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612:
406:
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285:. However, it is not known whether Swan completed his six-year apprenticeship, as both partners subsequently died. He was said to have had an enquiring mind, even as a child. He augmented his education with a fascination for his surroundings, the industry of the area, and reading at Sunderland Library. He attended lectures at the Sunderland Atheneum.
476:
Swan's carbon rod lamp and carbon filament lamp, while functional, were still relatively impractical owing to low resistance (needing very expensive thick copper wiring) and short running life. While searching for a better filament for his light bulb, Swan inadvertently made another advance. In 1881,
522:
on 14 May 1881. This required a wired supply, so the following year, he presented one with a battery and other improved versions followed. By 1886, a lamp with better light output than a flame safety lamp was in production by the Edison-Swan
Company. However, it suffered from problems of reliability
401:
presiding. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament, and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce "parchmentised thread", and obtained
British Patent 4933 on 27 November 1880. From that time he began installing light bulbs in homes and
908:
Swan made groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of electric lighting and photography. He had already received the Legion of Honour when he visited an international exhibition in Paris in 1881. The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with electric light, thanks to
451:
consumes as much oxygen as many people, and causes great heat beside. The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen, and cause no perceptible heat." The first generator proved too small to power the whole building, and though the entire front-of-house was electrically lit, the stage was lit by gas until
388:
Swan first publicly demonstrated his incandescent carbon lamp at a lecture for the
Newcastle upon Tyne Chemical Society on 18 December 1878. However, after burning with a bright light for some minutes in his laboratory, the lamp broke down owing to excessive current. On 17 January 1879 this lecture
389:
was successfully repeated with the lamp shown in actual operation; Swan had solved the problem of incandescent electric lighting by means of a vacuum lamp. On 3 February 1879 he publicly demonstrated a working lamp to an audience of over seven hundred people in the lecture theatre of the
473:, Northumberland. Swan personally supervised the installation there in December 1880. Swan had formed "The Swan Electric Light Company Ltd" with a factory at Benwell, Newcastle, and had established the first commercial manufacture of incandescent lightbulbs by the beginning of 1881.
343:
paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. By 1860, he was able to demonstrate a working device, but the lack of a good vacuum, and of an adequate electric source, resulted in an inefficient light bulb with a short life. In August 1863 he presented his own design for a
292:, started in the year of Swan's birth by John Mawson (9 September 1819 – 17 December 1867), the husband of his sister, Elizabeth Swan (22 November 1822 – 2 August 1905). In 1846, Swan was offered a partnership at Mawson's. This company subsequently existed as
543:
was working on his incandescent lamp, with Swan's first successful lamp and Edison's lamp both patented in 1880. Edison's goal in developing his lamp was for it to be used as one part of a much larger system: a long-life high-resistance lamp that could be connected in
364:
research by two years. Furthermore, it is notable that
Sprengel conducted his research while visiting London, and was probably aware of the annual reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Nonetheless, Joseph Swan and
552:) and short life span, was not suited for such an application. Swan's strong patents in Great Britain led, in 1883, to the two competing companies merging to exploit both Swan's and Edison's inventions, with the establishment of the
531:
376:
In 1875, Swan returned to consider the problem of the light bulb with the aid of a better vacuum and a carbonised thread as a filament. The most significant feature of Swan's improved lamp was that there was little residual
447:, explained why he had introduced Swan's electric light: "The greatest drawbacks to the enjoyment of the theatrical performances are, undoubtedly, the foul air and heat which pervade all theatres. As everyone knows, each
746:, Surrey. The funeral took place at All Saints' Church, Warlingham, on 30 May 1914, with interment taking place in the churchyard. Mourners included representatives of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the
1232:
319:. The house was later converted into Beaconsfield School, a private fee-paying grant-aided co-educational grammar school. Students there could still find examples of Swan's original electrical fittings.
424:, was the first public room lit by electric light during a lecture by Swan on 20 October 1880. In 1881 he founded his own company, The Swan Electric Light Company, and started commercial production.
731:, on 31 July 1862. They had three surviving children: Cameron, Mary Edmonds, and Joseph Henry. Frances died on 9 January 1868 and he married secondly Hannah White, the younger sister of Frances, at
519:
623:
When working with wet photographic plates, Swan noticed that heat increased the sensitivity of the silver bromide emulsion. By 1871, he had devised a method of using dry plates, and substituting
1770:
The
Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time to the Present Day of the Knights of All the Orders of Chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of the Knights Bachelors
849:
The
Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time to the Present Day of the Knights of All the Orders of Chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of the Knights Bachelors
385:
tube to ignite the filament, thus allowing the filament to glow almost white-hot without catching fire. However, his filament had low resistance, thus needing heavy copper wires to supply it.
1612:
Maury Klein, The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who
Invented Modern America, Bloomsbury Publishing USA — 2010, Chapter 9 — The Cowbird, The Plugger, and the Dreamer
390:
452:
28 December 1881. At that performance, Carte stepped on stage and broke a glowing lightbulb before the audience to demonstrate the safety of Swan's new technology. On 29 December 1881,
564:(GE) began exploiting Swan's patents to produce cellulose filaments, until they were replaced in 1904 by a GE developed "General Electric Metallized" (GEM) baked cellulose filaments.
1055:
British
Association for the Advancement of Science, Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections (1863). "On a Mercurial Air-Pump by J. W. Swan.".
883:
1205:
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to work economically with the large-scale electric-lighting utility he was creating. Swan's original lamp design, with its low resistance (the lamp could be used only in
1240:
891:
235:
556:. Known commonly as "Ediswan", the company sold lamps made with a cellulose filament that Swan had invented in 1881, while the Edison Company continued using
2210:
2205:
2127:
1974:
1851:
481:
through holes to form conducting fibres. His newly established company (which by merger eventually became the Edison and Swan United
Company) used Swan's
215:, and is the person responsible for developing and supplying the first incandescent lights used to illuminate homes and public buildings, including the
735:, Switzerland, on 3 October 1871. They had five children: Hilda, Frances Isobel, Kenneth Rayden, Percival, and Dorothy. Sir Kenneth Rayden Swan was a
435:, London, was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity. Swan supplied about 1,200 incandescent lamps, powered by an 88.3-
243:
1709:
1396:
553:
462:
394:
1647:
David O. Whitten, Bessie Emrick
Whitten, Handbook of American Business History: Manufacturing, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990, pages 315-316
2215:
1253:
The society's lecture theatre was the first public room to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Sir Joseph Swan on October 20, 1880.
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165:
63:
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commemorates Swan's invention of the electric light bulb and Underhill as the first house in the world to have electric lighting installed
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747:
651:
2090:
2063:
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1363:
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and was not a success. It took development by others over the next 20 years or so before effective electric lamps were in common use.
2082:
1697:
1622:
831:
638:, a permanent photographic process. By adding the transfer step, Swan was able easily to make photographs with a full tonal range.
895:
600:
539:
In what are considered to be independent lines of inquiry, Swan's incandescent electric lamp was developed at the same time that
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31:
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52:
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falling through a tube to trap air from the system to be evacuated. Swan's design was similar in construction to the
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2185:
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611:
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having the new lamps installed in the same year. An early employment in engineering was during the digging of the
2200:
2190:
588:
461:
The first private residence, other than the inventor's, lit by the new incandescent lamp was that of his friend,
316:
1968:
1903:
1875:
1845:
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plastic for glass plates, thus initiating the age of convenience in photography. Eight years later, he patented
819:
596:
444:
420:, was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. The Lit & Phil Library in Westgate Road,
212:
146:
701:
698:
687:
659:
301:
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246:. The exhibition included displays of his inventions, and the city was lit with his electric lighting.
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94:
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2009:
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405:
353:
1289:
1131:
1116:
1062:
315:, a large house on Kells Lane North, where he conducted most of his experiments in the large
1481:
Sir Josepth Swan and the Invention of the Incandescent Electric Lamp by Kenneth R. Swan 1948
1085:
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508:
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239:
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2013:
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Joseph Swan 1828–1914: A pictorial account of a North Eastern scientist's life and work
1754:
1167:
808:
704:
624:
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211:, chemist, and inventor. He is known as an independent early developer of a successful
136:
1455:
1412:
300:. The premises, now occupied by fashion retailer END., can be identified by a line of
2159:
1819:"Ships built by the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company Ltd: arranged by date of launch"
1818:
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1056:
974:
540:
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428:
370:
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357:
267:
216:
98:
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492:, owned by the Inman Line. She was fitted with incandescent lamps in June 1881. The
1314:
Newcastle upon Tyne: Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne 1979
683:
635:
448:
305:
231:
158:
732:
62:
2140:
2047:
923:
Davidson, Michael W., and The Florida State University. "Molecular Expressions.
719:
Swan married firstly Frances "Fanny" White, third daughter of William White, of
655:
631:, developments of which are still used for black-and-white photographic prints.
592:
576:
572:
515:
409:
345:
278:
654:; at the time, Swan was one of its three honorary members, the other two being
17:
2120:
1070:
743:
724:
493:
440:
274:
227:
120:
1777:
1677:
The New Enfield: Stories of Enfield Edmonton and Southgate, a Jubilee History
1373:
946:
884:"Pharmacy — the mother of invention? — Sir Joseph Swan (1828–1914)"
856:
789:
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subsequently developed as a centre for the manufacture of thermionic valves,
535:
Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company, otherwise known as "Ediswan"
2078:
2004:
1937:
1594:
1338:
1025:
720:
482:
454:
327:
208:
189:
1563:
Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
1548:
Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
1532:
Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
1516:
Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
485:
filaments in their bulbs. The textile industry has also used this process.
369:
are later reported to have used the Sprengel pump to evacuate their carbon
697:
In 1945, the London Power Company commemorated Swan by naming a new 1,554
1657:
Incandescent Lamps, History of the Incandescent Light (1802 — today)
470:
466:
436:
398:
296:
until 1973, formerly located on Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, near
2106:
1772:. Vol. 2. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 419.
1355:
Domesticating electricity: technology, uncertainty and gender, 1880–1914
851:. Vol. 2. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 419.
1710:"Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson: certificate of election to the Royal Society"
288:
Swan subsequently joined Mawson's, a firm of manufacturing chemists in
255:
185:
102:
2043:
815:
728:
557:
443:) generator on open land near the theatre. The builder of the Savoy,
382:
378:
340:
124:
1679:, London Borough of Enfield Libraries, Arts & Entertainment Dept
1136:(Revised ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 56.
925:
Science, optics and you. Pioneers in optics. Joseph Swan (1828–1914)
1193:
Sir Joseph Swan and the Invention of the incandescent electric lamp
610:
530:
458:
described the electric lighting as visually superior to gaslight.
404:
927:." Last modification 26 February 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2009
674:
from 1900-1901, and in 1903 he was chosen first president of the
511:
installed "20-candlepower lamps" in the temporary pilot tunnels.
1058:
Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
568:
332:
518:
for miners, exhibiting his first in Newcastle upon Tyne at the
1623:"Thomas Edison's Patent Application for the Light Bulb (1880)"
1268:
772:
The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History
595:
industry for much of the 20th century. Ediswan became part of
43:
575:, North London. In 1916, Ediswan set up the UK's first radio
520:
North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
1529:
On an electric safety lamp, with portable secondary battery
662:. In September 1901, he was awarded the honorary degree of
615:
Stone tablet of Sir Joseph Wilson Swan in Pilgrim Street,
1431:"Dec. 18, 1878: Let There Be Light — Electric Light"
391:
Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
238:. He had received the highest decoration in France, the
1743:. No. 36573. London. 30 September 1901. p. 4.
634:
In 1864, Swan patented the transfer process for making
254:
Joseph Wilson Swan was born in 1828 at Pallion Hall in
1932:"Obituary. Sir Kenneth Swan. Authority on Patents Law"
1577:
Electrical technology in mining: the dawn of a new age
774:. Vol. 3. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 564.
335:, approx. 30 watts, left side: running with 100 volts)
514:
Swan was one of the early developers of the electric
1233:"Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil"
1206:"Tale of tragedy behind the triumphs of Joseph Swan"
801:
799:
207:(31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was an English
1817:Anderson, James B (2008). Sommerville, Iain (ed.).
1494:
The Severn Tunnel Its Construction and Difficulties
650:(FRS), and in 1898 he was elected president of the
496:also introduced them to its ships soon after; with
270:. His parents were John Swan and Isabella Cameron.
244:
1881 International Exposition of Electricity, Paris
181:
154:
142:
132:
109:
72:
41:
2040:Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS: inventor and scientist
1997:
1967:
1930:
1902:
1874:
1844:
1018:
807:
477:he developed and patented a process for squeezing
350:British Association for the Advancement of Science
339:In 1850, Swan began working on a light bulb using
1403:, at the Lyric Opera San Diego website, June 2009
1195:. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1946 pp. 21–25
1941:. No. 58913. 20 October 1973. p. 18.
1477:
1475:
1473:
1208:. The Journal. 11 December 2016. Archived from
579:factory at Ponders End. This area, with nearby
554:Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company
1545:On an improved electric safety lamp for miners
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
567:In 1886, Ediswan moved production to a former
1133:Edison's Electric Light: The Art of Invention
892:Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
765:
763:
739:and an acknowledged authority on patent law.
8:
1797:LampTech: Museum of Electric Lamp Technology
2008:. No. 40538. 1 June 1914. p. 11.
1497:. London: Richard Bentley and Son. p.
1130:Friedel, Robert & Israel, Paul (2010).
1029:. No. 40535. 28 May 1914. p. 12.
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
742:Swan died in 1914 at his home in Overhill,
488:The first ship to use Swan's invention was
2139:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1690:London's Lea Valley: more secrets revealed
1323:Burgess, Michael. "Richard D'Oyly Carte",
38:
27:British physicist and inventor (1828–1914)
1162:
1160:
1112:The development of the mercurial air-pump
234:, and was made an honorary member of the
1265:History in pictures – The Lit & Phil
770:Kenneth E. Hendrickson III, ed. (2014).
326:
273:Swan was apprenticed for six years to a
30:For other people named Joseph Swan, see
1608:
1606:
1604:
1575:Jones, A. V.; Tarkenter, R. P. (1993).
1358:. Pickering & Chatto. p. 107.
1168:"Lighting A Revolution: Joseph W. Swan"
1115:. London: E. & F.N. Spon. pp.
759:
560:filaments outside of Britain. In 1892,
2083:Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council
1986:– via British Newspaper Archive.
1919:– via British Newspaper Archive.
1891:– via British Newspaper Archive.
1863:– via British Newspaper Archive.
994:
992:
619:, on former Electricity Board building
331:Carbon filament lamp (E27 socket, 220
308:in front of the store on Grey Street.
2151:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
919:
917:
810:Cassell's Chronology of World History
686:, and made an honorary member of the
670:. He also served as president of the
7:
431:, a state-of-the-art theatre in the
1881:Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury
1413:Description of lightbulb experiment
968:Newton, Douglas (26 October 1978).
748:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
652:Institution of Electrical Engineers
2211:People associated with electricity
2206:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1231:Glover, Andrew (8 February 2011).
1001:p. 220. Retrieved 30 December 2010
591:became an important centre of the
25:
2038:Swan, M. E.; Swan, K. R. (1929).
2107:Tyne & Wear Archives Service
1579:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
1061:. London: John Murray. pp.
601:Associated Electrical Industries
61:
2122:"Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson"
1091:Journal of the Chemical Society
1086:"III. Researches on the vacuum"
2148:New International Encyclopedia
2050:, reprinted with an appendix,
1109:Thompson, Silvanus P. (1888).
694:of the Royal Society of Arts.
682:, awarded the Royal Society's
418:Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead
313:Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead
230:, awarded the Royal Society's
67:Photograph of Swan, circa 1900
1:
1969:"The Late Sir Joseph W. Swan"
2216:Fellows of the Royal Society
1911:. 13 October 1871. p. 8
1883:. 11 January 1868. p. 8
1560:Discussion on electric lamps
999:Electrical times, Volume 145
672:Society of Chemical Industry
646:In 1894, Swan was elected a
587:, etc., and nearby parts of
32:Joseph Swan (disambiguation)
2181:19th-century English people
2142:"Swan, Joseph Wilson"
1855:. 12 August 1862. p. 3
1739:"University intelligence".
690:. In 1906, he received the
648:Fellow of the Royal Society
2232:
1999:"Funerals. Sir J. W. Swan"
1312:Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS
1084:Sprengel, Hermann (1865).
1020:"Death Of Sir Joseph Swan"
29:
1491:Walker, Thomas A (1888).
1271:. Retrieved 8 August 2011
820:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
750:, and the Royal Society.
603:(AEI) in the late 1920s.
195:
174:
60:
1978:. 1 June 1914. p. 2
1793:"Sir Joseph Wilson Swan"
1327:, January 1975, pp. 7–11
1286:, accessed 17 July 2012"
939:"Joseph Swan: Biography"
806:Williams, Hywel (2005).
294:Mawson, Swan, and Morgan
2128:Encyclopædia Britannica
1659:, EdisonTechCenter.org
1352:Gooday, Graeme (2008).
894:(RPSGB). Archived from
597:British Thomson-Houston
527:Conjunction with Edison
507:, where the contractor
213:incandescent light bulb
147:Incandescent light bulb
2176:People from Sunderland
2131:(11th ed.). 1911.
2116:Joseph Swan collection
2073:Clouth, D. E. (1979).
1823:Welcome to Burntisland
1714:Royal Society Archives
1394:"Richard D'Oyly Carte"
1172:americanhistory.si.edu
688:Pharmaceutical Society
620:
536:
413:
402:landmarks in England.
336:
283:Hudson and Osbaldiston
242:, when he visited the
236:Pharmaceutical Society
202:Sir Joseph Wilson Swan
2085:, Dept of Education.
1791:Covington, Edward J.
1768:Shaw, Wm. A. (1971).
1663:14 March 2013 at the
1513:Swan's electric light
1399:13 April 2009 at the
1336:"The Savoy Theatre",
847:Shaw, Wm. A. (1971).
614:
534:
463:Sir William Armstrong
408:
395:Sir William Armstrong
330:
2112:5 April 2007 at the
1456:"Joseph Wilson Swan"
970:"Light and likeness"
898:on 24 September 2006
490:The City of Richmond
445:Richard D'Oyly Carte
348:to a meeting of the
277:firm of pharmacists/
150:Photographic process
2052:Newcastle upon Tyne
1243:on 15 February 2011
1212:on 20 December 2016
617:Newcastle upon Tyne
433:City of Westminster
290:Newcastle upon Tyne
258:, in the Parish of
219:, London, in 1881.
2196:English physicists
1825:. Iain Sommerville
1720:. 1894. EC/1894/20
1629:. 8 September 2021
1419:, 29 December 1881
1284:Light Bulb History
678:. In 1904, he was
621:
537:
414:
352:. The design used
337:
222:In 1904, Swan was
77:Joseph Wilson Swan
2186:English inventors
1975:Newcastle Journal
1909:Newcastle Courant
1852:Newcastle Journal
1627:National Archives
1565:36 1886-7 55 – 59
1518:30, 1881, 149–159
1429:Ganapati, Priya.
1282:"Ideafinder.com,
1143:978-0-8018-9482-4
909:Swan's invention.
668:Durham University
664:Doctor of Science
585:cathode ray tubes
362:Herman Sprengel's
199:
198:
176:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2223:
2201:Knights Bachelor
2191:English chemists
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1755:"SCI Presidents"
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1688:Lewis J.(2001),
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1534:31 1881-2, 117–9
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1343:
1342:, 3 October 1881
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1310:Chirnside, R.C.
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1292:on 4 August 2012
1288:. Archived from
1278:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1239:. Archived from
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
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1202:
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1189:
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1022:
1015:
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987:
986:
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959:
958:
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954:
945:. Archived from
934:
928:
921:
912:
911:
905:
903:
880:
861:
860:
844:
838:
837:
813:
803:
794:
793:
767:
577:thermionic valve
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304:-style electric
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115:(1914-05-27)
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2171:1914 deaths
2166:1828 births
2056:Oriel Press
2048:Ernest Benn
2014:CS185402049
1947:CS322140495
1904:"Marriages"
1846:"Marriages"
1543:Swan, J.W.
1527:Swan, J.W.
1511:Swan. J.W.
1458:. Timmonetk
1379:30 November
1237:The Journal
1216:11 December
1191:Swan K. R.
1035:CS202441404
981:30 December
822:. pp.
660:Henry Wilde
656:Lord Kelvin
607:Photography
593:electronics
573:Ponders End
516:safety lamp
416:His house,
410:Blue plaque
346:vacuum pump
133:Nationality
113:27 May 1914
48:Joseph Swan
2160:Categories
1440:10 January
1247:8 February
1177:10 January
1071:1052544488
953:10 January
902:11 January
754:References
744:Warlingham
725:Camberwell
500:Inflexible
494:Royal Navy
449:gas-burner
441:horsepower
341:carbonised
275:Sunderland
264:Sunderland
250:Early life
121:Warlingham
95:Sunderland
83:1828-10-31
2079:Gateshead
2005:The Times
1938:The Times
1778:247620448
1741:The Times
1417:The Times
1374:222542339
1339:The Times
1026:The Times
857:247620448
790:869343342
733:Neuchâtel
721:Liverpool
581:Brimsdown
483:cellulose
455:The Times
422:Newcastle
302:Victorian
279:druggists
209:physicist
190:Chemistry
127:, England
2110:Archived
2058:, 1968.
1982:11 April
1915:11 April
1887:11 April
1876:"Deaths"
1859:11 April
1724:11 April
1661:Archived
1595:28220773
1397:Archived
727:Chapel,
680:knighted
571:mill at
546:parallel
471:Rothbury
467:Cragside
437:kilowatt
399:Cragside
224:knighted
1829:16 June
1462:21 July
1296:17 July
1098:: 9–21.
824:434–435
705:collier
702:coastal
642:Honours
589:Enfield
469:, near
439:(118.4-
381:in the
354:mercury
256:Pallion
186:Physics
137:British
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558:bamboo
550:series
383:vacuum
379:oxygen
182:Fields
169:(1906)
162:(1904)
155:Awards
125:Surrey
1435:Wired
723:, at
429:Savoy
333:volts
2087:ISBN
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2021:2021
2010:Gale
1984:2021
1954:2021
1943:Gale
1917:2021
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1774:OCLC
1726:2021
1694:ISBN
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1591:OCLC
1581:ISBN
1464:2010
1442:2018
1381:2010
1370:OCLC
1360:ISBN
1298:2012
1249:2011
1218:2016
1179:2018
1151:2018
1138:ISBN
1067:OCLC
1042:2021
1031:Gale
983:2010
955:2018
904:2010
853:OCLC
828:ISBN
786:OCLC
776:ISBN
658:and
599:and
569:jute
498:HMS
427:The
110:Died
73:Born
1415:in
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707:SS
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205:FRS
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