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Sirtuin

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SIRT3, a mitochondrial protein deacetylase, plays a role in the regulation of multiple metabolic proteins like isocitrate dehydrogenase of the TCA cycle. It also plays a role in skeletal muscle as a metabolic adaptive response. Since glutamine is a source of a-ketoglutarate used to replenish the TCA
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The first sirtuin was identified in yeast (a lower eukaryote) and named sir2. In more complex mammals, there are seven known enzymes that act in cellular regulation, as sir2 does in yeast. These genes are designated as belonging to different classes (I-IV), depending on their amino acid sequence
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is the name of one of the sirtuin-type proteins (see table below). Mammals possess seven sirtuins (SIRT1–7) that occupy different subcellular compartments: SIRT1, SIRT6 and SIRT7 are predominantly in the nucleus, SIRT2 in the cytoplasm, and SIRT3, SIRT4 and SIRT5 in the mitochondria.
1305:. SIRT6 deficiency in mice leads to a degenerative aging-like phenotype. In addition, SIRT6 promotes the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Furthermore, over-expression of SIRT6 can stimulate homologous recombinational repair. 458:. The dependence of sirtuins on NAD+ links their enzymatic activity directly to the energy status of the cell via the cellular NAD+:NADH ratio, the absolute levels of NAD+, NADH or NAM or a combination of these variables. 4694: 5721: 3680: 4120: 4115: 481:
structure throughout all kingdoms of life. Whereas bacteria and archaea encode either one or two sirtuins, eukaryotes encode several sirtuins in their genomes. In yeast, roundworms, and fruitflies,
502:. Interest in the metabolism of NAD heightened after the year 2000 discovery by Shin-ichiro Imai and coworkers in the Guarente laboratory that sirtuins are NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases . 4687: 619:
possess sirtuins that are intermediate in sequence between classes, and these are placed in the "undifferentiated" or "U" class. In addition, several Gram positive bacteria, including
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Yeast protein names may also be suffixed with "p" (e.g. Sir2p) to indicate the fact that it is a protein. This table does not use this convention to minimize cross-species confusion.
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Rack JG, Morra R, Barkauskaite E, Kraehenbuehl R, Ariza A, Qu Y, Ortmayer M, Leidecker O, Cameron DR, Matic I, Peleg AY, Leys D, Traven A, Ahel I (July 2015).
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Zhao K, Chai X, Marmorstein R (March 2004). "Structure and substrate binding properties of cobB, a Sir2 homolog protein deacetylase from Escherichia coli".
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Imai S, Armstrong CM, Kaeberlein M, Guarente L (2000). "Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase".
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Du J, Zhou Y, Su X, Yu JJ, Khan S, Jiang H, Kim J, Woo J, Kim JH, Choi BH, He B, Chen W, Zhang S, Cerione RA, Auwerx J, Hao Q, Lin H (November 2011).
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Neurodegenerative diseases, Cancer: B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, breast, gastric
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Sirtuins are a family of signaling proteins involved in metabolic regulation. They are ancient in animal evolution and appear to possess a
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Neurodegenerative diseases, Cancer: acute myeloid leukemia, colon, prostate, ovarian, glioma, breast, melanoma, lung adenocarcinoma
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Rôle de la sirtuine 1 dans la modulation des réponses apoptotique et autophagique du coeur au stress du réticulum endoplasmique
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Carafa V, Rotili D, Forgione M, Cuomo F, Serretiello E, Hailu GS, Jarho E, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Mai A, Altucci L (2016-05-25).
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Jiang H, Khan S, Wang Y, Charron G, He B, Sebastian C, Du J, Kim R, Ge E, Mostoslavsky R, Hang HC, Hao Q, Lin H (April 2013).
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Uhl M, Csernok A, Aydin S, Kreienberg R, Wiesmüller L, Gatz SA (April 2010). "Role of SIRT1 in homologous recombination".
1697:"Structural basis for nicotinamide cleavage and ADP-ribose transfer by NAD(+)-dependent Sir2 histone/protein deacetylases" 5611: 5586: 5577: 5439: 5092: 4087: 1161: 4719: 4072: 1214: 580: 5470: 1186: 552: 4512: 3846: 3517:"Curcumin elevates sirtuin level but does not postpone in vitro senescence of human cells building the vasculature" 1328:, which binds to a specific receptor site. It is an inhibitor in vitro of SIRT1, but can be a stimulator in cells. 1313: 1172: 1157: 526: 4637: 4529: 4442: 4077: 4017: 3944: 3921: 3856: 3823: 3790: 3702: 340:
structure throughout all kingdoms of life. Chemically, sirtuins are a class of proteins that possess either mono-
5693: 5280: 4783: 4765: 4082: 4055: 4008: 3693: 3652: 3242:"Mechanism of sirtuin inhibition by nicotinamide: altering the NAD(+) cosubstrate specificity of a Sir2 enzyme" 1283: 1193: 1018: 559: 533: 394: 187: 5486: 5196: 5166: 5151: 5114: 4572: 4135: 3763: 1126: 466: 410: 2320:"Structural and chemical biology of deacetylases for carbohydrates, proteins, small molecules and histones" 4774: 4050: 1655: 627: 1200: 566: 5567: 5378: 5146: 4616: 4102: 4092: 3131:"Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) rescues the decline of homologous recombination repair during replicative senescence" 621: 48: 461:
Sirtuins that deacetylate histones are structurally and mechanistically distinct from other classes of
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structure. Several gram positive prokaryotes as well as the gram negative hyperthermophilic bacterium
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of sirtuin activity itself. These proteins utilize NAD+ to maintain cellular health and turn NAD+ to
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that sirtuins affect human aging, and a 2022 review criticized researchers who propagate this claim.
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Preyat N, Leo O (May 2013). "Sirtuin deacylases: a molecular link between metabolism and immunity".
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Satoh A, Brace CS, Ben-Josef G, West T, Wozniak DF, Holtzman DM, Herzog ED, Imai S (July 2010).
3082:"SIRT6 stabilizes DNA-dependent protein kinase at chromatin for DNA double-strand break repair" 4843: 4799: 4641: 4067: 3969: 3869: 3595: 3546: 3497: 3446: 3374: 3314: 3263: 3222: 3170: 3111: 3054: 3010: 2975: 2926: 2869: 2828: 2779: 2738: 2703: 2685: 2639: 2588: 2531: 2433: 2398: 2349: 2276: 2213: 2172: 2154: 2112: 2055: 2006: 1952: 1895: 1838: 1794: 1736: 1685: 1561: 1256: 206: 174: 2429: 5741: 4814: 4792: 4788: 4479: 4466: 4110: 4060: 3585: 3577: 3536: 3528: 3487: 3477: 3436: 3428: 3364: 3354: 3304: 3294: 3253: 3212: 3204: 3160: 3150: 3101: 3093: 3044: 3002: 2965: 2957: 2916: 2908: 2859: 2818: 2810: 2769: 2730: 2693: 2675: 2629: 2619: 2578: 2570: 2523: 2425: 2388: 2380: 2339: 2331: 2266: 2256: 2221: 2203: 2162: 2146: 2102: 2094: 2047: 1996: 1988: 1942: 1934: 1885: 1877: 1828: 1784: 1776: 1726: 1716: 742:
Hif-1α, Hif-2α, MYC, P53, BRCA1, FOXO3A, MyoD, Ku70, PPARγ, PCAF, Suv39h1, TGFB1, WRN, NBS1
495: 451: 341: 5511: 5052: 4351: 4346: 166: 5534: 5529: 5290: 5285: 5261: 5256: 5222: 5119: 5047: 4871: 4498: 3751: 2243:"Biological and catalytic functions of sirtuin 6 as targets for small-molecule modulators" 3424: 3309: 3282: 3146: 2519: 2226: 1930: 1873: 1712: 357: 5233: 3926: 3889: 3861: 3813: 3808: 3795: 3745: 3707: 3590: 3565: 3541: 3516: 3492: 3465: 3441: 3408: 3369: 3342: 3217: 3192: 3165: 3130: 3106: 3081: 2970: 2945: 2921: 2896: 2823: 2798: 2698: 2663: 2634: 2607: 2393: 2368: 2344: 2319: 2271: 2242: 2167: 2134: 2107: 2082: 2001: 1977:"Identification of a Class of Protein ADP-Ribosylating Sirtuins in Microbial Pathogens" 1976: 1947: 1914: 1890: 1857: 1789: 1764: 1665: 389:
studies, sirtuins were thought to be implicated in influencing cellular processes like
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Sandoval-Rodriguez A, Monroy-Ramirez HC, Meza-Rios A, et al. (March 2020).
3033:"Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6" 1525: 1489: 1356: 1245: 1118: 515: 3432: 3135:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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A 2018 review indicated that SIRT levels are lower in tissues from people with
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peptide (magenta) containing an acylated lysine residue (displayed as spheres)
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Rahnasto-Rilla MK, McLoughlin P, Kulikowicz T, et al. (21 June 2017).
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Blander G, Guarente L (2004). "The Sir2 family of protein deacetylases".
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and stress resistance, as well as energy efficiency and alertness during
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Mao Z, Tian X, Van Meter M, Ke Z, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A (July 2012).
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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Demyristoylase, depalmitoylase, ADP-ribosyl transferase and deacetylase
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Dryden SC, Nahhas FA, Nowak JE, Goustin AS, Tainsky MA (May 2003).
1312:. SIRT7 protein is required for repair of double-strand breaks by 5506: 5501: 5463: 5448: 5415: 5410: 5371: 5366: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5327: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5017: 5012: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4609: 4604: 4577: 4428: 4379: 4374: 3904: 3407:
Rahnasto-Rilla M, Tyni J, Huovinen M, et al. (7 March 2018).
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Mostoslavsky R, Chua KF, Lombard DB, et al. (January 2006).
5688: 5673: 5458: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5322: 5317: 5161: 5134: 5129: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4930: 4925: 4915: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4306: 4301: 4273: 4268: 4263: 3768: 3740: 3343:"SIRT1 and SIRT2 Activity Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases" 2664:"Sirtuin functions and modulation: from chemistry to the clinic" 2488:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, News Office. 2000-02-16 1042: 482: 156: 90: 78: 36: 4676: 4121:
Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase
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B-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycopeptide b-1,4-galactosyltransferase
3973: 3662: 2486:"MIT researchers uncover new information about anti-aging gene" 336:. They are ancient in animal evolution and appear to possess a 30: 3191:
Vazquez BN, Thackray JK, Simonet NG, et al. (July 2016).
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residues, the sirtuin-mediated deacetylation reaction couples
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deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
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McCord RA, Michishita E, Hong T, et al. (January 2009).
2369:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors: Potential in cancer therapy" 3515:
Grabowska W, Suszek M, Wnuk M, et al. (28 March 2016).
2295:"NMN vs NR: The Differences Between These 2 NAD+ Precursors" 1286:
in human cells and is involved in recombinational repair of
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Aunan JR, Watson MM, Hagland HR, Søreide K (January 2016).
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Ye X, Li M, Hou T, Gao T, Zhu WG, Yang Y (3 January 2017).
1297:-associated protein and in mammalian cells is required for 2608:"SIRT6, a Mammalian Deacylase with Multitasking Abilities" 938:
Cancer: pancreatic, breast, non-small cell lung carcinoma
3634:(phdthesis) (in French). Université Paris Saclay (COmUE). 790:
Neurodegenerative diseases, Cancer: brain tissue, glioma
420:. Unlike other known protein deacetylases, which simply 1168: 4370:
Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase
2758:"Conserved metabolic regulatory functions of sirtuins" 1695:
Zhao K, Harshaw R, Chai X, Marmorstein R (June 2004).
2946:"Sirtuins and DNA damage repair: SIRT7 comes to play" 1248:, and such reduced SIRT levels may increase risk of 1129:
for such an effect has been discovered, as of 2018.
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activity. The name Sir2 comes from the yeast gene '
205: 193: 173: 155: 150: 126: 114: 102: 89: 77: 69: 64: 23: 5596:Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2606:Chang AR, Ferrer CM, Mostoslavsky R (2020-01-01). 1815:Yamamoto H, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J (August 2007). 1109:cycle, SIRT4 is involved in glutamine metabolism. 442:+ hydrolysis. This hydrolysis yields O-acetyl-ADP- 3341:Manjula R, Anuja K, Alcain FJ (12 January 2021). 2944:Vazquez BN, Thackray JK, Serrano L (March 2017). 2133:Shetty AK, Kodali M, Upadhya R, Madhu LN (2018). 3240:Avalos JL, Bever KM, Wolberger C (March 2005). 3186: 3184: 3026: 3024: 2897:"Sirtuins and accelerated aging in scleroderma" 1032:Cancer: liver, testis, spleen, thyroid, breast 416:Yeast Sir2 and some, but not all, sirtuins are 4543:Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 2848:"Molecular and biological hallmarks of ageing" 1810: 1808: 1167:Please review the contents of the section and 635:-linked sirtuins (termed "class M" sirtuins). 4704:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins 4688: 3985: 3674: 3409:"Natural polyphenols as sirtuin 6 modulators" 2803:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 8: 4652:Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2192:"Sirtuins are not conserved longevity genes" 4622:Indolylacetylinositol arabinosyltransferase 923:Demalonylase, desuccinylase and deacetylase 5591:Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase 5554: 5238: 4770: 4761: 4695: 4681: 4673: 4462: 4453: 4028: 3992: 3978: 3970: 3681: 3667: 3659: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 1765:"Sirtuins in glucose and lipid metabolism" 1335: 147: 29: 5192:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein 3651:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 3589: 3540: 3491: 3481: 3440: 3368: 3358: 3308: 3298: 3257: 3216: 3164: 3154: 3105: 3048: 2969: 2920: 2863: 2822: 2773: 2697: 2679: 2633: 2623: 2582: 2392: 2343: 2270: 2260: 2225: 2207: 2166: 2128: 2126: 2106: 2000: 1946: 1889: 1832: 1817:"Sirtuin functions in health and disease" 1788: 1730: 1720: 1324:Certain sirtuin activity is inhibited by 600:Learn how and when to remove this message 5699:Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 5335:Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4747:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2430:10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073651 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1308:SIRT7 knockout mice display features of 640: 1677: 1121:, an activator of deacetylases such as 787:Tubulin, Foxo3a, EIF5A, P53, G6PD, MYC 660: 657: 5454:Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase 4737:Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins 4657:Monosialoganglioside sialyltransferase 4494:NAD(P):arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 4475:NAD:diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase 2799:"Sirtuins, metabolism, and DNA repair" 20: 3910:Activation-induced cytidine deaminase 2797:Choi JE, Mostoslavsky R (June 2014). 2657: 2655: 2653: 7: 3281:Hwang ES, Song SB (September 2017). 2756:Schwer B, Verdin E (February 2008). 1970: 1968: 1966: 538:adding citations to reliable sources 35:Crystallographic structure of yeast 5679:Signal transducing adaptor protein 4854:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase 4810:3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 2895:Wyman AE, Atamas SP (March 2018). 2461:"The quest for a way around aging" 1117:Although preliminary studies with 14: 5674:Activating transcription factor 6 5088:G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4538:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 631:, as well as several fungi carry 446:, the deacetylated substrate and 348:activity, including deacetylase, 5218:Phosphoinositide phospholipase C 4548:Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase 2373:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 1337:List of known sirtuin activator 1263:DNA repair in laboratory studies 1233: 1141: 675:Non-Histone Deacetylation Target 514: 473:Actions and species distribution 4569:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase 3692:: carbon-nitrogen non-peptide ( 2575:10.1128/MCB.23.9.3173-3185.2003 2248:Journal of Biological Chemistry 525:needs additional citations for 5657:GTP-binding protein regulators 5647:GTP-binding protein regulators 4553:Amidophosphoribosyltransferase 3885:Inosine monophosphate synthase 2852:The British Journal of Surgery 2563:Molecular and Cellular Biology 2467:. International Herald Tribune 2099:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1385-10.2010 1169:add the appropriate references 825:SOD2, PDH, IDH2, GOT2, FoxO3a 1: 5406:Rho-associated protein kinase 2962:10.1080/19491034.2016.1264552 2418:Annual Review of Biochemistry 2367:Marks PA, Xu WS (July 2009). 1661:Histone deacetylases or HDACs 151:Available protein structures: 5612:Dual-specificity phosphatase 5587:protein tyrosine phosphatase 5093:AMP-activated protein kinase 4088:Ceramide glucosyltransferase 3259:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.02.022 3007:10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.12.020 2901:Current Rheumatology Reports 2723:Journal of Molecular Biology 2040:Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1993:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.013 670:Histone Deacetylation Target 5636:apoptosis signaling pathway 3628:da Silva JP (31 May 2018). 2087:The Journal of Neuroscience 1154:reliable medical references 898:Cancer: breast, colorectal 409:. As of 2018, there was no 5768: 4513:Poly ADP ribose polymerase 3847:Protein-arginine deiminase 3769:Fatty acid amide hydrolase 3433:10.1038/s41598-018-22388-5 3050:10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.044 2775:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.006 2625:10.1152/physrev.00030.2018 2318:Bürger M, Chory J (2018). 2241:Klein MA, Denu JM (2020). 1314:non-homologous end joining 1282:. SIRT1 protein promotes 1252:through modulation of the 772:Cell cycle, tumorigenesis 637: 39:(rainbow colored cartoon, 5717: 5480:Serine/threonine/tyrosine 5083: 4966: 4867: 4530:Phosphoribosyltransferase 3570:Hepatology Communications 3360:10.3389/fphar.2020.585821 3347:Frontiers in Pharmacology 3300:10.1007/s00018-017-2527-8 2913:10.1007/s11926-018-0724-6 2815:10.1016/j.gde.2014.05.005 2735:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.060 2681:10.1186/s13148-016-0224-3 2336:10.1038/s42003-018-0214-4 2262:10.1074/jbc.REV120.011438 1781:10.18632/oncotarget.12157 1278:proteins are employed in 1160:or relies too heavily on 942: 749: 699: 678: 673: 668: 663: 652: 649: 646: 643: 146: 28: 5694:Olfactory marker protein 5281:Glycogen synthase kinase 4784:Heterotrimeric G protein 4083:1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 3653:Medical Subject Headings 3533:10.18632/oncotarget.8450 2209:10.1093/lifemeta/loac025 2190:Brenner C (2022-09-22). 1284:homologous recombination 1091:ADP-ribosyl transferase 967:DNA repair, metabolism, 727:Metabolism inflammation 5487:Dual-specificity kinase 5197:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4573:Thymidine phosphorylase 3764:Aspartylglucosaminidase 3209:10.15252/embj.201593499 3156:10.1073/pnas.1200583109 1882:10.1126/science.1207861 1821:Molecular Endocrinology 1722:10.1073/pnas.0401057101 926:Ammonia detoxification 883:ADP-ribosyl transferase 5752:Aging-related proteins 4467:ADP-ribosyltransferase 2324:Communications Biology 1656:Biological immortality 989:Cancer: breast, colon 628:Streptococcus pyogenes 407:low-calorie situations 342:ADP-ribosyltransferase 47:= red) complexed with 5747:Aging-related enzymes 5568:Protein phosphatase 2 5379:p21-activated kinases 4617:Arabinosyltransferase 4093:N-glycosyltransferase 3098:10.18632/aging.100011 2854:(Review (in vitro)). 2612:Physiological Reviews 2459:Wade N (2006-11-08). 2151:10.14336/ad.2018.1026 1419:and rutin derivatives 766:Nucleus and cytoplasm 622:Staphylococcus aureus 356:, demyristoylase and 4971:G beta-gamma complex 4485:Pseudomonas exotoxin 4005:glycosyltransferases 3895:GTP cyclohydrolase I 2668:Clinical Epigenetics 2465:Health & Science 1834:10.1210/me.2007-0079 1299:base excision repair 534:improve this article 463:histone deacetylases 418:protein deacetylases 334:metabolic regulation 5550:protein phosphatase 5423:Ribosomal s6 kinase 4260:Hyaluronan synthase 3875:Adenosine deaminase 3774:Histone deacetylase 3527:(15): 19201–19213. 3425:2018NatSR...8.4163R 3147:2012PNAS..10911800M 2520:2000Natur.403..795I 2255:(32): 11021–11041. 2052:10.1189/jlb.1112557 1939:10.1038/nature12038 1931:2013Natur.496..110J 1874:2011Sci...334..806D 1713:2004PNAS..101.8563Z 1341: 1094:ROS detoxification 816:126-382 (of 399aa) 730:244-498 (of 766aa) 616:Thermotoga maritima 53:space-filling model 4720:MAP kinase pathway 4600:Xylosyltransferase 4073:Debranching enzyme 3900:Cytidine deaminase 3859:: Cyclic amidines/ 3826:: Linear amidines/ 3483:10.3390/md15060190 3413:Scientific Reports 1348:Target/Specificity 1336: 1023:90-331 (of 400aa) 974:35-274 (of 355aa) 929:41-309 (of 310aa) 889:45-314 (of 314aa) 886:Insulin secretion 775:65-340 (of 388aa) 721:Nucleus, cytoplasm 661:Cellular Function 456:nicotinamide (NAM) 364:ilent mating-type 5729: 5728: 5684:I-kappa B protein 5620: 5619: 5543: 5542: 5180: 5179: 5101: 5100: 4844:Guanylate cyclase 4800:Adenylate cyclase 4670: 4669: 4632: 4631: 4588: 4587: 4437: 4436: 4068:Glycogen synthase 3967: 3966: 3870:Guanine deaminase 3705:: Linear amides / 3582:10.1002/hep4.1474 3293:(18): 3347–3362. 3287:Cell Mol Life Sci 2865:10.1002/bjs.10053 2514:(6771): 795–800. 2385:10.1002/jcb.22185 2139:Aging and Disease 1644: 1643: 1562:Isoliquiritigenin 1257:signaling pathway 1242: 1241: 1218: 1127:clinical evidence 1106: 1105: 665:Catalytic Domains 610: 609: 602: 584: 411:clinical evidence 320: 319: 316: 315: 200:structure summary 5759: 5559:Serine/threonine 5555: 5243:Serine/threonine 5239: 4859:Protein kinase G 4815:Protein kinase A 4771: 4762: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4674: 4480:Diphtheria toxin 4463: 4454: 4111:Lactose synthase 4078:Branching enzyme 4029: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3971: 3793:: Cyclic amides/ 3683: 3676: 3669: 3660: 3636: 3635: 3625: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3544: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3485: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3404: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3362: 3338: 3323: 3322: 3312: 3302: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3203:(14): 1488–503. 3197:The EMBO Journal 3188: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3158: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3052: 3028: 3019: 3018: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2973: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2867: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2826: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2777: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2701: 2683: 2659: 2648: 2647: 2637: 2627: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2528:10.1038/35001622 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2396: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2347: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2274: 2264: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2211: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2145:(6): 1165–1184. 2130: 2121: 2120: 2110: 2093:(30): 10220–32. 2078: 2072: 2071: 2035: 2029: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2004: 1972: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1893: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1836: 1812: 1803: 1802: 1792: 1775:(1): 1845–1859. 1760: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1724: 1692: 1682: 1342: 1237: 1236: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1176: 1145: 1144: 1137: 641: 605: 598: 594: 591: 585: 583: 542: 518: 510: 496:Leonard Guarente 479:highly conserved 338:highly conserved 325:are a family of 311: 305: 299: 293: 287: 281: 275: 269: 263: 257: 251: 245: 239: 233: 227: 221: 215: 148: 33: 21: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5713: 5662: 5641: 5616: 5600: 5572: 5539: 5530:Arginine kinase 5518: 5475: 5434: 5227: 5223:Phospholipase C 5206: 5176: 5097: 5079: 5009: 4976: 4962: 4877: 4872:G alpha subunit 4863: 4819: 4751: 4725: 4706: 4701: 4671: 4666: 4643: 4628: 4584: 4557: 4524: 4499:Pertussis toxin 4448: 4433: 4356: 4278: 4130: 4097: 4023: 4012: 3998: 3968: 3963: 3939: 3927:Aminohydrolases 3925: 3916: 3862:Aminohydrolases 3860: 3851: 3827: 3818: 3796:Amidohydrolases 3794: 3785: 3708:Amidohydrolases 3706: 3697: 3687: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3627: 3626: 3607: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3406: 3405: 3386: 3340: 3339: 3326: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3141:(29): 11800–5. 3128: 3127: 3123: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3030: 3029: 3022: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2762:Cell Metabolism 2755: 2754: 2750: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2196:Life Metabolism 2189: 2188: 2184: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2018: 1974: 1973: 1964: 1925:(7443): 110–3. 1912: 1911: 1907: 1868:(6057): 806–9. 1855: 1854: 1850: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1762: 1761: 1748: 1694: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1652: 1646: 1334: 1322: 1310:premature aging 1265: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1177: 1166: 1162:primary sources 1146: 1142: 1135: 1133:Tissue fibrosis 1115: 1029:Hif-1α, Hif-2α 839: 709: 654: 639: 606: 595: 589: 586: 543: 541: 531: 519: 508: 492: 475: 307: 301: 295: 289: 283: 277: 271: 265: 259: 253: 247: 241: 235: 229: 223: 217: 211: 60: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5765: 5763: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5734: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5552: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5248: 5246: 5236: 5234:protein kinase 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4875: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4780: 4778: 4768: 4766:Heterotrimeric 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4014: 4013: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3892: 3890:DCMP deaminase 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3829:Ureohydrolases 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3814:Dihydroorotase 3811: 3809:Beta-lactamase 3806: 3800: 3798: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3746:Aspartoacylase 3743: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3644: 3643:External links 3641: 3638: 3637: 3605: 3576:(3): 434–449. 3556: 3507: 3456: 3384: 3324: 3273: 3246:Molecular Cell 3232: 3180: 3121: 3072: 3020: 2985: 2956:(2): 107–115. 2936: 2887: 2838: 2789: 2748: 2713: 2649: 2618:(1): 145–169. 2598: 2569:(9): 3173–85. 2549: 2498: 2477: 2451: 2408: 2359: 2310: 2286: 2233: 2202:(2): 122–133. 2182: 2122: 2073: 2030: 2016: 1981:Molecular Cell 1962: 1905: 1848: 1827:(8): 1745–55. 1804: 1746: 1707:(23): 8563–8. 1676: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1666:Trichostatin A 1663: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393:Beta-Lapachone 1389: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1333: 1330: 1321: 1318: 1264: 1261: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1230: 1149: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1114: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1055:Regulation of 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1002: 999: 997: 995: 991: 990: 987: 984: 975: 972: 965: 962: 959: 954: 951: 949: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 913: 910: 908: 906: 904: 900: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 873: 870: 868: 866: 864: 860: 859: 857: 855: 853: 851: 849: 847: 845: 843: 841: 836: 834: 830: 829: 826: 823: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 788: 785: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 759: 756: 753: 751: 747: 746: 743: 740: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 714: 711: 706: 704: 701: 697: 696: 693: 690: 687: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 659: 656: 651: 648: 645: 608: 607: 522: 520: 513: 507: 504: 491: 488: 474: 471: 450:, which is an 358:depalmitoylase 318: 317: 314: 313: 209: 203: 202: 197: 191: 190: 177: 171: 170: 160: 153: 152: 144: 143: 130: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 94: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5764: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5546: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5252:Casein kinase 5250: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4504:Cholera toxin 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4136:Glucuronosyl- 4133: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4041:Phosphorylase 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3960: 3959:Thiaminase II 3957: 3955: 3954:Riboflavinase 3952: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3880:AMP deaminase 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3252:(6): 855–68. 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092:(1): 109–21. 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3043:(2): 315–29. 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001:(4): 383–93. 3000: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2858:(2): e29-46. 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2768:(2): 104–12. 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729:(3): 731–41. 2728: 2724: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2499: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424:(1): 417–35. 2423: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2046:(5): 669–80. 2045: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987:(2): 309–20. 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1622:Pterostilbene 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1454:Phenolic acid 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1231: 1227: 1224:November 2019 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: –  1184: 1180: 1179:Find sources: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150:This section 1148: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1019:transcription 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1000: 998: 996: 993: 992: 988: 985: 983: 979: 976: 973: 970: 966: 963: 960: 958: 955: 952: 950: 948: 945: 941: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 917: 914: 911: 909: 907: 905: 902: 901: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 877: 874: 871: 869: 867: 865: 862: 861: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 846: 844: 842: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 804: 801: 798: 796: 794: 793: 789: 786: 784: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 763: 760: 757: 754: 752: 748: 744: 741: 739: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 718: 715: 712: 707: 705: 702: 698: 694: 691: 688: 685: 684: 681: 676: 671: 666: 653:Intracellular 642: 636: 634: 630: 629: 624: 623: 618: 617: 604: 601: 593: 590:November 2019 582: 579: 575: 572: 568: 565: 561: 558: 554: 551: –  550: 546: 545:Find sources: 539: 535: 529: 528: 523:This section 521: 517: 512: 511: 505: 503: 501: 497: 489: 487: 484: 480: 472: 470: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 436:deacetylation 434: 430: 426: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 395:transcription 392: 388: 387: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 350:desuccinylase 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 328: 324: 310: 304: 298: 292: 286: 280: 274: 268: 262: 256: 250: 244: 238: 232: 226: 220: 214: 210: 208: 204: 201: 198: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 149: 145: 142: 138: 134: 131: 129: 125: 122: 119: 117: 113: 110: 107: 105: 101: 98: 95: 92: 88: 85: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5719: 5654: 5633: 5269:eIF-2 kinase 4717: 4644:transferases 4519: 4449:transferases 4024:transferases 4001:Transferases 3778: 3736:Aminoacylase 3716:Asparaginase 3630: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3473: 3470:Marine Drugs 3469: 3459: 3416: 3412: 3350: 3346: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3200: 3196: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3040: 3036: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2671: 2667: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2490:. Retrieved 2480: 2469:. Retrieved 2464: 2454: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2379:(4): 600–8. 2376: 2372: 2362: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2302:. Retrieved 2298: 2289: 2252: 2246: 2236: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2142: 2138: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2019: 1984: 1980: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1824: 1820: 1772: 1768: 1704: 1700: 1680: 1645: 1574:Ferulic acid 1482:SIRT1, SIRT6 1338: 1326:nicotinamide 1323: 1307: 1292: 1266: 1243: 1221: 1211: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1178: 1158:verification 1151: 1116: 1107: 920:Mitochondria 880:Mitochondria 807:Mitochondria 679: 674: 669: 664: 626: 620: 614: 611: 596: 587: 577: 570: 563: 556: 544: 532:Please help 527:verification 524: 493: 476: 460: 448:nicotinamide 415: 403:inflammation 384: 382: 373: 369: 365: 361: 354:demalonylase 332:involved in 322: 321: 18: 4956:GNA15/GNA16 4742:Calcineurin 4103:Galactosyl- 3924:: Nitriles/ 3804:Barbiturase 3731:Biotinidase 3721:Glutaminase 3419:(1): 4163. 2299:www.nmn.com 1526:Delphinidin 1490:Pirfenidone 1357:Piceatannol 1351:References 1293:SIRT6 is a 1246:scleroderma 1152:needs more 1119:resveratrol 1062:metabolism 1012:Deacetylase 813:Metabolism 810:Deacetylase 769:Deacetylase 736:, H1K26ac, 724:Deacetylase 633:macrodomain 368:nformation 65:Identifiers 24:Sir2 family 5736:Categories 5362:Lim kinase 5313:IκB kinase 4834:Transducin 4056:Cellobiose 3842:Agmatinase 3759:Ceramidase 3690:Hydrolases 3521:Oncotarget 3476:(6): 190. 3353:: 585821. 2995:DNA Repair 2492:2008-11-30 2471:2008-11-30 2304:2021-01-04 2024:EntrezGene 1771:(Review). 1769:Oncotarget 1672:References 1405:Cilostazol 1332:Activators 1320:Inhibitors 1303:DNA damage 1280:DNA repair 1194:newspapers 1059:synthetase 1057:acetyl-CoA 971:secretion 822:, H4K14ac 560:newspapers 372:egulation 163:structures 57:histone H4 45:C-terminus 41:N-terminus 5720:see also 5626:Apoptosis 5107:Monomeric 4839:Gustducin 4757:G protein 4447:Pentosyl- 4362:Mannosyl- 4033:Glucosyl- 3935:Nitrilase 2907:(4): 16. 2809:: 24–32. 2690:1868-7075 2218:2755-0230 2159:2152-5250 1693:​; 1586:Berberine 1502:Myricetin 1417:Quercetin 1295:chromatin 1183:"Sirtuin" 1009:Nucleolus 895:GDH, PDH 680:Pathology 658:Activity 655:location 647:Subclass 549:"Sirtuin" 452:inhibitor 422:hydrolyze 399:apoptosis 346:deacylase 327:signaling 306:​, 300:​, 294:​, 288:​, 282:​, 276:​, 270:​, 264:​, 258:​, 252:​, 246:​, 240:​, 234:​, 228:​, 222:​, 216:​, 109:IPR003000 5578:Tyrosine 5523:Arginine 5440:Tyrosine 4284:Fucosyl- 4051:Glycogen 4022:Hexosyl- 3837:Arginase 3649:Sirtuins 3600:32140659 3551:27034011 3502:28635654 3451:29515203 3379:33597872 3319:28417163 3310:11107671 3268:15780941 3227:27225932 3175:22753495 3116:20157594 3067:18517518 3059:16439206 3015:20097625 2980:28406750 2931:29550994 2882:12847291 2874:26771470 2833:25005742 2784:18249170 2743:15019790 2708:27226812 2644:31437090 2593:12697818 2536:10693811 2446:27494475 2438:15189148 2403:19459166 2354:30534609 2281:32518153 2227:10081735 2177:30574426 2117:20668205 2060:23325925 2011:26166706 1957:23552949 1900:22076378 1843:17456799 1799:27659520 1741:15150415 1650:See also 1610:Malvidin 1598:Catechin 1538:Apigenin 1514:Cyanidin 1478:Curcumin 1466:Fucoidan 1430:Luteolin 1381:SRT-2104 1369:SRT-1720 1345:Compound 1339:in vitro 1290:breaks. 1250:fibrosis 1026:H3K18ac 986:Unknown 932:Unknown 892:Unknown 686:Bacteria 650:Species 467:cofactor 386:in vitro 330:proteins 323:Sirtuins 180:RCSB PDB 104:InterPro 43:= blue, 5742:Enzymes 5704:EDARADD 5689:Mucin-4 5428:RPS6KA1 5274:EIF2AK3 4730:Calcium 4662:ST8SIA4 4520:Sirtuin 4253:UGT2B28 4248:UGT2B17 4243:UGT2B15 4238:UGT2B11 4233:UGT2B10 4201:UGT1A10 4125:C1GALT1 3947:: Other 3779:Sirtuin 3591:7049672 3542:4991376 3493:5484140 3442:5841289 3421:Bibcode 3370:7883599 3218:4884211 3166:3406824 3143:Bibcode 3107:2815768 2971:5403131 2950:Nucleus 2922:5942182 2824:4254145 2699:4879741 2635:7002868 2544:2967911 2516:Bibcode 2394:2766855 2345:6281622 2330:: 217. 2272:7415977 2168:6284760 2108:2922851 2068:3070941 2002:4518038 1948:3635073 1927:Bibcode 1891:3217313 1870:Bibcode 1862:Science 1790:5352102 1709:Bibcode 1634:Tyrosol 1442:Fisetin 1208:scholar 1173:removed 982:H3K56ac 961:Nucleus 820:H3K56ac 783:H4K16ac 779:H3K56ac 738:H4K16ac 574:scholar 490:History 312:​ 121:PS50305 116:PROSITE 84:PF02146 5709:PRKCSH 5548:Other 5497:DYRK1B 5492:DYRK1A 5232:Other 5202:Cyclin 5185:Cyclin 4642:Sialyl 4638:2.4.99 4458:Ribose 4297:POFUT2 4292:POFUT1 4228:UGT2B7 4223:UGT2B4 4218:UGT2A3 4213:UGT2A2 4208:UGT2A1 4196:UGT1A9 4191:UGT1A8 4186:UGT1A7 4181:UGT1A6 4176:UGT1A5 4171:UGT1A4 4166:UGT1A3 4161:UGT1A1 4154:B3GAT3 4149:B3GAT2 4144:B3GAT1 4046:Starch 3945:3.5.99 3748:(ACY2) 3726:Urease 3655:(MeSH) 3598:  3588:  3549:  3539:  3500:  3490:  3449:  3439:  3377:  3367:  3317:  3307:  3266:  3225:  3215:  3173:  3163:  3114:  3104:  3065:  3057:  3013:  2978:  2968:  2929:  2919:  2880:  2872:  2831:  2821:  2782:  2741:  2706:  2696:  2688:  2674:: 61. 2642:  2632:  2591:  2584:153197 2581:  2542:  2534:  2508:Nature 2444:  2436:  2401:  2391:  2352:  2342:  2279:  2269:  2224:  2216:  2175:  2165:  2157:  2115:  2105:  2066:  2058:  2009:  1999:  1955:  1945:  1919:Nature 1898:  1888:  1841:  1797:  1787:  1739:  1732:423234 1729:  1550:Butein 1210:  1203:  1196:  1189:  1181:  1113:Ageing 1080:SirTM 978:H3K9ac 734:H3K9ac 695:Human 644:Class 576:  569:  562:  555:  547:  444:ribose 433:lysine 429:lysine 425:acetyl 195:PDBsum 169:  159:  141:SUPFAM 97:CL0085 70:Symbol 16:Enzyme 5667:Other 5605:both: 5512:DYRK4 5507:DYRK3 5502:DYRK2 5464:PTK2B 5449:ZAP70 5416:ROCK2 5411:ROCK1 5372:LIMK2 5367:LIMK1 5355:IRAK4 5350:IRAK3 5345:IRAK2 5340:IRAK1 5328:IKBKG 5306:GSK3B 5301:GSK3A 5296:GSK-3 5211:Lipid 5162:Rhebs 5073:BSCL2 5068:GNG13 5063:GNG12 5058:GNG11 5053:GNG10 5018:GNGT2 5013:GNGT1 4951:GNA14 4946:GNA13 4941:GNA12 4936:GNA11 4911:GNAT3 4906:GNAT2 4901:GNAT1 4896:GNAI3 4891:GNAI2 4886:GNAI1 4881:GNAO1 4610:XYLT2 4605:XYLT1 4593:Other 4578:ECGF1 4562:Other 4443:2.4.2 4429:ALG12 4380:POMT2 4375:POMT1 4352:FUT11 4347:FUT10 4018:2.4.1 3922:3.5.5 3905:AICDA 3857:3.5.4 3824:3.5.3 3791:3.5.2 3703:3.5.1 3086:Aging 3063:S2CID 2878:S2CID 2540:S2CID 2442:S2CID 2064:S2CID 2027:23410 1638:SIRT1 1626:SIRT1 1614:SIRT1 1602:SIRT1 1590:SIRT1 1578:SIRT1 1566:SIRT6 1554:SIRT6 1542:SIRT6 1530:SIRT6 1518:SIRT6 1506:SIRT6 1494:SIRT1 1470:SIRT6 1458:SIRT6 1446:SIRT6 1434:SIRT6 1422:SIRT6 1409:SIRT1 1397:SIRT1 1385:SIRT1 1373:SIRT1 1361:SIRT1 1276:SIRT7 1272:SIRT6 1268:SIRT1 1254:TGF-β 1215:JSTOR 1201:books 1123:SIRT1 1005:SIRT7 1001:Sirt7 957:SIRT6 953:Sirt6 935:CPS1 916:SIRT5 912:Sirt5 876:SIRT4 872:Sirt4 838:Hst3, 803:SIRT3 799:Sirt3 762:SIRT2 758:Sirt2 717:SIRT1 713:Sirt1 708:Sir2, 692:Mouse 689:Yeast 581:JSTOR 567:books 506:Types 391:aging 383:From 378:yeast 137:SCOPe 128:SCOP2 5655:see 5634:see 5535:McsB 5459:PTK2 5399:PAK4 5394:PAK3 5389:PAK2 5384:PAK1 5323:IKK2 5318:CHUK 5291:GSK2 5286:GSK1 5172:RGKs 5167:Raps 5152:Arfs 5147:Rhos 5140:NRAS 5135:KRAS 5130:HRAS 5120:Rabs 5115:ARFs 5048:GNG8 5043:GNG7 5038:GNG5 5033:GNG4 5028:GNG3 5023:GNG2 5000:GNB5 4995:GNB4 4990:GNB3 4985:GNB2 4980:GNB1 4931:GNAQ 4926:GNAL 4921:GNAS 4916:GNAZ 4849:cGMP 4825:cGMP 4805:cAMP 4775:cAMP 4718:see 4424:ALG9 4419:ALG8 4414:ALG6 4409:ALG3 4404:ALG2 4399:ALG1 4392:DPM3 4387:DPM1 4342:FUT9 4337:FUT8 4332:FUT7 4327:FUT6 4322:FUT5 4317:FUT4 4312:FUT3 4307:FUT2 4302:FUT1 4274:HAS3 4269:HAS2 4264:HAS1 4061:Myo- 4011:2.4) 3752:ACY3 3741:ACY1 3696:3.5) 3596:PMID 3547:PMID 3498:PMID 3447:PMID 3375:PMID 3315:PMID 3264:PMID 3223:PMID 3171:PMID 3112:PMID 3055:PMID 3037:Cell 3011:PMID 2976:PMID 2927:PMID 2870:PMID 2829:PMID 2780:PMID 2739:PMID 2704:PMID 2686:ISSN 2640:PMID 2589:PMID 2532:PMID 2434:PMID 2399:PMID 2350:PMID 2277:PMID 2214:ISSN 2173:PMID 2155:ISSN 2113:PMID 2056:PMID 2007:PMID 1953:PMID 1896:PMID 1839:PMID 1795:PMID 1737:PMID 1690:1szd 1274:and 1187:news 1156:for 1043:cobB 1016:rRNA 840:Hst4 755:Hst2 710:Hst1 625:and 553:news 483:sir2 309:1yc5 303:1yc2 297:1szd 291:1szc 285:1s7g 279:1s5p 273:1q1a 267:1q17 261:1q14 255:1ma3 249:1m2n 243:1m2k 237:1m2j 231:1m2h 225:1m2g 219:1j8f 213:1ici 188:PDBj 184:PDBe 167:ECOD 157:Pfam 133:1j8f 93:clan 91:Pfam 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Index


sir2
N-terminus
C-terminus
ADP
space-filling model
histone H4
Pfam
PF02146
Pfam
CL0085
InterPro
IPR003000
PROSITE
PS50305
SCOP2
1j8f
SCOPe
SUPFAM
Pfam
structures
ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB
PDBe
PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary
PDB
1ici

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