1476:
2830:
76:
523:(these three features are mentioned for the first time here). He listed three gates in the city walls: Qiblī (facing southeast), Jawfī (facing inland), and "a small one facing the sea". There were no suburbs outside the walls. He also noted, "its animals are goats and their meat is juicy and tender, the like of which is not found in Egypt." Al-Bakri also alluded to a merchant community including Arabs, Berbers, Persians, and
865:, to recapture Sirte. After two months of advances, pro-government forces took control of ISIL's Sirte headquarters on 10 August 2016, although pockets of ISIL resistance continued to prolong fighting through the end of the year. Sirte was substantially under the control of the GNA by 6 December 2016. A contributing factor to the recapture of the city were the over 400 airstrikes organized by the
57:
2795:
1512:
145:
786:
buildings also experienced flooding as water mains were destroyed, though it was unclear by which side. Landmarks like the
Ouagadougou Conference Center, which became an impromptu fortress for the city's defenders during the battle, were ruined by artillery fire and blasts. A number of Libyan residents and fighters described the city as unrecognisable after weeks of siege.
715:, several Western and Arab countries then intervened with air and missile strikes, which turned the tide again in favour of the rebels. On 28 March, Al Jazeera reported that Sirte had been claimed to be taken by rebel forces overnight with little resistance, but other news organisations later reported that rebels and Gaddafi forces were fighting on the road between
83:
624:, Gaddafi transformed Sirte into a showcase of his self-proclaimed revolution, carrying out an extensive program of public works to expand the former village into a small city. After 1988, most government departments and the Libyan parliament were relocated from Tripoli to Sirte, although Tripoli remained formally the capital of the country.
229:
742:
pushed eastward along the coast towards Sirte, which then faced a pincer movement from the rebels on two fronts. On 24 August, rebel units were reported as being 56 km (35 mi) from the city. On 27 August, Bin Jawad – about 150 km east – was once again recaptured by the
541:
Since the 19th century and particularly since the 1960s, the old city of Surt has been explored by archaeologists, mostly based on al-Bakri's reports. Excavations have revealed the old city walls, enclosing an area of 184,003 square meters, as well as the gates, the forts, the mosque, and the city
785:
airstrikes throughout the war, and was considered to have been subjected to the most damage of any Libyan city during the civil war. Many homes were ransacked and looted by fighters, angering residents including those loyal to
Gaddafi and those sympathetic to the revolution. Many streets and
438:
The medieval city of Surt was located some 55 km east of the present-day city, at a site now known as al-Mudayna or Madina Sultan. After the
Umayyad conquest of North Africa, Berbers from the Butr confederation settled in Surt, and around the middle of the 8th century they converted to
794:
In April 2012, almost six months after the civil war, more than 70 percent of the inhabitants had returned to Sirte. Rebuilding of the city started, although unexploded ordnance still posed a great risk to civilians. In
February 2012, some local residents said they felt abandoned by the
769:
there, hoping to bring the war to an end. On 20 October, after suffering massive casualties during a siege that lasted over a month, NTC fighters mounted a major offensive and took control of the last remaining district of Sirte, "Number Two", that was in the hands of regime loyalists.
414:
was spoken, in the 5th century CE. The region had no recognized administrative centre and was infested for centuries by bandits. In
Classical times, the coast was "proverbially dangerous to shipping", called "inhospita Syrtis" in
443:
along with the surrounding region. A mosque was probably built at Surt during this period, although no authors mention a mosque in Surt until the 11th century. The most detailed early description of the city was written by
2274:
2127:
2464:
2325:
2644:
385:, Sirte was left almost completely in ruins, with many buildings destroyed or damaged. Six months after the civil war, almost 60,000 inhabitants, more than 70 percent of the pre-war population, had returned.
2626:
803:
insisted this would happen. Some local rebuilding was done in 2012 and 2013, but reconstruction of municipal services did not begin until a 9 million Libyan dinars reconstruction project started in 2014.
1966:
456:). Ibn Hawqal described Surt as being "a bow-shot away from the sea, built on hard, sandy ground with strong walls of mud and brick". He described it as inhabited by Berbers, who stored rainwater in
2352:
2730:
274:
2581:
3456:
2491:
909:. However, the GNA rejected the ceasefire as they entered Sirte. Despite this, the attack was thwarted the following day, which led to the LNA retaliating by conducting airstrikes from
2513:
597:
there were no noteworthy events in this location, which was characterised at the time as "a shabby little Arab village of mud huts, clustered on the banks of a foul-smelling stream."
2270:
2917:
2117:
530:
In the late
Fatimid period, Surt began to decline - it seems to have lost its position at the intersection of east-west and north-south trade routes. The 12th-century author
357:
Contrary to popular belief, Sirte wasn't
Muammar Gaddafi's birthplace, as wrongly reported. Gaddafi's birthplace was in a village 20 km south of Sirte, which is called
2456:
2321:
1560:
869:
against ISIL positions during the months-long battle. Approximately 700 Libya pro-government fighters and 2,000 ISIL loyalists died in Sirte between May and
November 2016.
751:
3080:
2432:
2640:
2539:
2603:
1461:
712:
719:
and Sirte. By 30 March, Gaddafi loyalists had forced the rebels out of Bin Jawad and Ra's Lanuf and once again removed the immediate threat of an attack on Sirte.
2618:
2160:
1600:
3451:
1958:
835:
2018:
722:
In August, the city faced a more severe threat from the rebels as the loyalist position deteriorated rapidly, with rebels making gains on multiple fronts. As
3421:
2307:
2348:
3426:
2738:
2248:
2222:
2716:
2910:
823:
2577:
1992:
913:
on a huge
Turkish convoy of military and GNA forces heading for Sirte, destroying it and resulting in heavy GNA and possibly Turkish casualties.
2378:
2483:
658:
370:
3073:
1889:
1870:
1850:
1814:
1794:
1655:
2505:
2182:
839:
217:
2691:
107:
2903:
2761:
646:
in a conference that was hosted by
Gaddafi. In 2007 he also hosted talks in Sirte to broker a peace agreement between the government of
378:
366:
3416:
1763:
1676:
635:" with Sirte as its administrative centre. Ambitious plans to build a new international airport and seaport were announced in 2007.
886:
827:
491:
to serve as their new capital in Egypt. After they moved there, the Surt region became a battleground between the Fatimids and the
56:
3066:
926:
2783:
2441:
1753:
365:, of whom some were born in Sirte, were appointed to government roles during the time of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya until the
2829:
2409:
2094:
2064:
902:
762:
686:
2531:
1629:
377:
by rebel forces on 20 October 2011 after sustaining major injury caused by French Air Force Bombs discharged as part of the
2666:
2562:
1909:
877:
Mayoral elections were scheduled for 12 December 2016 with the previously (2015) municipal councilmen taking office again.
2595:
854:
796:
744:
643:
621:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3203:
2014:
866:
535:
2150:
3446:
1608:
75:
374:
665:
to Sirte and a south-to-west railway 800 km (500 mi) long for iron ore transport from the southern city
1535:
831:
480:
2299:
612:, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Sirte. He was sent to the primary school at Sirte at the age of ten.
538:
wrote that its forts were still standing. At some point thereafter, the old city of Surt was finally abandoned.
3436:
775:
723:
339:
2244:
3089:
2214:
1525:
704:
699:
said they were preparing to capture the city. However, on 6 March, the rebel advance was stopped during the
682:
632:
299:
1988:
3431:
895:
817:
813:
766:
731:
690:
590:
382:
331:
17:
3441:
661:
won a $ 2.6 billion bid in Libya to build a west-to-east coastal railway 352 km (219 mi) from
319:
209:
24:
3305:
3124:
2374:
1496:
892:
625:
575:
347:
342:
from 1 September to 20 October 2011. The settlement was established in the early 20th century by the
1752:
Hamdani, A. (1997). "SŪRT". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.).
862:
2776:
2122:
700:
696:
468:
mining, which was exported. According to Ibn Hawqal, Surt at this point was wealthier than nearby
3359:
3246:
2927:
2895:
2509:
2192:
1935:
1530:
922:
847:
167:
373:. The city was the final major stronghold of Gaddafi loyalists in the civil war and Gaddafi was
534:
apparently visited the Surt region and wrote about the city's decline. The 13th-century author
1885:
1866:
1846:
1810:
1790:
1759:
1672:
1651:
800:
639:
583:
579:
484:
453:
407:
3385:
1475:
747:
were in negotiations with tribal figures from the city for it to surrender to rebel forces.
601:
594:
323:
242:
1633:
1484:
771:
605:
327:
263:
2619:"Mayoral election set for Sirte and municipal elections for central Zawia and Bani Walid"
905:
to capture Sirte from the LNA on 6 June 2020. LNA forces proposed a ceasefire backed by
799:(NTC), but the new government had promised to rebuild the city and Deputy Prime Minister
571:
3411:
3295:
3027:
2947:
2799:
2769:
1490:
910:
858:
755:
551:
504:
411:
361:. The inhabitants of this village were farmers. Just a few significant people from the
335:
311:
750:
In a radio address on 1 September 2011, Gaddafi declared Sirte the new capital of the
3405:
3042:
2869:
2864:
1340:
830:
that followed the revolution and led to the erosion of territorial control under the
781:
Sirte was left heavily damaged by a month of intense fighting, which was preceded by
735:
609:
492:
431:
362:
358:
343:
307:
172:
2952:
846:, launched an attack in March 2015 to capture Sirte, which was then occupied by the
3144:
2992:
2972:
2957:
2874:
2401:
2155:
2086:
2060:
1838:
1517:
843:
666:
662:
500:
351:
160:
707:
and continued to advance as far as the outskirts of the de facto rebel capital of
476:
464:, grapes, and other fruits, and kept goats and camels. Another local industry was
460:
and were engaged in various forms of agriculture and livestock herding. They grew
2554:
1626:
1578:
3375:
3150:
2982:
2967:
1901:
604:
for two reasons – the discovery and exploitation of oil nearby and the birth of
440:
435:
Book 2 lines 939-940 speaks of "a boggy Syrtis, neither sea/Nor good dry land".
426:
3345:
2987:
2879:
2844:
2040:
1507:
508:
445:
2735:
World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
582:. It was around this fortification, which was taken over and repaired by the
122:
109:
3355:
3239:
2849:
2717:"MiG-29s destroyed a huge Turkish convoy of military and GNA forces (video)"
1540:
774:
attempted to flee the city, but he was injured and captured by fighters. He
716:
531:
461:
399:
200:
1959:"In disorganized surge, Libya's rebels push west along shifting front line"
703:
before reaching Sirte. Government forces launched a counter-offensive that
3058:
2457:"Libia nel caos, l'Isis conquista Sirte "Minaccia a pochi km dall'Italia""
3226:
3190:
2962:
2942:
2859:
727:
708:
512:
496:
469:
315:
1493:(born 1974), politician and Gaddafi's information minister and spokesman
589:
Sirte served as an administrative centre under Italian rule. During the
3389:
3339:
3319:
3309:
3285:
3279:
3220:
3213:
3174:
3134:
3120:
3114:
3002:
2977:
2641:"Tripoli-aligned forces say they quit Libya's Sirte to avoid bloodshed"
2484:"After 4,000 dead and wounded Bunyan Marsous finally beats IS in Sirte"
2187:
2045:
739:
670:
559:
457:
3379:
3369:
3275:
3200:
3164:
3154:
3140:
3130:
3047:
3032:
3007:
2884:
2854:
651:
520:
516:
507:
also controlled Surt for a while as Fatimid allies. Around 1037, the
449:
421:
416:
205:
850:, an NGNC-linked militia. Sirte fell to ISIL loyalists in May 2015.
1627:
Libya: Displaced Return to Rebuild Gaddafi's Hometown - Face Needs?
3365:
3349:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3299:
3269:
3259:
3233:
3194:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3037:
3017:
3012:
2931:
2803:
2794:
2580:. FDD's Long War Journal (Foundation for Defense of Democracies).
906:
647:
524:
488:
303:
227:
150:
31:
2737:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
2578:"Pentagon: Islamic State has lost its safe haven in Sirte, Libya"
3315:
3289:
3252:
3207:
2997:
782:
570:"), and later as Qasr Sert. The fortress was built under sultan
567:
465:
228:
3062:
2899:
2765:
2271:"Gaddafi's final stronghold falls: Libyan forces conquer Sirte"
853:
Following the formation of a new Tripoli-based government, the
2215:"From voice said to be Gadhafi, a defiant message to his foes"
2349:"Through hell and high water: final push in battle for Sirte"
861:
was launched in May 2016 by GNA-aligned forces, known as the
515:
described Surt as "a large city by the sea" with a mosque, a
16:
This article is about the city in Libya. For other uses, see
834:(GNC) (which had succeeded the NTC) and the new GNC (NGNC),
251:
730:
broke the military stalemate in the eastern desert, taking
542:
streets. No evidence of the harbor has been found, though.
1601:"Sirte, Libya: Gadhafi's hometown seems largely destroyed"
933:) with hot, dry summers and mild, somewhat rainy winters.
2061:"Libya: Rebels battle for road to Gaddafi hometown Sirte"
1787:
Libyan studies: select papers of the late R. G. Goodchild
2322:"Sirte fighter indignant at level of city's destruction"
2692:"Haftar proposed Libya ceasefire, says Egypt's el-Sisi"
2555:"Libya conflict: IS 'ejected' from stronghold of Sirte"
2433:"Town of Sirte launches massive reconstruction project"
1931:
1865:
Volume II, p. 2651. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.
346:, at the site of a 19th-century fortress built by the
2300:"Sirte and Misrata rebuild in wake of Libya conflict"
2183:"Libya rebels in "fierce" fight for Sabha--spokesman"
1607:. Tacoma, Washington. 16 October 2011. Archived from
898:
with the GNA and entered the city on 6 January 2020.
842:(ISIL), which had previously seized the port city of
248:
2506:"Libyan forces recapture ISIL headquarters in Sirte"
511:
began to settle in the Surt region. Somewhat later,
406:, which was an important link on the road along the
254:
2837:
2810:
2667:"Libyan army liberates Wadi Wishka, moves to Sirte"
574:as part of the restoration of Ottoman control over
410:littoral. It is the last confirmed place where the
245:
216:
199:
191:
186:
178:
166:
156:
138:
44:
2617:Mzioudet, Houda; Fornaji, Hadi (6 December 2016).
2440:
1499:(1948–2023), military person and cousin of Gaddafi
765:during September 2011 and began a long, difficult
631:In 1999, Gaddafi proposed the idea of creating a "
475:Surt was probably fortified by the Fatimid caliph
2596:"Casualties continue to rise in battle for Sirte"
2402:"Should Libya rebuild Gaddafi hometown of Sirte?"
2294:
2292:
2118:"Libyan rebels storm Gaddafi compound in Tripoli"
1579:"Should Libya rebuild Gaddafi hometown of Sirte?"
1561:"Libya's opposition: Where green refuses to fade"
600:The village grew into a prominent town after the
3457:Populated places established in the 20th century
1932:"China Railway Construction Corporation website"
1620:
1618:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2087:"Libya: Gaddafi's fighters force rebel retreat"
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
752:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
713:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
586:in 1912, that the settlement of Sirte grew up.
448:, who passed through Surt in 947 on his way to
2151:"Libyan rebels advance on Gaddafi's home town"
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
3074:
2911:
2777:
2116:Erdbrink, Thomas; Sly, Liz (23 August 2011).
1755:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE)
1671:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. 1897.
8:
2553:Jawad, Rana; et al. (6 December 2016).
2525:
2523:
398:Sirte is built near the site of the ancient
2532:"Libya's Sirte in rubble after ISIL battle"
23:"Sirt" redirects here. For other uses, see
3081:
3067:
3059:
2918:
2904:
2896:
2784:
2770:
2762:
936:
41:
334:, it was briefly the capital of Libya as
2530:Mannocchi, Francesca (6 December 2016).
2273:. The Daily Telegraph. 20 October 2011.
1474:
318:. It is famously known for its battles,
2247:. Al Jazeera English. 20 October 2011.
2245:"Muammar Gaddafi killed as Sirte falls"
2149:Stephen, Christopher (24 August 2011).
1650:, p. 197. Kogan Page Publishers, 2004.
1552:
487:. The Fatimids founded the new city of
215:
198:
185:
177:
137:
102:
68:
53:
2606:from the original on 30 November 2016.
2467:from the original on 13 February 2015.
2163:from the original on 30 September 2013
1884:, p. 73. Oxford Business Group, 2008.
743:rebels. It was also reported that the
659:China Railway Construction Corporation
2629:from the original on 8 December 2016.
2584:from the original on 9 December 2016.
2565:from the original on 7 December 2016.
2542:from the original on 7 December 2016.
2494:from the original on 8 December 2016.
2412:from the original on 16 February 2012
2225:from the original on 10 November 2012
2015:"Rebel push stalls outside Ras Lanuf"
1989:"Rebel forces retreat from Ras Lanuf"
1938:from the original on 18 December 2019
758:, which had been captured by rebels.
310:, almost right in the middle between
190:
165:
155:
7:
3452:20th-century establishments in Libya
2576:Joscelyn, Thomas (7 December 2016).
2516:from the original on 11 August 2016.
2381:from the original on 15 October 2011
2355:from the original on 16 October 2011
2328:from the original on 20 October 2011
2277:from the original on 20 October 2011
2251:from the original on 20 October 2011
1845:, p. 170. Palgrave Macmillan, 1993.
1646:Wallace, Jonathan; Wilkinson, Bill.
840:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
778:in custody less than an hour later.
64:, Assembly building, in Sirte (2007)
2647:from the original on 7 January 2020
2324:. The Daily Star. 20 October 2011.
1912:from the original on 18 August 2012
940:Climate data for Sirte (1991–2020)
479:around 965, in preparation for the
452:(which was then the capital of the
369:in 2011. Sirte was favoured by the
267:
3422:Populated places in Sirte District
2719:. Bulgarianmilitary. 23 June 2020.
2400:Head, Jonathan (9 February 2012).
2130:from the original on 11 March 2016
2097:from the original on 30 March 2011
2067:from the original on 28 March 2011
1902:"Struggle to salvage Darfur talks"
857:(GNA), an offensive backed by the
14:
3427:Populated coastal places in Libya
2731:"Sirte Climate Normals 1991–2020"
2347:Peachey, Paul (14 October 2011).
2310:from the original on 31 May 2013.
2021:from the original on 13 July 2012
1995:from the original on 25 July 2012
1969:from the original on 7 March 2011
1957:Tomasevic, Goran (5 March 2011).
1758:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 894–5.
1667:P. G. W. Glare (1982). "Syrtis".
1637:allAfrica. Accessed 22 April 2012
2828:
2793:
2463:(in Italian). 13 February 2015.
2191:. 23 August 2011. Archived from
1843:Libya: the struggle for survival
1510:
562:harbour") which became known as
241:
143:
81:
74:
55:
1809:, p. 121. Lonely Planet, 2007.
754:, replacing the former capital
738:. At the same time, rebels in
726:, other rebel forces based in
687:Second Gulf of Sidra offensive
642:was signed in the city by the
1:
2017:. Al Jazeera. 10 March 2011.
1991:. Al Jazeera. 10 March 2011.
855:Government of National Accord
797:National Transitional Council
745:National Transitional Council
644:Organisation of African Unity
330:. Due to developments in the
306:. It is located south of the
82:
887:Libyan civil war (2014–2020)
867:United States Africa Command
350:. It grew into a city after
39:Place in Tripolitania, Libya
2643:. Reuters. 6 January 2020.
2431:Adel, Jamal (5 June 2014).
2377:. News24. 13 October 2011.
2063:. BBC News. 28 March 2011.
1785:Goodchild, Richard George.
1624:Dobbs, L. (16 April 2012).
1581:. BBC News. 9 February 2012
1413:Average precipitation days
1199:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1059:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
3473:
2375:"Gaddafi's dream in ruins"
1829:, p. 16. Bison Books, 1978
1487:(1942–2011), former leader
1459:
939:
884:
811:
680:
367:NATO-led invasion of Libya
29:
22:
15:
3096:
2938:
2826:
1963:Christian Science Monitor
1789:, p. 136. P. Elek, 1976.
1648:Doing business with Libya
1536:Railway stations in Libya
1412:
1338:
1268:
1198:
1128:
1058:
988:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
832:General National Congress
724:Tripoli came under attack
628:was established in 1991.
536:Ali ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi
481:Fatimid conquest of Egypt
103:
69:
54:
3417:Former national capitals
2926:Administrative seats of
650:and warring factions in
232:A square in Sirte (2007)
48:
30:Not to be confused with
3090:Arab Capital of Culture
1839:Simons, Geoffrey Leslie
1669:Oxford Latin Dictionary
1526:List of cities in Libya
683:Libyan civil war (2011)
633:United States of Africa
338:'s successor after the
2159:. www.guardian.co.uk.
1882:The Report: Libya 2008
1863:Europa World Year 2004
1480:
818:Battle of Sirte (2016)
814:Battle of Sirte (2015)
691:Battle of Sirte (2011)
591:North African Campaign
578:after the fall of the
332:First Libyan Civil War
233:
182:28 m (92 ft)
18:Sirte (disambiguation)
1632:17 April 2012 at the
1478:
885:Further information:
812:Further information:
705:recaptured Ra's Lanuf
681:Further information:
622:seizing power in 1969
608:in 1942 in a tent at
231:
123:31.20500°N 16.58861°E
3125:United Arab Emirates
2741:on 14 September 2023
2602:. 16 November 2016.
2221:. 1 September 2011.
1611:on 24 December 2011.
1497:Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam
989:Record high °C (°F)
893:Libyan National Army
761:Anti-Gaddafi forces
626:Al-Tahadi University
554:built a fortress at
2490:. 5 December 2016.
2461:Corriere Della Sera
2351:. The Independent.
2123:The Washington Post
1908:. 29 October 2007.
1269:Record low °C (°F)
1129:Daily mean °C (°F)
763:surrounded the city
701:Battle of Bin Jawad
697:anti-Gaddafi forces
404:Macomedes-Euphranta
119: /
62:Mathābah al-Madīnah
3447:Baladiyat of Libya
3360:State of Palestine
3247:State of Palestine
2838:Towns and villages
2512:. 11 August 2016.
1531:Transport in Libya
1481:
923:hot desert climate
903:launched an attack
848:Libya Shield Force
483:under his general
371:Gaddafi government
234:
218:License Plate Code
192: • Total
128:31.20500; 16.58861
3399:
3398:
3056:
3055:
2893:
2892:
2696:www.aljazeera.com
2093:. 30 March 2011.
1890:978-1-902339-11-5
1871:978-1-85743-255-8
1851:978-0-312-08997-9
1815:978-1-74059-493-6
1795:978-0-236-17680-9
1656:978-0-7494-3992-7
1467:
1466:
801:Mustafa Abushagur
695:On 5 March 2011,
640:Sirte Declaration
580:Karamanli dynasty
556:Marsat al Zaafran
485:Jawhar al-Siqilli
454:Fatimid Caliphate
408:Mediterranean Sea
379:NATO intervention
226:
225:
95:Location in Libya
3464:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2832:
2798:
2797:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2480:
2469:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2439:. Archived from
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
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2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1898:
1892:
1879:
1873:
1859:
1853:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1803:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1749:
1692:
1691:Book IV, line 41
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1644:
1638:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1605:The News Tribune
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1416:
937:
881:Second Civil War
824:widespread chaos
602:Second World War
595:Second World War
282:), also spelled
281:
280:
279:
277:
269:
261:
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149:
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85:
84:
78:
59:
42:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3437:Muammar Gaddafi
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3092:
3087:
3057:
3052:
2934:
2924:
2894:
2889:
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2806:
2792:
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2724:
2715:
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2528:
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2504:
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2499:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2445:on 8 June 2014.
2430:
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2306:. 31 May 2013.
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2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1930:
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1925:
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1686:
1679:
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1665:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1634:Wayback Machine
1623:
1616:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1567:. 29 June 2013.
1559:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1516:
1511:
1509:
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1485:Muammar Gaddafi
1479:Muammar Gaddafi
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1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
919:
896:fought a battle
889:
883:
875:
836:local loyalists
820:
810:
808:ISIL occupation
792:
772:Muammar Gaddafi
693:
679:
677:First Civil War
618:
606:Muammar Gaddafi
564:Qasr al Zaafran
548:
396:
391:
340:Fall of Tripoli
328:Muammar Gaddafi
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144:
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127:
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2808:
2807:
2800:Sirte District
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2759:
2758:External links
2756:
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2708:
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2206:
2195:on 4 June 2016
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2006:
1980:
1949:
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1491:Moussa Ibrahim
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1471:Notable people
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859:United Nations
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2928:the districts
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2865:Qasr Abu Hadi
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2671:www.aa.com.tr
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2600:Libya Heraald
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1825:Barker, A.J.
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1341:precipitation
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764:
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748:
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733:
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676:
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664:
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649:
645:
641:
638:In 1999, the
636:
634:
629:
627:
623:
615:
613:
611:
610:Qasr Abu Hadi
607:
603:
598:
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581:
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573:
569:
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493:Zirid dynasty
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436:
434:
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432:Paradise Lost
428:
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423:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
394:Early history
393:
388:
386:
384:
381:. During the
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Gaddafi tribe
360:
359:Qasr Abu Hadi
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:ethnic groups
317:
313:
309:
308:Gulf of Sirte
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
278:
276:pronunciation
265:
259:
238:
230:
221:
219:
211:
207:
204:
202:
194:
181:
174:
171:
169:
162:
159:
152:
141:
132:
104:Coordinates:
77:
63:
58:
43:
37:
33:
26:
19:
3442:Tripolitania
3265:
3145:Saudi Arabia
3022:
2818:
2817:
2745:14 September
2743:. Retrieved
2739:the original
2734:
2725:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2670:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2635:
2623:Libya Herald
2622:
2612:
2599:
2590:
2571:
2558:
2548:
2535:
2500:
2488:Libya Herald
2487:
2460:
2451:
2442:the original
2437:Libya Herald
2436:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2405:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2316:
2303:
2279:. Retrieved
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:the original
2186:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:The Guardian
2154:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2121:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2090:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2055:
2044:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1881:
1877:
1862:
1857:
1842:
1834:
1827:Afrika Korps
1826:
1821:
1806:
1801:
1786:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1754:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1647:
1642:
1625:
1609:the original
1604:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1573:
1564:
1555:
1518:Libya portal
1343:mm (inches)
930:
921:Sirte has a
920:
900:
890:
876:
852:
821:
793:
780:
760:
749:
721:
694:
656:
637:
630:
619:
599:
588:
576:Tripolitania
572:Abdülmecid I
563:
555:
550:In 1842 the
549:
540:
529:
501:Banu Khazrun
474:
450:al-Mahdiyyah
437:
430:
420:
403:
397:
375:killed there
356:
352:World War II
295:
291:
287:
283:
236:
235:
161:Tripolitania
61:
36:
3376:Kuwait City
3306:Constantine
3151:Kuwait City
2416:17 February
2229:1 September
2041:"- YouTube"
1585:8 September
901:GNA forces
822:During the
616:Gaddafi era
441:Ibadi Islam
427:John Milton
126: /
3406:Categories
3346:Port Sudan
2870:Ra's Lanuf
2845:Abu Qurayn
2536:Al Jezeera
2510:Al Jazeera
2385:20 October
2359:20 October
2332:20 October
2281:20 October
2255:20 October
1942:14 January
1547:References
1415:(≥ 0.1 mm)
776:was killed
736:Ra's Lanuf
566:("saffron
509:Banu Hilal
446:Ibn Hawqal
400:Phoenician
187:Population
114:16°35′19″E
111:31°12′18″N
3356:Bethlehem
3240:Jerusalem
2850:Bin Jawad
2651:7 January
2304:France 24
2199:24 August
2167:24 August
2134:23 August
1861:"Libya".
1541:Qadhadhfa
828:civil war
717:Bin Jawad
657:In 2008,
532:al-Idrisi
477:al-Mu'izz
201:Time zone
179:Elevation
3227:Damascus
3191:Khartoum
2963:Benghazi
2953:‘Aziziya
2943:Ajdabiya
2860:Nofaliya
2645:Archived
2627:Archived
2604:Archived
2582:Archived
2563:Archived
2559:BBC News
2540:Archived
2514:Archived
2492:Archived
2465:Archived
2410:Archived
2406:BBC News
2379:Archived
2353:Archived
2326:Archived
2308:Archived
2275:Archived
2249:Archived
2223:Archived
2161:Archived
2128:Archived
2095:Archived
2091:BBC News
2071:28 March
2065:Archived
2025:10 March
2019:Archived
1999:10 March
1993:Archived
1967:Archived
1936:Archived
1916:29 March
1910:Archived
1906:BBC News
1630:Archived
1504:See also
1460:Source:
1339:Average
1054:(119.3)
1044:(102.9)
1039:(111.6)
1034:(113.9)
1029:(119.3)
1024:(117.5)
1019:(118.0)
1014:(114.8)
1009:(110.3)
1004:(101.5)
728:Benghazi
711:. Under
709:Benghazi
584:Italians
552:Ottomans
513:al-Bakri
497:Kairouan
470:Ajdabiya
458:cisterns
402:city of
348:Ottomans
344:Italians
316:Benghazi
168:District
3390:Lebanon
3386:Tripoli
3340:Morocco
3320:Tunisia
3310:Algeria
3296:Tripoli
3286:Baghdad
3280:Bahrain
3221:Algeria
3214:Algiers
3175:Morocco
3135:Lebanon
3121:Sharjah
3115:Tunisia
3028:Tripoli
3003:Misrata
2978:Gharian
2948:Al Jawf
2880:'Uwayja
2811:Capital
2188:Reuters
2101:20 June
2046:YouTube
1973:6 March
1408:(7.44)
1403:(1.80)
1398:(0.86)
1393:(0.68)
1388:(0.39)
1383:(0.01)
1378:(0.00)
1373:(0.03)
1368:(0.14)
1363:(0.15)
1358:(0.53)
1353:(1.18)
1348:(1.61)
1334:(36.1)
1329:(37.4)
1324:(41.0)
1319:(45.5)
1314:(59.9)
1309:(61.2)
1304:(55.4)
1299:(50.0)
1294:(45.5)
1289:(41.0)
1284:(36.1)
1279:(37.4)
1274:(36.5)
1264:(61.9)
1259:(51.8)
1254:(59.0)
1249:(68.0)
1244:(73.0)
1239:(74.7)
1234:(73.0)
1229:(68.7)
1224:(63.1)
1219:(57.7)
1214:(53.2)
1209:(49.8)
1204:(49.3)
1194:(70.3)
1189:(60.3)
1184:(68.0)
1179:(76.8)
1174:(81.1)
1169:(82.0)
1164:(80.6)
1159:(76.8)
1154:(72.0)
1149:(66.9)
1144:(62.6)
1139:(58.6)
1134:(57.6)
1124:(78.8)
1119:(68.7)
1114:(77.0)
1109:(85.5)
1104:(89.2)
1099:(89.6)
1094:(88.2)
1089:(84.9)
1084:(80.8)
1079:(76.1)
1074:(72.0)
1069:(67.5)
1064:(65.8)
1049:(89.6)
999:(99.9)
994:(89.4)
917:Climate
911:MiG-29s
838:to the
790:Postwar
756:Tripoli
740:Misrata
671:Misrata
593:of the
560:saffron
521:bazaars
505:Tripoli
389:History
336:Tripoli
324:loyalty
312:Tripoli
298:, is a
195:128,123
139:Country
3388:2023 (
3380:Kuwait
3378:2022 (
3370:Jordan
3368:2021 (
3358:2020 (
3348:2019 (
3338:2018 (
3328:2017 (
3318:2016 (
3308:2015 (
3298:2014 (
3288:2013 (
3278:2012 (
3276:Manama
3268:2011 (
3201:Muscat
3193:2005 (
3183:2004 (
3181:Sanaʽa
3173:2003 (
3165:Jordan
3163:2002 (
3155:Kuwait
3153:2001 (
3143:2000 (
3141:Riyadh
3133:1999 (
3131:Beirut
3123:1998 (
3113:1997 (
3103:1996 (
3048:Zuwara
3043:Zawiya
3033:Tobruk
3008:Murzuk
2885:Buerat
2855:Harawa
2701:7 June
2676:6 June
1888:
1869:
1849:
1813:
1793:
1771:18 May
1762:
1675:
1654:
945:Month
927:Köppen
767:battle
689:, and
652:Darfur
620:After
568:castle
519:, and
517:hammam
499:. The
422:Aeneid
417:Virgil
383:battle
264:Arabic
157:Region
148:
3412:Sirte
3366:Irbid
3350:Sudan
3336:Oujda
3330:Egypt
3326:Luxor
3300:Libya
3270:Libya
3266:Sirte
3260:Qatar
3234:Syria
3195:Sudan
3185:Yemen
3171:Rabat
3161:Amman
3111:Tunis
3105:Egypt
3101:Cairo
3038:Ubari
3023:Sirte
3018:Sebha
3013:Nalut
2993:Khoms
2973:Derna
2958:Beida
2932:Libya
2875:Sidra
2819:Sirte
2804:Libya
1807:Libya
1455:27.1
1406:189.0
984:Year
907:Egypt
844:Derna
732:Brega
667:Sabha
663:Khoms
648:Sudan
525:Copts
489:Cairo
462:dates
304:Libya
296:Syrte
268:سِرْت
237:Sirte
206:UTC+2
151:Libya
89:Sirte
49:سِرْت
46:Sirte
32:Siirt
3316:Sfax
3290:Iraq
3256:2010
3253:Doha
3243:2009
3230:2008
3217:2007
3208:Oman
3204:2006
2998:Marj
2983:Ghat
2968:Brak
2747:2023
2703:2020
2678:2020
2653:2020
2418:2012
2387:2011
2361:2011
2334:2011
2283:2011
2257:2011
2231:2011
2201:2011
2169:2011
2136:2011
2103:2018
2073:2011
2027:2011
2001:2011
1975:2011
1944:2020
1918:2011
1886:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1773:2022
1760:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1587:2021
1462:NOAA
1452:6.0
1449:3.1
1446:2.1
1443:1.3
1440:0.0
1437:0.0
1434:0.3
1431:0.9
1428:0.9
1425:2.4
1422:4.4
1419:5.7
1401:45.7
1396:21.9
1391:17.3
1356:13.5
1351:29.9
1346:41.0
1312:15.5
1307:16.2
1302:13.0
1297:10.0
1262:16.6
1257:11.0
1252:15.0
1247:20.0
1242:22.8
1237:23.7
1232:22.8
1227:20.4
1222:17.3
1217:14.3
1212:11.8
1192:21.3
1187:15.7
1182:20.0
1177:24.9
1172:27.3
1167:27.8
1162:27.0
1157:24.9
1152:22.2
1147:19.4
1142:17.0
1137:14.8
1132:14.2
1122:26.0
1117:20.4
1112:25.0
1107:29.7
1102:31.8
1097:32.0
1092:31.2
1087:29.4
1082:27.1
1077:24.5
1072:22.2
1067:19.7
1062:18.8
1052:48.5
1047:32.0
1042:39.4
1037:44.2
1032:45.5
1027:48.5
1022:47.5
1017:47.8
1012:46.0
1007:43.5
1002:38.6
997:37.7
992:31.9
981:Dec
978:Nov
975:Oct
972:Sep
969:Aug
966:Jul
963:Jun
960:May
957:Apr
954:Mar
951:Feb
948:Jan
891:The
826:and
816:and
783:NATO
734:and
466:alum
322:and
314:and
300:city
294:or
292:Sert
288:Surt
284:Sirt
173:Sirt
25:SIRT
2988:Hun
2930:of
2219:CNN
1386:9.9
1381:0.2
1376:0.1
1371:0.8
1366:3.6
1361:3.8
1332:2.3
1327:3.0
1322:5.0
1317:7.5
1292:7.5
1287:5.0
1282:2.3
1277:3.0
1272:2.5
1207:9.9
1202:9.6
931:Bsh
669:to
503:of
495:of
429:'s
419:'s
326:to
302:in
252:ɜːr
210:EET
3408::
2802:,
2733:.
2694:.
2669:.
2625:.
2621:.
2598:.
2561:.
2557:.
2538:.
2534:.
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2508:.
2486:.
2473:^
2459:.
2435:.
2408:.
2404:.
2302:.
2291:^
2217:.
2185:.
2153:.
2126:.
2120:.
2089:.
2043:.
1965:.
1961:.
1934:.
1904:.
1841:.
1696:^
1617:^
1603:.
1563:.
929::
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673:.
654:.
558:("
527:.
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3232:(
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3219:(
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2680:.
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2420:.
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2171:.
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1946:.
1920:.
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