849:"And what is World 3? As shown in Fig. 6-1 it is the whole world of culture. It is the world that was created by man and that reciprocally made man. This is my message in which I follow Popper unreservedly. The whole of language is here. All our means of communication, all our intellectual efforts coded in books, coded in the artistic and technological treasures in the museums, coded in every artefact left by man from primitive times—this is World 3 right up to the present time. It is the world of civilisation and culture. Education is the means whereby each human being is brought into relation with World 3. In this manner he becomes immersed in it throughout life, participating in the heritage of mankind and so becoming fully human. World 3 is the world that uniquely relates to man. It is the world which is completely unknown to animals. They are blind to all of World 3. I say that without any reservations. This is then the first part of my story.
846:, a derivative world. Whenever I am doing a scientific experiment, for example, I have to plan it cognitively, all in my thoughts, and then consciously carry out my plan of action in the experiment. Finally I have to look at the results and evaluate them in thought. For example, I have to see the traces of the oscilloscope and their photographic records or hear the signals on the loudspeaker. The various signals from the recording equipment have to be received by my sense organs, transmitted to my brain, and so to my consciousness, then appropriately measured and compared before I can begin to think about the significance of the experimental results. We are all the time, in every action we do, incessantly playing backwards and forwards between World 1 and World 2.
817:"The first level (outer sense) would be the ordinary perceptions provided by all our sense organs, hearing and touch and sight and smell and pain. All of these perceptions are in World 2, of course: vision with light and colour; sound with music and harmony; touch with all its qualities and vibration; the range of odours and tastes, and so on. These qualities do not exist in World 1, where correspondingly there are but electromagnetic waves, pressure waves in the atmosphere, material objects, and chemical substances.
1542:
1482:
824:, which is the world of more subtle perceptions. It is the world of your emotions, of your feelings of joy and sadness and fear and anger and so on. It includes all your memory, and all your imaginings and planning into the future. In fact there is a whole range of levels which could be described at length. All the subtle experiences of the human person are in this inner sensory world. It is all private to you but you can reveal it in linguistic expression, and by gestures of all levels of subtlety.
72:
1547:
4255:
782:"In Fig. 6-1, World 1 is the world of physical objects and states. It comprises the whole cosmos of matter and energy, all of biology including human brains, and all artifacts that man has made for coding information, as for example, the paper and ink of books or the material base of works of art. World 1 is the total world of the materialists. They recognise nothing else. All else is fantasy.
471:
4266:
668:
688:(1973), Eccles summarises his philosophy: "Now before discussing brain function in detail I will at the beginning give an account of my philosophical position on the so-called 'brain-mind problem' so that you will be able to relate the experimental evidence to this philosophical position. I have written at length on this philosophy in my book
785:"World 2 is the world of states of consciousness and subjective knowledge of all kinds. The totality of our perceptions comes in this world. But there are several levels. In agreement with Polten, I tend to recognise three kinds of levels of World 2, as indicated in Fig. 6-2, but it may be more correct to think of it as a spectrum.
869:
Eccles had nine children. Eccles married Irene Miller Eccles (1904-2002) in 1928 and divorced in 1968. After his divorce in 1968, Eccles married Helena TáborĂková; a fellow neuropsychologist and M.D. of
Charles University. The two often collaborated in research and they remained married until his
568:
in the motor neurone, the sum of several EPSPs from multiple sensory neurones synapsing onto the motor neurone can cause the motor neurone to fire, thus contracting the quadriceps. On the other hand, IPSPs could subtract from this sum of EPSPs, preventing the motor neurone from firing.
531:
In the early 1950s, Eccles and his colleagues performed the research that would lead to his receiving the Nobel Prize. To study synapses in the peripheral nervous system, Eccles and colleagues used the stretch reflex as a model, which is easily studied because it consists of only two
716:! The three worlds are very easily defined. I believe that in the classification of Fig. 6-1 there is nothing left out. It takes care of everything that is in existence and in our experience. All can be classified in one or other of the categories enumerated under Worlds 1, 2 and 3.
398:. As a medical undergraduate, he was never able to find a satisfactory explanation for the interaction of mind and body; he started to think about becoming a neuroscientist. He graduated (with first class honours) in 1925, and was awarded a
3375:
664:, with the assistance of a $ 63M grant from the Commonwealth Government. In 2021, a new $ 60M animal research building was opened at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, and named the Eccles Building.
3209:
5043:
1584:
580:
was primarily electrical rather than chemical. Although he was wrong in this hypothesis, his arguments led him and others to perform some of the experiments which proved chemical synaptic transmission.
4978:
3368:
5103:
5048:
3361:
5058:
333:
53:
5028:
5098:
5033:
1116:
5113:
1577:
5083:
5063:
3127:
5068:
4302:
1593:
230:
5008:
492:
3984:
4311:
5108:
1570:
1245:
5023:
5003:
4993:
5118:
5093:
642:
5123:
4968:
341:
61:
3085:
3074:
3059:
3040:
337:
57:
1328:
1054:
5053:
3203:
1190:
5078:
3120:
661:
438:
77:
5038:
4295:
4258:
3251:
1597:
1312:
1098:
350:
224:
4973:
3977:
4998:
4988:
4983:
4239:
1229:
709:
325:
236:
179:
45:
4547:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3113:
1458:
561:
553:
518:
4288:
2957:
1163:
391:
3444:
2150:
2973:
1013:
857:
3970:
3175:
1665:
649:(AC) in recognition of service to science, particularly in the field of neurophysiology. He died at the age of 94 in 1997 in
616:
496:
442:
271:
81:
2876:
2689:
1518:
Interdisciplinary introduction to J.C. Eccles's life and philosophy – Interdisciplinary
Encyclopedia of Religion and Science
5018:
4880:
3867:
3844:
3048:
2900:
1171:
5073:
4213:
2597:
5088:
4234:
3655:
1800:
1249:
1049:
620:
446:
382:, Australia. He grew up there with his two sisters and his parents: William and Mary Carew Eccles (both teachers, who
329:
49:
1114:
Curtis, D. R.; Andersen, P. (2001). "Sir John Carew Eccles, A.C. 27 January 1903 – 2 May 1997: Elected F.R.S. 1941".
4405:
2577:
2358:
1531:
771:
3. Artifacts: Material
Substrates of human creativity, of tools, of machines, of books, of works of art, of music.
619:, and in 1966 he moved to the United States to work as a professor at the Institute for Biomedical Research at the
433:, strongly influencing the intellectual environment of the university. After the war, he became a professor at the
4579:
4539:
3700:
3171:
2318:
2134:
1886:
1862:
1657:
403:
291:
763:
Experience of: Perception, Thinking, Emotions, Dispositional
Intentions, Memories, Dreams, Creative Imagination
4133:
3715:
3635:
3146:
2441:
481:
407:
1425:
1332:
4694:
4432:
4333:
4158:
3486:
3286:
2553:
2286:
2114:
1942:
500:
485:
450:
395:
275:
150:
1044:
708:
to escape the enigma of brain-mind interaction with its perplexing problems. But Sir Karl Popper and I are
4315:
3931:
3882:
3753:
3385:
3220:
2437:
2298:
2079:
2051:
2003:
1361:
635:
609:
3993:
2214:
1725:
1562:
697:
628:
4017:
3946:
3936:
3569:
3396:
2481:
2457:
2158:
2071:
2027:
1991:
1878:
1842:
1275:
624:
577:
422:
279:
4563:
2270:
2063:
71:
4963:
4958:
4424:
4198:
4123:
3834:
3795:
3790:
3595:
3234:
2581:
2565:
2509:
2370:
2130:
2126:
2118:
1194:
564:(IPSP) is produced in the quadriceps motor neurone. Although a single EPSP was not enough to fire an
430:
411:
159:
4500:
4269:
4183:
3877:
3805:
3728:
3650:
3587:
3504:
3452:
2949:
2884:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2665:
2605:
2569:
2529:
2418:
2282:
2035:
1788:
1685:
1673:
1629:
1411:
1345:
Eccles was interested in developing a philosophy of the human person that fitted with brain science
871:
692:. In Fig. 6-1 you will be able to see that I fully accept the recent philosophical achievements of
434:
387:
4638:
4630:
4555:
4193:
4168:
3951:
3921:
3900:
3826:
3738:
3705:
3695:
3670:
3660:
3619:
3419:
3353:
3033:
3029:
2772:
2661:
2541:
2501:
2485:
2402:
2386:
2314:
2075:
2059:
1930:
1898:
1858:
1141:
991:
646:
399:
362:
261:
154:
3078:
842:. Our conscious experiences are the basis of our knowledge of World 1, which is thus a world of
627:
from 1968 until he retired in 1975. After retirement, he moved to
Switzerland and wrote on the
390:) (where a science wing is named in his honour), then completed his final year of schooling at
5013:
4280:
4188:
4173:
4153:
4128:
4073:
4053:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4007:
3895:
3890:
3574:
3543:
3457:
3240:
3195:
3089:
3067:
2916:
2912:
2868:
2792:
2693:
2649:
2629:
2613:
2601:
2557:
2525:
2473:
2398:
2266:
2254:
2202:
2011:
1950:
1914:
1796:
1701:
1454:
1450:
1308:
1213:
1133:
1094:
572:
Apart from these seminal experiments, Eccles was key to a number of important developments in
346:
309:
1227:
4868:
4678:
4093:
4083:
4058:
4027:
4012:
3905:
3818:
3800:
3690:
3685:
3645:
3630:
3614:
3579:
3556:
3025:
3013:
3005:
2989:
2977:
2888:
2737:
2701:
2673:
2617:
2493:
2310:
2182:
2154:
2043:
1870:
1834:
1808:
1613:
1551:
1507:
1125:
590:
565:
286:
212:
1498:
1082:
4936:
4860:
4804:
4373:
4341:
4178:
4143:
4063:
3857:
3810:
3720:
3675:
3600:
3528:
3517:
3481:
3424:
3184:
3052:
3044:
3001:
2997:
2961:
2933:
2892:
2860:
2808:
2685:
2589:
2549:
2449:
2414:
2410:
2378:
2230:
2194:
1999:
1850:
1693:
1233:
835:, which is the basis of our unity as an experiencing being throughout our whole lifetime.
602:
305:
206:
2326:
672:
660:
In March 2012, the Eccles
Institute of Neuroscience was constructed in a new wing of the
1541:
1481:
623:
in
Chicago. Unhappy with the working conditions there, he left to become a professor at
4924:
4852:
4721:
4508:
4488:
4464:
4456:
4148:
4138:
4118:
4113:
3743:
3665:
3640:
3561:
3551:
3533:
3491:
3471:
3434:
3406:
2945:
2872:
2852:
2828:
2804:
2788:
2749:
2745:
2677:
2653:
2517:
2513:
2469:
2453:
2366:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2106:
1958:
1906:
1784:
1717:
1208:
1087:
537:
766:
Philosophical, Theological, Scientific, Historical, Literary, Artistic, Technological
4952:
4932:
4876:
4820:
4777:
4737:
4713:
4686:
4531:
4468:
4448:
4349:
4208:
4103:
4078:
3941:
3926:
3872:
3839:
3769:
3764:
3710:
3680:
3509:
3414:
3271:
3228:
3093:
2941:
2908:
2820:
2725:
2625:
2394:
2382:
2346:
2294:
2274:
2246:
2222:
2206:
2174:
2142:
2019:
1709:
1653:
1441:
650:
586:
383:
358:
126:
1271:
1145:
4916:
4900:
4828:
4812:
4769:
4622:
4603:
4587:
4512:
4476:
4381:
4229:
4163:
4098:
4088:
3910:
3748:
3733:
3538:
3476:
3439:
3401:
3265:
3160:
3154:
3063:
3017:
2965:
2856:
2832:
2816:
2796:
2641:
2497:
2465:
2342:
2258:
2242:
2226:
2190:
2178:
2166:
1922:
1910:
1890:
1769:
1761:
1677:
1382:
585:
and Eccles worked together on some of the experiments which elucidated the role of
582:
573:
541:
426:
418:
301:
257:
1399:
In recognition of service to science, particularly in the field of neurophysiology
1357:
417:
In 1937 Eccles returned to
Australia, where he worked on military research during
4844:
4836:
4785:
4745:
4662:
4654:
4440:
4397:
4389:
4365:
4203:
4068:
3862:
3782:
3137:
2929:
2844:
2840:
2753:
2729:
2637:
2302:
2098:
2015:
1645:
1637:
1621:
1300:
966:
693:
667:
545:
470:
218:
17:
4908:
4761:
4753:
4729:
4595:
4571:
4108:
3852:
3774:
2780:
2039:
1987:
1934:
1556:
1525:
549:
3105:
4496:
4484:
3429:
2981:
2533:
1508:
Neurons and synapses. The history of its discovery IV. Chemical transmission
704:! Cartesian dualism has become unfashionable with many people. They embrace
557:
379:
107:
1137:
1129:
1045:"Feinberg School of Medicine - Nobel Laureates - John Eccles, awarded 1963"
914:
The neurophysiological basis of the mind: The principles of neurophysiology
1536:
1476:
421:. During this time, Eccles was the director of the Kanematsu Institute at
2776:
701:
386:
him until he was 12). He initially attended
Warrnambool High School (now
394:. Aged 17, he was awarded a senior scholarship to study medicine at the
4670:
852:"Now I come to consider the way in which the three worlds interact..."
654:
454:
354:
175:
760:
2. Biology: Structure and
Actions of All Living Beings; Human Brains
705:
533:
3962:
1517:
437:
in New Zealand. From 1952 to 1962, he worked as a professor at the
666:
163:
3210:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
552:, the motor neurone innervating the quadriceps produced a small
4284:
3966:
3357:
3109:
1566:
605:
in 1958 in recognition of services to physiological research.
464:
36:
949:
Facing reality: Philosophical Adventures by a Brain Scientist
808:
Thoughts, Feelings, Memories, Dreams, Imaginings, Intentions
776:
Theoretical Systems: Scientific Problems, Critical Arguments
544:. The sensory neurone synapses onto the motor neurone in the
548:. When a current is passed into the sensory neurone in the
1329:"Nobel Prize winning pioneer in neurophysiology research"
5044:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
414:, where he received his Doctor of Philosophy in 1929.
942:
The Inhibitory Pathways of the Central Nervous System
612:
Award in 1963, the same year he won the Nobel Prize.
556:(EPSP). When a similar current is passed through the
4979:
Academic staff of the Australian National University
1117:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
988:
The Wonder of Being Human – Our Brain & Our Mind
4890:
4794:
4703:
4612:
4521:
4414:
4323:
4222:
4046:
4000:
3250:
3219:
3194:
3170:
3145:
2763:
2428:
2089:
1825:
1604:
297:
285:
267:
253:
199:
185:
170:
146:
134:
115:
89:
34:
1440:
1207:As a medical student he was greatly influenced by
1086:
1006:Evolution Of The Brain : Creation Of The Self
671:John Carew Eccles (right) with Czech psychiatrist
861:, Eccles proposed a dualistic mechanism of mind.
345:(27 January 1903 – 2 May 1997) was an Australian
231:Physiological Society Annual Review Prize Lecture
76:Photographed in November 1963. Image courtesy of
1193:. Biotecnology-innovation.com.au. Archived from
870:death. Eccles died on 2 May 1997 in his home of
805:Light, Colour, Sound, Smell, Taste, Pain, Touch
634:In 1981, Eccles became a founding member of the
5104:Presidents of the Australian Academy of Science
935:The brain and the unity of conscious experience
5049:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
827:"Finally, at the core of World 2 there is the
5059:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
4296:
3978:
3369:
3121:
1578:
1472:
1470:
615:In 1964, he became an honorary member to the
8:
5029:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
560:, the opposing muscle to the quadriceps, an
5099:Australian expatriates in the United States
5034:Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1527:Video (08:04) – Sir John Eccles – Biography
625:The State University of New York at Buffalo
499:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5114:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
4303:
4289:
4281:
3985:
3971:
3963:
3376:
3362:
3354:
3128:
3114:
3106:
1585:
1571:
1563:
1540:
1480:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1001:, (Editor), New York : Paragon House.
749:1. Inorganic: Matter and Energy of Cosmos
696:with his concept of three worlds. I was a
576:. Until around 1949, Eccles believed that
445:. From 1966 to 1968, Eccles worked at the
70:
31:
5084:Academic staff of the University of Otago
5064:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1557:John Eccles' private archives and library
999:Mind and Brain: The Many-Faceted Problems
519:Learn how and when to remove this message
5069:People educated at Melbourne High School
3204:International Committee of the Red Cross
1178:Historical Records of Australian Science
1076:
1074:
1072:
874:. He was buried in Contra, Switzerland.
790:
723:
27:Australian neurophysiologist (1903–1997)
5009:Consciousness researchers and theorists
1026:
1442:"6 'Brain, Speech, and Consciousness'"
855:Despite these words, in his late book
662:John Curtin School of Medical Research
439:John Curtin School of Medical Research
78:John Curtin School of Medical Research
5109:Australian expatriates in Switzerland
1598:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1389:. Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 1990
1383:"Companion of the Order of Australia"
1157:
1155:
937:, London: Cambridge University Press.
351:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
225:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
5024:English people of Australian descent
5004:Companions of the Order of Australia
4994:Australian of the Year Award winners
4265:
1449:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p.
497:adding citations to reliable sources
5119:Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
5094:Australian emigrants to Switzerland
237:Companion of the Order of Australia
5124:Swiss people of Australian descent
4969:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
1248:. Australia.gov.au. Archived from
1057:from the original on 19 March 2023
907:Reflex Activity of the Spinal Cord
25:
820:"In addition there is a level of
788:FIG. 6-2, World of Consciousness
562:inhibitory postsynaptic potential
554:excitatory postsynaptic potential
349:and philosopher who won the 1963
4264:
4254:
4253:
811:The Self – self soul and spirit
755:Records of Intellectual Efforts
469:
5054:Melbourne Medical School alumni
1559:hosted by DĂĽsseldorf University
1162:David R. Curtis; Per Andersen.
1089:World of Anatomy and Physiology
1014:How the Self Controls Its Brain
858:How the Self Controls Its Brain
1447:The Understanding of the Brain
956:The Understanding of the Brain
895:Sir John Eccles AC (1990–1997)
686:The Understanding of the Brain
617:American Philosophical Society
443:Australian National University
429:gave research lectures at the
272:Australian National University
82:Australian National University
1:
5079:University at Buffalo faculty
1548:Works by or about John Eccles
1500:John Eccles on Mind and Brain
1246:"Australia's Nobel Laureates"
1172:Australian Academy of Science
1164:"John Carew Eccles 1903–1997"
921:The Physiology of Nerve Cells
889:Prof. John Eccles (1944–1958)
744:KNOWLEDGE IN OBJECTIVE SENSE
5039:Fellows of the Royal Society
1081:McGrath, K. A. (July 2005).
738:PHYSICAL OBJECTS AND STATES
4974:Australian Knights Bachelor
4235:Dualism (Indian philosophy)
2690:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1050:Feinberg School of Medicine
892:Sir John Eccles (1958–1990)
641:In 1990 he was appointed a
621:Feinberg School of Medicine
447:Feinberg School of Medicine
357:. He shared the prize with
189:Irene Frances Miller Eccles
5140:
4999:Australian Rhodes Scholars
4989:Australian Nobel laureates
4984:Australian neuroscientists
1485:, accessed 11 October 2020
928:The Physiology of Synapses
886:Dr John Eccles (1929–1944)
883:Mr John Eccles (1903–1929)
4248:
3392:
3281:
1887:Charles Scott Sherrington
1863:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
536:: a sensory neurone (the
404:Charles Scott Sherrington
315:
246:
69:
3384:Founding members of the
2877:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1331:. Ri Aus. Archived from
1232:10 November 2014 at the
1176:originally published in
741:STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
714:trialist interactionists
3445:André Frédéric Cournand
1305:Australians of the Year
1191:"Sir John Carew Eccles"
994:, New York, Free Press.
865:Personal life and death
451:Northwestern University
396:University of Melbourne
276:Northwestern University
151:University of Melbourne
4316:Australian of the Year
3386:World Cultural Council
3287:Nobel Prize recipients
3252:Physiology or Medicine
1658:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1503:. A theosophical view.
1362:World Cultural Council
1288:Award: Knight Bachelor
1130:10.1098/rsbm.2001.0010
963:The Self and Its Brain
720:Fig. 6-1, Three Worlds
676:
636:World Cultural Council
610:Australian of the Year
195:(1968–1997; his death)
191:(1928–1968; divorced),
4018:Non-Cartesian dualism
3701:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3696:William A. Nierenberg
3656:Vernon B. Mountcastle
3465:Jean-François Denisse
3397:Christian B. Anfinsen
2159:Dickinson W. Richards
1843:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1439:Eccles, John (1973).
1276:Australian Government
1180:, vol.13, no.4, 2001.
1083:"John C. Eccles, Sir"
838:"This World 2 is our
752:Subjective Knowledge
670:
578:synaptic transmission
423:Sydney Medical School
392:Melbourne High School
322:Sir John Carew Eccles
280:University of Chicago
5019:Electrophysiologists
4199:William Homan Thorpe
4159:Martine Nida-RĂĽmelin
4124:Edward Francis Kelly
3796:William G. Schneider
3791:Menahem Max Schiffer
3775:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
3749:Chintamani N. R. Rao
3487:Jacques-Émile Dubois
3235:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2582:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1943:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1428:. 23 September 2021.
1168:Biographical memoirs
916:, Oxford: Clarendon.
712:, and what is more,
493:improve this section
431:University of Sydney
353:for his work on the
160:University of Oxford
5074:Royal Medal winners
4501:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
4184:Jeffrey M. Schwartz
3729:Comlan A. A. Quenum
3691:Bernhard H. Neumann
3588:Vassos Karageorghis
3525:José Rafael Estrada
3453:Eduardo de Robertis
2974:William C. Campbell
2885:Elizabeth Blackburn
2722:Robert F. Furchgott
2714:Stanley B. Prusiner
2706:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2606:George H. Hitchings
2570:Joseph L. Goldstein
2530:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2359:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1506:Sabbatini, R.M.E.:
1335:on 21 February 2011
976:, Berlin: Springer.
969:, Berlin: Springer.
951:, Berlin: Springer.
872:Contra, Switzerland
601:He was appointed a
435:University of Otago
388:Warrnambool College
378:Eccles was born in
5089:Neurophysiologists
4639:Mandawuy Yunupingu
4631:Peter Hollingworth
4564:Lowitja O'Donoghue
4556:Robert de Castella
4194:Charles Taliaferro
4169:Daniel N. Robinson
3922:Eugene van Tamelen
3911:Jean L. F. Tricart
3901:Jan Peter Toennies
3887:Peter C. Thonemann
3849:Heikki Suomalainen
3787:Stuart J. Saunders
3765:Stanley K. Runcorn
3761:Abraham J. A. Roux
3739:G. N. Ramachandran
3676:Jayant V. Narlikar
3671:Ilie G. Murgulescu
3661:Robert S. Mulliken
3620:William D. McElroy
3462:Guy Blaudin de Thé
3420:Christiaan Barnard
3266:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
3034:William Kaelin Jr.
3030:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2773:Leland H. Hartwell
2662:Richard J. Roberts
2542:Barbara McClintock
2486:Godfrey Hounsfield
2387:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2319:Marshall Nirenberg
2287:Charles B. Huggins
2076:Tadeusz Reichstein
2064:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1859:Christiaan Eijkman
1539:on Nobelprize.org
1479:on Nobelprize.org
992:Daniel N. Robinson
677:
647:Order of Australia
400:Rhodes Scholarship
363:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
262:Philosophy of mind
4946:
4945:
4278:
4277:
4189:Richard Swinburne
4174:Howard D. Roelofs
4129:Charles Landesman
4054:Robert F. Almeder
4038:Thomistic dualism
4033:Substance dualism
4023:Predicate dualism
4008:Cartesian dualism
3994:Mind–body dualism
3960:
3959:
3937:William J. Whelan
3896:Alexander R. Todd
3891:Phillip V. Tobias
3845:Frederick Stewart
3815:Leonard T. Skeggs
3641:Desmond J. Morris
3608:Georges B. Koelle
3575:Adrian Kantrowitz
3570:Reginald V. Jones
3552:Alfred D. Hershey
3522:Kenneth O. Emergy
3468:Venancio Deulofeu
3458:Cornelis de Jager
3351:
3350:
3241:J. Hans D. Jensen
3103:
3102:
3068:Ardem Patapoutian
2917:Ralph M. Steinman
2913:Jules A. Hoffmann
2901:Robert G. Edwards
2869:Harald zur Hausen
2793:H. Robert Horvitz
2694:Eric F. Wieschaus
2630:E. Donnall Thomas
2614:J. Michael Bishop
2602:Gertrude B. Elion
2474:Hamilton O. Smith
2399:Christian de Duve
2135:Frederick Robbins
2012:Alexander Fleming
1951:Corneille Heymans
1797:Frederick Banting
1702:Allvar Gullstrand
1426:"Eccles Building"
1314:978-1-74196-809-5
1252:on 14 August 2014
1214:Origin of Species
1100:978-0-7876-5684-3
974:The human mystery
844:secondary reality
815:
814:
780:
779:
629:mind–body problem
529:
528:
521:
412:Oxford University
347:neurophysiologist
319:
318:
298:Doctoral students
292:C. S. Sherrington
248:Scientific career
94:John Carew Eccles
16:(Redirected from
5131:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4875:
4869:Michelle Simmons
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4475:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4433:Evonne Goolagong
4431:
4423:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4282:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4094:Richard Fumerton
4084:C. Stephen Evans
4059:Mario Beauregard
4028:Property dualism
4013:Emergent dualism
3987:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3947:Rosalyn S. Yalow
3942:Karel F. Wiesner
3927:Ulf S. von Euler
3906:Andrzej Trautman
3831:Leonard Sosnowky
3801:Glenn T. Seaborg
3770:Donald H. Sadler
3725:Jens J. Pindborg
3711:Arthur B. Pardee
3706:George E. Palade
3681:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
3646:Giuseppe Moruzzi
3631:Jerrold Meinwald
3611:Walther Manshard
3580:Nathan O. Kaplan
3557:Gerhard Herzberg
3548:Carl G. Gahmberg
3514:Mohammed El Fasi
3449:William J. Darby
3440:Harold G. Callan
3378:
3371:
3364:
3355:
3289:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3107:
3096:
3081:
3070:
3055:
3049:Michael Houghton
3036:
3026:Gregg L. Semenza
3020:
3014:James P. Allison
3008:
3006:Michael W. Young
2992:
2990:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2984:
2968:
2952:
2950:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
2936:
2924:
2903:
2895:
2889:Carol W. Greider
2879:
2863:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2783:
2756:
2740:
2732:
2716:
2708:
2702:Peter C. Doherty
2696:
2680:
2674:Alfred G. Gilman
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2618:Harold E. Varmus
2608:
2592:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2544:
2536:
2520:
2504:
2494:Baruj Benacerraf
2488:
2476:
2460:
2444:
2421:
2405:
2389:
2373:
2361:
2353:
2337:
2321:
2311:Robert W. Holley
2305:
2289:
2277:
2261:
2249:
2233:
2217:
2215:Georg von Békésy
2209:
2197:
2185:
2183:Joshua Lederberg
2169:
2161:
2155:Werner Forssmann
2145:
2137:
2121:
2109:
2101:
2082:
2066:
2054:
2046:
2044:Bernardo Houssay
2030:
2022:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1925:
1917:
1901:
1893:
1881:
1873:
1871:Karl Landsteiner
1865:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1835:Johannes Fibiger
1818:
1817:
1811:
1809:Willem Einthoven
1803:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1674:Élie Metchnikoff
1668:
1666:Alphonse Laveran
1660:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1552:Internet Archive
1544:
1528:
1522:
1512:Brain & Mind
1486:
1484:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1414:. 21 April 2020.
1408:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1307:. Pier 9 Press.
1297:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1272:"It's an Honour"
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1040:
981:The Human Psyche
791:
724:
591:neurotransmitter
566:action potential
524:
517:
513:
510:
504:
473:
465:
408:Magdalen College
344:
287:Doctoral advisor
213:James Cook Medal
193:Helena T. Eccles
122:
103:
101:
74:
64:
32:
21:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:Richard Scolyer
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4886:
4873:
4865:
4861:Alan Mackay-Sim
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4805:Patrick McGorry
4801:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4548:Edward Williams
4544:
4536:
4528:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4473:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4374:Robert Helpmann
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4342:Joan Sutherland
4338:
4330:
4319:
4309:
4279:
4274:
4244:
4218:
4179:Howard Robinson
4144:Geoffrey Madell
4064:Frank B. Dilley
4042:
3996:
3991:
3961:
3956:
3918:Constantin Vago
3883:Harold Thompson
3858:Charles Tanford
3835:Roger W. Sperry
3827:George D. Snell
3823:George J. Smets
3811:Frederick Seitz
3806:Ernest R. Sears
3721:Jacques Piccard
3601:Seymour S. Kety
3596:Donald W. Kerst
3539:David J. Finney
3529:Hans J. Eysenck
3518:Ernest L. Eliel
3496:Francisco J. Dy
3482:Audouin Dollfus
3477:Richard S. Doll
3425:Colin Blakemore
3388:
3382:
3352:
3347:
3285:
3277:
3268:(Great Britain)
3262:(Great Britain)
3246:
3237:(United States)
3231:(United States)
3215:
3190:
3185:Giorgos Seferis
3166:
3141:
3134:
3104:
3099:
3084:
3073:
3058:
3053:Charles M. Rice
3045:Harvey J. Alter
3039:
3023:
3011:
3002:Michael Rosbash
2998:Jeffrey C. Hall
2995:
2987:
2971:
2962:May-Britt Moser
2955:
2939:
2934:Shinya Yamanaka
2927:
2906:
2898:
2893:Jack W. Szostak
2882:
2866:
2861:Oliver Smithies
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2809:Peter Mansfield
2802:
2797:John E. Sulston
2786:
2770:
2759:
2743:
2735:
2719:
2711:
2699:
2686:Edward B. Lewis
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2595:
2590:Susumu Tonegawa
2587:
2575:
2563:
2547:
2539:
2523:
2507:
2491:
2479:
2463:
2450:Roger Guillemin
2447:
2442:Daniel Gajdusek
2438:Baruch Blumberg
2435:
2424:
2415:Renato Dulbecco
2411:David Baltimore
2408:
2392:
2379:Karl von Frisch
2376:
2364:
2356:
2340:
2324:
2308:
2299:Haldan Hartline
2292:
2280:
2264:
2252:
2236:
2231:Maurice Wilkins
2220:
2212:
2200:
2195:Arthur Kornberg
2188:
2172:
2164:
2148:
2140:
2124:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2085:
2069:
2057:
2049:
2033:
2025:
2009:
2000:Joseph Erlanger
1997:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1928:
1920:
1904:
1896:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1856:
1851:Charles Nicolle
1848:
1840:
1832:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1694:Albrecht Kossel
1691:
1683:
1671:
1663:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1600:
1591:
1537:Sir John Eccles
1526:
1520:
1494:
1489:
1477:Sir John Eccles
1475:
1468:
1461:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1234:Wayback Machine
1226:
1222:
1200:
1198:
1197:on 4 March 2015
1189:
1188:
1184:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1024:
902:
880:
867:
840:primary reality
710:interactionists
694:Sir Karl Popper
682:
657:, Switzerland.
603:Knight Bachelor
599:
540:fibre) and the
525:
514:
508:
505:
490:
474:
463:
441:(JCSMR) of the
425:, where he and
402:to study under
376:
371:
324:
308:
306:Stephen Kuffler
304:
278:
274:
260:
242:
207:Knight Bachelor
194:
192:
190:
178:
158:
147:Alma mater
141:
140:United Kingdom,
139:
130:
124:
120:
111:
105:
104:27 January 1903
99:
97:
96:
95:
85:
65:
44:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Sir John Eccles
15:
12:
11:
5:
5137:
5135:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4927:
4925:Taryn Brumfitt
4919:
4911:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4881:Richard Harris
4871:
4863:
4855:
4853:David Morrison
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4722:Peter Cosgrove
4716:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4509:Neville Bonner
4503:
4491:
4489:Murray Tyrrell
4479:
4471:
4465:John Cornforth
4459:
4457:Bernard Heinze
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4285:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4240:Interactionism
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4214:Dean Zimmerman
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4154:Denyse O'Leary
4151:
4149:J. P. Moreland
4146:
4141:
4139:David. H. Lund
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:Michael Huemer
4116:
4114:William Hasker
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:René Descartes
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:John M. Tedder
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3779:Nobufusa Saito
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Gunnar Randers
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3716:David Phillips
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Walter H. Munk
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Nevill F. Mott
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Harry Melville
3633:
3628:
3627:John McMichael
3625:
3624:Henry McIlwain
3622:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3605:Prem N. Kirpal
3603:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3562:David H. Hubel
3559:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Don W. Fawcett
3531:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:John C. Eccles
3497:
3494:
3492:Gerald Durrell
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:Frank J. Dixon
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3435:Norman Borlaug
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:M. Balasegaram
3409:
3407:James Baddiley
3404:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:Katalin KarikĂł
3082:
3071:
3056:
3037:
3021:
3009:
2993:
2985:
2969:
2953:
2946:Randy Schekman
2937:
2925:
2904:
2896:
2880:
2873:Luc Montagnier
2864:
2853:Mario Capecchi
2848:
2836:
2829:Barry Marshall
2824:
2812:
2805:Paul Lauterbur
2800:
2789:Sydney Brenner
2784:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:Paul Greengard
2746:Arvid Carlsson
2741:
2733:
2717:
2709:
2697:
2681:
2678:Martin Rodbell
2669:
2657:
2654:Edwin G. Krebs
2650:Edmond Fischer
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2598:James W. Black
2593:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2558:CĂ©sar Milstein
2554:Georges Köhler
2545:
2537:
2526:Sune Bergström
2521:
2518:Torsten Wiesel
2514:David H. Hubel
2505:
2489:
2477:
2470:Daniel Nathans
2461:
2454:Andrew Schally
2445:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2406:
2390:
2374:
2367:Gerald Edelman
2362:
2354:
2351:Julius Axelrod
2338:
2335:Salvador Luria
2331:Alfred Hershey
2322:
2306:
2290:
2278:
2267:François Jacob
2262:
2250:
2234:
2218:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2170:
2162:
2151:André Cournand
2146:
2138:
2122:
2110:
2107:Selman Waksman
2102:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2072:Edward Kendall
2067:
2055:
2047:
2031:
2028:Hermann Muller
2023:
2007:
2004:Herbert Gasser
1995:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1959:Gerhard Domagk
1954:
1946:
1938:
1926:
1918:
1915:William Murphy
1907:George Whipple
1902:
1894:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1792:
1785:Archibald Hill
1780:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1718:Charles Richet
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1669:
1661:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1534:
1523:
1515:
1504:
1493:
1492:External links
1490:
1488:
1487:
1466:
1459:
1431:
1417:
1403:
1387:It's an Honour
1374:
1349:
1320:
1313:
1292:
1278:. 12 June 1958
1263:
1237:
1220:
1209:Charles Darwin
1182:
1151:
1106:
1099:
1068:
1043:Staff (2023).
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1002:
995:
984:
977:
970:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
879:
876:
866:
863:
813:
812:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
778:
777:
774:
772:
768:
767:
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
690:Facing Reality
681:
678:
675:(left) in 1993
598:
595:
593:in the brain.
538:muscle spindle
527:
526:
477:
475:
468:
462:
459:
375:
372:
370:
367:
317:
316:
313:
312:
310:Rodolfo Llinás
299:
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
269:
265:
264:
255:
251:
250:
244:
243:
241:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
203:
201:
197:
196:
187:
183:
182:
180:Interactionism
172:
171:Known for
168:
167:
148:
144:
143:
136:
132:
131:
125:
123:(aged 94)
117:
113:
112:
106:
93:
91:
87:
86:
75:
67:
66:
43:
40:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5136:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4933:Georgina Long
4928:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4878:
4877:Craig Challen
4872:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4821:Geoffrey Rush
4816:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4778:Lee Kernaghan
4773:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4738:Fiona Stanley
4733:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4714:Gustav Nossal
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4687:Cathy Freeman
4682:
4680:
4679:Peter Doherty
4674:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4540:John Crawford
4535:
4533:
4532:Manning Clark
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4477:Edward Dunlop
4472:
4470:
4469:Alan Stretton
4466:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4449:Patrick White
4444:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4425:Norman Gilroy
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4350:Jock Sturrock
4345:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Keith Yandell
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Stewart Goetz
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Michael Egnor
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3953:
3952:John Z. Young
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Edward Teller
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Lyman Spitzer
3838:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Stefan Ĺšlopek
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Yuval Ne'eman
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Georges Mathé
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:Peter E. Kent
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:Leo A. Kaprio
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:Osmo H. Järvi
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Manfred Eigen
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Frank Barnaby
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3273:
3272:Andrew Huxley
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:Eugene Wigner
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:(Switzerland)
3211:
3208:
3206:(Switzerland)
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3095:
3094:Drew Weissman
3091:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:Satoshi ĹŚmura
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:James Rothman
2938:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:Bruce Beutler
2905:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2821:Linda B. Buck
2818:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2738:GĂĽnter Blobel
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:Louis Ignarro
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2666:Phillip Sharp
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:Joseph Murray
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:Stanley Cohen
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:Michael Brown
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2482:Allan Cormack
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2458:Rosalyn Yalow
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2403:George Palade
2400:
2396:
2395:Albert Claude
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:Konrad Lorenz
2380:
2375:
2372:
2371:Rodney Porter
2368:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:Ulf von Euler
2344:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:Ragnar Granit
2291:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2275:Jacques Monod
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2247:Andrew Huxley
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:Francis Crick
2219:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2207:Peter Medawar
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:George Beadle
2171:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2143:Hugo Theorell
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:Thomas Weller
2128:
2123:
2120:
2119:Fritz Lipmann
2116:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2020:Howard Florey
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1899:Thomas Morgan
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1789:Otto Meyerhof
1786:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1726:Róbert Bárány
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:Alexis Carrel
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:Camillo Golgi
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:0-07-018863-7
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
925:
922:
918:
915:
911:
908:
904:
903:
899:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
881:
877:
875:
873:
864:
862:
860:
859:
853:
850:
847:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
825:
823:
818:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:, now I am a
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
674:
669:
665:
663:
658:
656:
652:
651:Tenero-Contra
648:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
596:
594:
592:
588:
587:acetylcholine
584:
579:
575:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:motor neurone
539:
535:
523:
520:
512:
502:
498:
494:
488:
487:
483:
478:This section
476:
472:
467:
466:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:home schooled
381:
373:
369:Life and work
368:
366:
364:
360:
359:Andrew Huxley
356:
352:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
314:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
202:
198:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
149:
145:
137:
133:
129:, Switzerland
128:
127:Tenero-Contra
118:
114:
109:
92:
88:
83:
79:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4917:Dylan Alcott
4901:James Muecke
4829:Ita Buttrose
4813:Simon McKeon
4770:Tim Flannery
4646:
4623:Fred Hollows
4604:Allan Border
4588:John Farnham
4513:Harry Butler
4382:Jack Brabham
4357:
4334:Frank Burnet
4252:
4230:Cartesianism
4164:Scott B. Rae
4099:Brie Gertler
4089:Edward Feser
3878:Howard Temin
3754:Rex Richards
3734:Hermann Rahn
3544:Val L. Fitch
3505:Paul Ehrlich
3499:
3430:Aage N. Bohr
3402:Werner Arber
3317:
3259:
3161:Giulio Natta
3155:Karl Ziegler
3079:Svante Pääbo
3064:David Julius
3018:Tasuku Honjo
2966:Edvard Moser
2958:John O'Keefe
2921:posthumously
2920:
2857:Martin Evans
2833:Robin Warren
2817:Richard Axel
2764:2001–present
2642:Bert Sakmann
2510:Roger Sperry
2502:George Snell
2498:Jean Dausset
2466:Werner Arber
2419:Howard Temin
2343:Bernard Katz
2327:Max DelbrĂĽck
2283:Francis Rous
2259:Feodor Lynen
2255:Konrad Bloch
2243:Alan Hodgkin
2238:
2227:James Watson
2203:Frank Burnet
2191:Severo Ochoa
2179:Edward Tatum
2167:Daniel Bovet
2080:Philip Hench
1992:Edward Doisy
1923:Hans Spemann
1911:George Minot
1891:Edgar Adrian
1879:Otto Warburg
1801:John Macleod
1770:August Krogh
1762:Jules Bordet
1678:Paul Ehrlich
1630:Niels Finsen
1614:Emil Behring
1521:(in Italian)
1511:
1499:
1446:
1434:
1420:
1406:
1398:
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1352:
1344:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1323:
1304:
1301:Lewis, Wendy
1295:
1287:
1280:. Retrieved
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1240:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
1185:
1177:
1167:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1088:
1059:. Retrieved
1048:
1012:
1005:
998:
987:
980:
973:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
900:Bibliography
868:
856:
854:
851:
848:
843:
839:
837:
832:
828:
826:
821:
819:
816:
797:Inner Sense
794:Outer Sense
787:
784:
781:
719:
718:
713:
689:
685:
683:
673:Cyril Höschl
659:
640:
633:
614:
607:
600:
583:Bernard Katz
574:neuroscience
571:
530:
515:
506:
491:Please help
479:
427:Bernard Katz
419:World War II
416:
377:
321:
320:
302:Wilfrid Rall
268:Institutions
258:Neuroscience
247:
174:Work on the
121:(1997-05-02)
29:
4964:1997 deaths
4959:1903 births
4845:Rosie Batty
4837:Adam Goodes
4786:Mick Dodson
4746:Steve Waugh
4695:Mark Taylor
4663:Arthur Boyd
4655:Ian Kiernan
4441:Shane Gould
4398:Lionel Rose
4390:The Seekers
4366:Dawn Fraser
4358:John Eccles
4204:Peter Unger
4069:John Beloff
3863:Henry Taube
3783:Abdus Salam
3274:(Australia)
3260:John Eccles
3138:Nobel Prize
2930:John Gurdon
2845:Craig Mello
2841:Andrew Fire
2754:Eric Kandel
2730:Ferid Murad
2638:Erwin Neher
2550:Niels Jerne
2315:Har Khorana
2303:George Wald
2271:André Lwoff
2239:John Eccles
2127:John Enders
2099:Max Theiler
2060:Walter Hess
2052:Paul MĂĽller
2016:Ernst Chain
1686:Emil Kocher
1646:Robert Koch
1638:Ivan Pavlov
1622:Ronald Ross
1497:Pratt, D.:
1124:: 159–187.
967:Karl Popper
822:inner sense
608:He won the
546:spinal cord
509:August 2023
219:Royal Medal
142:Switzerland
135:Citizenship
110:, Australia
41:John Eccles
4953:Categories
4909:Grace Tame
4762:Ian Frazer
4754:Fiona Wood
4730:Pat Rafter
4596:Kay Cottee
4580:Dick Smith
4572:Paul Hogan
4406:Lord Casey
4134:E. J. Lowe
4109:W. D. Hart
3932:Alan Walsh
3853:Pol Swings
3758:Jean Rösch
3172:Literature
2781:Paul Nurse
2115:Hans Krebs
2040:Gerty Cori
1988:Henrik Dam
1935:Otto Loewi
1931:Henry Dale
1412:"Addendum"
1367:8 November
1358:"About Us"
1022:References
680:Philosophy
550:quadriceps
374:Early life
138:Australia,
119:2 May 1997
100:1903-01-27
4497:Alan Bond
4485:Raigh Roe
3915:Ioan Ursu
3243:(Germany)
3157:(Germany)
3147:Chemistry
3140:laureates
2982:Tu Youyou
2534:John Vane
2429:1976–2000
2090:1951–1975
2036:Carl Cori
1826:1926–1950
1605:1901–1925
1594:Laureates
800:Pure Ego
643:Companion
558:hamstring
480:does not
380:Melbourne
186:Spouse(s)
108:Melbourne
5014:Dualists
4647:no award
4259:Category
4047:Dualists
3187:(Greece)
2777:Tim Hunt
1303:(2010).
1230:Archived
1146:73372586
1138:15124645
1093:. Gale.
1061:19 March
1055:Archived
833:pure ego
733:WORLD 3
730:WORLD 2
727:WORLD 1
702:trialist
534:neurones
4939:(joint)
4883:(joint)
4671:John Yu
4314:of the
4312:Winners
4270:Commons
4223:Related
3221:Physics
3163:(Italy)
1596:of the
1550:at the
1532:YouTube
1514:, 2004.
1393:26 June
1339:26 June
1282:26 June
1256:26 June
1201:26 June
990:, with
965:, with
698:dualist
655:Locarno
645:of the
597:Honours
501:removed
486:sources
455:Chicago
355:synapse
176:synapse
3024:2019:
3012:2018:
2996:2017:
2988:2016:
2972:2015:
2956:2014:
2940:2013:
2928:2012:
2907:2011:
2899:2010:
2883:2009:
2867:2008:
2851:2007:
2839:2006:
2827:2005:
2815:2004:
2803:2003:
2787:2002:
2771:2001:
2744:2000:
2736:1999:
2720:1998:
2712:1997:
2700:1996:
2684:1995:
2672:1994:
2660:1993:
2648:1992:
2636:1991:
2624:1990:
2612:1989:
2596:1988:
2588:1987:
2576:1986:
2564:1985:
2548:1984:
2540:1983:
2524:1982:
2508:1981:
2492:1980:
2480:1979:
2464:1978:
2448:1977:
2436:1976:
2409:1975:
2393:1974:
2377:1973:
2365:1972:
2357:1971:
2341:1970:
2325:1969:
2309:1968:
2293:1967:
2281:1966:
2265:1965:
2253:1964:
2237:1963:
2221:1962:
2213:1961:
2201:1960:
2189:1959:
2173:1958:
2165:1957:
2149:1956:
2141:1955:
2125:1954:
2113:1953:
2105:1952:
2097:1951:
2070:1950:
2058:1949:
2050:1948:
2034:1947:
2026:1946:
2010:1945:
1998:1944:
1986:1943:
1957:1939:
1949:1938:
1941:1937:
1929:1936:
1921:1935:
1905:1934:
1897:1933:
1885:1932:
1877:1931:
1869:1930:
1857:1929:
1849:1928:
1841:1927:
1833:1926:
1807:1924:
1795:1923:
1783:1922:
1768:1920:
1760:1919:
1724:1914:
1716:1913:
1708:1912:
1700:1911:
1692:1910:
1684:1909:
1672:1908:
1664:1907:
1652:1906:
1644:1905:
1636:1904:
1628:1903:
1620:1902:
1612:1901:
1457:
1311:
1144:
1136:
1097:
1011:1994,
1004:1989,
997:1985,
986:1984,
979:1980,
972:1979,
961:1977,
954:1973,
947:1970,
940:1969,
933:1965,
926:1964,
919:1957,
912:1953,
905:1932,
878:Styles
706:monism
461:Career
254:Fields
239:(1990)
233:(1972)
227:(1963)
221:(1962)
215:(1961)
209:(1958)
200:Awards
4891:2020s
4795:2010s
4704:2000s
4613:1990s
4522:1980s
4415:1970s
4324:1960s
4318:Award
4001:Types
3318:1963
3196:Peace
3136:1963
1142:S2CID
589:as a
340:
338:FRSNZ
336:
334:FRACP
332:
328:
164:DPhil
60:
58:FRSNZ
56:
54:FRACP
52:
48:
4930:2024
4922:2023
4914:2022
4906:2021
4898:2020
4874:2019
4866:2018
4858:2017
4850:2016
4842:2015
4834:2014
4826:2013
4818:2012
4810:2011
4802:2010
4783:2009
4775:2008
4767:2007
4759:2006
4751:2005
4743:2004
4735:2003
4727:2002
4719:2001
4711:2000
4692:1999
4684:1998
4676:1997
4668:1996
4660:1995
4652:1994
4644:1993
4636:1992
4628:1991
4620:1990
4601:1989
4593:1988
4585:1987
4577:1986
4569:1985
4561:1984
4553:1983
4545:1982
4537:1981
4529:1980
4506:1979
4494:1978
4482:1977
4474:1976
4462:1975
4454:1974
4446:1973
4438:1972
4430:1971
4422:1970
4403:1969
4395:1968
4387:1967
4379:1966
4371:1965
4363:1964
4355:1963
4347:1962
4339:1961
4331:1960
3343:1968
3338:1967
3333:1966
3328:1965
3323:1964
3313:1962
3308:1961
3303:1960
3298:1959
3293:1958
3176:1963
3086:2023
3075:2022
3060:2021
3041:2020
1980:1942
1973:1941
1966:1940
1816:1925
1777:1921
1754:1918
1747:1917
1740:1916
1733:1915
1455:ISBN
1395:2015
1369:2016
1341:2015
1309:ISBN
1284:2015
1258:2015
1203:2015
1134:PMID
1095:ISBN
1063:2023
829:self
484:any
482:cite
361:and
116:Died
90:Born
1530:on
1451:189
1211:'s
1126:doi
831:or
684:In
495:by
453:in
449:at
406:at
342:FAA
330:FRS
62:FAA
50:FRS
37:Sir
4955::
3092:/
3088::
3077::
3066:/
3062::
3051:/
3047:/
3043::
3032:/
3028:/
3016:/
3004:/
3000:/
2980:/
2976:/
2964:/
2960:/
2948:/
2944:/
2932:/
2915:/
2911:/
2891:/
2887:/
2875:/
2871:/
2859:/
2855:/
2843:/
2831:/
2819:/
2807:/
2795:/
2791:/
2779:/
2775:/
2752:/
2748:/
2728:/
2724:/
2704:/
2692:/
2688:/
2676:/
2664:/
2652:/
2640:/
2628:/
2616:/
2604:/
2600:/
2580:/
2568:/
2556:/
2552:/
2532:/
2528:/
2516:/
2512:/
2500:/
2496:/
2484:/
2472:/
2468:/
2456:/
2452:/
2440:/
2417:/
2413:/
2401:/
2397:/
2385:/
2381:/
2369:/
2349:/
2345:/
2333:/
2329:/
2317:/
2313:/
2301:/
2297:/
2285:/
2273:/
2269:/
2257:/
2245:/
2241:/
2229:/
2225:/
2205:/
2193:/
2181:/
2177:/
2157:/
2153:/
2133:/
2129:/
2117:/
2078:/
2074:/
2062:/
2042:/
2038:/
2018:/
2014:/
2002:/
1990:/
1933:/
1913:/
1909:/
1889:/
1861:/
1799:/
1787:/
1676:/
1656:/
1510:.
1469:^
1453:.
1445:.
1397:.
1385:.
1360:.
1343:.
1286:.
1274:.
1205:.
1170:.
1166:.
1154:^
1140:.
1132:.
1122:47
1120:.
1085:.
1071:^
1053:.
1047:.
1029:^
653:,
638:.
631:.
457:.
410:,
365:.
326:AC
155:MD
80:,
46:AC
4935:/
4879:/
4511:/
4499:/
4487:/
4467:/
4304:e
4297:t
4290:v
3986:e
3979:t
3972:v
3377:e
3370:t
3363:v
3178:)
3174:(
3129:e
3122:t
3115:v
2923:)
2919:(
1586:e
1579:t
1572:v
1463:.
1371:.
1317:.
1260:.
1174:.
1148:.
1128::
1103:.
1065:.
1017:.
1008:.
983:.
958:.
944:.
930:.
923:.
909:.
522:)
516:(
511:)
507:(
503:.
489:.
166:)
162:(
157:)
153:(
102:)
98:(
84:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
