778: (1986), trials can be closed at the behest of the government if there is "an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest". The accused may also request a closure of the trial; though, it must be demonstrated that "first, there is a substantial probability that the defendant's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and second, reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the defendant's right to a fair trial."
87:
732: (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that if the reviewing court finds that a defendant's right to a speedy trial was violated, then the indictment must be dismissed and any conviction overturned. The Court held that, since the delayed trial is the state action which violates the defendant's rights, no other remedy would be appropriate. Thus, a reversal or dismissal of a criminal case on speedy trial grounds means no further prosecution for the alleged offense can take place.
999: (1904), the Supreme Court ruled that the place where the offense is charged to have occurred determines a trial's location. Where multiple districts are alleged to have been locations of the crime, any of them may be chosen for the trial. In cases of offenses not committed in any state (for example, offenses committed at sea), the place of trial may be determined by the Congress. Unlike other Sixth Amendment guarantees, the Court has not incorporated the vicinage right.
1060:, that is to say, testimony by one witness as to the statements and observations of another person to prove that the statement or observation was true. The rationale was that the defendant had no opportunity to challenge the credibility of and cross-examine the person making the statements. Certain exceptions to the hearsay rule have been permitted; for instance, admissions by the defendant are admissible, as are dying declarations. Nevertheless, in
1042:... it is not sufficient to set forth the offense in the words of the statute, unless those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offense intended to be punished." Vague wording, even if taken directly from a statute, does not suffice. However, the government is not required to hand over written copies of the indictment free of charge.
452:
615:
464:
476:
1094: (1968), the Supreme Court ruled that while a defendant's out of court statements were admissible in proving the defendant's guilt, they were inadmissible hearsay against another defendant. Hearsay may, in some circumstances, be admitted though it is not covered by one of the long-recognized exceptions. For example, prior testimony may sometimes be admitted if the witness is unavailable. However, in
856:(2017), the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires a court in a criminal trial to investigate whether a jury's guilty verdict was based on racial bias. For a guilty verdict to be set aside based on the racial bias of a juror, the defendant must prove that the racial bias "was a significant motivating factor in the juror's vote to convict".
629:
823:, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident", and that a jury of six would be sufficient, but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury. In
1262: (1932), the Supreme Court ruled that "in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him." In
1412:
goes on to conclude that once adversary proceedings have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal assistance when the government interrogates him and that when a defendant is arrested, "arraigned on warrant before a judge", and "committed by the court to confinement", "here can be no doubt
1227:
The
Compulsory Process Clause gives any criminal defendant the right to call witnesses in his favor. If any such witness refuses to testify, that witness may be compelled to do so by the court at the request of the defendant. However, in some cases the court may refuse to permit a defense witness to
843:, each side may question potential jurors to determine any bias, and challenge them if the same is found; the court determines the validity of these challenges for cause. Defendants may not challenge a conviction because a challenge for cause was denied incorrectly if they had the opportunity to use
1186:
determined. If the "primary purpose" was for dealing with an "ongoing emergency", then any such statement was not testimonial and so the
Confrontation Clause would not require the person making that statement to testify in order for that statement to be admitted into evidence. The right to confront
864:
Another factor in determining the impartiality of the jury is the nature of the panel, or venire, from which the jurors are selected. Venires must represent a fair cross-section of the community; the defendant might establish that the requirement was violated by showing that the allegedly excluded
558:
consisting of jurors from the state and district in which the crime was alleged to have been committed. Under the impartial jury requirement, jurors must be unbiased, and the jury must consist of a representative cross-section of the community. The right to a jury applies only to offenses in which
609:
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the
599:
must be provided to criminal defendants unable to afford an attorney in all trials where the defendant faces the possibility of imprisonment. The
Supreme Court has incorporated (protected at the state level) all Sixth Amendment protections except one: having a jury trial in the same state and
865:
group is a "distinctive" one in the community, that the representation of such a group in venires is unreasonable and unfair in regard to the number of persons belonging to such a group, and that the under-representation is caused by a systematic exclusion in the selection process. Thus, in
792:
The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement. Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of
1187:
and cross-examine witnesses also applies to physical evidence; the prosecution must present physical evidence to the jury, providing the defense ample opportunity to cross-examine its validity and meaning. Prosecution generally may not refer to evidence without first presenting it. In
1111: (2004), the Supreme Court increased the scope of the Confrontation Clause by ruling that "testimonial" out-of-court statements are inadmissible if the accused did not have the opportunity to cross-examine that accuser and that accuser is unavailable at trial. In
1408: (1977), the right to counsel " at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, whether by formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment."
928:
ruled that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but also regarding any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. In
763: (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to a public trial is not absolute. In cases where excess publicity would serve to undermine the defendant's right to due process, limitations can be put on public access to the proceedings. According to
569:
to determine whether a defendant's right to a speedy trial had been violated. It has additionally held that the requirement of a public trial is not absolute and that both the government and the defendant can in some cases request a closed trial.
2814:
362:
628:
2632:
981:
of the
Constitution requires defendants be tried by juries and in the state in which the crime was committed. The Sixth Amendment requires the jury to be selected from judicial districts ascertained by statute. In
2569:
691:. The Court did not explicitly rule that any absolute time limit applies. However, it gave the example that the delay for "ordinary street crime is considerably less than for a serious, complex conspiracy charge."
2670:
3039:
2114:
1205:
___ (2022), the Court ruled the accused had to be given an opportunity to cross-examine a witness called to rebut the accused's defense, even if the trial judge rules that defense to be misleading.
2809:
3756:
3771:
1832:
816:
when the
Constitution was adopted." Therefore, it was held that federal criminal juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.
438:
2642:
2526:
2326:
2258:
1299: (1961), that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested, even if there was no "ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like".
305:
151:
2512:
297:
2003:
1976:
697:. The prosecution may not excessively delay the trial for its own advantage, but a trial may be delayed to secure the presence of an absent witness or other practical considerations (e.g.,
3290:
2497:
2487:
282:
270:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2482:
506:
292:
287:
277:
265:
1127: (2006), the Court ruled that "testimonial" refers to any statement that an objectively reasonable person in the declarant's situation would believe likely to be used in court. In
2462:
1333: (1942), in which the Court ruled that state courts had to appoint counsel only when the defendant demonstrated "special circumstances" requiring the assistance of counsel. Under
882: (1975), the Supreme Court invalidated a state law that exempted women who had not made a declaration of willingness to serve from jury service, while not doing the same for men.
243:
2472:
2467:
2436:
2431:
961:
820:
544:
255:
250:
228:
223:
1228:
testify. For example, if a defense lawyer fails to notify the prosecution of the identity of a witness to gain a tactical advantage, that witness may be precluded from testifying.
610:
accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
2477:
2457:
2441:
2171:
2136:
1917:
1892:
1710:
1685:
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1612:
1595:
1505:
1475:
1458:
1437:
1398:
1374:
1357:
1340:
1323:
1306:
1289:
1269:
1252:
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1172:
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1134:
1117:
1101:
1084:
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1028:
989:
936:
914:
897:
872:
768:
753:
722:
666:
260:
238:
233:
3034:
2408:
1867:
213:
3285:
2413:
2377:
2106:
1077: (1970), the Supreme Court has held that the hearsay rule is not the same as the Confrontation Clause. Hearsay is admissible under certain circumstances. For example, in
218:
191:
1527:
defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel.
1350: (1972), counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment. Regarding sentences not immediately leading to imprisonment, the Court in
2030:
5152:
3689:
2382:
2362:
2352:
196:
176:
166:
3129:
3094:
2824:
2392:
2387:
2367:
2357:
2347:
1182: (2011), the Court ruled that the "primary purpose" of a shooting victim's statement as to who shot him, and the police's reason for questioning him, each had to be
206:
201:
181:
171:
161:
5064:
1422:
431:
1731:
5157:
3215:
2937:
2316:
2296:
2251:
1544:
978:
141:
121:
3700:
3139:
2306:
2301:
131:
126:
1515: (1977), the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of "meaningful access to the courts" can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials.
954:
by ruling that a defendant's right to a jury applies to any fact that would increase a defendant's sentence beyond the minimum otherwise required by statute. In
3124:
3119:
3109:
3089:
3069:
3014:
2311:
2291:
2286:
136:
116:
111:
3507:
2559:
619:
499:
342:
1468: (1993), a court that believes the defendant is less than fully competent to represent himself can require that defendant to be assisted by counsel. In
3220:
3019:
1495:, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial, but not competent to represent himself.
2755:
2281:
2244:
103:
68:
1946:
1279: (1938), the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases, counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own.
793:
imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist. Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as
5098:
2994:
2964:
2750:
2715:
2695:
1840:
1470:
374:
369:
352:
808:
Originally, the
Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to "a trial by jury as understood and applied at
3804:
2999:
3210:
1783:
492:
417:
408:
2227:
Chin, Gabriel and Scott Wells. (1998). "Can a
Reasonable Doubt have an Unreasonable Price? Limitations on Attorneys Fees in Criminal Cases", 41
2191:
3300:
2969:
2847:
5137:
3522:
2612:
2607:
2534:
1980:
313:
3735:
3255:
3049:
837:
The Sixth
Amendment requires juries to be impartial. Impartiality has been interpreted as requiring individual jurors to be unbiased. At
4905:
4197:
3631:
3250:
2842:
638:
The hand-written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights, 1789, cropped to show the text that would later be ratified as the Sixth
Amendment
540:
5147:
4678:
4109:
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925:
677:
536:
386:
4864:
3230:
2592:
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1757:
94:
76:
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1427:
A criminal defendant may represent himself, unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel.
4825:
4726:
3079:
3064:
2212:
2061:
1520:
596:
381:
4539:
3486:
1806:
1129:
5142:
4376:
4341:
4117:
3200:
2789:
852:
4707:
3797:
3750:
3548:
2979:
2852:
2657:
2539:
2339:
1237:
1057:
1013:
A criminal defendant has the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against them. Therefore, an
707:. If a defendant agrees to the delay when it works to his own benefit, he cannot later claim he has been unduly delayed.
586:
532:
393:
320:
4563:
4256:
3764:
3668:
3626:
3621:
3024:
2710:
2675:
1862:
1549:
787:
555:
1590:
1017:
must allege all the ingredients of the crime to such a degree of precision that it would allow the accused to assert
585:
gives criminal defendants the right to call their own witnesses and, in some cases, compel witnesses to testify. The
4133:
4042:
4769:
4082:
4074:
3718:
3165:
3134:
2984:
2857:
2622:
2617:
1284:
829:(2020), the Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in all federal and state criminal jury trials.
528:
4658:
4451:
4229:
4066:
3978:
3839:
3466:
3346:
3145:
2877:
2700:
2577:
2423:
1222:
582:
424:
398:
38:
1887:
86:
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4221:
4205:
4181:
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3855:
3435:
3305:
3169:
3029:
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2652:
2166:
1146:
956:
931:
550:
The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants nine different rights, including the right to a speedy and
2101:
2083:
4913:
4633:
4475:
4360:
4333:
4325:
4165:
4010:
3790:
3225:
3173:
3099:
2927:
2804:
2799:
2735:
2705:
2647:
1954:
1912:
1079:
1023:
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4587:
4507:
4173:
4125:
3943:
3388:
3260:
2907:
2832:
2779:
2730:
2554:
1632:
1096:
892:
337:
1935:... was well established before the adoption of the constitution, and was not intended to be abrogated.")
1062:
5074:
4929:
4889:
4793:
4149:
4018:
3595:
2974:
2942:
2773:
2602:
2549:
2175:
2140:
2110:
2052:
2031:"Justices affirm Crawford's application of Sixth Amendment confrontation clause to testimonial evidence"
1921:
1896:
1871:
1714:
1689:
1664:
1641:
1616:
1599:
1509:
1479:
1462:
1441:
1432:
1402:
1378:
1361:
1344:
1335:
1327:
1316: (1963), ruled that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases, overruling
1310:
1293:
1273:
1256:
1202:
1176:
1155:
1138:
1121:
1105:
1088:
1071:
1032:
993:
940:
918:
909:
901:
876:
772:
757:
726:
670:
330:
17:
2050:
Johnathan M. Lamb (2008). "The Muted Rise of the Silent Witness Rule in National Security Litigation".
984:
4026:
4953:
4897:
4785:
4777:
4579:
4432:
4157:
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3740:
3295:
3009:
3004:
2959:
2932:
2882:
2627:
1301:
1189:
1051:
844:
635:
591:
578:
456:
2195:
684:
for determining whether the defendant's speedy trial right has been violated. The four factors are:
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4801:
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4523:
4515:
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4002:
3951:
3827:
3723:
3512:
3240:
3104:
2892:
2837:
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2597:
1680:
1607:
1569:
1388:
that may result in incarceration cannot be imposed if the defendant did not have counsel at trial.
1210:
1113:
867:
748:
654:
1732:"Opinion analysis: With debate over adherence to precedent, justices scrap nonunanimous jury rule"
5106:
5052:
4977:
4945:
4833:
4686:
4547:
4411:
4296:
4288:
4058:
4050:
3905:
3425:
3409:
3270:
3084:
3059:
3044:
2954:
2922:
2912:
2872:
2862:
2131:
1491:
1393:
1385:
1369:
1167:
825:
1282:
In 1961, the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts. It held in
4969:
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4614:
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2069:
2065:
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1352:
1264:
1247:
1183:
2221:
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4937:
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4213:
3367:
3114:
2989:
2917:
2902:
2637:
2582:
2544:
1453:
325:
531:
sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the
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4483:
4316:
4141:
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3440:
3351:
3275:
3179:
3161:
2897:
2867:
2725:
1500:
1194:
1165:
analysis into evidence, without having him testify, violated the Confrontation Clause. In
1018:
973:
698:
661:
614:
561:
480:
3782:
1021:
if the same charges are brought up in subsequent prosecution. The Supreme Court held in
5025:
5001:
4993:
4761:
4248:
4034:
3590:
3569:
3553:
3517:
3461:
3430:
3245:
2178:
2143:
1899:
1717:
1667:
1644:
1602:
1512:
1482:
1465:
1444:
1405:
1381:
1364:
1330:
1318:
1313:
1276:
1179:
1158:
1141:
1124:
1091:
1074:
1035:
921:
904:
879:
802:
760:
729:
681:
673:
581:
gives criminal defendants the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, while the
566:
1924:
1874:
1692:
1619:
1347:
1296:
1259:
1209:
In the late 20th and early 21st century this clause became an issue in the use of the
1108:
996:
943:
812:, and includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and
475:
5131:
5017:
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4189:
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3235:
3151:
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2720:
2118:
775:
2236:
1056:
The Confrontation Clause relates to the common law rule preventing the admission of
4921:
3897:
3884:
741:
551:
1833:"Opinion analysis: Divided court throws out additional jail time for sex offender"
3647:
3527:
798:
463:
3372:
3156:
2035:
1950:
1836:
1810:
1761:
1735:
1014:
809:
468:
2215:
The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation
3280:
839:
2004:"Instant Analysis of Michigan v. Bryant: The Confrontation of Social Cost"
1758:"Opinion analysis: Divided court rules for defendant in juror-bias case"
805:, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.
3315:
2745:
2007:
1162:
813:
543:
all but one of this amendment's protections to the states through the
1367: (1979), ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed, but in
1008:
794:
577:
of the nature and cause of accusations against them. The amendment's
574:
2226:
589:
grants criminal defendants the right to be assisted by counsel. In
61:
1791 amendment enumerating rights related to criminal prosecutions
1447: (1975), the Supreme Court recognized a defendant's right to
960:, 588 U.S. ___ (2019), the Court decided a jury is required if a
4705:
4656:
4430:
4399:
3924:
3882:
3825:
3786:
2240:
711:
Degree of prejudice to the defendant which the delay has caused
573:
The Sixth Amendment requires that criminal defendants be given
2192:"2nd Circuit: Having a Lawyer Satisfies Test for Court Access"
1242:
A criminal defendant has the right to be assisted by counsel.
705:
Time and manner in which the defendant has asserted his right
964:
revocation would carry a mandatory minimum prison sentence.
1807:"Reconciling ceilings and floors: Alleyne v. United States"
595:(1963) and subsequent cases, the Supreme Court held that a
559:
the penalty is imprisonment for longer than six months. In
659:
Criminal defendants have the right to a speedy trial. In
1784:"Criminal Fines—Applicability of Apprendi v. New Jersey"
42:
1489:
representation did not apply to appellate courts. In
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2401:
2338:
2325:
2274:
2213:Kilman, Johnny and George Costello (Eds.). (2000).
3690:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1927: (1899) ("It is scarcely necessary to say that
1485: (2000), the Supreme Court ruled the right to
1423:Pro se legal representation in the United States
1545:United States constitutional criminal procedure
607:
3701:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1413:that judicial proceedings ha been initiated."
1161: (2011), the Court ruled that admitting a
545:Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
3798:
2252:
500:
8:
2222:CRS Annotated Constitution: Sixth Amendment
26:
4715:
4702:
4653:
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2237:
507:
493:
63:
5153:United States criminal constitutional law
5099:Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California
1979:. Federal Evidence Review. Archived from
1947:"Analysis: Law need not bow to chemistry"
1471:Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California
3757:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
2029:Sanders, Shaakirrah (January 25, 2022).
1977:"Bullcoming v. New Mexico Resource Page"
613:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
18:Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
1931:... the admission of dying declarations
1561:
600:district that the crime was committed.
407:
351:
150:
93:
75:
28:
5158:United States Sixth Amendment case law
765:Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court
1570:"The Bill of Rights: A Transcription"
7:
3736:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
2002:Blackman, Josh (February 28, 2011).
4198:Southern Union Co. v. United States
3724:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3251:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
1384: (2002), the Court held that a
1038: (1881), that "in an indictment
946: (2013), the Court expanded on
680:laid down a four-part case-by-case
4679:United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal
4110:Almendarez-Torres v. United States
3960:Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas
2815:Drafting and ratification timeline
2560:District of Columbia Voting Rights
565:, the Supreme Court articulated a
363:Drafting and ratification timeline
57:
4626:Restrictions on cross-examination
2268:Constitution of the United States
1945:Denniston, Lyle (June 25, 2009).
1782:Plank, Doug (December 20, 2011).
2671:Convention to propose amendments
1805:Gottlieb, Mike (June 17, 2013).
1519:has been interpreted by several
627:
474:
462:
450:
85:
4727:United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez
2062:Social Science Research Network
1786:. National Legal Research Group
1591:District of Columbia v. Clawans
1572:. Archives.gov. 4 November 2015
1521:United States courts of appeals
1451:representation. However, under
4540:Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts
4043:Rosales-Lopez v. United States
3286:Separation of church and state
1130:Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts
152:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
3814:United States Sixth Amendment
2790:Virginia Ratifying Convention
5138:United States Bill of Rights
4708:Assistance of Counsel Clause
3751:National Constitution Center
3549:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
2848:Assemble and Petition Clause
2088:Revolutionary War and Beyond
1730:Howe, Amy (April 20, 2020).
1238:Assistance of Counsel Clause
587:Assistance of Counsel Clause
533:United States Bill of Rights
4257:Rassmussen v. United States
3622:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2676:State ratifying conventions
2613:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2608:Electoral College abolition
2535:Congressional Apportionment
2084:"Compulsory Process Clause"
1863:United States v. Cruikshank
1831:Howe, Amy (June 26, 2019).
1756:Howe, Amy (March 6, 2017).
1550:Zone of Death (Yellowstone)
788:Juries in the United States
418:Preamble and Articles I–VII
314:Congressional Apportionment
5174:
4607:Face-to-face confrontation
4377:Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado
4075:McDonnell v. United States
1888:United States v. Van Duzee
1420:
1235:
1220:
1049:
1006:
971:
962:federal supervised release
853:Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado
785:
739:
652:
618:The Bill of Rights in the
529:United States Constitution
5148:1791 in American politics
4714:
4701:
4665:
4659:Compulsory Process Clause
4652:
4452:Reynolds v. United States
4439:
4426:
4406:
4395:
4230:Erlinger v. United States
4083:United States v. Tsarnaev
4067:Skilling v. United States
3979:Reynolds v. United States
3931:
3920:
3892:
3878:
3840:Klopfer v. North Carolina
3834:
3821:
3075:Privileges and Immunities
2888:Congressional enforcement
2810:Rhode Island ratification
2701:Articles of Confederation
2666:
2643:Parental Rights amendment
2334:
2229:Boston College Law Review
2194:. Law.com. Archived from
1223:Compulsory Process Clause
583:Compulsory Process Clause
399:Reconstruction Amendments
5045:Massiah v. United States
4874:Strickland v. Washington
4853:Glasser v. United States
4826:Nichols v. United States
4556:Bullcoming v. New Mexico
4460:Dowdell v. United States
4222:United States v. Haymond
4206:Alleyne v. United States
4182:Cunningham v. California
3987:Glasser v. United States
3856:Doggett v. United States
3306:Unitary executive theory
3080:Privileges or Immunities
2795:New York Circular Letter
2785:Massachusetts Compromise
2167:Massiah v. United States
2164:430 U.S. at 401, citing
1147:Bullcoming v. New Mexico
957:United States v. Haymond
932:Alleyne v. United States
457:United States portal
67:This article is part of
39:latest accepted revision
4914:Glover v. United States
4634:Chambers v. Mississippi
4476:Bruton v. United States
4444:Out-of-court statements
4361:Tanner v. United States
4353:Impeachment of verdicts
4334:Burton v. United States
4326:United States v. Dawson
4166:United States v. Booker
4134:Harris v. United States
4011:Witherspoon v. Illinois
3226:Dormant Commerce Clause
3070:Presidential succession
2805:Fayetteville Convention
2800:Hillsborough Convention
2736:Three-fifths Compromise
2716:Philadelphia Convention
2706:Mount Vernon Conference
2593:Campaign finance reform
2102:United States v. Cooper
1657:Patton v. United States
1080:Bruton v. United States
801:are usually tried in a
719:Strunk v. United States
5037:Uncounseled statements
4865:Ineffective assistance
4818:Pennsylvania v. Finley
4588:Samia v. United States
4508:Crawford v. Washington
4342:Smith v. United States
4174:Washington v. Recuenco
4126:Apprendi v. New Jersey
4118:Jones v. United States
3944:Cheff v. Schnackenberg
3389:William Samuel Johnson
3261:Nondelegation doctrine
2833:Admission to the Union
2780:Anti-Federalist Papers
2731:Connecticut Compromise
1913:Kirby v. United States
1633:Lewis v. United States
1097:Crawford v. Washington
1024:United States v. Carll
979:Article III, Section 2
893:Apprendi v. New Jersey
622:
612:
5075:Faretta v. California
4930:Woodford v. Visciotti
4890:Kimmelman v. Morrison
4794:Argersinger v. Hamlin
4150:Blakely v. Washington
4019:Ham v. South Carolina
3926:Impartial Jury Clause
3596:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3065:Presidential Electors
3040:Original Jurisdiction
2980:Full Faith and Credit
2853:Assistance of Counsel
2774:The Federalist Papers
2603:Crittenden Compromise
2053:Pepperdine Law Review
1433:Faretta v. California
1336:Argersinger v. Hamlin
1232:Assistance of counsel
910:Blakely v. Washington
845:peremptory challenges
617:
439:Unratified Amendments
306:Unratified Amendments
95:Preamble and Articles
5143:1791 in American law
4954:Wright v. Van Patten
4898:Lockhart v. Fretwell
4786:Anders v. California
4778:Gideon v. Wainwright
4580:Hemphill v. New York
4564:Williams v. Illinois
4433:Confrontation Clause
4158:Schriro v. Summerlin
3864:Betterman v. Montana
3765:A More Perfect Union
3741:Constitution Gardens
3662:Convention Secretary
3324:Convention President
3296:Symmetric federalism
3291:Separation of powers
3025:Necessary and Proper
3020:Natural-born citizen
2965:Freedom of the Press
2903:Copyright and Patent
2893:Contingent Elections
2711:Annapolis Convention
1957:on February 25, 2021
1843:on December 17, 2023
1302:Gideon v. Wainwright
1190:Hemphill v. New York
1052:Confrontation Clause
1003:Notice of accusation
821:Fourteenth Amendment
695:Reason for the delay
592:Gideon v. Wainwright
579:Confrontation Clause
79:of the United States
5083:McKaskle v. Wiggins
4986:Padilla v. Kentucky
4802:Gagnon v. Scarpelli
4770:Hamilton v. Alabama
4671:Washington v. Texas
4532:Giles v. California
4524:Whorton v. Bockting
4516:Davis v. Washington
4265:Williams v. Florida
4003:Sheppard v. Maxwell
3952:Duncan v. Louisiana
3828:Speedy Trial Clause
3772:Worldwide influence
3513:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3241:Executive privilege
3221:Criminal sentencing
3144:Title of Nobility (
3135:Taxing and Spending
3035:Oath or Affirmation
2995:House Apportionment
2858:Case or Controversy
2741:Committee of Detail
2633:"Liberty" amendment
2598:Christian amendment
1681:Williams v. Florida
1608:Baldwin v. New York
1417:Self-representation
1285:Hamilton v. Alabama
1211:silent witness rule
1114:Davis v. Washington
1063:California v. Green
868:Taylor v. Louisiana
749:Sheppard v. Maxwell
655:Speedy Trial Clause
481:Politics portal
432:Amendments XI–XXVII
29:Page version status
5107:Indiana v. Edwards
5053:Brewer v. Williams
4978:Porter v. McCollum
4946:Holland v. Jackson
4906:Williams v. Taylor
4834:Alabama v. Shelton
4687:Taylor v. Illinois
4548:Michigan v. Bryant
4412:Rabe v. Washington
4401:Information Clause
4297:Ramos v. Louisiana
4289:Burch v. Louisiana
4241:Size and unanimity
4059:Morgan v. Illinois
4051:Wainwright v. Witt
3906:Presley v. Georgia
3426:William Livingston
3410:Alexander Hamilton
3216:Criminal procedure
3211:Constitutional law
3146:Foreign Emoluments
3110:State of the Union
3095:Self-Incrimination
3085:Recess appointment
2878:Compulsory Process
2540:Titles of Nobility
2132:Taylor v. Illinois
1983:on August 31, 2018
1492:Indiana v. Edwards
1394:Brewer v. Williams
1386:suspended sentence
1370:Alabama v. Shelton
1217:Compulsory process
1168:Michigan v. Bryant
826:Ramos v. Louisiana
623:
343:D.C. Voting Rights
321:Titles of Nobility
35:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
4970:Wong v. Belmontes
4962:Bobby v. Van Hook
4810:Scott v. Illinois
4754:Johnson v. Zerbst
4746:Powell v. Alabama
4697:
4696:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4615:Maryland v. Craig
4492:Illinois v. Allen
4422:
4421:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4369:Warger v. Shauers
4305:Edwards v. Vannoy
4281:Ballew v. Georgia
4273:Apodaca v. Oregon
4102:Walton v. Arizona
3916:
3915:
3874:
3873:
3780:
3779:
3746:Constitution Week
3731:Independence Mall
3719:National Archives
3677:
3676:
3492:Gouverneur Morris
3477:Thomas Fitzsimons
3457:Benjamin Franklin
3331:George Washington
3231:Enumerated powers
3206:Concurrent powers
3201:Balance of powers
3030:No Religious Test
2970:Freedom of Speech
2761:Independence Hall
2684:
2683:
2588:Bricker amendment
2521:
2520:
1706:Ballew v. Georgia
1353:Scott v. Illinois
1265:Johnson v. Zerbst
1248:Powell v. Alabama
1144: (2009), and
985:Beavers v. Henkel
924: (2004), the
907: (2000), and
676: (1972), the
620:National Archives
517:
516:
16:(Redirected from
5165:
5091:Rock v. Arkansas
5010:Lafler v. Cooper
4938:Wiggins v. Smith
4882:Nix v. Whiteside
4716:
4703:
4654:
4596:Smith v. Arizona
4468:Pointer v. Texas
4441:
4428:
4397:
4214:Hurst v. Florida
4027:Ristaino v. Ross
3933:
3922:
3880:
3823:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3627:Charles Pinckney
3436:William Paterson
3368:Nathaniel Gorham
3321:
3100:Speech or Debate
2928:Equal Protection
2638:Ludlow amendment
2623:Flag Desecration
2618:Federal Marriage
2583:Blaine amendment
2545:Corwin Amendment
2336:
2332:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2200:
2199:
2198:on June 7, 2011.
2188:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2128:
2122:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2010:on April 7, 2016
2006:. Archived from
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1953:. Archived from
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1839:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1721:
1702:
1696:
1677:
1671:
1654:
1648:
1629:
1623:
1605: (1937) and
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1566:
1454:Godinez v. Moran
1041:
860:Venire of juries
819:When, under the
631:
554:by an impartial
509:
502:
495:
479:
478:
467:
466:
455:
454:
453:
89:
64:
21:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5113:
5059:
5032:
4859:
4840:
4733:
4710:
4693:
4661:
4640:
4621:
4602:
4500:Ohio v. Roberts
4484:Frazier v. Cupp
4435:
4418:
4402:
4383:
4348:
4317:Vicinage Clause
4311:
4236:
4142:Ring v. Arizona
4089:
3966:
3927:
3912:
3888:
3870:
3848:Barker v. Wingo
3830:
3817:
3811:
3781:
3776:
3711:
3705:
3673:
3669:William Jackson
3657:
3653:Abraham Baldwin
3636:
3605:
3601:Hugh Williamson
3579:
3558:
3532:
3523:Richard Bassett
3496:
3482:Jared Ingersoll
3445:
3441:Jonathan Dayton
3414:
3398:
3377:
3356:
3352:Nicholas Gilman
3335:
3310:
3276:Reserved powers
3256:Judicial review
3189:
2985:General Welfare
2908:Double Jeopardy
2819:
2746:List of Framers
2726:New Jersey Plan
2680:
2662:
2658:Victims' Rights
2578:Balanced budget
2564:
2517:
2446:
2418:
2397:
2321:
2270:
2265:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2163:
2159:
2155:430 U.S. at 398
2154:
2150:
2129:
2125:
2099:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1910:
1906:
1885:
1881:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1703:
1699:
1678:
1674:
1655:
1651:
1630:
1626:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1533:
1501:Bounds v. Smith
1425:
1419:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1019:double jeopardy
1011:
1005:
976:
974:Vicinage Clause
970:
888:
862:
835:
790:
784:
744:
738:
699:change of venue
689:Length of delay
662:Barker v. Wingo
657:
651:
646:
641:
640:
639:
637:
632:
606:
597:public defender
562:Barker v. Wingo
521:Sixth Amendment
513:
473:
461:
451:
449:
403:
347:
303:
302:
146:
78:
62:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5130:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5070:
5068:
5067:representation
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:Garza v. Idaho
5022:
5014:
5006:
5002:Premo v. Moore
4998:
4994:Sears v. Upton
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4762:Betts v. Brady
4758:
4750:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4249:Maxwell v. Dow
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4035:Adams v. Texas
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3610:South Carolina
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:William Blount
3587:
3585:
3584:North Carolina
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3554:Daniel Carroll
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:John Dickinson
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Thomas Mifflin
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:David Brearley
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3301:Taxation power
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Implied powers
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3194:Interpretation
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Recommendation
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Fugitive Slave
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2943:Excessive Bail
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
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3157:Trial by Jury
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4094:Facts found
3648:William Few
3528:Jacob Broom
3508:George Read
3382:Connecticut
3316:Signatories
3166:Legislative
3140:Territorial
3060:Presentment
3045:Origination
3000:Impeachment
2955:Extradition
2923:Engagements
2913:Due Process
2863:Citizenship
2550:Child Labor
2181: (1964)
2146: (1988)
2121: (1800)
1902: (1891)
1877: (1876)
1816:December 7,
1790:December 7,
1720: (1978)
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1670: (1930)
1647: (1996)
1622: (1970)
1539:in absentia
1184:objectively
331:Child Labor
5132:Categories
3760:(painting)
3712:and legacy
3570:John Blair
3419:New Jersey
3373:Rufus King
3271:Preemption
3185:War Powers
3120:Suspension
2938:Exceptions
2628:Human Life
2527:Unratified
2327:Amendments
2036:SCOTUSblog
1951:SCOTUSblog
1837:SCOTUSblog
1811:SCOTUSblog
1762:SCOTUSblog
1736:SCOTUSblog
1576:2020-07-14
1556:References
1523:to mean a
1015:indictment
886:Sentencing
810:common law
382:Federalism
370:Convention
3281:Saxbe fix
3170:Executive
3125:Take Care
3115:Supremacy
2990:Guarantee
2918:Elections
2689:Formation
2402:1795–1804
1741:April 20,
840:voir dire
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409:Full text
3816:case law
3563:Virginia
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3501:Delaware
3403:New York
3180:Vicinage
3174:Judicial
2898:Contract
2868:Commerce
2756:Printing
2570:Proposed
2282:Preamble
2275:Articles
2014:March 1,
1961:June 25,
1847:June 22,
1767:March 7,
1531:See also
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3710:Display
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3641:Georgia
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2873:Compact
2825:Clauses
2751:Signing
2696:History
2070:1125459
2064:: 213.
1058:hearsay
952:Blakely
814:England
541:applied
375:Signing
353:History
5110:(2008)
5102:(2000)
5094:(1987)
5086:(1984)
5078:(1975)
5065:Pro se
5056:(1977)
5048:(1963)
5029:(2019)
5021:(2017)
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1449:pro se
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