232:
565:, but he escaped, swam the moat, and returned to Newbold Revel. Nellie Slayton Aurner points out that most of these crimes seem to have been targeted at the property and followers of the Duke of Buckingham; and that as Malory was a supporter of the family of Buckingham's former rival, the Duke of Warwick, there may have been a political motive behind either Malory's attacks or Buckingham and others bringing charges against him. Aurner suggests that Malory's enemies tried to slander him, giving evidence that the Duke of Buckingham was Malory's long-time enemy.
199:" (Caxton's VIII–XII): "Here endeth the second book of Sir Tristram de Lyones, which was drawn out of the French by Sir Thomas Malleorre, knight, as Jesu be his help." Finally, at the conclusion of the whole book: "The Most Piteous Tale of the Morte Arthure Sanz Gwerdon par le shyvalere Sir Thomas Malleorre, knight, Jesu aide ly pur votre bon mercy.", a mix of English and French roughly meaning: "The most pitiable tale of the Death of Arthur, without reward for/by the knight Sir Thomas Malory; Jesus aid him by your good mercy."
521:. However, in 1443 he and accomplice Eustace Barnaby were accused of attacking, kidnapping, and stealing 40 pounds' worth of goods from Thomas Smythe, though nothing came of this charge. He married a woman named Elizabeth Walsh, with whom he had at least one son, named Robert, and possibly one or two other children. Despite the criminal charges against him, he seems to have remained in good standing with his peers because in that same year, Malory was elected by the men of Warwickshire to
2170:
552:, along with 26 other men sometime in 1450. The accusation was never proved. Later in 1451, he was accused of extorting 100 shillings from Margaret King and William Hales of Monks Kirby, and then of committing the same crime against John Mylner for 20 shillings. He was also accused of breaking into the house of Hugh Smyth of Monks Kirby in 1450, stealing 40 pounds' worth of goods and raping Smyth's wife, and with attacking her again in
585:
culminating in a maximum fine of 2000 lbs set by the King's Bench in June of 1455. As Malory aged through several subsequent imprisonments, fines for his escape decreased to 1000 lbs and then 450 lbs in
January and October of 1457, and then 100 lbs if not captured when he was somehow at large again despite no formal release in 1458. Malory was released as part of a general pardon at the accession of King Edward IV in 1461.
788:, all the while threatening his life and demanding that he either forfeit his church to Malory or give him 100 pounds. The outcome of this case is unknown, but it seems to indicate that this Malory was something other than an ordinary country gentleman. However, while this candidate's father and several other close family members were knights, no clear evidence survives showing that this Malory was ever actually knighted.
1078:
against the infighting taking place during the Wars of the Roses. The seemingly contradictory changes in King Arthur's character throughout the work have been argued to support the theory that Arthur represents different eras and reigns throughout the tales. This argument has also been used to attempt to reconcile Malory's doubtful reputation as a person who continually changed sides with the unexpected idealism of
271:. Both are much less attested in the documentary record than the candidate from Newbold Revel. As described in detail below: neither is clearly recorded as having been a knight, but both come from knightly families and could plausibly have been knighted. Both seem to have been of a more appropriate age at the time of writing, but neither is known to have been imprisoned at any time.
2189:
2422:
252:. The discovery of the Winchester Manuscript in 1934 revealed that the author was in some form of imprisonment at the time of writing; this has generally been taken to support the candidate from Newbold Revel, though the support is ambiguous because that candidate's extensive prison record does not actually include the time of writing.
447:
and therefore Thomas Malory of
Newbold Revel must have been commissioned into Henry V's Agincourt campaign around 1414 or 1415, confirming Kittredge's original timeline and making this Malory in his mid-70s to early 80s at the time the book was completed. Matthews asserts, "seventy-five is no age at all to be writing
624:. His interment there suggests that his misdeeds had been forgiven and that he possessed some wealth. However, it was certified at the granting of probate that he owned little wealth of his own, having settled his estate on his son in 1462. Malory's grandson Nicholas eventually inherited his lands and was appointed
417:, at an action in Calais in 1436 – a brief mobilization which was disbanded without combat and which Dugdale, in their view, erroneously called a siege. P.J.C. Field suggests that the first public record of this Malory in 1439 is an indication of when he reached the date of his majority (at the age of 21).
631:
Dugdale, writing in the early to mid-17th century, recorded that the following inscription had been engraved on Malory's tomb: "HIC JACET DOMINUS THOMAS MALLERE, VALENS MILES OB 14 MAR 1470 DE PAROCHIA DE MONKENKIRBY IN COM WARICINI," meaning: "Here lies Lord Thomas
Mallere, Valiant Soldier. Died 14
454:
Linton comes to
Dugdale's defense, disputing the need for an alternative timeline. She notes that scholars have accepted Dugdale's account of this Malory without question, except for the matter of his age. She agrees with other scholars that Dugdale knew the Malorys of Newbold Revel and suggests that
446:
Because this original French note perfectly matches the
English translation in Dugdale's published work, and because a number of the other knights listed on the same commission roster are known to have died long before 1436, Matthews concludes that these commissions cannot refer to the 1436 campaign;
139:
in 1485. Much of Malory's life history is obscure, but he identified himself as a "knight prisoner", apparently reflecting that he was either a criminal, a prisoner-of-war, or suffering some other type of confinement. Malory's identity has never been confirmed. Since modern scholars began researching
927:
Matthews's interpretation was not universally accepted, primarily because he could not find evidence that the
Yorkshireman was a knight. Linton, however, has removed that principal objection, providing extensive detail about the Malorys of Yorkshire and offering evidence that Thomas of Yorkshire was
775:
Little else is known of this Malory, apart from one peculiar incident discovered by
William Matthews. A collection of Chancery proceedings includes a petition brought against Malory by Richard Kyd, parson of Papworth, claiming that Malory ambushed him on a November evening and took him from Papworth
425:
was completed, as he must have been at least in his late teens or early 20s at the time of his commission: his peers of the same rank in
Dugdale's record were in their mid- to late-twenties. According to the alternate timeline, his birth would have been around 1415-1418 and his age would have been a
222:
The author was educated, as most of his material "was drawn out of the French," which suggests a degree of French fluency indicating that he might have been from a wealthy family. A claimant's age must also fit the time of writing; as described below, this has been a major point of contention among
920:
Newbold Revel, who was a
Yorkist and would have been something in excess of 70 years old; far too old to have taken part in this Northern military campaign. Matthews therefore promotes this document as strong evidence that Malory of Hutton Conyers was indeed a knight after all and the author of the
576:
in London, where he remained for a year. He demanded a retrial with a jury of men from his own county. Although this never took place, he was released. By March 1452, he was back in the
Marshalsea, from which he escaped two months later, possibly by bribing the guards and gaolers. After a month, he
247:
was the only Thomas Malory living in 15th-century England who was a knight. However, the apparently great age of this candidate at the time of the work's completion has always been a source of contention. In the early 20th century, scholarly revelations of this candidate's extensive criminal record
1077:
was primarily intended as a political commentary of Malory's own era. Malory portrays an initially idyllic past under the strong leadership of King Arthur and his knights, but as intrigue and infighting develop, the utopic kingdom collapses, which may have been intended as a parallel and a warning
939:
Outside of the contested pardon-exclusion, Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers was not recorded as having been a knight in the generally accepted secular sense, though his elder brother John and most of his recent forefathers were knights. If to accept Linton's argument that the Yorkshire Thomas was a
873:
is not that of Warwickshire, deferring to McIntosh for a more detailed dialectal analysis while noting that Matthews makes a good case for reopening the question of Malory’s identity. Linton, however, disputes several of McIntosh's arguments, presenting a data driven analysis of the dialect in the
274:
To date, no candidate for authorship has ever consistently commanded widespread support other than Malory of Newbold Revel. However, despite the evidence for other candidates being "no more than circumstantial", eminent scholars suggest that the question of the author's identity is both critically
1057:
The entire work is eight romances that span twenty-one books with 507 chapters, which was said to be considerably shorter than the original French sources, despite its vast size. Malory was responsible for organizing these diverse sources and consolidating them into a cohesive whole. The work was
556:
eight weeks later. At this period, a charge of rape could also apply to some acts of consensual sex and some nonsexual crimes; several scholars have suggested that the accusation did not refer to rape as it is now defined. However, Field's analysis of the specific Latin terminology of the charges
206:
reading: "I pray you all gentlemen and gentlewomen that readeth this book of Arthur and his knights, from the beginning to the ending, pray for me while I am alive, that God send me good deliverance and when I am dead, I pray you all pray for my soul. For this book was ended the ninth year of the
919:
listed just before him in the short list of those excluded. Matthews also points out that this Northern campaign was geographically much closer to Hutton Conyers in Yorkshire than to Newbold Revel, and concludes that the document referred to the Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers - not to Malory of
612:
was completed. As Field describes, "Repeated scholarly searches of legal records have found no trace of arrest, charge, trial, or verdict" that would place any Thomas Malory in prison at the time documented by the author in the Winchester manuscript. Field suggests that Malory's political rivals
214:
With the exception of the first sentence of the final colophon, all the above references to Thomas Malory as a knight are, grammatically speaking, in the third person singular, which leaves open the possibility that they were added by a copyist, either in Caxton's workshop or elsewhere. However,
935:
In spite of Matthews's strong evidence of the Newbold Revel knight's advanced age, Field has long argued that the 1468 exclusion from pardon refers to Malory of Newbold Revel and instead shows that that candidate changed his lifelong Yorkist loyalty to become a Lancastrian. It seems equally
584:
From Malory's first criminal charge in 1443 through his eighth charge in 1451 after several escapes from captivity, little was done to contain his actions. In 1451, a royal arrest order was issued, followed by increasing fines on the lords overseeing his imprisonment in case of his escape,
433:
William Matthews emphasizes the importance of Malory's age thus: "There is considerable evidence that the medieval view was that by sixty a man was bean fodder and forage, ready for nothing but death's pit... it might be best to find out how old the Warwickshire knight really was in 1469."
885:
contained various forms which are too northerly for the everyday language of Newbold Revel”. While McIntosh does not specifically support Matthews' claim of an origin in the Hutton Conyers area of Yorkshire, he ultimately concludes that the language would have been "most at home" in
906:
from a general pardon issued in 1468. The question of the identity of the Malory listed in this document is widely regarded as critical to the final identification of the author. In Field's words: "the Sir Thomas Malory who was exempted from pardon must have been the author of the
604:
to overthrow King Edward. Matthews, having shown that Malory of Newbold Revel was likely in his seventies by the time of the Northumberland campaign and living much further to the South, interprets this record as referring to a different candidate for authorship.
462:
Much more detail was added to Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel's biography by Edward Hicks in 1928, revealing that this Thomas Malory had been imprisoned as a thief, bandit, kidnapper, attempted murderer, and rapist; which hardly seemed in keeping with the high
560:
On 15 March 1451, Malory and 19 others were ordered to be arrested. Nothing came of this and, in the following months, Malory and his cohorts were charged with a series of crimes, especially violent robberies. At one point, he was arrested and imprisoned in
400:
Kittredge accepted the details of Dugdale's history at face value: specifically, that he was commissioned to serve at Calais under Henry V; a campaign which took place in 1414–15. Under this view, Malory would have been a junior officer in Henry V's famous
911:. No other conclusion is possible." While Field's conclusion is widely accepted, Linton suggests he has attributed it to the wrong Malory, arguing that Malory of Hutton Conyers, a close associate of Neville, is the likely knight exempted from that pardon.
901:
Two central elements of Matthews's argument for the Hutton Conyers candidate include his evidence of the advanced age of the Newbold Revel candidate at the time of writing, described in that section above; and Matthews' analysis of the exclusion of a
1082:. It remains a matter of some debate whether this was a deliberate commentary or an imaginative fiction influenced by the political climate. All these arguments, it should be noted, depend upon acceptance of the Newbold Revel Malory as the author.
1133:(1967), where his name is given as "Tom of Warwick"; reflecting the general acceptance of Malory of Newbold Revel (in Warwickshire) as the author through most of the 20th century, despite the criminal history of that candidate in his later life.
363:
In K. H.5 time, was of the retinue to Ric. Beauchamp, E. Warw. At the seige of Caleys, and served there with one lance and two archers, receiving for his lance and 1 archer xx. Li per an. And their dyet; and for the other archer, x marks and no
572:, a town in the heartland of Buckingham's power and a place where Malory found little favour as a supporter of the Beauchamps. Those accused included Malory and several others; there were numerous charges. Malory was convicted and sent to the
914:
The pardon applied to a group of Lancastrians in a military campaign in the winter of 1462 in the Northern county of Northumberland near the Scottish border. Matthews shows that Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers was closely related to the
388:, and recorded the date of his death, the location of his tomb, and many other details of his life and family. As Dugdale lived in Warwickshire and apparently had access to Malory's home and direct descendants during a time when
2013:
771:
as a child and on the Cambridgeshire-Huntingdonshire border in adulthood, both his father and grandfather were from Lincolnshire; and that neither of the other two major candidates had any known connection to Lincolnshire.
577:
was back in prison yet again, and this time he was held until the following May, when he was released on bail of 200 pounds, paid by a number of his fellow magnates from Warwickshire. Malory later ended up in custody in
420:
Scholars consider the question of this timeline to be important in determining authorship, as the original timeline would place Malory's birth in the early to mid 1390s. He would therefore have been at least 75 when
396:
is conspicuously absent in Dugdale's record. To date, however, this candidate for authorship remains the only Thomas Malory known to be living at the time of writing who was clearly recorded as having been a knight.
1070:) before he printed it in 1485, as well as making several other editorial changes. According to one theory, the eight romances were originally intended to be separate, but Caxton altered them to be more unified.
861:; including distinctive dialectal and stylistic elements such as alliteration that are characteristic of northerly writing. His claim drew scholarly attention including a review co-written by eminent medievalist
748:. Thomas inherited his father's estates in 1425 and was placed in the wardship of the King, initially as a minor, but later (for reasons unknown) remaining there until within four months of his death in 1469.
275:
important and yet unresolved. However, Linton argues that Malory of Hutton Conyers was a knight of the church, and as her recent work garners scholarly attention, it may bring the matter into different focus.
231:
936:
plausible, however, to realize that the Knight Hospitaller from Hutton Conyers, who was close to Neville, was excluded from pardon, rather than to think the Newbold Revel knight changed political stripes.
613:"simply put him in prison without formal charge" and that he could have been released from prison in October 1470, at the collapse of the Yorkist regime and the temporary return to the throne of Henry VI.
1014:, around a century earlier, and Shakespeare, around a century later. It has been called the first English novel. Malory's main sources for his work included Arthurian French prose romances, mainly the
755:. Published after Matthews's book promoting the Hutton Conyers candidate (as described below), Griffin makes several arguments; most notably that the Papworth candidate's dialect would match that of
616:
In 1462, Malory settled his estate on his son Robert and, in 1466 or 1467, Robert fathered a son named Nicholas, Malory's grandson and ultimate heir. Malory died on 14 March 1471 and was buried in
529:
for the rest of 1443, and was appointed to a royal commission charged with the distribution of money to impoverished towns in Warwickshire. In 1449–50, he was returned as member of Parliament for
596:
in the North of England by members of the Lancastrian faction. Field interprets these pardon-exclusions to refer to Malory of Newbold Revel, suggesting that Malory changed his allegiance from
1095:; they also both end with a similarly worded prayer to be released from imprisonment. This has led some scholars in recent years to believe that Malory may have been the author of the poem.
898:(see inset map). He suggests that Malory “simply had access to, and was deeply steeped in, far more northerly romance material" than the specific texts which he is thought to have used.
932:, a knight of the church. She also examines the provenance of some of the known sources of the Morte and demonstrates that this Malory would have had ready access to these documents.
486:"What?" seyde Sir Launcelot, "is he a theff and a knyht? and a ravyssher of women? He doth shame unto the Order of Knyghthode, and contrary unto his oth. Hit is pyte that he lyveth."
513:
in Warwickshire and as a Member of Parliament, and Lady Phillipa Malory, heiress of Newbold. He was knighted before 8 October 1441, became a professional soldier, and served under
195:" (Caxton's Book VII): "And I pray you all that readeth this tale to pray for him that this wrote, that God send him good deliverance soon and hastily." At the conclusion of the "
988:
has ever been identified on the Dee or elsewhere; no Welsh Thomas Malory appears in the surviving historical record; and Malory identified himself as English rather than Welsh.
380:, and served there with one lance and two archers, receiving for his lance and first archer 20 pounds per year and their diet; and for the other archer, 10 marks and no diet.
2142:
Linton, Cecelia Lampp. The Knight Who Gave Us King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory, Knight Hospitaller. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press. 2023. ISBN 979-8-9868157-2-5.
494:"What?" said Sir Lancelot, "is he a thief and a knight, and a rapist of women? He does shame to the Order of Knighthood, contrary to his oath. It is a pity that he lives."
581:, accused of still more crimes, involving robbery and the stealing of horses. Once again, he escaped and once again was apprehended and returned to Marshalsea Prison.
592:
issued four more general pardons which specifically excluded a Thomas Malory. The first of these names Malory a knight; and applied to participants in a campaign in
2613:
878:
Besides this analysis, she dismisses some of McIntosh's arguments as trivial, noting quibbles between what dialect is northern and what is northerly, for example.
442:
Thomas Mallory est retenuz a j lance et ij archers pr sa launce ouve j archer xx li par an et bouche de court et pour lautre archer x marcs saunz bouche de court.
341:, published the first significant investigation into Malory's identity in 1894, the primary candidate for authorship has been Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in
1091:
107:
346:
413:. However, subsequent scholars have questioned this interpretation, suggesting that Dugdale's record was erroneous and that Malory instead served under
176:. He is described as a "knyght presoner", distinguishing him from several other candidates also bearing the name Thomas Malory in the 15th century when
940:
Knight Hospitaller, the primary objection to his authorship is removed and the contradictions presented by the Newbold Revel knight become irrelevant.
857:
Matthews makes many arguments for this candidate, with his main focus on linguistic clues both in the Winchester manuscript and the Caxton edition of
541:
530:
2623:
632:
March 1470 , in the parish of Monkenkirby in the county of Warwick." The tomb itself had been lost when Greyfriars was destroyed in 1538 under King
2578:
2253:
514:
2573:
2056:
1187:
847:
601:
385:
968:, who proclaimed in 1893 that the alternative spelling indicated an area straddling the border between England and North Wales, Maleore in
1892:
Political Consciousness and the Literary Mind in Late Medieval England: Men 'Brought up of Nought' in Vale, Hardyng, Mankind, and Malory'
2276:
191:) is written: "For this was written by a knight prisoner Thomas Malleorre, that God send him good recovery." At the end of "The Tale of
2618:
2608:
2598:
2542:
248:
and multiple imprisonments threw further doubt on the matter because of a perceived discordance with the chivalric ideals espoused in
924:. Linton offers additional evidence to illustrate the close connection between Humphrey Neville and Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers.
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2081:
2035:
2003:
1702:
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976:. On this theory, Malory may have been related to Edward Rhys Maelor, a 15th-century Welsh poet. It was also suggested by antiquary
434:
Researching the question, Matthews made an original discovery: Sir William Dugdale's surviving 15th century notes and papers in the
1921:
1407:
522:
239:
Since the late 19th century there has been a great deal of scholarly research into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory, author of
2588:
2351:
468:
2102:
1464:
703:
Shortly after Kittredge's original article on Malory of Newbold Revel, a second candidate was presented in an 1897 article in
637:
471:
referred to his life as one that "reads more like an account of exemplary thuggery than chivalry". Shortly before his death,
1660:
1136:
In addition to White's treatment, many other modern versions of the Arthurian legend have their roots in Malory, including
643:
Linton, in her defense of Dugdale's account, notes that he never offered a connection between the Newbold Revel Malory and
2482:
2205:
1809:
438:
on the Agincourt campaign contain a lengthy military roster (apparently in Dugdale's own hand) with the following detail:
2311:
1010:) is the source of the modern form of most Arthurian mythology, and is the only major work of English literature between
759:
more closely than either of the other candidates. As detailed below, a leading dialect expert identified the language of
740:, the eldest son of Sir William Mallory, member of Parliament for Cambridgeshire, who had married Margaret, the widow of
705:
625:
215:
scholarly consensus is that these references to knighthood refer to a real person and that that person is the author of
211:
by Sir Thomas Maleore, knight, as Jesu help him for his great might, as he is the servant of Jesu both day and night."
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410:
2583:
1041:
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on 27 October the same year. This identification was taken seriously for some time by editors of Malory, including
2593:
2518:
2510:
1030:
866:
741:
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617:
31:
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148:, who was imprisoned at various times for criminal acts and possibly also for political reasons during the
2376:
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2239:
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After 1461, few records survive which scholars agree refer to Malory of Newbold Revel. In 1468-1470, King
334:
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remained very popular and was still being printed, scholars have noted that any mention of his authoring
2223:
1048:
851:
733:
633:
255:
These tensions have inspired scholars to propose alternative identities; most notably, Thomas Malory of
203:
169:
1647:
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No record survives of Malory of Newbold Revel (or any other Thomas Malory) being in prison at the time
1380:
354:
168:
Most of what is known about Malory stems from the accounts describing him in the prayers found in the
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2321:
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The Ill-framed Knight. A Skeptical Inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory by William Matthews
1027:
997:
984:". However, most modern scholars have disregarded this early work on the basis that no such place as
589:
510:
208:
152:. Recent work by Cecelia Lampp Linton, however, presents new evidence in support of Thomas Malory of
131:
121:
100:
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Whitteridge, Gweneth., though this Malory was earlier proposed by H. Oskar Sommer in his edition of
2603:
2537:
2346:
1634:
1148:
526:
414:
406:
402:
1146:(1981). The discovery of Malory's book and its acquisition by William Caxton form key elements in
2331:
1973:
1873:
1865:
1569:
1561:
1089:, and Malory's treatment of those sources, correspond to some degree with those of a poem called
1023:
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545:
534:
256:
196:
65:
2441:
2451:
2165:
2091:
2077:
2052:
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2019:
1999:
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1637:, p. 353 in the July-December omnibus edition, accessed at Internet Archive, 11 December 2013.
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1207:
1183:
1125:
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149:
126:
235:
Zoomed view of England showing locations relevant to the question of Thomas Malory's identity
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1965:
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J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe, History of Parliament Online, Ref Volumes: 1386–1421,
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1412:
1142:
1118:
1011:
518:
435:
243:. As detailed below, the earliest modern investigations suggested that Sir Thomas Malory of
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by A.T. Martin, who proposed that the author was Thomas Malory of Papworth St Agnes on the
2391:
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2341:
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2027:
1153:
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710:
689:
562:
350:
338:
952:, there was speculation as to Malory's identity. The earliest identification was made by
869:. Neither reviewer accepted Matthews’s claims entirely. Jacob agrees that the dialect of
129:, compiled and in most cases translated from French sources. The most popular version of
1519:
717:
border. Martin's argument was based on a will made at Papworth on 16 September 1469 and
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2401:
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2301:
1401:
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729:, the noted bibliographer, who included it in his edition of Malory published in 1903.
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714:
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264:
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153:
136:
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E.K. Chambers emphasizes the importance of the problem by quoting the author himself:
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1977:
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Author: L. S. Woodger. History of Parliament Trust, 1994, accessed 27 November 2013.
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1953:
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McIntosh’s dialectal analysis states that: “To put the matter simply, the original
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373:
342:
145:
2152:
1938:
1431:
517:. While it is not recorded how he became distinguished, he acted as an elector in
2134:
The Ill-Framed Knight: A skeptical inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory
1694:
The Ill-Framed Knight: A skeptical inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory
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The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory
17:
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785:
499:
184:
1954:"Sir Thomas Malory and the Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell Reconsidered"
1930:
1416:
956:, a 16th-century antiquarian, who declared that Malory was Welsh, hailing from
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his identity the most widely accepted candidate has been Sir Thomas Malory of
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2118:
Whitteridge, Gweneth. "The Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner".
1385:, Berkeley, University of California Press, p. 70 – via Archive,
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157:
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Malory's status changed abruptly in 1451 when he was accused of ambushing
376:'s time, was of the retinue to Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick at the
2183:
1891:
1180:
The Knight Who Gave Us King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory, Knight Hospitaller
1060:
The Whole Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Table
895:
597:
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553:
464:
2216:
2209:
1329:
751:
Richard R. Griffin later provided further support for this candidate in
2069:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011 (requires login)
1969:
891:
781:
718:
2042:
Caxton's Malory: A New Edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur
1869:
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1544:
Aurner, Nellie Slayton (June 1933). "Sir Thomas Malory – Historian?".
830:
The third contender emerged in the mid-20th century: Thomas Malory of
2194:
2044:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1983.
981:
455:
he would have certainly made the connection between this Malory and
1861:
1557:
2179:
1844:
Dichmann, Mary E. (September 1950). "Characterization in Malory's
505:
Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel was born to Sir John Malory of
409:
cemented in popular memory as the Band of Brothers in the famous
384:
Dugdale's history also revealed that this Malory had served as a
767:. Griffith points out that while the current candidate lived in
2235:
890:
but is characteristic of roughly anywhere north of a line from
345:. Kittredge discovered a record of this Malory's service under
287:
43:
2231:
600:
to Lancaster, and that he was involved in a conspiracy with
557:
concludes that they were intended to refer to actual rapes.
230:
223:
all modern scholars for determining the author's identity.
1073:
There has been some argument among critics that Malory's
948:
Even only a few years after the original publication of
846:
by William Matthews, a British professor who taught at
647:
even though the book was well known in Dugdale's time.
202:
However, all these are replaced by Caxton with a final
2122:; 24.95 (1973): 257–265. JSTOR. Web. 30 November 2009.
2088:
Malory: The Life and Times of King Arthur's Chronicler
1814:
The Camelot Project: A Robbins Library Digital Project
1202:
Bryan, Elizabeth J. (1999/1994). "Sir Thomas Malory",
475:
stated that this issue was a grave one for readers of
2200:
Le Morte d'Arthur (Caxton edition, in Middle English)
1661:
Corbet, Robert (1383–1420), of Moreton Corbet, Salop.
1356:; 24.95 (1973): 257–65. JSTOR. Web. 30 November 2009.
1103:
A young Malory appears as a character at the end of
2530:
2496:
2470:
2429:
2269:
820:
805:
798:
679:
664:
657:
568:Malory finally came to trial on 23 August 1451, in
323:
315:
297:
285:
93:
85:
72:
53:
41:
1914:
1400:
732:This Thomas Malory was born on 6 December 1425 at
2008:Malory, Thomas, Cowen, Janet & Lawlor, John.
1312:
1310:
1268:. London: Cassell & Co (John Matthews, ed.).
1603:
1601:
854:). This contender is also championed by Linton.
125:, the classic English-language chronicle of the
502:could not have written this without a twinge."
492:
484:
440:
370:
361:
2012:Volume II. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969.
1182:. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press.
980:that he was Welsh, identifying "Malory" with "
2247:
2107:. Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press.
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1469:. Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press.
1040:, and two anonymous English works called the
498:Chambers comments, "Surely the Sir Thomas of
30:"Malory" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
2195:Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies
1925:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1411:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
964:. This theory received further support from
1996:Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript
1856:(5). Modern Language Association: 877–895.
1810:"Malory's Morte d'Arthur: Exhibition Guide"
1552:(2). Modern Language Association: 362–391.
1324:
1322:
1291:Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript
1092:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle
1062:, but printer William Caxton changed it to
108:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle
2254:
2240:
2232:
1293:. Oxford University Press. pp. x–xi.
795:
654:
347:Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick
282:
135:was published by the famed London printer
38:
1085:The sources of the romances that make up
542:Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham
459:if there were any connection to be made.
426:much more reasonable 55 to 58 years when
1173:
1171:
1169:
842:. This claim was put forward in 1966 in
2136:, University of California Press, 1966
2104:Sir Thomas Malory: His Turbulent Career
2067:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2049:The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory
2024:Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages
1922:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1490:The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory
1466:Sir Thomas Malory: His Turbulent Career
1408:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1165:
515:Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick
2614:Members of Parliament for Great Bedwyn
2030:(ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
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327:Knight, criminal, Member of Parliament
2125:Malory, Thomas & Matthews, John.
1492:. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1993. Print
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
602:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
119:was an English writer, the author of
7:
2227:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2153:Works by Thomas Malory in eBook form
1402:"Malory, Sir Thomas (x1415/18–1471)"
753:The Authorship Question Reconsidered
2115:. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1987. Print.
1916:"Malory, Sir Thomas (1415x18–1471)"
1753:Matthews, pp. 117, 121, and 132-135
1328:E. F. Jacob, Angus McIntosh (1968)
1206:, p. v. Modern Library. New York.
659:Thomas Malory of Papworth St. Agnes
651:Thomas Malory of Papworth St. Agnes
1894:. Studies in Philology 105 (2008).
1697:. University of California Press.
25:
2215:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2051:, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1993.
1521:History Of Parliament (1439-1509)
187:" (Books I–IV in the printing by
2420:
2187:
1117:. This cameo is included in the
763:as being most characteristic of
2624:Writers of Arthurian literature
2171:Works by or about Thomas Malory
2129:London: Cassell & Co, 2000.
2074:A History of the Mallory Family
1036:History of the Kings of Britain
800:Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers
792:Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers
359:(1656), stating of Sir Thomas:
2579:15th-century English novelists
1178:Linton, Cecelia Lampp (2023).
1152:(1959), a children's novel by
638:Dissolution of the Monasteries
292:Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel
279:Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel
1:
2202:at the University of Michigan
2120:The Review of English Studies
1913:Field, P. J. C. (2004–2011).
1354:The Review of English Studies
809:
683:
301:
76:
57:
2574:15th-century English writers
1939:UK public library membership
1518:Wedgwood, Josiah C. (1936).
1432:UK public library membership
626:High Sheriff of Warwickshire
2186:(public domain audiobooks)
1635:Athenaeum 11 September 1897
1113:(1958), which was based on
533:, a seat controlled by the
356:Antiquities of Warwickshire
183:At the end of the "Tale of
27:15th-century English writer
2640:
2072:Smith, Sheila V. Mallory,
1780:Linton, pp. 75-92, 115-25.
1691:Matthews, William (1966).
995:
850:(and also transcribed the
29:
2619:Writers from Warwickshire
2609:Inmates of the Marshalsea
2599:English MPs November 1449
2543:Defunct prisons in London
2418:
2218:"Sir Thomas Malory"
2022:, "Sir Thomas Malory" in
2016:Retrieved 2 December 2007
1846:Tale of Arthur and Lucius
1816:. University of Rochester
1808:McShane, Kara L. (2010).
1625:Linton, pp. 234-5, 241-2.
1387:Chambers and then Vinaver
1032:Historia Regum Britanniae
507:Winwick, Northamptonshire
2090:, Harper Collins, 2005,
1110:The Once and Future King
917:Humphrey Neville, knight
618:Christ Church Greyfriars
411:St. Crispin's Day Speech
32:Mallory (disambiguation)
1648:Le morte Darthur, p. vi
1379:Matt (20 August 1966),
1339:Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 348.
865:and the famed linguist
467:standards of his book.
2589:English male novelists
2277:Sir Francis Barrington
2180:Works by Thomas Malory
2162:Works by Thomas Malory
2101:Hicks, Edward (1928).
2086:Hardyment, Christina,
1952:Norris, Ralph (2009).
1931:10.1093/ref:odnb/17899
1463:Hicks, Edward (1928).
1417:10.1093/ref:odnb/17899
1399:Field, P.J.C. (2004).
1369:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1289:Cooper, Helen (1998).
1028:Geoffrey of Monmouth's
944:Thomas Malory of Wales
904:Thomas Malarie, knight
509:, who had served as a
496:
488:
444:
382:
366:
335:George Lyman Kittredge
236:
209:King Edward the Fourth
2224:Catholic Encyclopedia
852:diary of Samuel Pepys
734:Moreton Corbet Castle
263:and Thomas Malory of
234:
170:Winchester Manuscript
2282:Bishop Edward Bonner
2076:, Phillimore, 1985,
1762:Linton, pp. 293-320.
1160:Notes and references
511:Justice of the Peace
386:Member of Parliament
197:Tale of Sir Tristram
80: 1470 or later
2132:Matthews, William.
1744:Linton, pp. 247-62.
1726:Linton, pp. 107-11.
1717:Linton, pp. 101-13.
1586:Matthews, pp. 14-30
1453:Linton, pp. 235-40.
1352:published in 1890.
1149:The Load of Unicorn
1129:(1960), and in its
1008:The Death of Arthur
527:knight of the shire
490:In Modern English:
407:William Shakespeare
405:– a member of what
403:Battle of Agincourt
368:In modern English:
61: 1393 or 1425
2332:John Baptist Grano
2127:Le Morte d'Arthur.
2063:Malory, Sir Thomas
2010:Le Morte D'Arthur.
1970:10.1353/art.0.0051
1798:Matthews, pp.35-36
1771:Linton, pp. 61-73.
1650:, Macmillan, 1903.
1058:originally titled
930:Knight Hospitaller
815:Yorkshire, England
535:Duke of Buckingham
257:Papworth St. Agnes
237:
66:Kingdom of England
2584:English criminals
2551:
2550:
2206:Le Morte d'Arthur
2166:Project Gutenberg
2113:Sir Thomas Malory
2111:Riddy, Felicity.
2065:(1415x18–1471)",
2057:978-0-85991-385-0
2047:Field, P. J. C.,
2040:Spisak, James W.
1937:(Subscription or
1430:(Subscription or
1382:Ill framed knight
1367:Sir Thomas Malory
1365:Riddy, Felicity:
1350:Le Morte d'Arthur
1266:Le Morte d'Arthur
1204:Le Morte D'Arthur
1189:979-8-9868157-2-5
1115:Le Morte d'Arthur
1087:Le Morte d'Arthur
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574:Marshalsea Prison
550:Wars of the Roses
477:Le Morte D'arthur
337:, a professor at
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250:Le Morte d'Arthur
241:Le Morte d'Arthur
217:Le Morte d'Arthur
178:Le Morte d'Arthur
174:Le Morte d'Arthur
150:Wars of the Roses
132:Le Morte d'Arthur
122:Le Morte d'Arthur
117:Sir Thomas Malory
114:
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16:(Redirected from
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2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2096:0-06-620981-1
2093:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:0-85033-576-0
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:0-19-811588-1
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:0-19-282420-1
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:(2): 82–102.
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1704:9780520008304
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1607:Field, p. 131
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:0-19-282420-1
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1275:1-84403-001-6
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:0-679-60099-X
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1044:Morte Arthure
1042:Alliterative
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Sir John Rhys
963:
959:
955:
951:
943:
941:
937:
933:
931:
925:
923:
918:
912:
910:
905:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
879:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Studley Royal
833:
823:
819:
808:
804:
797:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
742:Robert Corbet
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
695:
691:
682:
678:
673:
667:
663:
656:
650:
648:
646:
641:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
611:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
582:
580:
575:
571:
566:
564:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
460:
458:
452:
450:
443:
439:
437:
431:
429:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
398:
395:
391:
387:
381:
379:
375:
369:
365:
360:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:Occupation(s)
322:
319:14 March 1471
318:
314:
300:
296:
289:
284:
278:
276:
272:
270:
269:Studley Royal
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
246:
245:Newbold Revel
242:
233:
226:
224:
220:
218:
212:
210:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
180:was written.
179:
175:
171:
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:Newbold Revel
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
110:
109:
103:
102:
98:
92:
88:
86:Occupation(s)
84:
75:
71:
67:
56:
52:
48:Thomas Malory
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2437:Debt bondage
2361:
2312:Thomas Drury
2307:John Dickens
2222:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2087:
2073:
2066:
2048:
2041:
2023:
2009:
1995:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1920:
1908:
1899:
1886:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1735:Field, p. 33
1731:
1722:
1713:
1693:
1686:
1681:Cooper p. xi
1677:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1591:
1582:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1513:
1489:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1420:. Retrieved
1406:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1337:Medium Aevum
1336:
1331:
1290:
1284:
1265:
1261:
1203:
1198:
1179:
1147:
1141:
1138:John Boorman
1135:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:(originally
1063:
1059:
1056:
1051:Morte Arthur
1050:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1024:Post-Vulgate
1017:
1007:
1003:
1001:
985:
974:Denbighshire
957:
949:
947:
938:
934:
926:
921:
916:
913:
908:
903:
900:
888:Lincolnshire
882:
880:
875:
870:
858:
856:
843:
829:
774:
765:Lincolnshire
760:
756:
752:
750:
731:
704:
702:
644:
642:
630:
615:
609:
607:
587:
583:
567:
559:
539:
531:Great Bedwyn
504:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
469:Helen Cooper
461:
456:
453:
451:in prison."
448:
445:
441:
432:
427:
422:
419:
399:
393:
389:
383:
374:King Henry V
371:
367:
362:
355:
343:Warwickshire
332:
273:
254:
249:
240:
238:
221:
216:
213:
201:
182:
177:
173:
167:
146:Warwickshire
130:
120:
116:
115:
106:
99:
95:Notable work
36:
2569:1471 deaths
2564:1405 births
2522:(TV series)
2488:James Neild
2483:John Howard
2387:John Selden
2322:John Gerard
2292:Richard Cox
2138:archive.org
2014:googlebooks
1998:(OUP 1998)
1534:Cooper p. x
1330:Review of:
1105:T. H. White
978:John Leland
863:E. F. Jacob
786:Northampton
546:Lancastrian
500:Monks Kirby
307:(contested)
305: 1393
185:King Arthur
2604:Holy Grail
2558:Categories
2538:Marshalsea
2531:Categories
2357:Ben Jonson
2317:John Eliot
2263:Marshalsea
1958:Arthuriana
1941:required.)
1820:14 October
1508:Field ODNB
1434:required.)
1099:In fiction
970:Flintshire
784:and on to
778:Huntingdon
769:Shropshire
738:Shropshire
672:Shropshire
634:Henry VIII
579:Colchester
523:Parliament
473:C.S. Lewis
227:Candidates
193:Sir Gareth
2471:Reformers
2462:Workhouse
2270:Prisoners
1978:162024940
1878:163419276
1574:163479195
1422:1 January
1143:Excalibur
1049:Stanzaic
1016:Vulgate (
1002:Malory's
962:River Dee
954:John Bale
840:Yorkshire
812:1425-1435
706:Athenaeum
696:, England
674:, England
645:Le Morte,
628:in 1502.
590:Edward IV
465:chivalric
207:reign of
158:Yorkshire
105:Possibly
2452:Poor Law
2184:LibriVox
1264:(2000).
1140:'s film
1119:Broadway
1107:'s book
1047:and the
1026:cycles,
986:Mailoria
958:Mailoria
950:Le Morte
896:the Wash
871:Le Morte
761:Le Morte
757:Le Morte
610:Le Morte
570:Nuneaton
554:Coventry
457:Le Morte
428:Le Morte
423:Le Morte
415:Henry VI
394:Le Morte
390:Le Morte
204:colophon
164:Identity
2208:, from
2173:at the
1989:Sources
1126:Camelot
1122:musical
960:on the
892:Chester
824:Unknown
782:Bedford
636:in the
620:, near
548:in the
339:Harvard
310:England
2514:(film)
2430:Issues
2094:
2080:
2055:
2034:
2002:
1976:
1935:
1876:
1870:459579
1868:
1701:
1572:
1566:457782
1564:
1428:
1297:
1272:
1210:
1186:
982:Maelor
876:Morte.
719:proved
333:Since
2061:——— "
1974:S2CID
1874:S2CID
1866:JSTOR
1570:S2CID
1562:JSTOR
992:Works
922:Morte
909:Morte
364:dyet.
2092:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1850:PMLA
1822:2014
1699:ISBN
1546:PMLA
1424:2013
1295:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1022:and
848:UCLA
834:and
821:Died
806:Born
680:Died
665:Born
598:York
316:Died
298:Born
267:and
259:and
73:Died
54:Born
2182:at
2164:at
2155:at
1966:doi
1927:doi
1858:doi
1848:".
1554:doi
1413:doi
894:to
838:in
776:to
744:of
721:at
372:In
353:'s
349:in
288:Sir
172:of
144:in
44:Sir
2560::
2221:.
2026:,
1972:.
1962:19
1960:.
1956:.
1919:.
1872:.
1864:.
1854:65
1852:.
1812:.
1600:^
1568:.
1560:.
1550:48
1548:.
1497:^
1405:.
1335:.
1321:^
1309:^
1219:^
1168:^
1156:.
1054:.
928:a
810:c.
736:,
684:c.
640:.
537:.
479:.
302:c.
219:.
160:.
156:,
77:c.
58:c.
2255:e
2248:t
2241:v
1980:.
1968::
1933:.
1929::
1880:.
1860::
1824:.
1707:.
1576:.
1556::
1426:.
1415::
1303:.
1278:.
1214:.
1192:.
1038:)
1034:(
1020:)
1006:(
713:-
692:/
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
