158:
1477:
palace, but even necessitated the supervision of the administrative and financial agents acting on their behalf, giving them some experience in such matters. Finally, particularly after the chaos and terror of al-Hakim's last years, the ruling elite was quite prepared to accept direction from her, for they had little left to lose. As Lev writes, in this atmosphere, "machinations and the readiness to shed blood had become accepted ways of conducting political life, and by these standards, Sitt al-Mulk was a ruler worthy of the name, for she inspired
1465:). In this capacity, she began to reverse al-Hakim's decisions, and restore orderly government, with a particular attention to the state finances: among other measures, she cancelled the estate grants and salaries that al-Hakim had conferred on his favourites, and restored the customs duties that he had abolished for being un-Islamic. She also reversed her brother's manifold prohibitions, allowing women to leave their homes, and permitting again the listening to music and the drinking of wine. The non-Muslims (
1232:
beauty, but, following common
Fatimid practice, she remained unmarried to avoid dynastic complications. Sitt al-Mulk inherited her father's open-mindedness and tolerance, and, uniquely among Fatimid palace ladies, she was involved in politics. She exercised considerable influence on him during his reign, as seen by the attempt of the Christian vizier Isa ibn Nasturus, when he was dismissed from his post, to regain his post through her intercession (for which he placed 300,000 dinars at her disposal).
2248:
987:
3620:
1260:) but had died shortly before him, leading to the accession of al-Aziz. According to the Arab chroniclers, she had fallen in love with this otherwise unknown cousin and intended to marry him. The princess reportedly hurried back to Cairo with the senior courtiers and the palace guard to take control of the palace and raise her candidate to the throne, but the
2234:
1423:, considering it dubious, since there were many other members of the Fatimid establishment, including Ibn Dawwas, who had an interest in eliminating the erratic caliph. Even Halm admits, however, that the rumours were persistent, and that, as the affair around Malik al-Fariqi shows, al-Hakim did not trust his sister.
1476:
Historian Yaacov Lev points out that she was able to rule as the result of several factors. On the one hand, while women of the
Fatimid dynasty were not usually involved in politics, they were "not secluded from social and economic life", which not only allowed them contact with the world outside the
1452:
The new caliph had long been under her tutelage during al-Hakim's reign, and remained so for some time after his coronation, which led to tensions with al-Zahir's mother, Ruqayya. During this early period of al-Zahir's reign, Sitt al-Mulk was the effective governor of the state, known in contemporary
1309:
Soon, however, al-Hakim's reign began to degenerate into terror and arbitrary rule. The state suffered from an increasingly erratic governance, as the Caliph issued a bewildering array of prohibitions ranging from food and singing in public to dogs and baths, launched a persecution of
Christians and
1280:
Nevertheless, although not much information survives, during the early part of al-Hakim's reign, the relations between Sitt al-Mulk and her brother appear to have been normal and even amicable: in 997, she made him rich gifts, and soon after
Barjawan's murder in 1000, which allowed al-Hakim to take
1372:
On the night of 13 February 1021, the Caliph disappeared during one of his nightly walks in the streets of Cairo. After a couple of days of search, evidence of his murder was found, and he was declared dead. Of the three contemporary historians to write about these events (and who in turn provided
1326:
As a result, the two siblings drifted apart. The princess opposed al-Hakim's intolerant politics, and he was jealous of her, suspecting her of having lovers, including among his generals. The event that most contributed to the rift between the two was connected to the succession: in 1013, al-Hakim
1244:
on 13 October 996, while preparing an expedition against the
Byzantines in northern Syria. His sudden death opened the issue of succession, as the caliph's only surviving son, al-Mansur, was eleven years old. His half-sister Sitt al-Mulk therefore supported another candidate, an adult son of the
1231:
Sitt al-Mulk was doted on by her father, and was his favourite daughter. Al-Aziz lavished gifts and wealth on her, and she had a personal palace with 4000 maids and even put a military unit at her disposal. Her wealth allowed her to fund a number of charitable endowments. She was renowned for her
1431:
Following the disappearance of al-Hakim, and even before he was declared dead, Sitt al-Mulk moved to establish her control of the court, distributing money to the court dignitaries and military commanders (according to Hilal, with the aid of Ibn Dawwas). Hilal reports that al-Hakim's son Ali was
1285:
on her and al-Hakim used to consult her in his difficult or dilemma tasks. Moreover, she was the intermediary of the caliph and others, who asked her for favors or to intercede on their behalf with her brother, the caliph or conveyed information to the caliph through her. In 1000, al-Hakim even
1444:
ruler of the state in the meantime. All sources agree that she quickly had Ibn Dawwas executed as the one responsible for al-Hakim's death (and perhaps to cover up her own culpability). This was followed soon after by al-Hakim's designated heir, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, who was then serving as
1543:
This has led to considerable confusion in modern sources regarding the identity and wider family of al-Aziz's consorts. The connection with al-Sayyida has led to speculation that al-Hakim' mother was also a
Christian. The sources are contradictory on the matter, but among modern historians
1153:
who were captured in the wars against the
Byzantines there sometime before 965. It is known that al-Sayyida al-Aziziyya refused to convert to Islam. Al-Aziz's love for her was great, but scandalized pious Muslim opinion, especially at a time when al-Aziz was at war with the Byzantines in
1499:
indicates that power soon passed to a new circle of officials, and that she lost her influence and died in obscurity, while al-Maqrizi indicates that she maintained her control over state affairs until her death. Sitt al-Mulk used her personal slave woman and confidant
1339:), violating the direct line of succession and overturning a century of precedent of excluding the males of the wider dynasty from all affairs of state. Sitt al-Mulk was committed to the succession of al-Hakim's surviving son Ali, and took him and his mother, the
1386:
general Ibn Dawwas, whom the Caliph suspected of being one of her lovers, and conspired with him to have al-Hakim killed, which was done by Ibn Dawwas' slaves. Given the fervently anti-Fatimid bias of Hilal, this account is suspect, but the later historians
1483:". However, while she was widely praised by medieval chroniclers for both her personal qualities as well as for her sound policies, her position was anomalous, and dependent on the entirely exceptional circumstances. She may have
1548:
considers al-Hakim's mother a "Greek
Christian" (although a distinct person from al-Sayyida al-Aziziyya), and Orestes and Arsenios the maternal uncles of al-Hakim, as does Michael Brett. On the other hand, the medieval historian
1381:
directly implicates the princess, writing that after Sitt al-Mulk quarreled with her brother over the direction of the state and the future of the dynasty, she began to fear that he would have her killed. She thus approached the
1407:, report that she ordered the execution of all those who participated in the conspiracy to kill al-Hakim. This has been interpreted by modern historians as an attempt to cover up her involvement. On the other hand,
1314:
in 1009), purged the old guard of officials he had inherited from his father, and introduced doctrinal innovations, even to the point of seemingly accepting the divine status accorded to him by some of the
2382:(2015). "Prinzen, Prinzessinnen, Konkubinen und Eunuchen am fatimidischen Hof" [Princes, Princesses, Concubines and Eunuchs at the Fatimid Court]. In Pomerantz, Maurice A.; Shahin, Aram A. (eds.).
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married one of her slave girls. She also intervened to inform her brother, who was rather ignorant of state affairs, of a conspiracy by two senior officials that led to the execution of the vizier
3662:
3652:
2743:
2522:
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reports that after al-Hakim's death, Sitt al-Mulk donated vestments, books, and silver liturgical objects that she had inherited from
Arsenios, implying that she was related to him.
3543:
1411:, a Christian who had fled al-Hakim's persecution, mentions nothing of Sitt al-Mulk's involvement in al-Hakim's death. Modern scholars are likely divided, with some, such as
2588:
1487:
exercised the functions of a caliph, but it was unthinkable for her to hold power in her own name and claim sovereignty, for example by having her name included in the
1158:. Her Christian faith reportedly caused suspicion that she was behind his tolerance towards Christians and Jews, which went as far as the appointment of a Christian,
1267:, who was al-Mansur's tutor, pre-empted her by putting the crown on the boy's head as soon as news of al-Aziz's death arrived. Al-Mansur thus became caliph with the
1311:
1190:. It is still debated among modern scholars whether al-Sayyida al-Aziziyya was also the mother of Sitt al-Mulk's younger brother, and al-Aziz's heir and successor,
1473:) who had been forced to convert to Islam under al-Hakim were allowed to return to their old faith, and those who had fled the country were allowed to return.
3155:
3142:
3138:
157:
3147:
3410:
720:
2724:
2718:
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Walker, Paul E. (2011). "The
Fatimid Caliph al-Aziz and His Daughter Sitt al-Mulk: A Case of Delayed but Eventual Succession to Rule by a Woman".
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830:
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1171:
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559:
3262:
182:
3405:
1440:, only seven days after al-Hakim's disappearance, but all other sources mention that he was crowned on 27 March, with Sitt al-Mulk as the
3667:
1015:
3375:
2791:
2767:
2712:
1507:
She also severely persecuted the Druze religion, which believed in al-Hakim's divinity. She succeeded in eliminating it entirely from
1303:
646:
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3657:
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2574:
2507:
2442:
2369:
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2498:(1999). "Le destin de la princesse Sitt al-Mulk" [The Destiny of the Princess Sitt al-Mulk]. In Barrucand, Marianne (ed.).
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619:
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Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. 118
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reports, Sitt al-Mulk held vigil at her tomb for one month. From her mother the princess inherited a slave girl,
861:
822:
624:
364:
3318:
2825:
1216:. In 972–973, the Fatimid court moved from Ifriqiya to Egypt to take up residence in their newly built capital,
343:
327:
3107:
2253:
846:
3365:
904:
812:
715:
3481:
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2606:
1369:, was accused of being close to her (apparently siding with her over the choice of heir), and was executed.
1261:
1008:
856:
817:
554:
529:
1299:
3123:
2995:
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2820:
2757:
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1328:
886:
477:
269:
254:
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L'Égypte fatimide, son art et son histoire. Actes du colloque organisé à Paris les 28, 29 et 30 mai 1998
1345:
Ruqayya, into her palace to shield them from the Caliph. The downfall of al-Hakim's erstwhile favourite
1225:
1191:
1054:
871:
775:
51:
3323:
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in 1014/5 is apparently related to this: Malik, who had been raised to head of the judiciary, as chief
351:
3647:
3583:
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3390:
3328:
3306:
3005:
3000:
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2857:
2829:
1334:
1167:
923:
700:
534:
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427:
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239:
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1495:(Friday sermon). It is unclear how long her regency lasted; the contemporary official and historian
3642:
3598:
3518:
3070:
2960:
2649:
1179:
1041:
935:
881:
599:
584:
1201:), but the evidence appears to be against it. When her mother died in November 995, the historian
3603:
3493:
3311:
3079:
3065:
2970:
2555:
2547:
2320:
1074:
1001:
961:
761:
756:
443:
390:
383:
137:
77:
1412:
807:
3443:
3127:
3099:
2597:
2539:
2503:
2469:
2438:
2418:
2387:
2365:
2339:
2324:
2288:
2267:
1388:
1302:, who had previously risen in revolt against Fatimid rule in Palestine along with his father,
952:
942:
802:
751:
705:
492:
472:
33:
3165:
3095:
3085:
3055:
2975:
2874:
2842:
2785:
2624:
2531:
2461:
2410:
2239:
1550:
1516:
1408:
1281:
over the reins of government himself, he conferred estates with an annual income of 100,000
1159:
1146:
970:
735:
482:
227:
1220:. Thus Sitt al-Mulk spent her childhood at the palace of Qasr al-Bahr on the shores of the
3503:
2685:
2430:
1416:
1392:
1032:
688:
656:
579:
398:
105:
3533:
2955:
2654:
2634:
2312:
2266:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1097:
890:
866:
792:
681:
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589:
372:
202:
115:
2307:
3636:
3350:
3299:
3271:
3267:
3237:
3190:
3051:
3045:
2837:
2559:
2517:
1378:
1291:
1155:
957:
838:
797:
787:
671:
651:
569:
509:
358:
264:
197:
192:
148:
3593:
3513:
3508:
3223:
3206:
1496:
1166:. In 986, two of her brothers were appointed to high office in the Melkite Church:
1058:
991:
604:
377:
249:
212:
61:
2520:(2010). "A petition to a woman at the Fatimid court (413–414 A.H./1022–23 C.E.)".
1404:
730:
710:
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3185:
1316:
966:
948:
930:
514:
408:
403:
3289:
3175:
2535:
2495:
2437:. Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2414:
2379:
2353:
2302:
2229:
1545:
1420:
1396:
1395:, apparently relying on the second contemporary account, that of the Egyptian
1282:
1202:
676:
539:
438:
2543:
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2465:
2422:
3113:
3075:
2804:
2737:
1524:
1114:
463:
177:
2566:
3619:
3103:
3059:
2965:
2925:
2852:
2848:
2774:
2669:
2664:
1501:
1446:
1295:
1264:
1206:
1078:
1057:, in 1021, she was instrumental in securing the succession of her nephew
900:
609:
487:
448:
2551:
3216:
3041:
3025:
3020:
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2910:
2679:
2384:
The Heritage of Arabo-Islamic Learning. Studies Presented to Wadad Kadi
1512:
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467:
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289:
222:
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100:
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3010:
1520:
1490:
1468:
1383:
1183:
1150:
1093:
1051:
725:
244:
29:
1141:) frequently mentioned in the sources. Al-Sayyida al-Aziziyya was a
1523:, but before negotiations could be completed, Sitt al-Mulk died of
3498:
3340:
3294:
3257:
3117:
2945:
1508:
1358:
1320:
1268:
1217:
1212:
One year before the birth of Sitt al-Mulk, the Fatimid armies had
1108:
636:
614:
304:
299:
294:
232:
217:
172:
141:
93:
1419:, considering her participation as probable, and others, such as
1645:
1643:
1352:
1221:
1149:
origin, possibly from a family of the provincial aristocracy of
314:
309:
2570:
1290:, followed by the extortion of vast sums from tax officials in
782:
1294:. In 1013, she mediated with her brother for a pardon to the
1373:
the material for many later historians), the account of the
1073:
She was born in September/October 970 at the palace-city of
1050:
princess. After the disappearance of her half-brother, the
1840:
1838:
2401:
Lev, Yaacov (1987). "The Fāṭimid Princess Sitt al-Mulk".
2358:
Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fatimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074
1927:
1925:
1209:, who became her chief confidante and spy in the palace.
2386:(in German). Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 91–110.
2502:(in French). Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 69–72.
1065:
ruler of the state until her death on 5 February 1023.
2523:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1449:: he was lured back to Egypt, imprisoned, and killed.
2362:
The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074
2167:
2165:
2163:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1046:'Lady of the Kingdom'; 970–1023) was a
1613:
1611:
1488:
1478:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1433:
1399:
1362:
1350:
1340:
1332:
1277:, while Sitt al-Mulk was placed under house arrest.
1272:
1120:
1112:
3571:
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3456:
3429:
3339:
3282:
3245:
3236:
3199:
3137:
3034:
2899:
2890:
2695:
2605:
1249:, who had been the first designated heir to Caliph
121:
111:
99:
83:
71:
67:
57:
47:
39:
28:
23:
2306:
1697:
1649:
1119:), who is most likely to be identified with the
1312:destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
3663:11th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
3653:10th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
1515:. She also worked to reduce tensions with the
2582:
2281:Cortese, Delia; Calderini, Simonetta (2006).
1009:
8:
2284:Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam
1527:on 5 February 1023 at the age of fifty-two.
1432:raised to the throne, with the regnal name
1126:
16:Regent of the Fatimid Empire (r. 1021–1023)
3460:
3242:
2896:
2589:
2575:
2567:
2330:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1016:
1002:
130:
20:
3156:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
2338:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 685–686.
2287:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1511:, and restricting it to the mountains of
2195:
2063:
2027:
1967:
1955:
1844:
1817:
1793:
1781:
1757:
1673:
1085:), to the prince Nizar—the future fifth
2364:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
1565:
1536:
1504:as her personal agent of information.
133:
1733:
1685:
1661:
3589:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
2003:
1991:
1943:
1880:
1856:
1769:
1745:
1721:
1577:
1224:, and later had her own rooms in the
7:
2154:
2099:
2087:
2051:
1916:
1868:
1805:
1709:
1634:
1602:
1319:faithful (who would later found the
2207:
2183:
2171:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2075:
2039:
2015:
1979:
1931:
1904:
1892:
1829:
1617:
1331:, as the designated heir apparent (
1036:
901:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh
1304:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah
14:
3618:
2246:
2232:
1453:sources as 'the Princess-Aunt' (
1240:Caliph al-Aziz died suddenly at
985:
877:ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh
156:
3416:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1255:
1196:
1102:
818:Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir
3406:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
3401:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
896:Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh
887:Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh
1:
3558:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
2810:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
2770:Qarmatian invasions (971–974)
2703:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
2454:Journal of Persianate Studies
2435:The Forgotten Queens of Islam
1107:). Her mother was an unnamed
813:Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak
3683:Daughters of Fatimid caliphs
3371:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
2875:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
1698:Cortese & Calderini 2006
1650:Cortese & Calderini 2006
872:Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh
862:Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh
847:ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh
3361:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
2870:Crusader invasions of Egypt
2645:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
1489:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1436:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
1434:
1400:
1363:
1351:
1341:
1333:
1273:
1121:
1113:
882:Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh
3719:
3668:11th-century women regents
3539:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
3386:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
3161:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
2936:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
2403:Journal of Semitic Studies
1459:) or 'the Princess Aziz' (
1288:Abu'l-Ala Fahd ibn Ibrahim
1145:Christian, most likely of
891:Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh
595:Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam
3616:
3579:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi
2951:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
2797:Bedouin alliance uprising
2536:10.1017/S0041977X09990322
1347:Malik ibn Sa'id al-Fariqi
1310:Jews (culminating in the
625:Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai
3673:11th-century Arab people
3658:10th-century Arab people
2466:10.1163/187471611X568276
2254:Fatimid Caliphate portal
2030:, pp. 163, 165–168.
1958:, pp. 163, 168–175.
3572:Literature and learning
3563:Shrine of Husayn's Head
3482:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
3421:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
3396:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2750:Conquest of Egypt (969)
2487:Johanna Awad-Geissler:
2415:10.1093/jss/XXXII.2.319
2262:Brett, Michael (2017).
1519:over the possession of
1188:Patriarch of Alexandria
867:Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,
520:ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
3551:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
3283:Branches and offshoots
2996:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
2941:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
2675:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
2660:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
2630:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
1357:, and of the Isma'ili
1329:Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas
1251:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
1172:Patriarch of Jerusalem
1122:al-Sayyida al-Aziziyya
125:al-Sayyida al-Aziziyya
3698:Egyptian slave owners
3529:Fatimid Great Palaces
3366:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
3181:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
2991:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
2986:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
2815:Mustansirite Hardship
2754:Expansion into Syria
2725:2nd invasion of Egypt
2719:1st invasion of Egypt
2670:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
2665:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
2640:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2620:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
2491:Droemer, München 2007
1335:walī ʿahd al-muslimīn
1300:al-Hasan ibn Mufarrij
1274:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
1192:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
1069:Family and early life
1055:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
905:Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib
580:Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi
515:ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab
52:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
3703:11th-century regents
2981:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
2880:Battle of the Blacks
2680:al-Adid li-Din Allah
2489:Die Schattenkalifin.
2198:, pp. 158, 176.
2018:, pp. 323, 325.
1784:, pp. 159, 160.
1462:al-Sayyida al-ʿAzīza
841:(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)
701:Palace of Queen Arwa
535:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
530:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
498:Nizari Ismaili state
3599:al-Azhar University
2961:al-Afdal Shahanshah
2792:Muffarij b. Daghfal
2744:Conquest of Morocco
2731:2nd Sicilian revolt
2713:1st Sicilian revolt
2650:al-Mustansir Billah
2210:, pp. 327–328.
2138:, pp. 326–327.
2126:, pp. 325–326.
2102:, pp. 301–302.
2090:, pp. 685–686.
2066:, pp. 175–176.
2054:, pp. 297–301.
2042:, pp. 323–326.
2006:, pp. 146–147.
1970:, pp. 162–163.
1946:, pp. 133–153.
1934:, pp. 322–323.
1895:, pp. 321–322.
1859:, pp. 122–124.
1832:, pp. 320–321.
1676:, pp. 160–161.
1456:al-Sayyida al-ʿAmma
1180:metropolitan bishop
1136:the Lady of al-Aziz
1061:, and acted as the
600:Rashid ad-Din Sinan
525:ibn Mansur al-Yaman
3693:Women slave owners
3604:House of Knowledge
2971:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
2655:al-Musta'li Billah
2264:The Fatimid Empire
962:Mufaddal Saifuddin
833:(al-Taqī Muhammad)
757:House of Knowledge
647:Nizārī strongholds
378:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
3678:Egyptian Ismailis
3630:
3629:
3612:
3611:
3584:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3452:
3451:
3444:Baghdad Manifesto
3391:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3376:Abu Hatim al-Razi
3232:
3231:
3071:Sharifs of Medina
3006:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
3001:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
2916:Ya'qub ibn Killis
2851:and accession of
2598:Fatimid Caliphate
2393:978-90-04-30590-8
2345:978-90-04-10422-8
2273:978-0-7486-4076-8
1808:, pp. 95–96.
1748:, pp. 77–80.
1700:, pp. 52–53.
1688:, pp. 31–32.
1664:, pp. 30–32.
1389:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
1236:Reign of al-Hakim
1045:
1026:
1025:
953:Haatim Zakiyuddin
917:Incumbent leaders
752:Baghdad Manifesto
706:Queen Arwa Mosque
473:Fatimid Caliphate
129:
128:
91:(aged 52–53)
34:Fatimid Caliphate
3710:
3688:Regents of Egypt
3622:
3461:
3243:
3066:Sharifs of Mecca
3035:Vassal dynasties
2976:Bahram al-Armani
2897:
2843:Siege of Ascalon
2625:al-Mansur Billah
2591:
2584:
2577:
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2513:
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2431:Mernissi, Fatima
2426:
2397:
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2321:Heinrichs, W. P.
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2240:Biography portal
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1409:Yahya of Antioch
1403:
1368:
1356:
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1327:chose a cousin,
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971:Taher Fakhruddin
936:Musta'li Ismaili
585:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
493:Hamdanid dynasty
483:Sulayhid dynasty
160:
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21:
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3544:Portable mihrab
3504:Al-Hakim Mosque
3448:
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3344:and theologians
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2615:al-Mahdi Billah
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2482:Further reading
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2313:Bosworth, C. E.
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1417:Fatema Mernissi
1393:Ibn Taghribirdi
1254:
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1214:conquered Egypt
1199: 996–1021
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1138:
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808:Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq
778:
767:
766:
689:Qalaat al-Madiq
620:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs
488:Zurayid dynasty
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399:Sulaymani Bohra
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87:5 February 1023
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2409:(2): 319–328.
2398:
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2317:van Donzel, E.
2308:"Sitt al-Mulk"
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2188:
2186:, p. 328.
2176:
2174:, p. 327.
2159:
2157:, p. 686.
2140:
2128:
2116:
2114:, p. 325.
2104:
2092:
2080:
2078:, p. 326.
2068:
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2044:
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2020:
2008:
1996:
1994:, p. 146.
1984:
1982:, p. 323.
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1921:
1919:, p. 235.
1909:
1907:, p. 322.
1897:
1885:
1883:, p. 125.
1873:
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1861:
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1834:
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1810:
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1762:
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1750:
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1702:
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1622:
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1607:
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2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:First Crusade
2836:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:Uprisings of
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:Rebellion of
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Establishment
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2509:2-84050-162-7
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2444:0-8166-2439-9
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2371:3-406-48654-1
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2294:0-7486-1733-7
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2230:
2225:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:Mernissi 1993
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:Mernissi 1993
2060:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:Mernissi 1993
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:Mernissi 1993
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:Mernissi 1993
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:Mernissi 1993
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:Mernissi 1993
1814:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:Mernissi 1993
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:Mernissi 1993
1778:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:Mernissi 1993
1754:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1736:, p. 33.
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:Mernissi 1993
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1652:, p. 52.
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:Hilal al-Sabi
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
993:
983:
982:
972:
968:
965:
963:
959:
958:Dawoodi Bohra
956:
954:
950:
947:
946:
944:
941:
937:
934:
932:
928:
925:
922:
921:
914:
913:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
842:
837:
835:
834:
829:
827:
826:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
777:
771:
770:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
737:
736:Jama'at Khana
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
690:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
632:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Nasir Khusraw
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
510:Hamdan Qarmat
508:
507:
506:
505:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:
459:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
425:
421:
420:
419:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
393:
392:
388:
386:
385:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
371:
367:
366:
362:
361:
360:
359:Dawoodi Bohra
357:
356:
355:
354:
353:
348:
347:
346:
345:
341:
340:
338:
333:
329:
324:
323:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:Seven Pillars
279:
278:
271:
268:
266:
265:Reincarnation
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
164:
163:
159:
155:
154:
150:
143:
139:
132:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
86:
82:
79:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3594:al-Musabbihi
3514:Bab al-Futuh
3509:Aqmar Mosque
3469:architecture
3430:Anti-Fatimid
3341:Missionaries
3224:Fatimid navy
3207:Fatimid army
2931:Sitt al-Mulk
2930:
2893:and military
2758:Alexandretta
2684:
2607:Imam-Caliphs
2527:
2521:
2499:
2488:
2457:
2453:
2434:
2406:
2402:
2383:
2361:
2357:
2335:
2328:
2283:
2263:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1539:
1506:
1497:al-Musabbihi
1484:
1475:
1451:
1445:governor of
1441:
1430:
1371:
1325:
1308:
1279:
1239:
1230:
1211:
1186:, and later
1075:al-Mansuriya
1072:
1062:
1059:Ali az-Zahir
1029:Sitt al-Mulk
1028:
1027:
840:
832:
824:
823:ʿAbad Allāh
716:Constitution
694:
693:
630:
629:
605:Pir Sadardin
565:al-Naysaburi
550:al-Sijistani
503:
502:
457:
456:
426:
416:
415:
389:
382:
363:
350:
349:
342:
336:
89:(1023-02-05)
78:al-Mansuriya
62:Ali az-Zahir
24:Sitt al-Mulk
18:
3648:1023 deaths
3524:Bab Zuweila
3519:Bab al-Nasr
3487:Skifa Kahla
3439:Akhu Muhsin
3356:Ibn Hawshab
3263:Esotericism
3186:al-Basasiri
2904:and regents
2530:(1): 1–27.
2496:Halm, Heinz
2380:Halm, Heinz
2354:Halm, Heinz
2325:Lecomte, G.
2303:Halm, Heinz
1734:Walker 2011
1686:Walker 2011
1662:Walker 2011
1377:chronicler
1361:, as chief
1283:gold dinars
1269:regnal name
1111:concubine (
967:Qutbi Bohra
949:Alavi Bohra
931:Aga Khan IV
409:Qutbi Bohra
404:Alavi Bohra
365:Progressive
48:Predecessor
3643:970 births
3637:Categories
3381:Abu Tammam
3290:Qarmatians
3238:Isma'ilism
3176:Manjutakin
2891:Government
2847:Regime of
2819:Revolt of
2803:Revolt of
2334:Volume IX:
2004:Brett 2017
1992:Brett 2017
1944:Brett 2017
1881:Brett 2017
1857:Brett 2017
1770:Brett 2017
1746:Brett 2017
1722:Brett 2017
1578:Brett 2017
1561:References
1546:Heinz Halm
1421:Heinz Halm
1413:Yaacov Lev
1298:chieftain
1228:at Cairo.
1203:al-Maqrizi
721:Delegation
677:Maymun-Diz
560:al-Shirazi
555:al-Kirmani
540:Qadi Numan
439:Qarmatians
328:Musta'lism
315:Pilgrimage
255:Numerology
149:Isma'ilism
3494:Mansuriya
3312:Assassins
3246:Doctrines
3143:governors
3139:Officials
3114:Banu Kanz
3100:Hamdanids
3096:Sulayhids
3086:Mirdasids
3080:Palestine
3076:Jarrahids
3056:Hammadids
2921:Ibn Ammar
2805:Abu Rakwa
2777:(974–978)
2746:(958–960)
2740:(943–947)
2738:Abu Yazid
2733:(937–941)
2727:(919–921)
2721:(914–915)
2715:(913–917)
2560:162928072
2544:0041-977X
2474:1874-7094
2460:: 30–44.
2433:(1993) .
2423:0022-4480
2155:Halm 1997
2100:Halm 2003
2088:Halm 1997
2052:Halm 2003
1917:Halm 2003
1869:Halm 2003
1806:Halm 2015
1710:Halm 2003
1635:Halm 2015
1603:Halm 1997
1531:Footnotes
1525:dysentery
1405:al-Quda'i
1359:hierarchy
1342:umm walad
1292:Palestine
1178:was made
1115:umm walad
857:al-Manṣūr
798:al-Sajjad
731:Holy Du'a
610:Aga Khans
545:al-Nasafi
466:state of
464:Qarmatian
444:Assassins
178:Batiniyya
58:Successor
43:1021–1023
3432:movement
3411:Abdallah
3319:Musta'li
3200:Military
3148:generals
3104:Zurayids
3060:Ifriqiya
2966:Kutayfat
2926:Barjawan
2853:al-Hafiz
2849:Kutayfat
2826:Musta'li
2775:Alptakin
2552:25702987
2356:(2003).
2327:(eds.).
2305:(1997).
2208:Lev 1987
2184:Lev 1987
2172:Lev 1987
2136:Lev 1987
2124:Lev 1987
2112:Lev 1987
2076:Lev 1987
2040:Lev 1987
2016:Lev 1987
1980:Lev 1987
1932:Lev 1987
1905:Lev 1987
1893:Lev 1987
1830:Lev 1987
1618:Lev 1987
1502:Taqarrub
1485:de facto
1447:Damascus
1442:de facto
1375:Baghdadi
1317:Isma'ili
1296:Jarrahid
1265:Barjawan
1247:Abdallah
1207:Taqarrub
1176:Arsenios
1081:(modern
1079:Ifriqiya
1063:de facto
1037:ست الملك
852:al-Qāʾim
803:al-Baqir
657:Atashgah
449:Satpanth
434:Seveners
344:Musta'li
332:Nizarism
260:Theology
167:Concepts
138:a series
136:Part of
3477:Mahdiya
3457:Culture
3324:Tayyibi
3253:Imamate
3217:Ghilman
3042:Kalbids
3026:Saladin
3021:Shirkuh
3016:Dirgham
2911:Jawdhar
2901:Viziers
2862:Tayyibi
2696:History
2686:Dynasty
2336:San–Sze
2226:Sources
1513:Lebanon
1469:dhimmīs
1427:Regency
1397:Shafi'i
1323:sect).
1245:prince
1242:Bilbays
1170:became
1168:Orestes
1143:Melkite
1130:
1087:Fatimid
1083:Tunisia
1048:Fatimid
1044:
940:Taiyabi
839:Ḥusayn
776:leaders
748:Abbasid
682:Rudkhan
667:Lambsar
662:Gerdkuh
652:Alamut
642:Anjudan
631:Centers
575:Pamiris
468:Bahrayn
352:Tayyibi
310:Fasting
305:Charity
290:Walayah
188:Imamate
106:Fatimid
101:Dynasty
32:of the
3329:Hafizi
3307:Nizari
3212:Kutama
3171:Bakjur
3166:Jawhar
3128:Multan
3102:, and
3090:Aleppo
3052:Zirids
3046:Sicily
3011:Shawar
2864:schism
2858:Hafizi
2832:schism
2830:Nizari
2786:Apamea
2781:Aleppo
2600:topics
2558:
2550:
2542:
2506:
2472:
2441:
2421:
2390:
2368:
2342:
2323:&
2291:
2270:
1521:Aleppo
1491:khuṭba
1384:Kutama
1262:eunuch
1184:Fustat
1174:, and
1164:vizier
1151:Sicily
1094:caliph
1052:caliph
1033:Arabic
831:Ahmad
793:Husayn
774:Early
741:Qiyama
726:Ginans
711:Nizārī
672:Masyaf
615:Khojas
504:People
478:Multan
458:States
428:Nizari
418:Hafizi
300:Prayer
295:Purity
270:Titles
245:Taqiya
183:Ta'wil
122:Mother
112:Father
30:Regent
3624:Media
3499:Cairo
3295:Druze
3272:Zahir
3268:Batin
3258:Hujja
3118:Nubia
3108:Yemen
2946:Rasad
2821:Nizar
2760:(971)
2556:S2CID
2548:JSTOR
2360:[
2311:. In
1509:Egypt
1480:hayba
1321:Druze
1218:Cairo
1162:, as
1156:Syria
1109:Jarya
788:Hasan
762:Women
695:Other
637:Cairo
391:Vakil
384:Badar
233:Hujja
218:Daʿwa
198:Bātin
193:Ẓāhir
173:Quran
142:Islam
94:Cairo
40:Reign
3467:and
3270:and
3146:and
3124:Lodi
3054:and
2766:and
2540:ISSN
2504:ISBN
2470:ISSN
2439:ISBN
2419:ISSN
2388:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2268:ISBN
1415:and
1401:qāḍī
1391:and
1365:dāʿī
1353:qāḍī
1222:Nile
1127:lit.
1090:imam
1042:lit.
927:Imām
330:and
240:Satr
223:Dāʿī
213:ʿIlm
208:'Aql
84:Died
72:Born
3465:Art
2768:2nd
2764:1st
2532:doi
2462:doi
2411:doi
1271:of
1182:of
1077:in
783:Ali
250:Pīr
228:Bāb
203:Nūr
140:on
75:970
3639::
3141:,
3098:,
2554:.
2546:.
2538:.
2528:73
2526:.
2468:.
2456:.
2417:.
2407:32
2405:.
2332:.
2319:;
2315:;
2162:^
2143:^
1924:^
1837:^
1642:^
1625:^
1610:^
1585:^
1568:^
1306:.
1256:r.
1197:r.
1103:r.
1096:,
1039:,
1035::
969::
960::
951::
945::
929::
903:/
889:/
3130:)
3126:(
3120:)
3116:(
3110:)
3106:(
3092:)
3088:(
3082:)
3078:(
3062:)
3058:(
3048:)
3044:(
2860:–
2828:–
2590:e
2583:t
2576:v
2562:.
2534::
2512:.
2476:.
2464::
2458:4
2447:.
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