Richard Francis Burton - Knowledge (XXG)

4661: 1349:. On the day before the debate, Burton and Speke sat near each other in the lecture hall. According to Burton's wife, Speke stood up, said "I can't stand this any longer," and abruptly left the hall. That afternoon Speke went hunting on the nearby estate of a relative. He was discovered lying near a stone wall, felled by a fatal gunshot wound from his hunting shotgun. Burton learned of Speke's death the following day while waiting for their debate to begin. A jury ruled Speke's death an accident. An obituary surmised that Speke, while climbing over the wall, had carelessly pulled the gun after himself with the muzzle pointing at his chest and shot himself. Alexander Maitland, Speke's only biographer, concurs. 719: 1048: 1478:(1872). However, the area was in some turmoil at the time with considerable tensions between the Christian, Jewish and Muslim populations. Burton did his best to keep the peace and resolve the situation, but this sometimes led him into trouble. On one occasion, he claims to have escaped an attack by hundreds of armed horsemen and camel riders sent by Mohammed Rashid Pasha, the Governor of Syria. He wrote, "I have never been so flattered in my life than to think it would take three hundred men to kill me." Burton eventually suffered the enmity of the Greek Christian and Jewish communities. Then, his involvement with the 1358: 2016:

and, to avoid exposure, killed him. Burton denied this, pointing out that killing the boy would almost certainly have led to his being discovered as an impostor. Burton became so tired of denying this accusation that he took to baiting his accusers, although he was said to enjoy the notoriety and even once laughingly claimed to have done it. A doctor once asked him: "How do you feel when you have killed a man?", Burton retorted: "Quite jolly, what about you?". When asked by a priest about the same incident Burton is said to have replied: "Sir, I'm proud to say I have committed every sin in the

67: 4697: 1628: 231: 1214: 1620: 258: 1996:. His travel writing is often full of details about the sexual lives of the inhabitants of areas he travelled through. Burton's interest in sexuality led him to make measurements of the lengths of the penises of male inhabitants of various regions, which he includes in his travel books. He also describes sexual techniques common in the regions he visited, often hinting that he had participated, hence breaking both sexual and racial 865: 1202:, the British consul, their caravan consisting of Baluchi mercenaries led by Ramji, 36 porters, eventually a total of 132 persons, all led by the caravan leader Said bin Salim. From the beginning, Burton and Speke were hindered by disease, malaria, fevers, and other maladies, at times both having to be carried in a hammock. Pack animals died, and natives deserted, taking supplies with them. Yet, on 7 November 1857, they made it to 1131:

weapon still transfixing his head. Burton subsequently wrote that the Somalis were a "fierce and turbulent race". However, the failure of this expedition was viewed harshly by the British authorities, and a two-year investigation was set up to determine to what extent Burton was culpable for this disaster. While he was largely cleared of any blame, his career prospects were damaged. He described the attack in

1292: 4680: 1757:(1885), with seven further volumes being added later. The volumes were printed by the Kama Shastra Society in a subscribers-only edition of one thousand with a guarantee that there would never be a larger printing of the books in this form. The stories collected were often sexual in content and were considered pornography at the time of publication. In particular, the 2046: 1985: 1039:

committee that Burton be failed. Badger later told Burton that "After looking over, I sent them back to with a note eulogising your attainments and... remarking on the absurdity of the Bombay Committee being made to judge your proficiency inasmuch as I did not believe that any of them possessed a tithe of the knowledge of Arabic you did."

1769:" (Volume 10, section IV, D), at the time a synonym for homosexuality (as it still is, in modern French). This was and remained for many years the longest and most explicit discussion of homosexuality in any language. Burton speculated that male homosexuality was prevalent in an area of the southern latitudes named by him the " 1314:, but Burton regarded him as inferior as he did not speak any Arabic or African languages. Despite his fascination with non-European cultures, some have portrayed Burton as an unabashed imperialist convinced of the historical and intellectual superiority of the white race, citing his involvement in the 2015:

A story that haunted Burton up to his death (recounted in some of his obituaries) was that, during his journey to Mecca disguised as a Muslim, he came close to being discovered one night when he lifted his robe to urinate rather than squatting as an Arab would. It was said that he was seen by an Arab

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as the source of the Nile. According to Burton, Speke broke an agreement they had made to give their first public speech together. Apart from Burton's word, there is no proof that such an agreement existed, and most modern researchers doubt that it did. Tim Jeal, evaluating the written evidence, says

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of Harar. On 3 January 1855, Burton made it to Harar, and was graciously met by the Emir. He stayed in the city for ten days, officially a guest of the Emir but in reality his prisoner. Burton also investigated local landmarks in Harar; according to him, "A tradition exists that with the entrance of

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reputed to be frequented by British soldiers. It has been suggested that Burton's detailed report on the workings of the brothel led some to believe he had been a customer. There is no documentary evidence that such a report was written or submitted, nor that Napier ordered such research by Burton,

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early on the morning of 20 October 1890 of a heart attack. His wife Isabel persuaded a priest to perform the last rites, although Burton was not a Catholic, and this action later caused a rift between Isabel and some of Burton's friends. It has been suggested that the death occurred very late on 19

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on 13 February 1858. Burton was awestruck by the sight of the magnificent lake, but Speke, who had been temporarily blinded, was unable to see the body of water. By this point much of their surveying equipment was lost, ruined, or stolen, and they were unable to complete surveys of the area as well

1307:, who has accessed Speke's personal papers, suggests that it was more likely the other way around, Burton being jealous and resentful of Speke's determination and success. "As the years went by, would neglect no opportunity to deride and undermine Speke's geographical theories and achievements". 1130:

clan. The British estimated the number of attackers at 200. In the ensuing fight, Speke was wounded in eleven places before he managed to escape, while Burton was impaled with a javelin, the point entering one cheek and exiting the other, leaving a permanent scar; he was forced to escape with the

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knew Arabic well, Playfair asked Badger to oversee the exam. Having been told that Burton could be vindictive, and wishing to avoid any animosity should he fail, Badger declined. Eventually, Playfair conducted the tests; despite Burton's success in living like an Arab, Playfair recommended to the

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Wright (1906) "Some three months before Sir Richard's death," writes Mr. P. P. Cautley, the Vice-Consul at Trieste, to me, "I was seated at Sir Richard's tea table with our clergy man, and the talk turning on religion, Sir Richard declared, 'I am an atheist, but I was brought up in the Church of

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to account for any oddities in speech, but he still had to demonstrate an understanding of intricate Islamic traditions, and a familiarity with the minutiae of Eastern manners and etiquette. Burton's trek to Mecca was dangerous, and his caravan was attacked by bandits (a common experience at the

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These allegations coupled with Burton's often irascible nature were said to have harmed his career and may explain why he was not promoted further, either in army life or in the diplomatic service. As an obituary described: "...he was ill fitted to run in official harness, and he had a

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He wrote a number of travel books in this period that were not particularly well received. His best-known contributions to literature were those considered risqué or even pornographic at the time, which were published under the auspices of the Kama Shastra society. These books include

1342:, to prove that Lake Victoria was the true source of the Nile. Speke, in light of the issues he was having with Burton, had Grant sign a statement saying, among other things, "I renounce all my rights to publishing ... my own account until approved of by Captain Speke or ". 403:(19 March 1821 – 20 October 1890) was a British explorer, writer, scholar and military officer. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, and South America, as well as his extensive knowledge of languages and cultures, speaking up to 29 different languages. 1092:

the first Christian, Harar will fall." With Burton's entry, the tradition was broken. The journey back was plagued by lack of supplies, and Burton wrote that he would have died of thirst had he not seen desert birds and realized they would be near water. He made it back to

1482:, a Sufi Muslim order among whom was a group that Burton called "Secret Christians longing for baptism," which Isabel called "his ruin." He was recalled in August 1871, prompting him to send a telegram to Isabel: "I am recalled. Pay, pack, and follow at convenience." 820:

According to Rice, "Burton now regarded the seven years in India as time wasted." Yet he had "already passed the official examinations in six languages and was studying two more and was eminently qualified." His religious experiences were varied, including attending

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in Equatorial Guinea. This was not a prestigious appointment; because the climate was considered extremely unhealthy for Europeans, Isabel could not accompany him. Burton spent much of this time exploring the coast of West Africa, documenting his findings in

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enjoin the death of Jew or Christian intruding within the columns that note the sanctuary limits, nothing could save a European detected by the populace, or one who after pilgrimage declared himself an unbeliever". The pilgrimage entitled him to the title of

1505:) was "to supply travellers with an organ that would rescue their observations from the outer darkness of manuscript and print their curious information on social and sexual matters". On 13 February 1886, Burton was appointed a Knight Commander of the 2282:, the protagonist buys a signed copy of a rare Burton book, and from there Burton and his work are major elements of the story. A section of the novel also fictionalizes a portion of Burton's life in the form of recollections of one of the characters. 1493:. A "broken man", Burton was never particularly content with this post, but it required little work, was far less dangerous than Damascus (as well as less exciting), and allowed him the freedom to write and travel. In 1863, Burton co-founded the 1230:, or Victoria Nyanza, on 3 August. Lacking supplies and proper instruments, Speke was unable to survey the area properly but was privately convinced that it was the long-sought source of the Nile. Burton's description of the journey is given in 1365:

On 22 January 1861, Burton and Isabel Arundel married in a quiet Catholic ceremony although he did not adopt the Catholic faith at this time. Shortly after this, the couple were forced to spend some time apart when he formally entered the

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Burton published over 40 books and countless articles, monographs and letters. A great number of his journal and magazine pieces have never been catalogued. Over 200 of these have been collected in PDF facsimile format at burtoniana.org.

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for London, where he gave lectures, and was awarded a second expedition by the Society. Burton arrived London on 21 May, discovering "My companion now stood forth in his new colours, and angry rival." Speke additionally published

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reported: "Men at the FO ... used to hint dark horrors about Burton, and certainly justly or unjustly he was disliked, feared and suspected ... not for what he had done, but for what he was believed capable of doing."

1657:, for which she had been offered six thousand guineas and which she regarded as his "magnum opus". She believed she was acting to protect her husband's reputation, and that she had been instructed to burn the manuscript of 495:

in English and attempting to discover the source of the Nile. Although he abandoned his university studies, Burton became a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and academic articles on subjects such as

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on the work and provided translations from other manuscripts of later translations. The Kama Shastra Society first printed the book in 1883 and numerous editions of the Burton translation are in print to this day.

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in June. He further equipped himself with a case for carrying the Quran, but which instead had three compartments for his watch, compass, money, penknife, pencils and numbered pieces of paper for taking notes.

846:. Regarding Burton's Muslim beliefs, Rice stated that "he was circumcised, and made a Muslim, and lived like a Muslim and prayed and practiced like one." Furthermore, Burton, "was entitled to call himself a 817:, accumulating sixty "words". He also earned the nickname "Ruffian Dick" for his "demonic ferocity as a fighter and because he had fought in single combat more enemies than perhaps any other man of his time". 636:. The peregrinations of Burton's youth may have encouraged him to regard himself as an outsider for much of his life. As he later wrote, "Do what thy manhood bids thee do, from none but self expect applause". 1691:

to Burton, also erected by Isabel; it depicts Burton as a medieval knight. Burton's personal effects and a collection of paintings, photographs and objects relating to him are in the Burton Collection at

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along a caravan route established in 1825 by an Arab slave and ivory merchant. The Great Journey commenced on 5 June 1857 with their departure from Zanzibar, where they had stayed at the residence of

1754: 1556:. Deliberately presented by Burton as a translation, the poem and his notes and commentary on it contain layers of Sufic meaning that seem to have been designed to project Sufi teaching in the West. 4335: 919:

Burton's undertaking of the Hajj in 1853 was his realisation of "the plans and hopes of many and many a year... to study thoroughly the inner life of the Moslem." He donned the guise of a Persian

2360:, a monograph by Sir Richard Francis Burton is found by one of the main characters, Blair Sandburg, and is the origins for his concept of Sentinels and their roles in their respective tribes. 52: 4873: 4813: 710:, as well as the classical forms. Such a linguistic feat was a tribute to Burton's remarkable ear and memory, for he was only a teenager when he was in Italy and southern France." 1683:

in southwest London. The coffins of Sir Richard and Lady Burton can be seen through a window at the rear of the tent, which can be accessed via a short fixed ladder. Next to the

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and joining a caravan to Medina, where he arrived on 27 July. Departing Medina with a caravan on 31 August, Burton entered Mecca on 11 September, where he participated in the

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October and that Burton was already dead by the time the last rites were administered. On his religious views, Burton called himself an atheist, stating he was raised in the

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Bath and the Nile Explorers: In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Burton and Speke's encounter in Bath, September 1864, and their 'Nile Duel' which never happened.

994:, writing that "at Mecca there is nothing theatrical, nothing that suggests the opera, but all is simple and impressive... tending, I believe, after its fashion, to good." 4868: 4808: 1346: 663:

was Greenhill. Despite his intelligence and ability, Burton was antagonised by his teachers and peers. During his first term, he allegedly challenged another student to a

4793: 1611:. The manuscript of the book included an appendix discussing the topic in more detail, but by the decision of his widow, it was not included in the book when published. 1226:

as they wished. Burton was again taken ill on the return journey; Speke continued exploring without him, making a journey to the north and eventually locating the great

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Biographers disagree on whether or not Burton ever experienced homosexual sex (he never directly acknowledges it in his writing). Rumours began in his army days when

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in a deliberate violation of college rules and subsequently told the college's authorities that students should be allowed to attend such events. Hoping to be merely

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is a fictional reconstruction of three periods of Burton's life, focusing on his time in India, his pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, and his explorations with Speke.

1680: 4526: 3049: 1322:. Speke appears to have been kinder and less intrusive to the Africans they encountered, and reportedly fell in love with an African woman on a later expedition. 2390: 2326:

as Burton) relates the story of the Burton-Speke exploration and subsequent controversy over the source of the Nile. The script was based on Harrison's novel.

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Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: The Secret Agent Who Made the Pilgrimage to Makkah, Discovered the Kama Sutra, and Brought the Arabian Nights to the West

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Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: the secret agent who made the pilgrimage to Mecca, discovered the Kama Sutra, and brought the Arabian nights to the West

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tells the story of Magda Liliane Kardoss von Gamsfeld in consultation with Carl Gustav Jung; Burton is mentioned on pp. 254–7 and again on p. 392.

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A prolonged public quarrel followed, damaging the reputations of both Burton and Speke. Some biographers have suggested that friends of Speke (particularly

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was safe. On 29 December, Burton met with Gerard Adan in the village of Sagharrah, and openly proclaimed himself as a British officer with a letter for the

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s most-quoted passage. As well as references to many themes from Classical Western myths, the poem contains many laments that are accented with fleeting

687:, the punishment received by some less provocative students who had also visited the steeplechase, he was instead permanently expelled from the college. 2233:. These novels depict an alternate world where Queen Victoria was killed early in her reign due to the inadvertent actions of a time-traveler acting as 4540:

Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2008). "Cartographical Quandaries: The Limits of Knowledge Production in Burton's and Speke's Search for the Source of the Nile".

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Isabel never recovered from the loss. After his death she burned many of her husband's papers, including journals and a planned new translation of

718: 230: 4788: 4758: 3719: 3122: 2279: 1558:"Do what thy manhood bids thee do/ from none but self expect applause;/ He noblest lives and noblest dies/ who makes and keeps his self-made laws" 1532: 3472: 4577: 2156:, a manuscript by Burton is discovered in a library. The manuscript contains a description of a mirror in which the whole universe is reflected. 4690: 4568:

Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Charting the Frontier: Indigenous Geography, Arab-Nyamwezi Caravans, and the East African Expedition of 1856–59".

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by his spirit, but her actions were controversial. However, a substantial quantity of his written materials have survived, and are held by the

809:. This was one of the many peculiar habits that set him apart from other British officers in India. While in the Bombay Army, he kept a large 4591: 4534: 4512: 4480: 4453: 4425: 4404: 4386: 4361: 4321: 4293: 4274: 4212: 4174: 4135: 4040: 3987: 3960: 3929: 2688: 566: 2579: 885: 612:

Charles Delafosse. His family travelled between England, France, and Italy. Burton showed a talent to learn languages and quickly learned

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the odds are "heavily against Speke having made a pledge to his former leader". Speke undertook a second expedition, along with Captain

1206:, and departed for Ujiji on 14 December. Speke wanted to head north, sure they would find the source of the Nile at what he later named 892:(EIC) to take leave from the Bombay Army. The seven years he spent in India gave Burton a familiarity with the customs and behaviour of 597: 554: 114: 103: 92: 81: 2374:, Rupert Everett documents Burton's travels. Part of the Channel Four (UK) 'Victorian Passions' season. First Broadcast on 9 June 2008. 4630: 3841: 3540: 3093: 2829: 1300: 1186:

In 1856, the Royal Geographical Society funded another expedition for Burton and Speke, "and exploration of the then utterly unknown

4164: 4057: 3792: 3760: 3557: 3394: 2987: 2878: 2557: 2487: 1506: 1494: 1315: 396: 312: 3649: 3004: 1047: 1730:. A way around this was the private circulation of books amongst the members of a society. For this reason Burton, together with 1455:. Yet, the Turkish governor Mohammed Rashid 'Ali Pasha, feared anti-Turkish activities, and was opposed to Burton's assignment. 1303:) had initially stirred up trouble between the two. Burton's sympathizers contend that Speke resented Burton's leadership role. 1005:

in 1815, his attempt is the most famous and the best documented of the period. He adopted various disguises including that of a

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Burton's family travelled extensively during his childhood and employed various tutors to educate him. In 1825, they moved to

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Burton first advanced his Sotadic Zone concept in the "Terminal Essay", contained in Volume 10 of his English translation of

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was published posthumously in 1898 and was controversial for its criticism of Jews and for its assertion of the existence of

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at the behest of his former classmates in college who were already serving as officers there. He had hoped to fight in the

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In last of a series of dispatches from Mogadishu, Daniel Howden reports on the artists fighting to keep a tradition alive

2024:, a Burton detractor, reported that Burton "confessed rather shamefacedly that he had never killed anybody at any time." 4908: 4888: 4858: 4853: 3384: 2858: 2318: 1787: 1731: 541:

on 19 March 1821; in his autobiography, he incorrectly claimed to have been born in the family home of Barham House in

4833: 2094: 1818:. Burton all along intended for this translation to be published after his death, to provide an income for his widow. 1745: 680: 648: 578: 479: 1241:

Burton and Speke made it back to Zanzibar on 4 March 1859, and left on 22 March for Aden. Speke immediately boarded

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Trafficking in Persianness: Richard Burton between mimicry and similitude in the Indian Ocean and Persianate worlds

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whom Burton was named after. He had two siblings, Maria Katherine Elizabeth Burton (who married Lieutenant-General

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Richard F. Burton, K.C.M.G.: His Early, Private and Public Life with an Account of his Travels and Explorations

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of his day. Many people at the time considered the Kama Shastra Society and the books it published scandalous.

1604: 1285: 1002: 822: 2079:, prevalent, and celebrated among the indigenous inhabitants and within their cultures. The name derives from 1828:

By the end of his life, Burton had mastered at least 26 languages – or 40, if distinct dialects are counted.

2305: 2263: 2257: 2149: 1734:, created the Kama Shastra Society to print and circulate books that would be illegal to publish in public. 1371: 1031: 733:

In his own words, "fit for nothing but to be shot at for six pence a day", Burton was commissioned into the

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On 16 September 1864, Burton and Speke were scheduled to debate the source of the Nile at a meeting of the

581:. Burton's mother, Martha Baker, was the daughter and co-heiress of Richard Baker, a wealthy Hertfordshire 4878: 4583: 2610: 2348: 2076: 2061:

Burton theorized about the existence of a Sotadic Zone in the closing essay of his English translation of

1666: 1418: 1151: 1083:. Burton, assuming the disguise of an Arab merchant "Hajji Mirza Abdullah", awaited word that the road to 738: 684: 667:

after the latter mocked Burton's moustache. Burton continued to gratify his love of languages by studying

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Though not one of the primary characters in the series, Burton plays an important historical role in the

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The Sad Story of Burton, Speke, and the Nile; or, Was John Hanning Speke a Cad: Looking at the Evidence

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by speaking real—that is, Roman—Latin instead of the artificial type peculiar to England, and he spoke

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as an officer in 1842, beginning an eighteen-year military career which including a brief stint in the

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While back in India, Burton sat for the examination as an Arab linguist for the EIC. The examiner was

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The two men travelled home separately. Speke returned to London first and presented a lecture at the

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The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare

1108: 4722: 4103: 1926: 1881: 1854: 1844: 1796: 1649: 1537: 1471: 1434: 1339: 1272:. Burton departed San Francisco on 15 November, for the voyage back to England, where he published 1187: 1080: 1035: 754: 652: 621: 485: 3142: 2588: 912:, and had laboriously prepared it by studying and practising Muslim culture, including undergoing 785:

culture had progressed to such an extent that "my Hindu teacher officially allowed me to wear the

4557: 3917: 3580: 3415: 3368: 3336: 3103: 3043: 2501: 2493: 2245: 2234: 2124: 2063: 2021: 1935: 1810: 1662: 1599:, in 1880 and, the next year, wrote a sympathetic biography of the poet and adventurer. The book 1382: 1242: 1060: 889: 558: 431: 4715:(sirrichardburtonmuseum.co.uk), "located in a private residence in central St Ives, Cornwall UK" 4343: 4331: 2267:, as the voyages of Kennedy and Ferguson are attempting to link their expeditions with those of 1501:. In Burton's own words, the main aim of the society (through the publication of the periodical 2335:(1993), Burton is portrayed by John Robinson as having had "an unfortunate encounter" with the 2093:

who was the chief representative of a group of Ancient Greek writers of obscene, and sometimes

1479: 628:, as well as several dialects. During his youth, he allegedly had a sexual relationship with a 4656: 4626: 4587: 4530: 4508: 4476: 4449: 4421: 4400: 4382: 4357: 4339: 4317: 4289: 4270: 4229: 4208: 4170: 4149: 4131: 4053: 4036: 3983: 3925: 3837: 3788: 3766: 3756: 3622: 3536: 3390: 2983: 2977: 2938: 2874: 2825: 2684: 2553: 2519: 2483: 2441: 2336: 2153: 2050: 1641: 1619: 1417:

in Brazil. Once there, Burton travelled through Brazil's central highlands, canoeing down the

1319: 1104: 806: 801:, was possibly an apostate. Burton had a documented interest and actively participated in the 758: 656: 4686: 2756: 2746: 2545: 4665: 4549: 4155: 3909: 3750: 3522: 3363: 3331: 2929:: "Remarks upon a form of Sub-mesmerism, popularly called Electro-Biology, now practised in 2866: 2475: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2017: 1940: 1911: 1901: 1876: 1836: 1443:, an ideal post for someone with Burton's knowledge of the region and customs. According to 835: 802: 778: 774: 770: 762: 617: 3410: 2032:

love of shocking people, of telling tales against himself that had no foundation in fact."

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had resulted in many jail sentences for publishers, with prosecutions being brought by the

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Burton then departed on a trip to the United States in April 1860, eventually making it to

1174:. Burton returned to England after an incident which implicated him as the instigator of a 2103: 1993: 1965: 1955: 1896: 1861: 1750: 1608: 1490: 1222: 1207: 1199: 864: 766: 633: 613: 497: 439: 170: 17: 4623:

River of the Gods: Genius, Courage, and Betrayal in the Search for the Source of the Nile

2344: 1669:, including 21 boxes of his manuscripts, 24 boxes of correspondence, and other material. 4696: 3446: 3136: 3012: 4411: 4303: 4184: 4120: 4115: 2323: 2268: 2193: 2087: 2084: 1960: 1840: 1782:. It is untrue that he was the translator since the original manuscript was in ancient 1576: 1452: 1430: 1261: 1159: 1143: 699: 695: 601: 263: 3869: 1716:

Burton had long had an interest in sexuality and some erotic literature. However, the

741:, but the conflict was over by the time Burton arrived in India. He was posted to the 647:. Before getting a room at the college, Burton lived for a short time in the house of 4732: 4561: 4472: 4465: 4445: 4439: 4372: 4307: 4204: 4196: 4145: 3979: 3532: 2750: 2505: 2331: 2310: 1950: 1871: 1805: 1582: 1403: 1330: 1269: 1227: 1123: 1099:

Following this expedition, Burton prepared to set out in search of the source of the

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Although Burton was not the first non-Muslim European to undertake the Hajj, with

934:, accompanied by an enslaved Indian boy named Nūr. In April, he travelled through 4467:

Sindh Revisited: A Journey in the Footsteps of Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton

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From the Sierras to the Pampas: Richard Burton's Travels in the Americas, 1860–69

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Encountering the Uncharted and Back – Three Explorers: Ball, Vancouver and Burton

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burnt many of his papers, including a manuscript of a subsequent translation,

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Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure

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Burton's writings are unusually open and frank about his interest in sex and

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that becomes inaudible as the animal vanishes in the darkness of the desert.

3955: 3921: 3695: 2926: 2431: 2200: 2075:(sexual intimacy between older men and young pubescent/adolescent boys) are 2072: 1815: 1766: 1265: 1171: 840: 810: 787: 4712: 2479: 2045: 1284:"Burton and Speke" redirects here. For the novel by William Harrison, see 4674: 4260: 2347:, Burton attempts to exhibit the finding at his Hall of Contagion at the 2237:, with a complex constitutional revision making Albert King in her place. 2053:

coastlines of Southern Europe and North Africa, the entire region of the

1921: 1802:

The Perfumed Garden of the Cheikh Nefzaoui: A Manual of Arabian Erotology

1794:

His English translation from a French edition of the Arabic erotic guide

1783: 1440: 1310:

Speke had earlier proven his mettle by trekking through the mountains of

1304: 1191: 1006: 782: 672: 505: 455: 107: 868:

Burton disguised as "Haji Abdullah" in 1853 (illustration from Burton's

4553: 3755:. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Harvard University Press. 3677: 2340: 2080: 2008: 1970: 1945: 1636: 1565: 1486: 1444: 1394: 1119: 1115: 1093: 943: 931: 893: 876:

Motivated by his love for adventure, Burton gained the approval of the

826: 746: 691: 676: 542: 534: 509: 459: 407: 166: 146: 118: 2410:

Brief selections from a variety of Burton's writings are available in

1984: 1398:(1864). He described some of his experiences, including a trip up the 3600: 2068: 2054: 1916: 1906: 1448: 1390: 1175: 1139: 1024: 1015: 987: 983: 927: 905: 843: 703: 668: 605: 582: 501: 463: 4703: 3888:, article appearing in the Fortnightly Review June (1906) quoted by 2057:, larger areas of the Middle East and Asia, and all of the Americas. 2012:

and it has been argued that this is one of Burton's embellishments.

1429:(1869). In 1868 and 1869, he made two visits to the war zone of the 694:, speaking on Burton's university days, "He stirred the bile of the 4670: 1724:. Burton referred to the society and those who shared its views as 1274:

The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains to California

4108:

Linguistic and oriental essays: written from the year 1861 to 1895

3885: 2930: 2033: 1997: 1983: 1866: 1737:

One of the most celebrated of all his books is his translation of

1705: 1626: 1618: 1375: 1356: 1311: 1290: 1212: 1203: 1195: 1127: 1084: 1076: 1046: 1020: 1011: 971: 959: 955: 939: 909: 901: 863: 853: 830: 793: 625: 593: 538: 474: 447: 411: 150: 85: 27:

British explorer, writer, scholar and military officer (1821–1890)

4718: 3296:, 2 vols. (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low & Searle, 1876). 2251:

Burton and his partner Speke are recurrently mentioned in one of

4286:

The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World

3752:

The highly civilized man: Richard Burton and the Victorian world

1889: 1623:

Richard Burton's Tomb at Mortlake, south west London, June 2011.

1553: 1413:

The couple were reunited in 1865 when Burton was transferred to

1178:

among the unit, damaging his reputation and disgracing Beatson.

1100: 1088: 1056: 951: 897: 884:, and, now at the rank of captain, received permission from the 664: 570: 470: 435: 4505:

Between Cultures: Europe and Its Others in Five Exemplary Lives

3486:"Sir Richard Francis Burton papers, 1846-2003 (bulk 1846-1939)" 2979:

Between Cultures: Europe and Its Others in Five Exemplary Lives

2740: 2738: 549:. Burton was baptised on 2 September 1821 at Elstree Church in 3733:

Of No Country: An Anthology of the Works of Sir Richard Burton

3141:(1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 2388: 2285:

Burton and Speke appear as characters in the historical novel

2167:

has a fictional and resurrected Burton as a primary character.

43: 4336:

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

3912:. In Reyes, Raquel A. G.; Clarence-Smith, William G. (eds.). 3066:

A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah

1708:

script, which has thus far resisted decipherment by experts.

908:. He planned it whilst travelling disguised among Muslims in 4649:. Includes over 200 of Burton's journal and magazine pieces. 1552:

has been cited as evidence of Burton's status as a Bektashi

2199:

Burton is the main character in the "Burton and Swinburne"

1439:(1870). In 1868, he was appointed as the British consul in 992:

Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Medinah and Meccah

722:

Burton in Persian disguise as "Mirza Abdullah the Bushri" (

357:

Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Meccah

4884:

Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George

4819:

Burials at St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church Mortlake

4709:– discusses Burton in the second section, "The Successors" 4309:

A Rage to Live: A Biography of Richard & Isabel Burton

3095:

First footsteps in East Africa or, An Exploration of Harar

2007:

requested that Burton go undercover to investigate a male

1544:

The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night

1217:

Monument commemorating Burton and Speke's arrival in Ujiji

1059:

in preparation for an RGS-back expedition, which included

3696:"Sir Richard Francis Burton Explorer of the Sotadic Zone" 1786:, which he could not read. However, he collaborated with 1575:

Other works of note include a collection of Hindu tales,

1466:, calling her "my most intimate friend." Burton also met 596:

in France. In 1829, Burton began a formal education at a

313:

Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George

4646: 3596:"More about Richmond upon Thames Borough Art Collection" 3294:

Two Trips to Gorilla Land and the Cataracts of the Congo

3173:"The Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile" 3036:

Selected Papers on Anthropology, Travel, and Exploration

2626:

The Romance of Isabel Lady Burton. The Story of Her Life

1408:

Two trips to gorilla land and the cataracts of the Congo

569:. Joseph, through his mother's family, the Campbells of 462:. Burton was also a Fellow of the RGS and was awarded a 2755:(Eight ed.). Portland: Thomas B. Mosher. pp. 1776:

Perhaps Burton's best-known book is his translation of

4700:– index to world holdings of Burton archival materials 4687:"Archival material relating to Richard Francis Burton" 3860:, W.W. Norton & Company Inc.: New York 1967, p. 3. 3199:, pp. 77–78 cites Isabel Burton and Alexander Maitland 1236:

The Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile

1118:

on 7 April 1855. While the expedition was camped near

4397:

Paths without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa

3684:, Vol. 26, No. 3, Connecting Cultures (2005), 509–516 2384:

Timeline of Richard Francis Burton's life (1821–1890)

4169:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 160. 4151:

The Life of Captain Sir Richard F. Burton KCMG, FRGS

3916:. Routledge contemporary Asia series. Vol. 37. 3575:

Boyes, Valerie & Wintersinger, Natascha (2014).

1295:

Burton was the first European to see Lake Tanganyika

753:. While in India, he became a proficient speaker of 469:

His best-known achievements include undertaking the

3722:

by Isabel Burton (1897) (URL accessed 12 June 2006)

3564:. p. 2 – via British Library Newspapers. 3125:, The Independent, dated Thursday, 2 December 2010. 2847:, Richard F. Burton (John Van Voorst 1852) page 93. 2629:. New York: Dodd Mead & Company. Archived from 1672:Isabel wrote a biography in praise of her husband. 1447:, "England wanted to know what was going on in the 1251:

What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile

950:Burton travelled onwards with a group of nomads to 349: 329: 308: 298: 288: 280: 270: 250: 245: 237: 225: 213: 184: 176: 156: 133: 128: 113: 102: 91: 80: 41: 4647:Complete Works of Richard Burton at burtoniana.org 4507:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4464: 4119: 2587: 1974:27. Many other West African & Indian dialects 1485:Burton was reassigned in 1872 to the port city of 1347:British Association for the Advancement of Science 1079:, where Burton was a guest of the town's governor 986:and then back to Cairo, returning to Army duty in 4201:Burton: A Biography of Sir Richard Francis Burton 2824:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 22. 438:and became the first European known to have seen 4017:. s.l.: Burton Society (Private printing). 1886. 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3654:Unexplained mysteries: Archaeology & History 3650:"Ancient talisman inscription remains a mystery" 3092:Burton, R., Speke, J. H., Barker, W. C. (1856). 2552:. New York: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 16–26. 916:to further lower the risk of being discovered. 706:, as he had learned it from a Greek merchant at 434:led an expedition to discover the source of the 4874:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England 3834:Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Biography 2925:In 1852, a letter from Burton was published in 2474:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 84–108. 2101:; these homoerotic verses are preserved in the 1826: 1814:, containing the final chapter of the work, on 1681:St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church Mortlake 4527:Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution 4225:The Tangled Web – A life of Sir Richard Burton 4122:The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton 3858:The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton 3720:The Romance of Lady Isabel Burton (chapter 38) 3098:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 2550:Richard Francis Burton: Explorer, Scholar, Spy 2163:series of science fiction novels (1971–83) by 1353:Diplomatic service and scholarship (1861–1890) 1075:February 1855, with much of its time spent in 1010:time). As he put it, though "... neither 4814:British military personnel of the Crimean War 3970:Excerpted and reprinted with permission from 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 2416:Of No Country: An Anthology of Richard Burton 2176:is a 1984 novel about the two friends/rivals. 2049:The "Sotadic Zone" of Burton encompassed the 1644:which he said was "officially (his) church". 8: 3462:England, and that is officially my church.'" 3108:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2248:(written under the pen name Robert Doherty). 1609:provoked hostility from the Jews of Damascus 4420:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 448. 4110:. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 80–82. 4014:The Book of the Thousand Nights and A Night 3827: 3825: 2343:. Upon discovering the ghost of the famous 2131:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night 1740:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night 1700:. Among these is a small quartz stone from 1528:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night 363:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night 30:For other people named Richard Burton, see 4899:Translators of One Thousand and One Nights 4695: 3528:The Buildings of England – London 2: South 3160:. London: Hamish Hamilton. pp. 16–17. 3048:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2859:"Imperial Player: Richard Burton in Sindh" 2468:"Sir Richard Burton's Orientalist Erotica" 65: 38: 4869:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society 4809:British expatriates in the Ottoman Empire 4084:"Shorter Works by Richard Francis Burton" 3319:Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay 1679:, designed by Isabel, in the cemetery of 1436:Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay 825:, becoming a Naga Brahmin, converting to 4794:British East India Company Army officers 4725:, with 172 library catalogue records 4662:Works by or about Richard Francis Burton 3672: 3670: 3034:Burton, R. (1924). Penzer, N. M. (ed.). 2863:Travel Writing in the Nineteenth Century 2437:Mausoleum of Sir Richard and Lady Burton 2210:The Strange Affair of Spring-Heeled Jack 2044: 1765:contained a 14,000-word essay entitled " 1607:. Burton's investigations into this had 1210:, but Burton persisted in heading west. 717: 589:) and Edward Joseph Netterville Burton. 4288:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 4256:, Two volumes; London: Sampson and Low. 3972:Waitt, Gordon; Markwell, Kevin (2006). 2466:de la Fuente, Ariel (31 October 2023). 2458: 2219:Expedition to the Mountains of the Moon 1749:in English after early translations of 1581:(1870); and his uncompleted history of 860:First explorations and journey to Mecca 743:18th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry 203: 3961:The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide 3101: 3041: 2939:Vol.10, No.38, (July 1852), pp.177–181 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2611:"Historic Figures: Sir Richard Burton" 1474:, collaborating with Drake in writing 1458:In Damascus, Burton made friends with 1234:(1860). Speke gave his own account in 632:girl and learned the rudiments of the 3914:Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600–1950 3038:. London <publisher=A. M. Philpot. 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2309:(1971), Burton is portrayed by actor 2231:The Rise of the Automated Aristocrats 2215:The Curious Case of the Clockwork Man 2107:, a collection of poems spanning the 1677:a tomb in the shape of a Bedouin tent 1318:, an organisation which supported of 1034:, who mistrusted Burton. As academic 567:36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot 422:. He was subsequently engaged by the 7: 2982:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2580:"Richard Burton, Victorian explorer" 2573: 2571: 2569: 1631:Close up of inscription on the tomb. 1138:After recovering from his wounds in 970:, all the while taking notes on the 4653:Works by Sir Richard Francis Burton 4399:, Potomac Books, Dulles, Virginia; 3836:. Da Capo Press. pp. 136–137. 3556:Burton, Isabel (10 December 1890). 2845:Falconry in the Valley of the Indus 2680:A History of the County of Hertford 2623:Burton, I.; Wilkins, W. H. (1897). 2402:Richard Francis Burton bibliography 2180:The World Is Made of Glass: A Novel 1722:Society for the Suppression of Vice 1425:. He documented his experiences in 982:. Departing Mecca, he journeyed to 942:by May, where Burton stayed during 679:. In April 1842, Burton attended a 3872:No. 3287, 25 October 1890, p. 547. 3372:. 20 September 1872. p. 4075. 2914:Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton 2683:. Constable. vol. 2, pp. 349–351. 2227:The Return of the Discontinued Man 1687:in the church there is a memorial 1595:, the Portuguese national epic by 1374:on the island of Fernando Po, now 1257:was eventually published in 1872. 1122:, they was attacked by a group of 671:; he also spent his time learning 557:Joseph Netterville Burton, was an 25: 4769:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford 4754:19th-century English male writers 4625:(Hardback). New York: Doubleday. 4441:Journey to the Source of the Nile 4249:, Hodder & Stoughton, London. 3648:Randall, T.K. (20 October 2018). 3448:The Kasidah of Haji Abdu El-Yezdi 3383:Wright, Thomas (1 January 1906). 2752:The Kasîdah of Hâjî Abdû El-Yezdî 1507:Order of St Michael and St George 1495:Anthropological Society of London 1316:Anthropological Society of London 1255:Zanzibar; City, Island, and Coast 1232:Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa 1182:Exploring the African Great Lakes 1055:In May 1854, Burton travelled to 749:and under the command of General 442:. He later served as the British 4844:19th-century English translators 4678: 3975:Gay Tourism: Culture and Context 3956:"The Lure of the "Sotadic Zone"" 3678:"Translating/'The' “Kama Sutra”" 3419:. 16 February 1886. p. 743. 3340:. 4 December 1868. p. 6460. 2865:. Anthem Press. pp. 71–86. 2134:, published in England in 1886. 1718:Obscene Publications Act of 1857 1570:"the tinkling of the Camel bell" 1568:such as repeated comparisons to 1421:from its source to the falls of 1158:William Ferguson Beatson as the 1051:An illustration of Isabel Burton 880:(RGS) for an exploration of the 813:of tame monkeys in the hopes of 256: 229: 4671:Works by Richard Francis Burton 4582:. Vol. 1 and 2. New York: 4247:Sir Richard Burton. A Biography 3509: 3350: 2900: 2192:by the Bulgarian-German writer 1601:The Jew, the Gipsy and el Islam 1521:(1883) (popularly known as the 1264:on 25 August. There he studied 1067:. The expedition lasted from 29 702:Romaically, with the accent of 430:coast, where Burton along with 199: 32:Richard Burton (disambiguation) 4894:Portuguese–English translators 4789:19th-century British diplomats 4759:19th-century British explorers 4713:Capt Sir Richard Burton Museum 4707:by David George Hogarth (1904) 4579:The Life of Sir Richard Burton 4463:Ondaatje, Christopher (1996). 3386:The Life of Sir Richard Burton 3196: 3138:First Footsteps in East Africa 3069:. London: Tylston and Edwards. 2933:and other Eastern Countries", 2857:Ghose, Indira (January 2006). 1804:(1886). After Burton's death, 1188:Lake regions of Central Africa 1133:First Footsteps in East Africa 896:and prepared him to attempt a 1: 4269:. London: Faber & Faber. 4191:. New York: The Julian Press. 4154:. Vol. 1 and 2. London: 2613:. BBC. Retrieved 7 April 2017 2578:Paxman, Jeremy (1 May 2015). 2339:and is living in present-day 2152:" (1945) by Argentine writer 1406:and beyond, in his 1876 book 990:. In India, Burton wrote his 723: 553:, Hertfordshire. His father, 4521:Sparrow-Niang, Jane (2014). 3908:Reyes, Raquel A. G. (2012). 3804: 3280: 3232: 2871:10.7135/upo9781843317692.005 2520:"Sir Richard Francis Burton" 1788:Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1732:Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1519:The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 1433:, which he described in his 4677:(public domain audiobooks) 3889: 3816: 3783:Burton, Sir Richard (1991) 3268: 3079: 2950: 2651: 2223:The Secret of Abdu El Yezdi 1589:(1884). He also translated 1531:(1885) (popularly known as 781:and Arabic. His studies of 649:William Alexander Greenhill 533:Richard Burton was born in 480:One Thousand and One Nights 4935: 4774:Arabic–English translators 4749:19th-century English poets 4719:Sir Richard Francis Burton 4374:Burton: Snow on the Desert 4314:W. W. Norton & Company 4252:Hitchman, Francis (1887), 4128:W. W. Norton & Company 2399: 2372:The Victorian Sex Explorer 1462:, while Isabel befriended 1327:Royal Geographical Society 1283: 1221:The expedition arrived at 1190:." They would travel from 878:Royal Geographical Society 424:Royal Geographical Society 393:Sir Richard Francis Burton 29: 18:Sir Richard Francis Burton 4705:The Penetration of Arabia 4621:Millard, Candice (2022). 4395:Newman, James L. (2009), 4228:. London: Matador Books. 3694:Pagan Press (1982–2012). 3399:– via Google Books. 3389:. Library of Alexandria. 3256: 3244: 3220: 3208: 2349:Museum of Natural History 1675:The couple are buried in 1468:Charles F. Tyrwhitt-Drake 852:, one who can recite the 745:, which was stationed in 587:Sir Henry William Stisted 477:in disguise, translating 383: 379: 336:Mirza Abdullah the Bushri 322: 124: 76: 64: 4503:Seigel, Jerrold (2016). 4163:Carnochan, W.B. (2006). 3954:Markwell, Kevin (2008). 3856:Brodie, Fawn M. (1967). 3292:Richard Francis Burton, 3156:Moorehead, Alan (1960). 3135:Burton, Richard (1856). 2861:. In Youngs, Tim (ed.). 2396:Works and correspondence 2354:In the American TV show 1704:, inscribed in supposed 1286:Burton and Speke (novel) 1003:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 966:and participated in the 639:On 19 November 1840, he 573:, was a first cousin of 4576:Wright, Thomas (1906). 4496:Charles Scribner's Sons 4222:Godsall, Jon R (2008). 4071:The Collector of Worlds 4052:(Coronet Books, 1984), 2472:Borges, Desire, and Sex 2420:Charles Scribner's Sons 2306:The Search for the Nile 2303:In the BBC mini-series 2264:Five Weeks in a Balloon 2258:Voyages Extraordinaires 1605:Jewish human sacrifices 1427:The Highlands of Brazil 1253:(1863), while Burton's 1154:. He received one from 1032:Robert Lambert Playfair 930:, doctor, magician and 815:learning their language 645:Trinity College, Oxford 220:Trinity College, Oxford 4849:English travel writers 4764:19th-century linguists 4379:John Murray Publishing 4371:McLynn, Frank (1993). 4338:30.3 (2010): 491–511. 4284:Kennedy, Dane (2005). 3832:Rice, Edward (2001) . 3731:McLynn, Frank (1990), 3063:Burton, R. F. (1855). 3005:"Ludovico di Varthema" 2745:Burton, R. F. (1911). 2677:Page, William (1908). 2058: 1989: 1976: 1753:'s French version) in 1667:San Marino, California 1632: 1624: 1578:Vikram and the Vampire 1451:," another chapter in 1362: 1296: 1218: 1142:, Burton travelled to 1052: 1023:and to wear the green 873: 739:First Anglo-Afghan War 730: 48:Richard Francis Burton 4904:Historians of weapons 4829:English cartographers 4799:British ethnographers 4490:Rice, Edward (1990). 4436:Ondaatje, Christopher 3918:Abingdon, Oxfordshire 3870:Obituary in Athenaeum 3787:, Park Street Press, 3682:Third World Quarterly 3627:Orleans House Gallery 3171:Speke, John Hanning. 2480:10.2307/j.ctvhn09p9.9 2329:In the Canadian film 2319:Mountains of the Moon 2276:The Bookman's Promise 2048: 1987: 1694:Orleans House Gallery 1630: 1622: 1587:The Book of the Sword 1540:of the Shaykh Nefzawi 1460:Abdelkader al-Jazairi 1360: 1294: 1216: 1050: 1001:doing it in 1503 and 867: 721: 575:Henry Pearce Driscoll 426:(RGS) to explore the 281:Years of service 4839:English orientalists 4804:British ethnologists 4691:UK National Archives 4572:51.1 (Aut.): 103–37. 4104:"Sir Richard Burton" 4069:2006, translated as 3749:Kennedy, D. (2009). 3558:"Sir Richard Burton" 2697:on 28 September 2007 2148:In the short story " 2005:Charles James Napier 1988:Burton in later life 1761:in volume 10 of the 1712:Kama Shastra Society 1689:stained-glass window 1168:Ottoman cavalry unit 1152:officer's commission 1114:transported them to 1096:on 31 January 1855. 999:Ludovico di Varthema 968:stoning of the Devil 751:Charles James Napier 414:, Burton joined the 4909:British Indologists 4889:People from Elstree 4859:Explorers of Arabia 4854:Explorers of Africa 4723:Library of Congress 4584:G. P. Putnam's Sons 4356:. London: Century. 4189:Death Rides a Camel 4102:Cust, R.N. (1895). 3594:De Novellis, Mark. 3473:vol. 2, pp. 252–254 3247:, pp. 129, 156–166. 2976:Seigel, J. (2015). 2964:vol. 1, pp. 119–120 2592:on 10 December 2022 2244:series of books by 1797:The Perfumed Garden 1650:The Perfumed Garden 1538:The Perfumed Garden 1472:Edward Henry Palmer 1419:São Francisco River 1383:Cameroons Mountains 1340:Sidi Mubarak Bombay 1081:Sharmarke Ali Saleh 1036:George Percy Badger 653:Radcliffe Infirmary 486:The Perfumed Garden 4834:English male poets 4554:10.1353/hia.0.0001 4330:McDow, Thomas F. ' 4033:St. Martin's Press 4027:William Harrison, 3581:Museum of Richmond 3490:Huntington Library 3416:The London Gazette 3369:The London Gazette 3337:The London Gazette 2633:on 29 January 2018 2544:Young, S. (2006). 2524:freemasonry.bcy.ca 2365:Film documentaries 2235:Spring-Heeled Jack 2171:William Harrison's 2165:Philip José Farmer 2138:In popular culture 2128:, which he called 2125:The Arabian Nights 2064:The Arabian Nights 2059: 2022:Stanley Lane-Poole 1990: 1855:Neapolitan Italian 1823:Burton's languages 1811:The Scented Garden 1746:The Arabian Nights 1663:Huntington Library 1659:The Scented Garden 1655:The Scented Garden 1633: 1625: 1533:The Arabian Nights 1368:Diplomatic Service 1363: 1297: 1219: 1061:John Hanning Speke 1053: 1043:Early explorations 962:. He travelled to 954:before sailing to 890:East India Company 874: 870:Personal Narrative 807:religions of India 791:". Him Chand, his 731: 714:Bombay Army career 651:, a doctor at the 598:preparatory school 555:Lieutenant-Colonel 432:John Hanning Speke 339:Hâjî Abdû El-Yezdî 4864:Explorers of Asia 4657:Project Gutenberg 4593:978-1-4264-1455-8 4570:Victorian Studies 4542:History in Africa 4535:978-0-9544941-6-2 4514:978-0-8122-4761-9 4482:978-1-59048-221-6 4455:978-0-00-200019-2 4427:978-0-06-095639-4 4405:978-1-59797-287-1 4388:978-0-7195-4818-5 4363:978-0-7126-3789-3 4323:978-0-393-04672-4 4295:978-0-674-01862-4 4276:978-0-300-14935-7 4243:Hastings, Michael 4214:978-0-14-012068-4 4176:978-0-8047-5325-8 4137:978-0-907871-23-1 4041:978-0-312-10873-1 3989:978-0-7890-1602-7 3978:. New York City: 3931:978-0-415-60059-0 3353:, Vol. 1, p. 517. 2903:, Vol. 1, p. 123. 2820:Rice, Ed (1990). 2690:978-0-7129-0475-9 2442:List of polyglots 2418:(1990; New York: 2337:Fountain of Youth 2322:(1990) (starring 2261:, the 1863 novel 2190:Der Weltensammler 2154:Jorge Luis Borges 1743:(commonly called 1642:Church of England 1381:Abeokuta and The 1320:scientific racism 1301:Laurence Oliphant 1126:warriors from to 1071:October 1854 to 9 833:, and undergoing 823:Catholic services 657:John Henry Newman 489:, publishing the 387: 386: 16:(Redirected from 4926: 4824:English atheists 4784:British atheists 4779:British Arabists 4699: 4694: 4682: 4681: 4666:Internet Archive 4636: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4596:. Archived from 4565: 4518: 4499: 4486: 4470: 4459: 4431: 4392: 4367: 4327: 4299: 4280: 4239: 4218: 4192: 4180: 4159: 4156:Chapman and Hall 4141: 4125: 4111: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4029:Burton and Speke 4025: 4019: 4018: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3969: 3951: 3936: 3935: 3924:. pp. 1–3. 3905: 3892: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3746: 3740: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3629:. 8 October 2018 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3583:. pp. 9–10. 3572: 3566: 3565: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3518: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3482: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3099: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3011:. 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There, he met 514:sexual practices 266: 262: 260: 259: 246:Military service 233: 207: 205: 201: 163: 143: 141: 129:Personal details 69: 59: 39: 21: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4729: 4728: 4685: 4679: 4643: 4633: 4620: 4617: 4615:Further reading 4612: 4603: 4601: 4600:on 4 March 2011 4594: 4575: 4539: 4515: 4502: 4489: 4483: 4462: 4456: 4434: 4428: 4412:Moorehead, Alan 4410: 4389: 4370: 4364: 4348: 4324: 4304:Lovell, Mary S. 4302: 4296: 4283: 4277: 4259: 4236: 4235:978-1906510-428 4221: 4215: 4195: 4185:Edwardes, Allen 4183: 4177: 4162: 4144: 4138: 4116:Brodie, Fawn M. 4114: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4051: 4047: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3971: 3953: 3952: 3939: 3932: 3907: 3906: 3895: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3782: 3778: 3763: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3675: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535:. p. 513. 3520: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3471:Wright (1906), 3470: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3436:(1964) p. 249ff 3428: 3424: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305:Wright (1906), 3304: 3300: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3040: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3015:on 17 June 2012 3009:Discoverers Web 3002: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2962:Wright (1906), 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2819: 2818: 2777: 2769:Wright (1906), 2768: 2764: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2728:Wright (1906), 2727: 2723: 2715:Wright 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165: 161: 160:20 October 1890 145: 139: 137: 72: 60: 51: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4932: 4930: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4716: 4710: 4701: 4683: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4642: 4641:External links 4639: 4638: 4637: 4632:978-0385543101 4631: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4592: 4573: 4566: 4537: 4519: 4513: 4500: 4487: 4481: 4460: 4454: 4432: 4426: 4417:The White Nile 4408: 4393: 4387: 4368: 4362: 4346: 4328: 4322: 4300: 4294: 4281: 4275: 4257: 4250: 4240: 4234: 4219: 4213: 4197:Farwell, Byron 4193: 4181: 4175: 4160: 4146:Burton, Isabel 4142: 4136: 4112: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4075: 4062: 4045: 4020: 4004: 3995: 3988: 3937: 3930: 3910:"Introduction" 3893: 3882:Richard Burton 3874: 3862: 3849: 3843:978-0306810282 3842: 3821: 3819:, pp. 185–186. 3809: 3797: 3776: 3761: 3741: 3724: 3712: 3686: 3666: 3640: 3614: 3586: 3567: 3548: 3542:978-0140710472 3541: 3513: 3502: 3477: 3464: 3454: 3438: 3422: 3402: 3395: 3375: 3355: 3343: 3323: 3321:, the Preface. 3311: 3307:vol. 1, p. 200 3298: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177:wollamshram.ca 3163: 3158:The White Nile 3148: 3127: 3115: 3084: 3082:, pp. 156–157. 3072: 3055: 3026: 2995: 2988: 2968: 2955: 2943: 2918: 2916:(1991). p. 83. 2912:Rice, Edward. 2905: 2893: 2879: 2849: 2837: 2831:978-0684191379 2830: 2775: 2762: 2747:"Chapter VIII" 2734: 2721: 2708: 2689: 2669: 2656: 2644: 2615: 2603: 2565: 2558: 2536: 2511: 2488: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2400:Main article: 2397: 2394: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2352: 2327: 2324:Patrick Bergin 2314: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2283: 2272: 2269:Heinrich Barth 2249: 2238: 2197: 2194:Iliya Troyanov 2187: 2177: 2168: 2157: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2085:3rd-century BC 2042: 2039: 1981: 1978: 1893: 1892: 1858: 1857: 1821: 1820: 1779:The Kama Sutra 1759:Terminal Essay 1713: 1710: 1616: 1613: 1597:Luís de Camões 1511:Queen Victoria 1453:The Great Game 1431:Paraguayan War 1361:Burton in 1876 1354: 1351: 1281: 1278: 1262:Salt Lake City 1183: 1180: 1160:chief of staff 1144:Constantinople 1044: 1041: 861: 858: 856:from memory." 797:teacher and a 715: 712: 602:Richmond Green 530: 527: 525: 522: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 374: 373: 366: 359: 353: 351: 347: 346: 344: 343: 340: 337: 333: 331: 327: 326: 324:Writing career 320: 319: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 282: 278: 277: 272: 271:Branch/service 268: 267: 252: 248: 247: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 227: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 195: 189: 188: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 164:(aged 69) 158: 154: 153: 135: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121: 115:British consul 111: 110: 104:British consul 100: 99: 93:British consul 89: 88: 82:British consul 78: 77: 74: 73: 71:Burton in 1864 70: 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2503: 2499: 2498:j.ctvhn09p9.9 2495: 2491: 2489:9781786941503 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2395: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2332:Zero Patience 2328: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2311:Kenneth Haigh 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2274:In the novel 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2207:(2010–2015): 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2088:Ancient Greek 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2051:Mediterranean 2047: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1986: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653:to be called 1652: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1629: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1583:swordsmanship 1580: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Anthropologia 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1404:Yellala Falls 1401: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389:A Mission to 1386: 1384: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1331:Lake Victoria 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1287: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1270:Brigham Young 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Lake Victoria 1224: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1170:stationed in 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156:Major-General 1153: 1150:, seeking an 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 923:, and then a 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 871: 866: 859: 857: 855: 851: 850: 845: 842: 838: 837: 832: 828: 824: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 799:Nagar Brahmin 796: 795: 790: 789: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 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