Original six frigates of the United States Navy

1788: 545:, headed by Secretary Henry Knox. As early as 1790 Knox had consulted various authorities regarding ship design. Discussions of the designs were carried out in person at meetings in Philadelphia. Little is known about these discussions due to a lack of written correspondence, making determination of the actual designers involved difficult to assemble. Secretary Knox reached out to ship architects and builders in Philadelphia, which was the largest seaport in North America at the time and possibly the largest freshwater port in the world. This meant that many discussions of ship design took place in Knox's office, resulting in few if any records of these discussions being available to historians. 1065: 913:

program. On March 22, 1798, McHenry turned over a report outlining several main reasons for cost escalations: problems procuring the live oak; the logistics of supplying six separate shipyards; and fires, yellow fever, and bad weather. Additional inquiries prior to McHenry's report revealed that the War Department used substandard bookkeeping practices, and that the authorized funds had to be released by the Treasury Department, resulting in delays, causing waste. These problems led to the formation of the Department of the Navy on April 30.

838:. This desire for live oak was the primary cause of delays in the frigates' construction. Appropriated funds from the Naval Act were not available until June 1794. Shipbuilder John T. Morgan was hired by the War Department to procure the live oak and supervise the cutting and crews. Morgan wrote to Humphreys in August reporting that it had hardly ceased raining since his arrival and "the whole country is almost under water". Captain John Barry was sent to check up on progress in early October; he found Morgan and several persons sick with 1481: 1643: 877: 526: 39: 842:. Timber cutting finally began when the crews arrived on the 22nd. The earliest delivery of timber occurred in Philadelphia on December 18, but another load of live oak destined for New York was lost when its cargo ship sank. Delays continued to plague the timber cutting and delivery operations throughout 1795. By December of that year all six keels had been laid down, though the frigates were still unframed and far from finished. 1331: 849:, which was witnessed by Algiers. In accordance with the clause in the Naval Act, construction of the frigates was to be discontinued. However, President Washington instead requested instructions from Congress on how to proceed. Several proposals circulated before a final decision was reached allowing Washington to complete two of the 44-gun and one of the 36-gun frigates. The three frigates nearest to completion, 1219: 971: 621:

crews, the templates were used to select the part of a tree that closely matched the template. From there the timber was felled and roughed out close to the required dimensions, then numbered for identification and loaded onto a ship for transport. An additional set of more detailed molds was required for each frigate for the construction crews to follow.

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the number of ships afloat. Nevertheless, this gave the Americans the distinct advantage in that their ship design was not constrained by access to timber nor limited crew. This allowed the designers to plan for enormous ships given their role. They had the ability to overpower other frigates, but were capable of a speed to escape from a

3704:, Decatur insisted on having his sword sent to the captain of the black ship (Endymion) which he had engaged, as he had struck to her alone––and when he ceased firing, he hoisted his light higher to indicate that he had struck. Notwithstanding this, in his official dispatch, he makes assertions of a contrary nature." 568:

The final design plans submitted to President Washington for approval called for building new frigates rather than purchasing merchant ships and converting them into warships, an option under the Naval Act. The designers realized that the fledgling United States could not match the European states in

1766:

joined a squadron and began patrol duties, subsequently making appearances off Tripoli and Tunis. Returning to Boston, she decommissioned in December. She patrolled against piracy in the Gulf of Mexico from December 1816 to July 1817 and made a voyage to South America in 1818. Early in 1819 she made

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prompted Congress to debate authorizing completion and manning of the three frigates. Secretary McHenry reported that an additional $ 200,000 would be required for this stage of construction, touching off grumbling in Congress over the escalating costs. Nevertheless, on July 1, Congress approved the

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When the next session of Congress convened in November, Secretary McHenry again requested funds to complete the three frigates. Though upset over the escalating costs, Congress approved an additional $ 115,833, but simultaneously launched an investigation into possible waste or fraud in the frigate

516:

by a margin of 50–39, and without division in the Senate on March 19. President Washington signed the Act on March 27. It provided for acquisition, by purchase or otherwise, of four ships to carry forty-four guns each, and two ships to carry thirty-six guns each. It also provided pay and sustenance

485:

The formation of a naval force had been a topic of debate in the new American republic for years. Opponents argued that building a navy would only lead to calls for a navy department, and the staff to operate it. This would further lead to more appropriations of funds, which would eventually spiral

1001:

Ships of this era usually had no permanent battery of guns, as modern navy ships carry. The guns and cannons were designed to be completely portable, and often were exchanged between ships or shore as situations warranted. Each commanding officer generally outfitted armaments to his liking, taking

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Secretary Knox suggested to President Washington that six different construction sites be used, one for each ship, rather than building at one particular shipyard. Separate locations enabled the allotted funds to stimulate each local economy, and Washington approved the sites on April 15, 1794. At

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for service in the First Barbary War. She made appearances off Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, capturing a Greek vessel with Tripolitan soldiers aboard and participating in a prisoner exchange. She returned to the United States on April 14, 1802, then left for a second patrol on the Barbary coast in

620:

was assembled from which measurements were taken to create molds of the timbers. In a process known as "molding", the dimensions of the framing pieces were chalked onto the floor of a mold loft where a template was formed using strips of light wood. Once the molds were transported to the timber

489:

In 1793, Portugal reached a peace agreement with Algeria, ending its blockade of the Mediterranean, thus allowing Algerian ships back into the Atlantic Ocean. By late in the year, eleven American merchant ships had been captured. This, combined with the actions of Britain, finally led President

833:

as it was a strong, dense, and long-lasting wood weighing up to 75 lb per cubic foot (1,200 kg/m) when freshly cut. The live oak tree grows primarily in coastal areas of the United States from Virginia to Texas, with the most suitable timber found in the coastal areas of Georgia near

593:

greater strength than the hulls of other navies' frigates. Knox advised President Washington that the cost of new construction would likely exceed the appropriations of the Naval Act. Despite this, Washington accepted and approved the plans the same day they were submitted, April 15, 1794.

605:, was hired into the War Department to put plans to paper. However, Fox disagreed with the large dimensions of the design and, according to Humphreys, attempted to downsize the measurements while producing his drafts. This incensed Humphreys enough that Fox was soon assigned to the 1526:. Additionally, Fox and Humphreys had earlier disagreed over the design of the six frigates, and Fox may have taken opportunities during construction to make alterations to his own liking. Regardless, the plan for the redesigned frigate was approved by Secretary of the Navy 1002:

into consideration factors such as the overall tonnage of cargo, complement of personnel on board, and planned routes to be sailed. Consequently, the armaments on ships would change many times during their careers, and records of the changes were not generally kept.

1867:

experienced a mostly uneventful tour, assisting in the capture of three vessels, performing blockade duties, and undergoing two changes of commanding officers. She sailed for home on July 13, 1805, carrying with her many sailors released from captivity in Tripoli.

1013:, to man the bilge pumps, or to fight fires. Guns were normally manned on the engaged side only; if a ship engaged two opponents, gun crews had to be divided. All of the guns were capable of using several different kinds of projectiles: 1273:

in 1854, it was claimed that it was a "repair" of the original ship (a common dodge of the time for political reasons) leading to uncertainty over which ship was preserved in Baltimore until it was proven in 1999 to be the second

1750:

and the coast of Brazil. During this long cruise she captured only four small merchant ships, returning home in late 1813. Because of a lack of materials to repair her, she was placed in reserve for the remainder of the war.

1685:

in October. In July 1805, she helped to blockade Tunisia, and in September of that year carried the Tunisian ambassador back to Washington, D.C. Afterward, she served as a classroom for midshipman training through 1807.

1920:, but he declined and sailed off for Halifax, Nova Scotia. The U.S. and Royal Navy investigations each determined the other ship to be responsible for the attack, increasing tensions leading up to the War of 1812. 891:

requested of Congress an additional $ 200,000, but only $ 172,000 was appropriated. The additional funds were enough to finish the three frigates' construction, but did not allow them to be manned and put to sea.

1519:

altered the original design plan, resulting in the ship's re-rating to 36 guns. Fox's reason for making the alteration is not clear, but may be attributed to construction materials that were diverted to complete

1429:

in 1907. In 1931 she made a three-year, 90-port tour of the nation, and in 1997 after a comprehensive restoration to her 1812 configuration she finally sailed again under her own power for her 200th birthday.

517:

for naval officers, sailors and marines, and outlined how each ship should be manned in order to operate them. The Act appropriated $ 688,888.82 (equivalent to $ 14,148,000 in 2023) to finance the work.

1826:, construction was begun at New York in the shipyard of Foreman Cheesman and work on her was discontinued in 1796. Construction resumed in 1798, under Christian Bergh and naval constructor William Doughty. 481:

started, Britain and France each began interdicting American merchant ships suspected of trading with the other. Lacking a proper navy, the American government could do little to prevent such seizures.

1771:, combating piracy in the West Indies. Under Biddle she made a voyage to Spain and Argentina. She began serving as a receiving ship in 1824 and remained on that duty until ordered broken up in 1834. 486:

out of control, giving birth to a "self-feeding entity". Those opposed to a navy felt that payment of tribute to the Barbary States and economic sanctions against Britain were a better alternative.

4168: 2013:

headed out of New York harbor but ran aground, suffering some damage to the copper. Unable to return to port, she was forced to head out to sea. Later the next afternoon she fought a battle with

998:

The Naval Act of 1794 had specified 36-gun frigates in addition to the 44s, but at some point the 36s were re-rated as 38s. Their "ratings" by number of guns were meant only as an approximation.

887:

The earlier predictions of Henry Knox regarding costs of the frigates came to a head in early 1797. Of the original appropriation of $ 688,888.82, only about $ 24,000 remained. Secretary of War

1658:—rated at 38 guns—was launched on August 15, 1799, from Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, under the command of Captain James Sever. Beginning her maiden voyage on January 6, 1800, she headed for the 1839:

in command. She departed for patrols during the Quasi-War on August 5 and recaptured several American merchant ships. After the peace treaty, she returned to the United States in March 1801.

1441:

in Massachusetts and is used to promote understanding of the Navy's role in war and peace through educational outreach, historic demonstration, and active participation in public events.

1070: 1897:

American sailors taken by the Royal Navy. Though the sequence of events is disputed on both sides, both ships discharged cannon for several minutes before Rodgers determined that

1045:

which sent a spark into the pan. The ignited powder in the pan sent a flame through the priming tube to set off the powder charge in the gun and hurl its projectile at the enemy.

447:

suggested an American naval force to protect American shipping in the Mediterranean, but his recommendations were initially met with indifference, as were the recommendations of

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against American merchant shipping had not been a problem when under the protection of the British Empire prior to the Revolution, but after the Revolutionary War the "

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each site, a civilian naval constructor was hired to direct the work. Navy captains were appointed as superintendents, one for each of the six frigates as follows:

3227: 509:

inserted a clause into the bill that would bring an abrupt halt to the construction of the ships should the United States reach a peace agreement with Algiers.

924:. In response, on May 28, Congress authorized vessels of the United States to capture any armed French vessels lying off the coast of the United States. As 2245: 2165: 4382: 2584:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

2211: 1670: 369:

on March 27, 1794, at a total cost of $ 688,888.82 (equivalent to $ 19,833,259.52 in 2024). These ships were built during the formative years of the

1342:

She is most well known for her actions during the War of 1812 against Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated four British

3159: 1735:. Arriving back in Boston on December 31, she assisted in capturing eight additional merchant ships. After repairs, she sailed in company with 1391: 498: 1662:, but soon after her masts were destroyed in a gale, forcing her return to port; repairs took six months. She sailed again on July 26 for the 4177: 3884: 3817: 3788: 3317: 2705: 2250: 538: 505:

submitted proposals to the committee outlining the design and cost of warships. To appease the strong opposition to the upcoming bill, the

2619: 501:

voted to authorize building a navy and formed a committee to determine the size, cost, and type of ships to be built. Secretary of War

4204: 3962: 2254: 1958:

of the English Channel before returning to Boston, capturing seven merchant ships en route. Her second cruise began with a pursuit of

982: 3284: 2849: 4318: 4268: 4241: 4067: 4033: 3916: 2995: 610: 416: 3266: 2604:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

1263:

was not captured or sunk, she was so badly damaged that her captain intentionally grounded the ship to prevent her from sinking.

2643: 2037: 1254: 1131: 542: 2281: 4375: 4085: 2780: 1759: 404: 1848: 1555: 3070: 2314: 2240: 1064: 4100: 3088: 1538: 1418: 268: 3223: 2611: 2591: 3212: 1618:

shortly after sailing from Boston, Massachusetts. Taken into Royal Navy service, she was later sold, and broken up at

1414: 775: 562: 3049: 753: 554: 422: 1505:

was the only one of the six frigates to be disowned by Humphreys due to liberties taken by her Master Constructor

1480: 4368: 950:

in command. Finally, on July 16, Congress appropriated $ 600,000 for completion of the remaining three frigates;

1767:

a voyage to China, becoming the first U.S. warship to visit that country. In 1822 she served as the flagship of

1194:

at Norfolk, Virginia. In 1861, while still in reserve at Norfolk, the ship was seized and commissioned into the

1090:, prepared a list of ten suggested names for the ships (in addition to those later used, the list also included 4409: 4402: 1768: 1521: 1268: 1234: 1213: 1202:

the ship. In 1862, Union forces raised the scuttled ship and retained control until she was broken up in 1865.

1166: 1161: 904:

on October 21. Meanwhile, interference with American shipping by France because of their disagreement over the

787: 735: 2215: 1446: 1195: 1086:

The frigates were originally designated by the letters A through F until March 1795, when Secretary of War,

1880: 358: 4430: 4059: 3851: 3713:

Andrew Lambert, The Challenge: Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812, Faber and Faber (2012).

1909:

suffered serious damage and thirty-one killed or wounded in the exchange. Rodgers offered assistance to

1510: 1488: 1464: 1438: 1079: 656: 2110:

s altered construction led to her re-rating as a 36-gun ship. Because of their larger dimensions over

1991:

spent five months at sea, capturing several merchant ships, but the only highlight was the capture of

1037:, or allowed each crew to fire at will as the target came close alongside. The gun captain pulled the 4437: 2063: 1992: 1940: 1887: 1830: 1782: 1706: 1604: 1347: 1244: 710: 617: 550: 3155: 4423: 4310: 3774: 2651: 2014: 1835:

was the last frigate to be completed, launching from New York City on April 10, 1800, with Captain

1653: 1637: 1542: 1243:

and launched on September 7, 1797. On February 9, 1799, she fought and captured the French frigate

835: 762: 586: 430: 17: 4360: 4124: 3827: 3335: 2044: 1966: 1872: 1755: 1747: 1725: 1612: 1570: 1406: 1249:. This was the first major victory by an American-designed and -built warship. In February 1800, 1053: 826: 814: 440: 370: 2341: 4261:

The USS Constitution's Finest Fight: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy

2602: 2582: 1980:

returned on December 31. Her third cruise of the war began April 30, 1813, with her pursuit of

1537:, she had the smallest dimensions of all six frigates. A length of 152.8 ft (46.6 m) 549:

is generally credited as the designer of the six frigates, but Revolutionary War ship captains

4324: 4314: 4291: 4274: 4264: 4247: 4237: 4229: 4210: 4200: 4183: 4173: 4151: 4134: 4112: 4104: 4073: 4063: 4039: 4029: 4010: 3991: 3974: 3966: 3941: 3922: 3912: 3902: 3890: 3880: 3859: 3839: 3813: 3794: 3784: 3762: 3743: 3483: 3323: 3313: 2786: 2776: 2701: 1981: 1959: 1740: 1678: 1659: 1592: 1527: 1494: 1368: 1324: 1143: 1087: 1049: 1034: 1010: 846: 590: 513: 491: 478: 366: 227: 3875:

If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy – From the American Revolution to the War of 1812

2697: 4416: 4051: 2598: 2578: 1955: 1551:, which were built to 164 ft (50 m) in length and 41 ft (12 m) of beam. 1402: 1398: 1361: 1312: 1294: 1289: 1030: 876: 830: 748: 701: 683: 570: 546: 525: 506: 444: 426: 397: 390: 374: 43: 3479: 1009:

were required to operate each gun. If needed, some men were designated to take stations as

429:, and in August 1785, lacking funds for ship repairs, sold its last remaining warship, the 2853: 2002: 1623: 1395: 1354: 1320: 1308: 696: 578: 38: 4351: 1126:, each of which represented a principle of the United States Constitution, together with 1029:. Each gun was mounted on a wooden gun carriage controlled by an arrangement of rope and 813:

Humphreys wished to use the most durable materials available for construction, primarily

3988:

Tattered Ensign The Story of America's Most Famous Fighting Frigate, U.S.S. Constitution

3737: 3262: 3873: 3832: 1917: 1836: 1422: 1180: 1147: 803: 477:

felt they could harass American merchant ships without penalty. Additionally, once the

470: 466: 456: 443:

seized two American merchant ships and held their crews for ransom. Minister to France

179: 1541:

and 41.3 ft (12.6 m) of beam contrasted with the other two 36-gun frigates,

1330: 4463: 3906: 3778: 2690: 2161: 1410: 1191: 1075: 936:

were still fitting out, the first U.S. Navy vessel to put to sea for this undeclared

888: 873:

was halted, and some of their construction materials were sold or placed in storage.

818: 436: 49:, the last of the original six frigates of the United States Navy still in commission 1787: 1175:, launched on May 10, 1797, and commissioned on July 11, 1797. On October 25, 1812, 4304: 1843: 1300: 1172: 992: 947: 726: 674: 4128: 3935: 3756: 3473: 529:

Diagonal riders for hull stiffness are depicted here from the 1992 restoration of

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was originally planned as a 44-gun ship, but when her construction began in 1798

845:

Construction of the frigates slowly continued until the 1796 announcement of the

541:

still several years away, responsibility for design and construction fell to the

4163: 2685: 2131: 2085: 1894: 1690: 1663: 1426: 1218: 1026: 382: 1972:, but she failed to overtake either of them. Later prizes were the packet ship 1681:. She assumed blockade duties off Tripoli and participated in the capture of a 1576:

for refusing to comply with a demand to permit a search for deserters from the

597:

Joshua Humphreys was appointed Master Constructor of the ships. An experienced

2367: 1701:. She was part of a pursuit of a fleet of British merchant ships and assisted 1619: 1577: 1516: 1506: 1018: 1014: 1006: 941: 921: 917: 905: 669: 602: 558: 502: 386: 4138: 4108: 3970: 3894: 3863: 3327: 1033:. The captain ordered the gun crews to either open fire together in a single 4328: 4278: 4251: 4187: 4077: 3926: 3798: 2790: 1819: 1677:

sailed for the Mediterranean in June 1804 and performed services during the

1509:

during construction relating to overall dimensions. The frigate that became

1240: 1199: 1042: 1022: 937: 822: 582: 4295: 4214: 4116: 3995: 3978: 3945: 3843: 3766: 3747: 3487: 1746:, which escaped. Setting off on her own, she made a lengthy voyage off the 970: 4155: 4043: 4014: 3834:

The History of the American Sailing Navy; the Ships and Their Development

2142: 2092: 1815: 1498: 1387: 1110:). President Washington was responsible for selecting five of the names: 916:

Simultaneously, relations with France soured even further when President

452: 448: 2091:

is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades, but she has been in

1642: 4342: 1976:, carrying a large amount of currency, and eight other merchant ships. 1469: 1343: 1038: 839: 616:

After or simultaneously with the creation of the drawings, a builder's

606: 598: 378: 2647: 3309:

Six frigates : the epic history of the founding of the U.S. Navy

3307: 1304: 462: 1622:, England, in 1820 (with a good deal of her timbers being made into 1056:, armed with muskets to fire down onto the decks of the enemy ship. 3937:

The Frigate Constitution; The Central Figure of the Navy Under Sail

2032:

was smaller and more maneuverable. Decatur surrendered his ship to

1927:

made three extended cruises during the War of 1812 in company with

1879:, under the command of Captain John Rodgers, mistakenly identified 459:, thus providing temporary protection for American merchant ships. 1786: 1682: 1641: 1479: 1468: 1383: 1329: 1217: 1063: 969: 875: 524: 512:

The bill was presented to the House on March 10 and passed as the

474: 3475:

Biographical Sketches of the Distinguished Men of Columbia County

589:; while giving the ships extremely heavy planking. This gave the 451:, who proposed building five 40-gun warships. Shortly afterward, 574: 4364: 3263:"Hundreds Join Old Ironsides' Return to Sea for 212th Birthday" 1267:

was struck in 1853 and broken up. During construction of a new

4288:

Guns Off Cape Ann; The Story of the Shannon and the Chesapeake

2069:, but served only a few years before being broken up in 1818. 4169:

Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy

4056:

A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of "Old Ironsides"

2137:

is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades; however,

1315:. During the Quasi-War she captured the French merchant ship 1987:, but she once again lost a race to overtake an enemy ship. 1802:

based on experience gained in constructing the 44-gun ships

1142:, remained nameless until 1799, when Secretary of the Navy, 581:(width); mounting very heavy guns; incorporating a diagonal 1338:

under sail for the first time in 116 years on July 21, 1997

573:. The design was unusual for the time, being deep, long on 2036:

only to sail away under the cover of night. Subsequently,

1445:

is open to visitors year-round, providing tours, with the

1382:" and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from 3696:

The Naval Chronicle: Volume 33, January–July 1815: "When

995:

instead of the normal 18-pounders most frigates carried.

3095:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 3077:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 3056:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 3002:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2321:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2288:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 1950:

eventually escaped. Pursuing a fleet of merchant ships,

1150:, ignoring the previous Constitutional naming protocol. 4259:

Humphreys, Assheton Y. (2000). Tyrone G. Martin (ed.).

1421:. Retired from active service in 1881, she served as a 1071:

Engagement between the United States and the Macedonian

4263:. Mount Pleasant: Nautical & Aviation Publishing. 4090:"The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris U.S.N." 4025:

A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898

4006:

A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898

3908:

Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy, 1783–1815

2852:. Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from 4028:. Vol. 2 (New ed.). New York: D. Appleton. 4009:. Vol. 1 (New ed.). New York: D. Appleton. 3444:

Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 322, 325, 521.

3435:

Roosevelt (1883), pp. 72–74, 76–78, 106–107, 174–175.

1724:

second cruise began in October 1812, and she pursued

1433:

The oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world,

987:

The 44-gun ships sometimes carried over 50 guns, and

497:

On January 2, 1794, by a narrow margin of 46–44, the

4003:

Maclay, Edgar Stanton; Smith, Roy Campbell (1898) .

3561:

Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 228, 231–233.

3856:

History of the Navy of the United States of America

1822:2 ft (61 cm) farther aft. In the case of 1689:Under the command of Captain John Smith during the 1417:and carried artwork and industrial displays to the 3959:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 3872: 3831: 3742:. Boston, New York and Chicago: Houghton Mifflin. 2689: 2214:. United States Navy. July 7, 2009. Archived from 1693:, she made three extended cruises in company with 455:began blockading Algerian ships from entering the 435:. But almost simultaneously troubles began in the 319:152.8 ft (46.6 m) between perpendiculars 2542: 2540: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2054:, and Decatur surrendered the ship once again to 1603:, captured four alleged deserters, and sailed to 909:completion and appropriated the requested funds. 425:, a heavily indebted United States disbanded the 4093:Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute 1666:and made uneventful patrols through April 1801. 1386:. She continued to actively serve the nation as 4392:Original six frigates of the United States Navy 4309:(Elementary and Junior High School). New York: 3687:Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 521–522. 3669:Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 426–427. 3651:Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 325–326. 2431: 2429: 2001:After the ship spent a year blockaded in port, 1754:In 1815 she returned to active service for the 1554:On June 22, 1807, what has become known as the 363:original six frigates of the United States Navy 4150:. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 4133:(3rd ed.). New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. 3516:Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 2, pp. 20, 28. 2721: 2719: 2717: 2696:. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 2235: 2233: 381:powerful enough to engage any frigates of the 4376: 2401: 2399: 1871:On May 16, 1811, in what became known as the 1230:–Watercolor by Admiral John W. Schmidt, 1981) 1190:was decommissioned on February 24, 1849, and 8: 3340:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2554: 2552: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 1842:In May 1801 she sailed under the command of 1501:, and was launched on December 2, 1799. The 1048:The marine detachment on board provided the 403:, is still in commission and is the world's 4197:Live Oaking: Southern Timber for Tall Ships 3312:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 416. 3093:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 3075:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 3065: 3063: 3054:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 3000:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 2891: 2889: 2887: 2671: 2669: 2319:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 2286:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 2246:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 2166:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 1228:Capture of the French Frigate, L'Insurgente 4470:Sailing frigates of the United States Navy 4383: 4369: 4361: 3961:. Vol. XL, no. 4. Philadelphia: 3188: 3186: 3149: 3147: 2188: 2186: 2184: 1307:on October 21, 1797, by naval constructor 991:was known to carry 24-pounder guns in her 632: 4199:. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 3955:"Who Built the First United States Navy?" 3761:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. 2873: 2871: 1923:Still under the command of John Rodgers, 1792:U.S.S. President at Anchor in Heavy Swell 1319:, and was later involved in battling the 494:to request Congress to authorize a navy. 407:commissioned naval warship still afloat. 3579:Allen (1905), pp. 198–199, 218–223, 270. 3417:Allen (1905), pp. 199, 219–220, 268–269. 3158:. Naval History & Heritage Command. 3154:Reilly Jr., John C. (February 4, 2008). 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2160:This article incorporates text from the 1818:by 2 in (5.1 cm) and move the 226:450 officers and enlisted, including 55 4148:The Congress Founds the Navy, 1787–1798 2620:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2180: 2078: 4475:United States Navy in the 18th century 3940:. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin. 3333: 3012:Smelser (1959), pp. 102, 110, 116–118. 2009:. On the evening of January 14, 1815, 1580:. After several quick broadsides from 1405:of the world in the 1840s. During the 33: 4236:(Large Print). Thorndike: G.K. Hall. 3858:. New York: Stringer & Townsend. 3812:. Naval Institute Press. p. 46. 3283:. HMS Victory website. Archived from 3269:from the original on October 7, 2012. 3233:from the original on October 11, 2016 2618:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1130:which derived from the blazon of the 389:navies, yet fast enough to evade any 7: 3552:Allen (1905), pp. 92, 94–95, 98–100. 3507:Morris (1880), pp. 181–184, 190–191. 1599:refused the surrender, searched the 1136:"13 stars, forming a constellation." 373:, on the recommendation of designer 185:175 ft (53 m) at waterline 3408:Toll (2006), pp. 224–227, 252, 282. 3162:from the original on April 21, 2009 1146:, designated her a namesake of the 195:43 ft 6 in (13.26 m) 18:Six original United States frigates 3963:Historical Society of Pennsylvania 3588:Toll (2006), pp. 224–227, 250–251. 3211:Wegner, Dana M. (September 1991). 2640:An Act to provide a Naval Armament 2255:Naval History and Heritage Command 2212:"US Navy Fact File – Constitution" 1946:and engaged in a fight from which 1299:, rated at 44 guns, launched from 983:Naval artillery in the Age of Sail 218:14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) 25: 4451:Sailing frigates of the U.S. Navy 3739:Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs 3478:. Albany: Weed, Parsons. p. 3021:Smelser (1959), pp. 127, 131–132. 2850:"Navy History: Federal/Quasi War" 2372:National Museum of the Royal Navy 2062:was taken into the Royal Navy as 1794:–Watercolor by John Russell, 1904 1611:was captured on June 1, 1813, by 1068:Painting of the October 30, 1812 417:History of the United States Navy 3780:The United States Navy 200 Years 3306:W., Toll, Ian (March 17, 2008). 3261:Brown, Eric (October 21, 2009). 2153: 1814:s naval contractor to raise the 1179:fought and captured the frigate 37: 3990:. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. 3809:Sailing warships of the US Navy 2879:Sailing Warships of the US Navy 2775:. London: Chatham. p. 56. 2773:Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars 2028:, but this plan failed because 2020:. Decatur attempted to capture 1798:Minor alterations were made to 1739:on April 30, 1813, and pursued 1731:and captured the merchant ship 1720:captured seven merchant ships. 1588:replied with only one gun, the 861:, were chosen. Construction of 585:(rib) scheme aimed at limiting 396:One of these original six, the 205:21 ft (6.4 m) forward 4195:Wood, Virginia Steele (1981). 3678:Roosevelt (1883), pp. 174–177. 3660:Roosevelt (1883), pp. 106–107. 2985:Smelser (1959), pp. 90–91, 99. 2654:. Retrieved February 17, 2010. 1533:When construction finished on 974:Carronade on the spar deck of 286:340 officers and enlisted 27:First six ships of the US Navy 1: 4101:United States Naval Institute 1901:was a much smaller ship than 954:launched on August 15, 1799, 4088:(1880). Soley, J. R. (ed.). 3953:Humphreys, Henry H. (1916). 3911:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 3736:Allen, Gardner Weld (1905). 3624:Roosevelt (1883), pp. 73–76. 3224:David Taylor Research Center 3132:Roosevelt (1882), chapter V. 3039:Smelser (1959), pp. 160–166. 3030:Smelser (1959), pp. 150–156. 2752:Beach (1986), pp. 29–30, 33. 2612:American Antiquarian Society 2592:American Antiquarian Society 2546:Daughan (2008), pp. 279–281. 2507:Daughan (2008), pp. 278–279. 2471:Daughan (2008), pp. 276–277. 1705:in the attempted capture of 1378:earned her the nickname of " 3871:Daughan, George C. (2008). 3633:Cooper (1856), pp. 244–247. 3597:Cooper (1856), pp. 235–238. 3543:Allen (1909), pp. 217, 221. 3426:Cooper (1856), pp. 221–222. 3390:Morris (1880), pp. 120–122. 3156:"The Constitution Gun Deck" 3141:Jennings (1966), pp. 17–19. 1415:United States Naval Academy 1005:Commonly, twelve men and a 742:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 208:23 ft (7.0 m) aft 4491: 4172:. New York: W. W. Norton. 4146:Smelser, Marshall (1959). 3806:Canney, Donald L. (2001). 3462:Allen (1905), pp. 292–294. 3281:"HMS Victory Service Life" 2958:Smelser (1959), pp. 77–78. 2949:Smelser (1959), pp. 76–77. 2725:Smelser (1959), pp. 72–73. 2480:Smelser (1959), pp. 48–51. 1847:1804 under the command of 1780: 1635: 1462: 1287: 1253:fought the French frigate 1211: 1159: 980: 414: 327:41.3 ft (12.6 m) 278:41.0 ft (12.5 m) 4448: 4398: 4290:. Chicago: Rand McNally. 4286:Poolman, Kenneth (1962). 3879:. New York: Basic Books. 3758:Our Naval War With France 3606:Toll (2006), pp. 321–323. 3472:Raymond, William (1851). 3453:Toll (2006), pp. 419–420. 3372:Fowler (1984), pp. 21–22. 2803:Humphreys (1916), p. 401. 2771:Gardiner, Robert (2000). 2516:Fowler (1984), pp. 16–17. 2489:Smelser (1959), pp. 5–20. 1132:Arms of the United States 920:informed Congress of the 825:, and, most importantly, 351:340 officers and enlisted 343:13.9 ft (4.2 m) 291:General characteristics ( 290: 235:General characteristics ( 234: 178:204 ft (62 m) ( 132:General characteristics ( 131: 54: 36: 4022:—— (1898) . 3722:Winfield (2008), p. 124. 3642:Roosevelt (1883), p. 77. 3615:Beach (1986), pp. 69–70. 3180:Jennings (1966), p. 224. 3123:Chapelle (1949), p. 128. 2761:Allen (1909), pp. 42–45. 2368:"History of HMS Victory" 2331:Chapelle (1949), p. 535. 1712:. On the return voyage, 1419:Paris Exposition of 1878 1214:USS Constellation (1797) 1162:USS United States (1797) 829:. Live oak was used for 537:With the formation of a 499:House of Representatives 267:164 ft (50 m) 4303:Wachtel, Roger (2003). 3986:Jennings, John (1966). 3934:Hollis, Ira N. (1900). 3755:—— (1909). 3251:Jennings (1966), p. 44. 3114:Smelser (1959), p. 193. 3105:Daughan (2008), p. 315. 2967:Daughan (2008), p. 294. 2940:Wood (1981), pp. 29–31. 2931:Wood (1981), pp. 25–28. 2877:Canney, Donald (2001), 2812:Wood (1981), pp. 88–90. 2743:Toll (2006), pp. 49–53. 2567:Daughan (2008), p. 281. 2525:Daughan (2008), p. 279. 2423:Fowler (1984), pp. 8–9. 2414:Fowler (1984), pp. 6–7. 2405:Daughan (2008), p. 242. 2384:Daughan (2008), p. 240. 2346:USS Constitution Museum 1810:. Humphreys instructed 1196:Confederate States Navy 521:Design and preparations 335:20 ft (6.1 m) 3852:Cooper, James Fenimore 3570:Cooper (1856), p. 153. 2976:Smelser (1959), p. 77. 2922:Smelser (1959), p. 74. 2558:Smelser (1959), p. 57. 2141:has been in permanent 1795: 1650: 1539:between perpendiculars 1485: 1477: 1374:. The battle with the 1339: 1231: 1083: 978: 884: 690:Boston, Massachusetts 539:Department of the Navy 534: 359:United States Congress 269:between perpendiculars 4130:The Naval War of 1812 4060:Naval Institute Press 3783:. New York: H. Holt. 3399:Allen (1909), p. 221. 3287:on September 24, 2013 3265:. Navy News Service. 3213:"Fouled Anchors: The 2895:Hollis (1900), p. 48. 2821:Fowler (1984), p. 24. 2734:Fowler (1984), p. 21. 2675:Fowler (1984), p. 20. 2534:Fowler (1984), p. 18. 2453:Smelser (1959), p. 8. 2192:Hollis (1900), p. 39. 2122:were re-rated to 38s. 1790: 1669:Under the command of 1645: 1483: 1472: 1465:USS Chesapeake (1799) 1439:Charlestown Navy Yard 1333: 1221: 1067: 973: 880:The launching of USS 879: 565:also were consulted. 528: 4058:(Revised ed.). 3965:. pp. 385–411. 3838:. New York: Norton. 3534:Toll (2006), p. 107. 3525:Toll (2006), p. 474. 3381:Toll (2006), p. 136. 3363:Toll (2006), p. 289. 3354:Allen (1909), p. 56. 3192:Beach (1986), p. 31. 2830:Beach (1986), p. 32. 2663:Allen (1905), p. 49. 2498:Allen (1909), p. 42. 2462:Allen (1905), p. 13. 2444:Fowler (1984), p. 9. 2435:Allen (1905), p. 15. 2393:Fowler (1984), p. 8. 2348:. United States Navy 1893:while searching for 1783:USS President (1800) 1605:Halifax, Nova Scotia 900:on September 7, and 896:launched on May 10, 794:Baltimore, Maryland 551:John Foster Williams 4125:Roosevelt, Theodore 3828:Chapelle, Howard I. 3201:Toll (2006), p. 61. 2856:on February 6, 1997 2652:Library of Congress 2005:assumed command of 1998:in late September. 1954:sailed to within a 1638:USS Congress (1799) 1425:until designated a 1138:The sixth frigate, 962:on April 10, 1800. 958:on December 2, and 717:New York, New York 4230:Hoyt, Edwin Palmer 3903:Fowler, William M. 3217:Question Answered" 2913:Wood (1981), p. 3. 2904:Wood (1981), p. 4. 2342:"USS Constitution" 1873:Little Belt affair 1851:. In company with 1829:Rated at 44 guns, 1796: 1756:Second Barbary War 1748:Cape Verde Islands 1651: 1569:was fired upon by 1565:occurred when the 1486: 1478: 1437:is berthed at the 1407:American Civil War 1340: 1232: 1084: 979: 885: 663:Gosport, Virginia 645:Naval constructor 535: 371:United States Navy 63:United States Navy 4457: 4456: 4356:official homepage 4179:978-0-393-05847-5 4099:(12). Annapolis: 4052:Martin, Tyrone G. 3886:978-0-465-01607-5 3819:978-1-55750-990-1 3790:978-0-03-044711-2 3319:978-0-393-06664-7 2707:978-0-393-05847-5 1931:and briefly with 1697:and briefly with 1679:First Barbary War 1593:struck her colors 1528:Benjamin Stoddert 1495:Gosport Navy Yard 1493:was built at the 1325:First Barbary War 1144:Benjamin Stoddert 1088:Timothy Pickering 1019:chain or bar shot 847:Treaty of Tripoli 827:southern live oak 811: 810: 557:and shipbuilders 543:Department of War 514:Naval Act of 1794 479:French Revolution 423:Revolutionary War 367:Naval Act of 1794 355: 354: 16:(Redirected from 4482: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4332: 4311:Children's Press 4299: 4282: 4255: 4218: 4191: 4159: 4142: 4120: 4081: 4047: 4018: 3999: 3982: 3949: 3930: 3898: 3878: 3867: 3847: 3837: 3823: 3802: 3775:Beach, Edward L. 3770: 3751: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3151: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2882: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2712: 2711: 2695: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2615: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2547: 2544: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2259: 2258: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2208: 2193: 2190: 2157: 2156: 2146: 2129: 2123: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2083: 1915: 1762:, and in August 1409:she served as a 1403:circumnavigation 1313:Samuel Nicholson 1290:USS Constitution 1052:that manned the 749:Joshua Humphreys 723:Christian Bergh 702:Samuel Nicholson 633: 571:ship of the line 547:Joshua Humphreys 507:Federalist Party 445:Thomas Jefferson 427:Continental Navy 391:ship of the line 375:Joshua Humphreys 41: 34: 21: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4444: 4394: 4389: 4339: 4321: 4302: 4285: 4271: 4258: 4244: 4228: 4225: 4223:Further reading 4207: 4194: 4180: 4162: 4145: 4123: 4086:Morris, Charles 4084: 4070: 4050: 4036: 4021: 4002: 3985: 3952: 3933: 3919: 3901: 3887: 3870: 3850: 3826: 3820: 3805: 3791: 3773: 3754: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3332: 3320: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 2996:"United States" 2994: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2783: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2715: 2708: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2607: 2599:McCusker, J. J. 2597: 2587: 2579:McCusker, J. J. 2577: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2313: 2312: 2293: 2282:"Constellation" 2280: 2279: 2262: 2251:Navy Department 2239: 2238: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2218:on July 1, 2017 2210: 2209: 2196: 2191: 2182: 2177: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2130: 2126: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2003:Stephen Decatur 1913: 1886:as the frigate 1785: 1779: 1640: 1634: 1584:, to which the 1484:Chesapeake Mill 1467: 1461: 1321:Barbary pirates 1309:George Claghorn 1303:'s shipyard in 1292: 1286: 1216: 1210: 1164: 1158: 1062: 985: 968: 769:Kittery, Maine 697:George Claghorn 648:Superintendent 627: 611:William Doughty 523: 419: 413: 377:for a fleet of 361:authorized the 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4488: 4486: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4462: 4461: 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637: 626: 623: 577:and narrow of 522: 519: 469:" of Algiers, 467:Barbary States 457:Atlantic Ocean 412: 409: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 341: 337: 336: 333: 329: 328: 325: 321: 320: 317: 313: 312: 309: 305: 304: 303:38-gun frigate 301: 300:Class and type 297: 296: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 251:38-gun frigate 249: 248:Class and type 245: 244: 232: 231: 224: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 210: 209: 206: 201: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 187: 186: 183: 180:length overall 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 152:44-gun frigate 150: 149:Class and type 146: 145: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 55:Class overview 52: 51: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4487: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4411:Constellation 4408: 4406: 4405: 4404:United States 4401: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4320:0-516-24207-5 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4306:Old Ironsides 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4270:1-877853-60-7 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4243:0-7838-9151-2 4239: 4235: 4234:Old Ironsides 4231: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4069:1-59114-513-9 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4035:9780722275009 4031: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3918:0-395-35314-9 3914: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3299: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3216: 3215:Constellation 3207: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2860:September 22, 2855: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2621: 2613: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2352:September 23, 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162:public domain 2152: 2151: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2120:Constellation 2117: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1956:day's journey 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1933:United States 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:Constellation 1854: 1850: 1849:Samuel Barron 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:United States 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1699:United States 1696: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1646:Sail plan of 1644: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1549:Constellation 1546: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1523:Constellation 1518: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1482: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:training ship 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1392:Mediterranean 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Old Ironsides 1377: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1276:Constellation 1272: 1271: 1270:Constellation 1266: 1265:Constellation 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251:Constellation 1248: 1247: 1242: 1239:was built in 1238: 1237: 1236:Constellation 1229: 1225: 1224:Constellation 1220: 1215: 1208: 1207:Constellation 1205: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:United States 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177:United States 1174: 1171:was built in 1170: 1169: 1168:United States 1163: 1156: 1155:United States 1153: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:Constellation 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:United States 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1081: 1077: 1076:Oil on canvas 1073: 1072: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1054:fighting tops 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 996: 994: 990: 984: 977: 972: 965: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 944: 939: 935: 934:United States 931: 927: 926:Constellation 923: 919: 914: 910: 907: 903: 899: 898:Constellation 895: 894:United States 890: 889:James McHenry 883: 878: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855:Constellation 852: 851:United States 848: 843: 841: 837: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819:longleaf pine 816: 807: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 791: 790: 789:Constellation 786: 785: 782: 779: 777: 776:James Hackett 774: 771: 768: 766: 765: 761: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 744: 741: 739: 738: 737:United States 734: 733: 730: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 714: 713: 709: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 692: 689: 687: 686: 682: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 665: 662: 660: 659: 655: 654: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 634: 631: 624: 622: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 566: 564: 563:James Hackett 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 532: 527: 520: 518: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 487: 483: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:Mediterranean 434: 433: 428: 424: 418: 410: 408: 406: 402: 401: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 350: 347: 346: 342: 340:Depth of hold 339: 338: 334: 331: 330: 326: 323: 322: 318: 315: 314: 310: 307: 306: 302: 299: 298: 294: 289: 285: 282: 281: 277: 274: 273: 270: 266: 263: 262: 258: 255: 254: 250: 247: 246: 242: 241:Constellation 238: 233: 229: 225: 222: 221: 217: 215:Depth of hold 214: 213: 207: 204: 203: 202: 199: 198: 194: 191: 190: 184: 181: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 164: 163: 159: 156: 155: 151: 148: 147: 143: 142:United States 139: 135: 130: 126: 123: 122: 118: 115: 114: 110: 107: 106: 102: 99: 98: 94: 91: 90: 86: 84:In commission 83: 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 67: 66: 62: 59: 58: 53: 48: 47: 40: 35: 32: 30: 19: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4418:Constitution 4417: 4410: 4403: 4391: 4354:Constitution 4353: 4345:Constitution 4344: 4305: 4287: 4260: 4233: 4196: 4167: 4147: 4129: 4096: 4092: 4055: 4024: 4005: 3987: 3958: 3936: 3907: 3874: 3855: 3833: 3808: 3779: 3757: 3738: 3730:Bibliography 3718: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3493:November 17, 3491:. Retrieved 3474: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3308: 3301: 3289:. Retrieved 3285:the original 3275: 3256: 3247: 3235:. Retrieved 3214: 3206: 3197: 3176: 3164:. Retrieved 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2878: 2858:. Retrieved 2854:the original 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2692:Six Frigates 2691: 2686:Toll, Ian W. 2680: 2659: 2639: 2635: 2625:February 29, 2623:. Retrieved 2603: 2583: 2572: 2563: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2419: 2410: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2350:. Retrieved 2345: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2315:"Chesapeake" 2285: 2244: 2220:. Retrieved 2216:the original 2168: 2159: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2100: 2087: 2081: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1939:encountered 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1861:Constitution 1860: 1856: 1852: 1844:Richard Dale 1841: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1811: 1807: 1804:Constitution 1803: 1799: 1797: 1791: 1775: 1769:James Biddle 1763: 1753: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1674: 1671:John Rodgers 1668: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1630: 1614: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1534: 1532: 1522: 1511: 1502: 1489: 1487: 1474: 1457: 1449:Constitution 1448: 1443:Constitution 1442: 1435:Constitution 1434: 1432: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1341: 1336:Constitution 1335: 1316: 1311:and Captain 1301:Edmund Hartt 1296:Constitution 1295: 1293: 1283:Constitution 1282: 1275: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1206: 1187: 1182: 1176: 1173:Philadelphia 1167: 1165: 1154: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112:Constitution 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100:Perseverance 1099: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1080:Thomas Birch 1069: 1047: 1041:to trip the 1004: 1000: 997: 993:main battery 989:Constitution 988: 986: 976:Constitution 975: 959: 955: 951: 948:Richard Dale 942: 933: 930:Constitution 929: 925: 915: 911: 902:Constitution 901: 897: 893: 886: 882:Constitution 881: 870: 866: 862: 859:Constitution 858: 854: 850: 844: 812: 788: 780:James Sever 763: 736: 727:Silas Talbot 711: 685:Constitution 684: 675:Richard Dale 657: 628: 625:Construction 615: 596: 567: 536: 531:Constitution 530: 511: 496: 488: 484: 461: 431: 420: 400:Constitution 399: 395: 362: 356: 292: 240: 236: 165:Displacement 141: 137: 134:Constitution 133: 87:1797–present 46:Constitution 45: 31: 29: 4164:Toll, Ian W 4103:: 111–219. 3089:"President" 2596:1700–1799: 2576:1634–1699: 2145:since 1922. 2095:since 1922. 2024:to replace 1911:Little Belt 1907:Little Belt 1899:Little Belt 1883:Little Belt 1691:War of 1812 1664:West Indies 1660:East Indies 1624:a watermill 1427:museum ship 1401:and made a 1259:. Although 1027:heated shot 230:and 30 boys 4464:Categories 4432:Chesapeake 3071:"Congress" 2782:186176135X 2175:References 2112:Chesapeake 2105:Chesapeake 1916:s Captain 1812:President' 1620:Portsmouth 1609:Chesapeake 1601:Chesapeake 1590:Chesapeake 1586:Chesapeake 1578:Royal Navy 1567:Chesapeake 1557:Chesapeake 1535:Chesapeake 1517:Josiah Fox 1512:Chesapeake 1507:Josiah Fox 1503:Chesapeake 1490:Chesapeake 1475:Chesapeake 1458:Chesapeake 1246:Insurgente 1183:Macedonian 1140:Chesapeake 1023:grape shot 1015:round shot 1007:powder-boy 981:See also: 956:Chesapeake 922:XYZ Affair 918:John Adams 906:Jay Treaty 863:Chesapeake 836:St. Simons 815:white pine 754:John Barry 670:Josiah Fox 658:Chesapeake 651:Reference 618:half model 603:Josiah Fox 559:Josiah Fox 555:John Barry 503:Henry Knox 492:Washington 421:After the 415:See also: 348:Complement 293:Chesapeake 283:Complement 259:1,265 tons 223:Complement 168:2,200 tons 76:In service 4439:President 4139:133902576 4127:(1883) . 4109:0041-798X 4054:(2003) . 3971:0031-4587 3895:190876973 3864:197401914 3702:President 3336:cite book 3328:916039503 3291:March 27, 2642:. 1 2132:HMS 2086:HMS 2066:President 2060:President 2052:President 2050:overtook 2045:HMS 2026:President 2015:HMS 2011:President 2007:President 1995:Highflyer 1993:HMS 1989:President 1982:HMS 1978:President 1967:HMS 1960:HMS 1952:President 1948:Belvidera 1943:Belvidera 1941:HMS 1937:President 1925:President 1903:Guerriere 1895:impressed 1890:Guerriere 1888:HMS 1881:HMS 1877:President 1865:President 1832:President 1824:President 1800:President 1776:President 1741:HMS 1737:President 1726:HMS 1722:Congress' 1718:President 1709:Belvidera 1707:HMS 1703:President 1695:President 1613:HMS 1571:HMS 1399:squadrons 1384:scrapping 1376:Guerriere 1369:HMS 1362:HMS 1355:HMS 1350:Guerriere 1348:HMS 1261:Vengeance 1256:Vengeance 1241:Baltimore 1181:HMS 1120:President 1104:Protector 1096:Fortitude 1043:flintlock 1035:broadside 960:President 938:Quasi-War 871:President 823:white oak 712:President 607:mold loft 599:draftsman 583:scantling 398:USS 365:with the 138:President 100:Completed 79:1794–1881 71:1794–1800 60:Operators 44:USS 4425:Congress 4329:50035427 4279:44632941 4252:44468774 4232:(2000). 4188:70291925 4166:(2006). 4078:51022876 3927:10277756 3905:(1984). 3854:(1856). 3830:(1949). 3799:12104038 3777:(1986). 3698:Pomone's 3267:Archived 3237:July 12, 3228:Archived 3166:April 9, 3160:Archived 3050:"Ganges" 2881:, p. 38. 2791:43456786 2688:(2006). 2650:(1794). 2601:(1992). 2581:(1997). 2222:June 30, 2143:dry dock 2116:Congress 2093:dry dock 2056:Endymion 2034:Endymion 2030:Endymion 2022:Endymion 2017:Endymion 1929:Congress 1853:Congress 1820:mainmast 1816:gun deck 1764:Congress 1714:Congress 1675:Congress 1655:Congress 1648:Congress 1631:Congress 1544:Congress 1499:Virginia 1453:nearby. 1413:for the 1388:flagship 1344:warships 1200:scuttled 1124:Congress 1092:Defender 1060:Frigates 1011:boarders 966:Armament 952:Congress 867:Congress 764:Congress 453:Portugal 449:John Jay 432:Alliance 379:frigates 237:Congress 4296:1384754 4215:7795440 4117:2496995 3996:1291484 3979:1762062 3946:2350400 3844:1471717 3767:1202325 3748:2618279 3488:3720201 2139:Victory 2134:Victory 2088:Victory 2047:Tenedos 1974:Swallow 1969:Galatea 1728:Galatea 1615:Shannon 1597:Leopard 1582:Leopard 1573:Leopard 1561:Leopard 1396:African 1390:in the 1323:in the 1108:Liberty 1039:lanyard 840:malaria 831:framing 587:hogging 471:Tripoli 441:Algiers 411:Purpose 387:British 308:Tonnage 256:Tonnage 228:Marines 157:Tonnage 124:Retired 92:Planned 4347:Museum 4327: 4317: 4294: 4277: 4267: 4250: 4240: 4213: 4203: 4186: 4176: 4156:422274 4154: 4137: 4115: 4107: 4076: 4066: 4044:609036 4042: 4032: 4015:609036 4013: 3994: 3977: 3969: 3944: 3925: 3915: 3893: 3883: 3862: 3842: 3816: 3797: 3787: 3765: 3746: 3486: 3326: 3316: 2789: 2779: 2704: 2646: 2158: 2040:Pomone 1984:Curlew 1962:Nymphe 1859:, and 1743:Curlew 1595:. HMS 1563:affair 1451:Museum 1371:Levant 1367:, and 1305:Boston 1226:(from 1122:, and 1106:, and 1082:, 1813 1031:tackle 1025:, and 943:Ganges 869:, and 473:, and 463:Piracy 405:oldest 383:French 316:Length 264:Length 173:Length 108:Active 3231:(PDF) 3220:(PDF) 2644:Stat. 2608:(PDF) 2588:(PDF) 2108:' 2073:Notes 1914:' 1683:xebec 1364:Cyane 1317:Niger 946:with 642:Guns 639:Site 636:Ship 609:with 475:Tunis 439:when 332:Draft 311:1,244 200:Draft 160:1,576 68:Built 4352:USS 4343:USS 4325:OCLC 4315:ISBN 4292:OCLC 4275:OCLC 4265:ISBN 4248:OCLC 4238:ISBN 4211:OCLC 4201:ISBN 4184:OCLC 4174:ISBN 4152:OCLC 4135:OCLC 4113:OCLC 4105:ISSN 4074:OCLC 4064:ISBN 4040:OCLC 4030:ISBN 4011:OCLC 3992:OCLC 3975:OCLC 3967:ISSN 3942:OCLC 3923:OCLC 3913:ISBN 3891:OCLC 3881:ISBN 3860:OCLC 3840:OCLC 3814:ISBN 3795:OCLC 3785:ISBN 3763:OCLC 3744:OCLC 3495:2015 3484:OCLC 3342:link 3324:OCLC 3314:ISBN 3293:2016 3239:2017 3168:2010 2862:2019 2787:OCLC 2777:ISBN 2702:ISBN 2627:2024 2354:2023 2224:2011 2118:and 2064:HMS 2043:and 2038:HMS 1965:and 1806:and 1733:Argo 1716:and 1547:and 1473:USS 1447:USS 1394:and 1357:Java 1334:USS 932:and 857:and 591:hull 579:beam 575:keel 561:and 553:and 357:The 324:Beam 275:Beam 239:and 192:Beam 116:Lost 2648:350 1626:). 1078:by 797:38 772:38 745:44 720:44 693:44 666:38 385:or 4466:: 4323:. 4313:. 4273:. 4246:. 4209:. 4182:. 4111:. 4097:VI 4095:. 4072:. 4062:. 4038:. 3973:. 3957:. 3921:. 3889:. 3793:. 3482:. 3480:47 3338:}} 3334:{{ 3322:. 3226:. 3222:. 3185:^ 3146:^ 3091:. 3073:. 3062:^ 3052:. 2998:. 2886:^ 2870:^ 2835:^ 2785:. 2716:^ 2700:. 2698:45 2668:^ 2610:. 2590:. 2551:^ 2539:^ 2428:^ 2398:^ 2370:. 2344:. 2317:. 2294:^ 2284:. 2263:^ 2253:, 2249:. 2243:. 2232:^ 2197:^ 2183:^ 2114:, 2058:. 1935:. 1905:. 1875:, 1863:, 1855:, 1673:, 1607:. 1530:. 1497:, 1360:, 1353:, 1346:: 1327:. 1278:. 1186:. 1134:, 1118:, 1114:, 1102:, 1098:, 1094:, 1021:, 1017:, 928:, 865:, 853:, 821:, 817:, 613:. 601:, 393:. 182:); 140:, 136:, 4384:e 4377:t 4370:v 4331:. 4298:. 4281:. 4254:. 4217:. 4190:. 4158:. 4141:. 4119:. 4080:. 4046:. 4017:. 3998:. 3981:. 3948:. 3929:. 3897:. 3866:. 3846:. 3822:. 3801:. 3769:. 3750:. 3497:. 3344:) 3330:. 3295:. 3241:. 3170:. 2864:. 2793:. 2710:. 2629:. 2614:. 2594:. 2374:. 2356:. 2257:. 2226:. 2169:. 1559:– 1074:– 533:. 295:) 243:) 144:) 127:3 119:2 111:1 103:6 95:6 20:)

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