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4638:
4626:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4400:
4381:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4286:
4278:
4276:Kamerlingh Onnes
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4178:
4166:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4114:
4048:
3944:Glenn T. Seaborg
3913:
3906:
3899:
3890:
3861:Preceded by
3809:Preceded by
3801:
3797:
3792:
3763:
3717:
3683:
3669:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3641:. Archived from
3632:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3593:
3578:
3547:
3516:
3485:
3470:Gowing, Margaret
3465:
3435:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3363:. Archived from
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3312:. Archived from
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2614:. Archived from
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2507:(881): 261–279.
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2456:(881): 246–261.
2439:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2405:(863): 225–240.
2388:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2354:(853): 704–720.
2337:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2303:(831): 229–242.
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2252:(830): 619–630.
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2163:10.1038/129649a0
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2008:(782): 293–312.
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1829:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1754:
1737:
1736:
1719:(479): 872–873.
1705:
1661:New Museums Site
1611:Medal of Freedom
1591:chivalric orders
1384:research reactor
1294:Quebec Agreement
1256:A proximity fuze
1227:GL Mk. III radar
1199:cavity magnetron
1162:. In 1938, Sir
1149:GL Mk. III radar
1140:Second World War
1134:Second World War
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1004:
995:
993:
992:
985:
984:
845:Nuclear research
806:. He obtained a
781:Northamptonshire
680:
558:Second World War
478:who shared with
473:
430:Doctoral advisor
424:
309:Medal of Freedom
283:
202:
200:
166:
164:
142:
140:
128:Personal details
114:
105:
81:
71:
43:
21:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6511:
6501:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6477:
6475:
6467:
6465:
6460:
6446:
6412:RaLa Experiment
6318:
6287:
6252:Project Alberta
6220:
6216:Chien-Shiung Wu
6146:James Rainwater
6081:Richard Feynman
6071:John R. Dunning
6046:Norris Bradbury
6009:
5995:Stafford Warren
5965:William Purnell
5945:Kenneth Nichols
5925:Ernest Lawrence
5900:James B. Conant
5878:
5792:
5783:
5778:
5748:
5743:
5657:
5652:
5622:
5617:
5601:
5585:
5569:
5553:
5537:
5521:
5505:
5489:
5477:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5421:
5409:
5393:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5337:
5321:
5305:
5289:
5273:
5266:
5260:
5244:
5232:
5216:
5207:Cohen-Tannoudji
5200:
5184:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5116:
5100:
5084:
5072:
5056:
5048:
5036:
5024:
5016:
5000:
4988:
4972:
4956:
4940:
4928:
4917:
4901:
4889:
4873:
4857:
4849:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4789:
4773:
4757:
4749:
4737:
4729:
4717:
4701:
4689:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4641:
4629:
4617:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4454:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4403:
4395:
4384:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4181:
4169:
4161:
4150:
4141:
4111:
4106:
4044:
4036:
4033:(United States)
4017:
4008:(Great Britain)
3992:
3973:
3949:
3946:(United States)
3940:(United States)
3924:
3917:
3883:
3874:
3866:
3856:
3847:
3837:New institution
3831:
3822:
3814:
3783:
3779:Wayback Machine
3724:
3706:
3693:
3690:
3688:Further reading
3667:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3591:
3581:
3567:
3553:Allibone, T. E.
3550:
3536:
3519:
3505:
3488:
3468:
3454:
3438:
3424:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3060:10.2307/2611300
3045:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2899:, p. 9.23.
2895:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2618:on 8 April 2014
2605:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:, pp. 5–7.
1886:
1882:
1878:, pp. 4–5.
1874:
1870:
1831:
1830:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1758:Allibone, T. E.
1756:
1755:
1740:
1709:Allibone, T. E.
1707:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1587:knight bachelor
1526:
1488:
1400:
1329:Hans von Halban
1317:nuclear reactor
1243:V-1 flying bomb
1239:Isle of Sheppey
1176:Royal Air Force
1142:
1117:Ernest Lawrence
1061:using protons,
1057:, nitrogen and
1032:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
991:
989:
988:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
976:
905:Thomas Allibone
896:alpha particles
847:
665:
594:V-1 flying bomb
457:
422:
377:
374:
285:
284:
279:
258:
204:
201: 1925)
196:
192:
167:
162:
160:
144:
138:
136:
112:
106:
101:
84:
72:
55:
53:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6735:
6733:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:United Kingdom
6521:
6509:
6497:
6485:
6462:
6461:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6355:Chicago Pile-1
6352:
6350:Calutron Girls
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6323:Related topics
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6186:Stanisław Ulam
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6121:Edwin McMillan
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6066:Harry Daghlian
6063:
6058:
6056:John Cockcroft
6053:
6051:James Chadwick
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5975:Charles Thomas
5972:
5970:Frank Spedding
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5930:James Marshall
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5910:Thomas Farrell
5907:
5902:
5897:
5895:Arthur Compton
5892:
5886:
5884:
5883:Administrators
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5708:Geoffrey Yeend
5705:
5702:Gordon Jackson
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5672:John Cockcroft
5669:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5599:
5583:
5567:
5551:
5535:
5519:
5503:
5487:
5475:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5419:
5407:
5391:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5335:
5319:
5303:
5287:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5242:
5230:
5214:
5198:
5182:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5114:
5098:
5082:
5070:
5054:
5046:
5034:
5022:
5014:
4998:
4986:
4970:
4954:
4943:P. W. Anderson
4938:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4899:
4887:
4871:
4855:
4847:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4787:
4771:
4764:Goeppert Mayer
4755:
4747:
4735:
4727:
4715:
4699:
4687:
4671:
4659:
4647:
4639:
4627:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4491:
4488:C. D. Anderson
4479:
4471:
4464:
4452:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4401:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4299:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4179:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4006:John Cockcroft
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3968:Pär Lagerkvist
3964:
3962:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3938:Edwin McMillan
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3781:
3769:
3764:
3756:John Cockcroft
3753:
3744:
3738:John Cockcroft
3735:
3730:
3723:
3722:External links
3720:
3719:
3718:
3704:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3658:
3621:
3600:
3579:
3565:
3551:Hartcup, Guy;
3548:
3534:
3517:
3503:
3486:
3466:
3452:
3436:
3422:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3378:
3352:
3327:
3297:
3272:
3247:
3245:, p. 284.
3235:
3215:
3195:
3175:
3173:, p. 193.
3163:
3143:
3131:
3129:, p. 211.
3119:
3093:
3081:
3054:(2): 238–252.
3038:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2988:, p. 158.
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2901:
2889:
2874:
2862:
2832:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2735:
2723:
2708:
2680:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2598:
2586:
2574:nobelprize.org
2561:
2536:
2485:
2434:
2383:
2332:
2281:
2230:
2208:
2183:
2168:
2129:
2117:
2082:(3): 204–212.
2061:
2049:
2037:
1986:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1797:
1785:
1738:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1599:Order of Merit
1525:
1522:
1517:Windscale fire
1487:
1484:
1465:Laboratory at
1455:nuclear fusion
1399:
1396:
1289:in June 1944.
1262:proximity fuze
1207:proximity fuze
1195:Tizard Mission
1188:MAUD Committee
1141:
1138:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1010:
1002:
990:
981:
960:James Chadwick
859:West Yorkshire
846:
843:
664:
661:
642:Windscale fire
590:proximity fuze
582:Tizard Mission
578:MAUD Committee
488:atomic nucleus
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
432:
426:
425:
416:
410:
409:
404:
400:
399:
394:
390:
389:
383:
382:
379:
378:
376:
375:
373:
372:
366:
360:
354:
351:Order of Merit
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
278:
277:
276:
274:
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
257:
256:
242:
228:
222:
220:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
194:
190:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
165:(aged 70)
158:
154:
153:
134:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
98:
97:
93:1st Master of
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
74:
73:
54:
52:John Cockcroft
51:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6734:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6532:
6522:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6508:
6498:
6496:
6486:
6484:
6474:
6470:
6459:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6370:Franck Report
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Alsos Mission
6230:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:Robert Wilson
6204:
6202:
6201:Eugene Wigner
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6181:Edward Teller
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6156:Glenn Seaborg
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:Mark Oliphant
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6116:Willard Libby
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6026:Robert Bacher
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6006:
6005:Roscoe Wilson
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:John Lansdale
5918:
5916:
5915:Leslie Groves
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Vannevar Bush
5888:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5770:
5768:
5763:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5690:John Crawford
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5666:Stanley Bruce
5664:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5195:R. Richardson
5192:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5027:Chandrasekhar
5023:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4500:G. P. Thomson
4497:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4422:
4419:
4418:O. Richardson
4414:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4252:Van der Waals
4248:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4217:
4216:J. J. Thomson
4212:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4012:Ernest Walton
4010:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3882:
3881:Howard Florey
3873:
3872:
3865:
3864:Stanley Bruce
3859:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:Arnold, Lorna
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:Arnold, Lorna
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2733:, p. 96.
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2651:, p. 94.
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2197:
2196:Royal Society
2193:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2127:, p. 43.
2126:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:Gamow, George
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2047:, p. 33.
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1958:, p. 34.
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Faraday Medal
1605:in 1954, the
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:Francis Crick
1531:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1480:James L. Tuck
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:program. Sir
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:Modus Vivendi
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1392:Alan Nunn May
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:Alan Butement
1263:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:SCR-584 radar
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:Frank Whittle
1209:, details of
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:early warning
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:, working on
1157:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1014:
994:
975:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
933:electronvolts
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:Mark Oliphant
914:
910:
909:Ernest Walton
906:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
885:Peter Kapitza
882:
881:
875:
871:
867:
860:
856:
851:
844:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
754:Western Front
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:SCR-584 radar
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:, working on
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Mark Oliphant
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Western Front
495:
493:
492:nuclear power
489:
485:
481:
480:Ernest Walton
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
447:
443:
439:
436:
433:
431:
427:
420:
417:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
398:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
339:Faraday Medal
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
287:
282:
275:
271:
268:
265:
261:
254:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
188:
184:
181:
178:
176:Resting place
174:
170:
159:
155:
151:
147:
135:
131:
126:
122:
119:
116:
110:
104:
99:
96:
91:
87:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6442:Y-12 Project
6427:Smyth Report
6422:S-50 Project
6384:
6380:K-25 Project
6309:Pumpkin bomb
6280:
6273:
6266:
6196:John Wheeler
6166:Louis Slotin
6161:Emilio Segrè
6111:George Koval
6091:James Franck
6076:Enrico Fermi
6055:
6021:Luis Alvarez
5980:Paul Tibbets
5955:Deak Parsons
5738:Julie Bishop
5732:Gareth Evans
5684:H. C. Coombs
5678:Baron Florey
5671:
5051:von Klitzing
5043:Van der Meer
4619:
4076:
4005:
3987:Léon Jouhaux
3869:
3841:
3836:
3817:
3742:Find a Grave
3695:
3663:
3650:. Retrieved
3643:the original
3626:
3613:. Retrieved
3587:
3556:
3525:
3494:
3473:
3443:
3440:Close, Frank
3413:
3393:30 September
3391:. Retrieved
3381:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3314:the original
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3250:
3238:
3227:
3218:
3207:
3198:
3187:
3178:
3166:
3155:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3096:
3084:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2921:. Retrieved
2904:
2892:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2823:. Retrieved
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2747:
2738:
2726:
2699:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:the original
2601:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2573:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2504:
2498:
2488:
2453:
2447:
2437:
2402:
2396:
2386:
2351:
2345:
2335:
2300:
2294:
2284:
2249:
2243:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2186:
2149:(649): 649.
2146:
2142:
2132:
2120:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2005:
1999:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1916:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1846:
1840:
1795:, p. 2.
1788:
1761:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1685:
1658:
1646:heart attack
1643:
1613:in 1947 and
1584:
1553:
1527:
1513:
1501:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1401:
1389:
1380:neutron flux
1371:Ottawa River
1355:control rods
1352:
1291:
1259:
1247:Ronald Weeks
1223:Christchurch
1220:
1192:
1164:Henry Tizard
1153:
1114:
1102:Soviet Union
1087:
1069:, including
1047:Hughes Medal
1042:
1040:
967:
945:
925:George Gamow
889:
878:
864:
839:
820:
789:
758:
738:British Army
715:
666:
646:
637:
614:
588:set and the
555:
550:
496:
454:
453:
418:
403:Institutions
386:
297:Hughes Medal
280:
163:(1967-09-18)
113:Succeeded by
102:
40:
6552:1967 deaths
6547:1897 births
6257:Silverplate
6211:Leona Woods
6176:Leo Szilard
6151:Bruno Rossi
6096:Klaus Fuchs
6000:Ed Westcott
5990:Harold Urey
5726:Kim Beazley
5720:Allan Hawke
5714:Peter Baume
5095:Steinberger
5011:K. Siegbahn
5003:Bloembergen
4724:Chamberlain
4457:Schrödinger
4367:M. Siegbahn
4296:W. H. Bragg
4292:W. L. Bragg
4031:Max Theiler
3921:Nobel Prize
3371:5 September
3345:5 September
3320:5 September
3290:5 September
3265:5 September
3224:"No. 39462"
3204:"No. 40960"
3184:"No. 39863"
3152:"No. 38161"
3112:3 September
2799:Gowing 1964
2744:"No. 36544"
2701:4 September
2223:4 September
2201:4 September
1979:4 September
1913:"No. 30993"
1849:: 139–188.
1603:Royal Medal
1467:Aldermaston
1412:Klaus Fuchs
1404:RAF Harwell
1367:Chalk River
1310:heavy water
1298:Tube Alloys
1184:atomic bomb
1125:Lord Austin
1075:nitrogen-13
941:transformer
919:designed a
903:Cockcroft,
894:atoms with
734:Kinmel Camp
732:canteen at
711:mathematics
663:Early years
574:atomic bomb
556:During the
505:during the
333:Royal Medal
143:27 May 1897
6541:Categories
6360:Demon core
6304:Little Boy
6225:Operations
6041:Niels Bohr
6031:Hans Bethe
6014:Scientists
5960:Boris Pash
5839:Los Alamos
5612:L'Huillier
5576:Hasselmann
5532:Strickland
5500:Kosterlitz
5424:Perlmutter
5163:Brockhouse
4868:Schrieffer
4740:Hofstadter
4692:C. N. Yang
4449:Heisenberg
4426:De Broglie
3955:Literature
3875:1961–1965
3848:1959–1967
3842:Master of
3823:1939–1946
3406:References
2885:Close 2015
2870:Jones 1985
2787:Avery 1998
2579:12 October
2554:12 October
1837:Penney, L.
1782:required.)
1524:Later life
1279:Merle Tuve
1235:Lend-Lease
1215:jet engine
1168:Chain Home
1037:+ 17.2 MeV
956:gamma rays
785:lieutenant
777:Weedon Bec
619:(AERE) at
315:Knighthood
292:FRS (1936)
218:Alma mater
139:1897-05-27
6483:Biography
6402:Plutonium
6268:Enola Gay
6086:Val Fitch
6036:Aage Bohr
5985:Bud Uanna
5854:Oak Ridge
5596:Zeilinger
5416:Novoselov
5384:Kobayashi
5308:Abrikosov
5155:J. Taylor
5135:de Gennes
5127:R. Taylor
5019:K. Wilson
4967:R. Wilson
4951:Van Vleck
4922:1976–2000
4912:Rainwater
4908:Mottelson
4884:Josephson
4832:Gell-Mann
4796:Schwinger
4784:Prokhorov
4744:Mössbauer
4704:Cherenkov
4696:T. D. Lee
4620:Cockcroft
4611:1951–1975
4410:C. Wilson
4389:1926–1950
4335:Guillaume
4224:Michelson
4184:Becquerel
4155:1901–1925
4144:Laureates
4014:(Ireland)
3930:Chemistry
3923:laureates
3747:Biography
3714:937140229
3680:889323140
3652:25 August
3610:637004643
3524:(1974a).
3513:611555258
3462:897001600
3068:1468-2346
2531:1364-5021
2480:1364-5021
2429:1364-5021
2378:1364-5021
2327:1364-5021
2276:1364-5021
2112:120684789
2104:0044-3328
2032:1364-5021
1550:, in 2005
1509:Oak Ridge
1428:Windscale
1321:plutonium
1314:moderated
1121:cyclotron
1094:gatehouse
1071:carbon-11
1063:deuterons
952:beryllium
853:House in
810:from the
752:, on the
746:signaller
718:Great War
705:, to the
669:Todmorden
644:of 1957.
630:Windscale
507:Great War
501:with the
476:physicist
263:Known for
171:, England
169:Cambridge
152:, England
146:Todmorden
107:1959–1967
103:In office
6458:Category
6314:Thin Man
6275:Bockscar
5869:Wendover
5849:New York
5844:Montreal
5834:Inyokern
5809:Berkeley
5790:Timeline
5604:Agostini
5492:Thouless
5484:McDonald
5472:Nakamura
5440:Wineland
5372:Grünberg
5328:Politzer
5312:Ginzburg
5300:Giacconi
5280:Ketterle
5235:'t Hooft
5219:Laughlin
5211:Phillips
5191:Osheroff
5119:Friedman
5091:Schwartz
5087:Lederman
5007:Schawlow
4983:Weinberg
4792:Tomonaga
4684:Brattain
4676:Shockley
4585:Blackett
4577:Appleton
4569:Bridgman
4516:Lawrence
4496:Davisson
4476:Chadwick
4359:Millikan
4343:Einstein
4232:Lippmann
4200:Rayleigh
4192:M. Curie
4188:P. Curie
3989:(France)
3970:(Sweden)
3775:Archived
3639:10913875
3615:26 March
3575:12666364
3555:(1984).
3544:59047125
3493:(1974).
3472:(1964).
3442:(2015).
3432:38885226
2923:15 April
2694:Newsweek
1863:57116624
1568:Canberra
1398:Post war
1067:isotopes
964:neutrons
892:nitrogen
837:degree.
831:wrangler
769:Brighton
763:and the
695:football
657:Canberra
527:wrangler
281:See list
209:Children
6519:Physics
6469:Portals
6432:Uranium
6299:Fat Man
6292:Weapons
5864:Trinity
5829:Hanford
5814:Chicago
5592:Clauser
5556:Penrose
5540:Peebles
5496:Haldane
5464:Akasaki
5452:Englert
5444:Haroche
5428:Schmidt
5388:Maskawa
5340:Glauber
5332:Wilczek
5316:Leggett
5296:Koshiba
5276:Cornell
5267:present
5251:Kroemer
5247:Alferov
5239:Veltman
5223:Störmer
5143:Charpak
5123:Kendall
5107:Dehmelt
5075:Bednorz
4975:Glashow
4963:Penzias
4959:Kapitsa
4931:Richter
4904:A. Bohr
4880:Giaever
4860:Bardeen
4824:Alvarez
4808:Kastler
4800:Feynman
4680:Bardeen
4644:Zernike
4636:Purcell
4406:Compton
4351:N. Bohr
4240:Marconi
4172:Lorentz
4164:Röntgen
4146:of the
3998:Physics
3482:3195209
3076:2611300
2689:"Radar"
2509:Bibcode
2458:Bibcode
2407:Bibcode
2356:Bibcode
2305:Bibcode
2254:Bibcode
2151:Bibcode
2084:Bibcode
2010:Bibcode
1733:4862179
1663:of the
1476:Sceptre
948:lithium
855:Walsden
726:officer
699:cricket
687:Walsden
621:Harwell
397:Physics
203:
195:
5824:Dayton
5818:Site A
5740:(2020)
5734:(2010)
5728:(2009)
5722:(2006)
5716:(1994)
5710:(1990)
5704:(1987)
5698:(1984)
5692:(1976)
5686:(1968)
5680:(1965)
5674:(1961)
5668:(1951)
5608:Krausz
5602:2023:
5588:Aspect
5586:2022:
5580:Manabe
5572:Parisi
5570:2021:
5560:Genzel
5554:2020:
5548:Queloz
5538:2019:
5528:Mourou
5524:Ashkin
5522:2018:
5516:Thorne
5512:Barish
5506:2017:
5490:2016:
5480:Kajita
5478:2015:
5462:2014:
5450:2013:
5438:2012:
5422:2011:
5410:2010:
5394:2009:
5378:2008:
5366:2007:
5356:Mather
5354:2006:
5348:Hänsch
5338:2005:
5322:2004:
5306:2003:
5290:2002:
5284:Wieman
5274:2001:
5245:2000:
5233:1999:
5217:1998:
5201:1997:
5187:D. Lee
5185:1996:
5179:Reines
5173:1995:
5161:1994:
5149:1993:
5141:1992:
5133:1991:
5117:1990:
5103:Ramsey
5101:1989:
5085:1988:
5079:Müller
5073:1987:
5067:Rohrer
5063:Binnig
5057:1986:
5049:1985:
5039:Rubbia
5037:1984:
5031:Fowler
5025:1983:
5017:1982:
5001:1981:
4991:Cronin
4989:1980:
4973:1979:
4957:1978:
4941:1977:
4929:1976:
4902:1975:
4896:Hewish
4890:1974:
4874:1973:
4864:Cooper
4858:1972:
4850:1971:
4840:Alfvén
4838:1970:
4830:1969:
4822:1968:
4814:1967:
4806:1966:
4790:1965:
4776:Townes
4774:1964:
4768:Jensen
4760:Wigner
4758:1963:
4752:Landau
4750:1962:
4738:1961:
4732:Glaser
4730:1960:
4718:1959:
4702:1958:
4690:1957:
4674:1956:
4662:1955:
4650:1954:
4642:1953:
4630:1952:
4624:Walton
4618:1951:
4601:Powell
4599:1950:
4593:Yukawa
4591:1949:
4583:1948:
4575:1947:
4567:1946:
4559:1945:
4551:1944:
4543:1943:
4514:1939:
4506:1938:
4494:1937:
4482:1936:
4474:1935:
4455:1933:
4447:1932:
4432:1930:
4424:1929:
4416:1928:
4404:1927:
4398:Perrin
4396:1926:
4375:Franck
4373:1925:
4365:1924:
4357:1923:
4349:1922:
4341:1921:
4333:1920:
4325:1919:
4319:Planck
4317:1918:
4311:Barkla
4309:1917:
4290:1915:
4282:1914:
4274:1913:
4266:1912:
4258:1911:
4250:1910:
4238:1909:
4230:1908:
4222:1907:
4214:1906:
4208:Lenard
4206:1905:
4198:1904:
4182:1903:
4176:Zeeman
4170:1902:
4162:1901:
3712:
3702:
3678:
3637:
3608:
3598:
3573:
3563:
3542:
3532:
3511:
3501:
3480:
3460:
3450:
3430:
3420:
3074:
3066:
2855:19 May
2529:
2478:
2427:
2376:
2325:
2274:
2143:Nature
2110:
2102:
2030:
1861:
1776:
1731:
1270:valves
1218:1940.
1090:bursar
1059:oxygen
1055:carbon
969:Nature
921:proton
900:radium
827:tripos
523:tripos
423:(1928)
421:
414:Thesis
393:Fields
371:(1961)
365:(1961)
359:(1958)
353:(1957)
347:(1955)
341:(1955)
335:(1954)
329:(1953)
323:(1951)
317:(1948)
311:(1947)
305:(1944)
299:(1938)
273:Awards
186:Spouse
5797:Sites
5544:Mayor
5508:Weiss
5468:Amano
5456:Higgs
5432:Riess
5404:Smith
5400:Boyle
5380:Nambu
5360:Smoot
5324:Gross
5292:Davis
5265:2001–
5255:Kilby
5167:Shull
5151:Hulse
5059:Ruska
4995:Fitch
4979:Salam
4876:Esaki
4852:Gabor
4816:Bethe
4780:Basov
4720:Segrè
4708:Frank
4668:Kusch
4656:Bothe
4632:Bloch
4561:Pauli
4545:Stern
4508:Fermi
4461:Dirac
4434:Raman
4379:Hertz
4327:Stark
4268:Dalén
4244:Braun
4077:1951
3979:Peace
3919:1951
3749:from
3668:(PDF)
3646:(PDF)
3631:(PDF)
3592:(PDF)
3072:JSTOR
2914:(PDF)
2850:(PDF)
2825:6 May
2622:2 May
2108:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1695:Notes
1424:GLEEP
1160:radar
937:boron
625:GLEEP
566:radar
469:
465:
461:
197:(
193:
67:
63:
59:
5804:Ames
5564:Ghez
5412:Geim
5368:Fert
5344:Hall
5227:Tsui
5175:Perl
5111:Paul
4947:Mott
4935:Ting
4892:Ryle
4844:Néel
4712:Tamm
4664:Lamb
4652:Born
4553:Rabi
4537:1942
4530:1941
4523:1940
4484:Hess
4468:1934
4441:1931
4303:1916
4284:Laue
4260:Wien
4102:1956
4097:1955
4092:1954
4087:1953
4082:1952
4072:1950
4067:1949
4062:1948
4057:1947
4052:1946
3959:1951
3710:OCLC
3700:ISBN
3676:OCLC
3654:2013
3635:OCLC
3617:2013
3606:OCLC
3596:ISBN
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