877:
31:
1021:(seated posture), paintings are also seen which are surmised to represent a canopy which is carved with carpet designs with striped borders and squares and circles of different sizes with louts flower designs inscribed within the squares. The circles depict crosses with bulbous ends; the horizontal arm of the cross has depictions of human and lion figures. In the other areas, the ceiling has similar paintings as the lotus pond in the ardhamantapam. Plastered walls of the Sittanavasal Cave have varying thickness of 1–8 millimetres (0.039–0.315 in). The pigmentation used for the paintings is over 1000 years old. Echo effect is clearly heard, if "om" is recited, only if inaudibly, in the small shrine.
906:
1233:
1245:
120:
1999:
1269:
1049:
1035:
1221:
1207:
1257:
165:
829:
704:
876:
127:
930:. However, most of the frescoes which were covered fully in plaster have been severely defaced or not clearly visible due to inadequate security and maintenance resulting in vandalism in the past five or six decades. Originally, the entire cave temple, including the sculptures, was covered with plaster and painted. The paintings are with theme of Jain
926:
with a genuine ability and a lyrical flow of line. Lotuses spring up from imaginary ponds amid variegated greenery, under a bluish sheen." In addition, inscriptions of the 9th and 10th century are also seen. The ceiling of the
Ardhamandapam is decorated with murals from the 7th century. The cave temple has simple pillars and sculptures of Jain
888:" by S. Radhakrishna Iyer, a historian, but only known regionally; and the other by Jouveau-Dubreuil and Gopinatha Rao, iconographers who worked together and brought out a "Monograph on Sittannavasal", in 1920, which brought it to limelight among archaeologists worldwide. The cleaning of the painting was undertaken in 1942 by Dr.
992:(teacher) are respectively carved in bas-relief. Parsvanatha is shown seated in "the dhyana (meditative) pose, cross-legged, with the hands placed one over the other, palms upwards, resting on the folded legs", a five-hooded serpent sheltering his head. An inscription on a pillar to the niche reads
1012:
with twisted trunks). The sanctum sanctorum has a square plan of 2.89 feet (0.88 m) wide and height of 7.5 feet (2.3 m), and at the back wall there are three bas-reliefs, two are of Jain
Tirthankaras (as evidenced by the triple umbrellas (chatris) over them) and the third relief is of an
925:
technique with many mineral colours. The painting depict beautiful lotus pond with lotus flowers, people collecting lotuses from the pond, two dancing figures, lilies, fish, geese, buffaloes and elephants. Mulk Raj Anand said of the paintings, "Pallava craftsmen used greens and browns and puqiles,
913:
Sittanavasal is a rock-cut cave, situated on the western side of central part of a hill, which runs in a north–south direction. The hill measures approximately 70 metres (230 ft) in height, and sits above the surrounding plain which has some archaeological monuments. The Jain natural caverns,
1099:
have been preserved on the top parts of columns and ceilings inside the temple. Many of them are typical of the 9th century
Pandyan period and include detailed pictures of elephants, buffaloes, fish, geese, Jains gathering lotuses from a pond and dancing girls. These frescoes are considered to be
892:
and K. R. Srinivasan when they observed a patch of old painting of conventional carpet design superimposed by a new layer of painting. The superimposed layer of painting has been surmised as that done Ilan-Gautaman, whose name is also inscribed. The temple is maintained and administered by the
971:) with a facade which has two pillars and two pilasters at both ends. The pillars as well as pilasters are hexagonal in shape in the middle section while the top and bottom sections are square. Rock beam is sculpted above them as if supporting them; provided with large corbels (
966:
The
Ardhamantapam, after the front entrance, is rectangular in plan of 20.5 metres (67 ft) long, 2.28 metres (7 ft 6 in) wide and 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) high, and the cubical cell of2.89 metres (9 ft 6 in) width, (a little higher than the
1091:
The study done by an artist on the depictions of the roof painting panel reveals: 3 birds, a man in loin cloth plucking flowers and the man is shown with a lily on right hand and lotuses on left hand, an elephant and fishes swimming, bird's eye on the top left corner.
983:
is flanked by two niches, which also have smaller size pilasters, similar to the pillar design, with bold relief of lotus medallions carved on them. In the southern and northern sides of the ardhamantapam, niches are provided where the 23rd tirthankara
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added this part of structure at the suggestion of
Tottenham, the British administrator. It has two pillars and two pilasters and a square base entrance to a hexagonal portico, which were brought from the ruins of mantapas at Kudimiyanmalai.
1073:. The ceilings have depiction of a lotus tank with natural looking images of men, animals, flowers, birds and fishes representing the Samavasarana faith of Jainism. The pillars are also carved with dancing girl and the king and the queen.
797:
from the 7th century. The murals have been painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in black, green, yellow, orange, blue, and white. Paintings have been created by applying colours over a thin wet surface of lime plaster.
868:
beds on the hill top is attributed to the Jain era pilgrimage centre which lasted till the 9th century AD. However, in the
Pudukkottai region, where the monuments are located, there are many archaeological finds of the
1084:("the faithful"), elephants, fishes, one fish shown as jumping out of water, pillars with figurines of Pandya king Srimara Srivallabha (9th century AD) and his queen offering reverence to Ilam Gautaman, an acharya of
1003:
A door way of 5.5 feet (1.7 m) height and 2.5 feet (0.76 m) width from the ardhamantapa leads to the sanctum sanctorum (through a flight of steps), which has three bas-relief sculptures. The entrance has
30:
1107:
Painting of the
Sittanvasal Caves were analysed to establish the technique and the material used to make the. Analysing a painting of a lotus pond in the ardhamantpam, it has been inferred that they are made with
917:
The architectural features of the
Sittanvasal Cave include the painting and sculptures found within its precincts. Archaeological Survey of India is responsible for the maintenance of the cave and the Jain beds.
1184:, during 1937–39, the paintings were cleaned, and then given a preservative coating. Also, the damaged portions of the plastering were injected with cementing material and the paintings were also retouched.
958:(front hall) was an addition made in the frontage built during the Pandya Rule, which collapsed. Subsequently, a pillared veranda with a facade was added in front of the cave during the 20th century; the
996:("ruler of the world"), indicating Parsvanatha's divinity. The acharya is in a similar posture as Parsvanatha but with an umbrella over his head. The inscription below this niche reads
1195:
Lyricist Vaali has made a reference to the
Sittanavasal caves in two of his songs - Enna Vilai Azhage (Movie - Kaadalar Dinam) and Sorgathin Vasapadi (Movie - Unnai Solli Kutramillai)
1088:
who created these paintings. While cleaning the paintings, one more layer of
Samavasarana themed painting was revealed in the ceiling of the Garbha-griha, but in a carpet-design.
1065:
but have minor variations in use of the materials for creating the paintings and also reported to provide a link between the Ajanta paintings (4th–6th century AD) and the
2678:
945:
The layout of the west facing cave is the same as adopted in other rock-cut cave temples in the country during the 7th Century. As originally built, it had only a
1955:
1104:. Not so well planned is the arrangement of panels of the Sittanvassal cave temple; the idea of an ensemble has not been adopted but arranged in a haphazard way.
1315:
2428:
1437:
2683:
1061:
The decorative paintings in the ceiling of the sanctum and ardha-mandapam of Aravirkovil though compared to the classical cave painting styles used in the
2385:
884:
There are two publications in the 20th century which brought to light these monuments in particular: one in 1916, in the book "General History of the
1244:
2390:
836:
While the Sittanavasal village is dated from 1st century BC to 10th century AD when Jainism flourished here, the Temple-cave was initially dated to
119:
1922:
2357:
1927:
1482:
1232:
1724:
1334:
1168:) were applied over dry plaster surfaces without any adhesive grove; the process involved a chemical reaction of lime water which absorbed
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2337:
1948:
57:
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2421:
1840:
1806:
1268:
905:
734:
688:
189:
515:
2543:
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1988:
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in Tamil) with ornamentation or fluting, with an intervening plain band. The pillars which support this mandapam are typical of
2312:
1391:
1076:
Paintings in the roof of the Ardhamnatapa are the mural paintings with Samavasarana theme. The mural exhibits a water tank or
2599:
1830:
1633:
1523:
1165:
894:
810:
1796:
1013:
acharya (teacher). The ceiling of the garbha-griha which is painted shows a carved wheel with hub and axle that denotes the
2703:
2698:
1941:
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550:
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1256:
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468:
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683:
1798:
Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road Monolithic Jinas The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora
1112:, techniques made over rough stone using rough plaster of 2.5 millimetres (0.098 in) thickness made of
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called Ezhadippattam are approached from the foothills. The cave is approached by climbing a few 100 steps.
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of permanent mineral colours (not vegetable colours as reported on the display plaque at the site by
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1683:. National Book Trust, India; [sole distributors: Thomson Press (India), Delhi. p. 45
1129:
708:
623:
492:
201:
1773:
1564:
1440:. Puratattva: The Legacy of Chitrasutra, Indian History and Architecture. Archived from
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with minor impurities, applying 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) thick lime wash of fine
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92:
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which is shown with the tank made of tiles filled with lotus flowers and surrounded by
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403:
368:
174:
828:
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1548:. New Delhi: The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. p. 3, 5.
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some of the best frescoes of medieval India next to frescoes of Ajanta Caves and
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44:
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1180:, which enabled the pigments to adhere to the surface. At the initiative of
1145:
1070:
782:
673:
663:
638:
473:
425:
1752:"Plaque at the site showing details of rocjkcut Jaina Temple (Aravirkovil"
2046:
1608:
1161:
853:
849:
413:
813:
has listed Sittanavasal Cave in the list of "Must See" Indian Heritage.
2479:
2056:
1933:
1212:
989:
954:
935:
845:
837:
156:
2406:
934:, the "most attractive heavenly pavilion" (it means the attainment of
778:
word which means "the abode of great saints" (Tamil: சித்தன்னவாசல்).
2591:
2520:
1169:
1096:
1085:
857:
794:
789:, it is called the Arivar Koil, and is a rock cut cave temple of the
585:
309:
244:
103:
1519:
951:(sanctum sanctorum) and an ardhamandapam (semi hall). However, the
2461:
2121:
1128:
is still rough. The pigments used are composed of white made from
1009:
904:
875:
827:
304:
1117:
2410:
1937:
1438:"Sittanavasal – A passage to the Indian History and Monuments"
1506:
856:. However, an inscription attributes its renovation to a
809:
and this one are claimed to be relatively unappreciated.
1392:"S u d h a r s a n a m:A centre for Arts and Culture"
1095:
Though severely damaged due to vandalism, remaining
2613:
2590:
2557:
2529:
2506:
2478:
2460:
2442:
2300:
2218:
2190:
2183:
2120:
2022:
2006:
1981:
99:
88:
51:
40:
23:
1008:(balustrades sculptured with the mythical form of
1316:"Sittannavasal: relics from the 2nd century B.C."
1017:("Wheel-of-the-Law"). Above the three images in
816:The Sittanavasal Cave are listed as one of the
1832:Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road
1187:The condition of paintings are deteriorating.
2422:
1949:
1587:"Alphabetical List of Monuments – Tamil Nadu"
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
880:Seventh-century painting in Sittanavasal Cave
728:
8:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1054:Painting on the roof of the Sittanvasal Cave
1040:Painting on the roof of the Sittanvasal Cave
1656:"Pudukottai: Treasure trove of archaeology"
860:king probably Maran Sendan (654–670 AD) or
2429:
2415:
2407:
2187:
1956:
1942:
1934:
844:(580–630 AD) prior to his conversion from
735:
721:
143:
20:
1746:
1744:
1628:
1626:
1609:"List of ticketed monuments – Tamil Nadu"
770:, India. Its name is a distorted form of
126:
1835:. Getty Publications. pp. 338–339.
1801:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 14.
1658:. Official web site of Tamilnadu Tourism
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1307:
1202:
155:
2679:Buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu
2358:Sikharagiriswara Temple, Kudumiyamalai
1774:"Rock-cut Jaina temple, Sittannavasal"
1754:. Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
1611:. Archaeological Survey of India. 2011
1589:. Archaeological Survey of India. 2011
1565:"Rock-cut Jaina temple, Sittannavasal"
1559:
1557:
1555:
1733:. India. 13 June 2004. Archived from
7:
1894:"Rock cut Jain temple, Sittanavasal"
1507:ASI must see & Sittanavasal Cave
95:Period (Second century BC to 900 AD)
2338:Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam
2333:81 feet Sivan Statue, keeramangalam
1470:. Tribune, India. 27 November 2005.
1172:the air and getting converted by a
921:The paintings have been painted in
820:by Archaeological Survey of India.
793:. It contains remnants of notable
2684:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu
18:Historic site in Pudukottai, India
14:
1912:Sittanavasal Cave and Eladipattam
1343:. 25 October 2012. Archived from
134:Sittanavasal in Tamil Nadu, India
2544:Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments
2323:Government Museum, Thirukokarnam
1997:
1863:Krupa, Lakshmi (24 March 2014).
1776:. Archaeological Survey of India
1567:. Archaeological Survey of India
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1205:
1047:
1033:
873:burial sites from much earlier.
702:
163:
125:
118:
29:
2313:Atmanatha Temple, Avudaiyarkoil
1481:Behl, Benoy K. (7 March 2014).
2600:Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves
1898:Archaeological Survey of India
1524:Archaeological Survey of India
1397:. Indian Heritage Organization
895:Archaeological Survey of India
811:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
1069:paintings of 11th century at
2348:Murugan Temple, Kumaranmalai
1250:Passage leading to Rock Beds
785:or temple. Created by Tamil
1928:Appreciation of the Ancient
1544:C., Sivaramamurthi (2004).
801:Ancient structures such as
781:The monument is a rock-cut
544:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
320:Aparigraha (non-possession)
2730:
2694:Jain rock-cut architecture
2373:Viralimalai Murugan temple
530:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
509:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
2381:
1995:
1971:
1703:"Cave Paintings in India"
1680:Album of Indian paintings
1464:"The Ajanta of TamilNadu"
909:Tirthanakar image on wall
754:) is a 2nd-century Tamil
113:
109:
28:
2689:2nd-century Jain temples
2643:Tirumalai (Jain complex)
2572:Nashik Caves/Pandav Leni
1923:Article on Indian Murals
1677:Anand, Mulk Raj (1973).
1520:"Adarsh Smarak Monument"
1483:"Appreciate the ancient"
897:as a ticketed monument.
684:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
537:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
327:Anuvratas (further vows)
1829:Agnew, Neville (2010).
1725:"Legends across panels"
960:Maharaja of Pudukkottai
832:Sittanvasal Cave temple
293:Mahavratas (major vows)
1795:Pereira, José (1977).
910:
901:Architectural features
881:
833:
818:Adarsh Smarak Monument
591:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
502:Samayasāra (Digambara)
315:Brahmacarya (chastity)
100:Architectural style(s)
2628:Kalugumalai Jain Beds
1865:"Saving Sittanavasal"
1274:Rock Bed Inscriptions
1174:carbonisation process
979:. The entry into the
908:
879:
831:
310:Asteya (non-stealing)
300:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
2704:Pallava architecture
2699:Pandyan architecture
1965:Pudukkottai district
1918:Sittanavasal profile
1347:on 26 November 2004.
1238:Tirthankar sculpture
862:Arikesari Maravarman
807:Talagirisvara temple
758:complex of caves in
469:Schools and Branches
2714:Jain caves in India
2516:Badami cave temples
2437:Jain Caves in India
1705:. CulturalIndia.net
1262:One of 17 rock beds
1000:("great teacher").
709:Religion portal
399:The 24 Tirthankaras
73:10.4544°N 78.7247°E
69: /
2301:Places of interest
2082:Mangudi-pudukottai
1191:In Popular Culture
1132:, black made from
911:
882:
864:(670–700 AD). The
834:
516:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
2661:
2660:
2633:Sittanavasal Cave
2470:Son Bhandar Caves
2404:
2403:
2396:Pudukkottai State
2363:Sittanavasal Cave
2296:
2295:
1636:. Poetry in Stone
1634:"Poetry in Stone"
1444:on 14 August 2012
1182:Pudukkottai State
1178:calcium carbonate
1156:, and green from
886:Pudukkottai State
772:Sit-tan-na-va-yil
748:Sittanavasal Cave
745:
744:
364:Micchami Dukkadam
359:Bhaktamara Stotra
288:Ethics of Jainism
142:
141:
35:Sittanavasal Cave
24:Sittanavasal Cave
2721:
2674:Jainism in India
2539:Siddhachal Caves
2488:Bava Pyara Caves
2431:
2424:
2417:
2408:
2328:Kattubava Mosque
2188:
2001:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1901:
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1737:on 15 June 2004.
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1235:
1223:
1209:
1051:
1037:
842:Mahendravarman I
737:
730:
723:
707:
706:
644:Shravanabelagola
551:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
523:Tattvartha Sutra
167:
144:
129:
128:
122:
84:
83:
81:
80:
79:
78:10.4544; 78.7247
74:
70:
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65:
62:
33:
21:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2609:
2586:
2582:Dharashiv Caves
2553:
2549:Udayagiri Caves
2525:
2502:
2474:
2456:
2452:Undavalli Caves
2438:
2435:
2405:
2400:
2377:
2368:Thirumayam Fort
2308:Aranthangi Fort
2292:
2283:Thiruvarankulam
2248:Gandharvakottai
2214:
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2077:Kottaipattinam
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392:Major figures
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369:Navkar Mantra
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27:
22:
16:
2648:Sithanavasal
2632:
2567:Ellora Caves
2498:Talaja Caves
2362:
2258:Kunandarkoil
2175:Virallimalai
2102:Sittanavasal
2087:Nathampannai
2062:Karambakkudi
1982:Corporations
1897:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1831:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1797:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1728:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1679:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1613:. Retrieved
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1545:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1514:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:the original
1399:. Retrieved
1345:the original
1338:
1329:
1318:
1310:
1226:A Jain image
1194:
1186:
1154:lapis lazuli
1148:, blue from
1142:yellow ochre
1126:lime plaster
1110:Fresco-secco
1106:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1063:Ajanta Caves
1060:
1006:surul-vyalis
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
981:garbha-griha
980:
976:
972:
969:garbha-griha
968:
965:
952:
948:garbha-griha
946:
944:
939:
932:Samavasarana
928:Tirthankaras
923:fresco-secco
920:
916:
912:
883:
835:
817:
815:
800:
780:
771:
766:district of
760:Sittanavasal
751:
747:
746:
679:Jain symbols
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
418:
379:Jai Jinendra
352:Jain prayers
326:
292:
240:Kevala Jnana
210:Anekantavada
15:
2605:Belum Caves
2577:Mangi-Tungi
2559:Maharashtra
2493:Dhank Caves
2353:Narthamalai
2343:Moovar Koil
2318:Avur Church
2288:Viralimalai
2273:Pudukkottai
2263:Manamelkudi
2253:Karambakudi
2205:Pudukkottai
2165:Pudukkottai
2160:Manamelkudi
2112:Viralimalai
2097:Pudukkottai
1975:Pudukkottai
1780:15 November
1615:9 September
1593:9 September
1468:The Tribune
1158:terre verte
1150:ultramarine
1144:, red from
1114:lime mortar
988:and a Jain
986:Parsvanatha
762:village in
752:Arivar Koil
689:Topics list
614:Pilgrimages
565:Valayapathi
464:Major sects
451:Yashovijaya
255:Brahmacarya
76: /
52:Coordinates
2668:Categories
2615:Tamil Nadu
2278:Thirumayam
2238:Aranthangi
2200:Aranthangi
2170:Thirumayam
2135:Aranthangi
2107:Thirumayam
2042:Aranthangi
2014:Aranthangi
1989:Pudukottai
1848:26 October
1814:26 October
1758:26 October
1709:26 October
1687:30 October
1662:26 October
1640:26 October
1571:26 October
1448:26 October
1401:26 October
1297:References
1291:Tamil Jain
1138:lamp black
1122:lime water
1102:Bagh Caves
871:megalithic
803:Gol Gumbaz
768:Tamil Nadu
764:Pudukottai
601:Samvatsari
596:Paryushana
479:Śvetāmbara
446:Haribhadra
436:Siddhasena
431:Kundakunda
339:Sallekhana
265:Gunasthana
260:Aparigraha
202:Philosophy
64:78°43′29″E
61:10°27′16″N
45:Pudukottai
2709:Tamil art
2653:Thirakoil
2508:Karnataka
2228:Annavasal
2192:Divisions
2037:Annavasal
2025:and towns
1930:The Hindu
1869:The Hindu
1730:The Hindu
1487:The Hindu
1340:The Hindu
1320:The Hindu
1302:Citations
1146:red ochre
1071:Thanjavur
1025:Paintings
783:monastery
674:Jain flag
664:Ekendriya
639:Shikharji
579:Festivals
474:Digambara
426:Ganadhara
215:Cosmology
2391:Villages
2243:Arimalam
2210:Illuppur
2155:Kulathur
2150:Illuppur
2130:Alangudi
2072:Keeranur
2047:Arimalam
2032:Alangudi
1874:7 August
1492:15 March
1280:See also
1170:oxygenin
1162:Pigments
1097:Frescoes
854:Shaivite
850:Hinduism
795:frescoes
791:Arihants
629:Palitana
414:Mahavira
404:Rishabha
334:Sāmāyika
185:Timeline
149:a series
147:Part of
41:Location
2480:Gujarat
2184:Revenue
2057:Iluppur
2023:Cities
1887:Sources
1286:Śramaṇa
1213:Parshva
1199:Gallery
1082:bhavyas
994:kaditan
990:acharya
973:potikai
955:mandapa
938:), and
936:nirvana
866:Śramaṇa
858:Pandyan
846:Jainism
838:Pallava
824:History
787:Śramaṇa
756:Śramaṇa
750:(also,
669:Temples
420:Arihant
270:Saṃsāra
180:History
157:Jainism
104:Pandyan
93:Śramaṇa
47:, India
2592:Odisha
2521:Aihole
2386:People
2220:Blocks
2122:Taluks
1839:
1805:
1086:Madura
1010:vyalis
953:mukha-
634:Girnar
586:Diwali
409:Pārśva
283:Ethics
250:Tattva
245:Dravya
230:Dharma
220:Ahimsa
2462:Bihar
1529:2 May
1395:(PDF)
1067:Chola
852:as a
840:King
776:Tamil
657:Other
619:Tirth
235:Mokṣa
225:Karma
190:Index
175:Jains
89:Built
1876:2016
1850:2012
1837:ISBN
1816:2012
1803:ISBN
1782:2011
1760:2012
1711:2012
1689:2012
1664:2012
1642:2012
1617:2013
1595:2013
1573:2012
1531:2022
1494:2014
1450:2012
1403:2012
1130:lime
1118:sand
1116:and
774:, a
1166:ASI
1136:or
848:to
624:Abu
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