61:
350:, ruled by local feudatories subject to the main Gurjara-Pratihāra kings. The exact nature of this arrangement is unclear; the feudatories may have been assigned to govern the city on a temporary basis. Four different rulers of Sīyaḍoṇi are mentioned in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription, over a period of about 60 years: Bhoja, Mahendrapāla, Kṣitipāla, and finally Devapāla. They are mentioned with various titles, such as
338:. Sīyaḍoṇi's salt merchants seem to have been especially prominent – of the 27 donation deeds in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription, 17 were by salt merchants. Salt was a highly prized commodity in early medieval India, and Sīyaḍoṇi's salt merchants likely gained their wealth from importing salt and then shipping it off to various destinations, where they sold it for a large profit.
68:
288:. The primary source for the medieval city is a single inscription found at Siron Khurd in the late 1800s. This inscription contains two separate parts: the first part is a copy of 27 different deeds recording donations made on separate occasions between 907 and 968; the second part is a poem recounting the exploits of a
434:
Several different temples are attested in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription: those of Nārāyaṇabhattāraka, Śivabhattāraka, Bhaillasvāmī, and Sīgākīyadeva. These were all built by merchants. The donations recorded in the inscription include merchants assigning various houses and shops to these temples, so that
314:
s) are attested at Sīyaḍoṇi: Dosihaṭṭa, Prasannahaṭṭa, Caturhaṭṭa (possibly identical with the "Catuṣkahaṭṭa" mentioned elsewhere in the text), Kallapālānāmsatkahaṭṭa (which was owned by the Kallapālas), and
Vasantamahattakahaṭṭa (which was possibly named after a guild leader). Sīyaḍoṇi also had a
460:
As of 2011, Siron Khurd had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had no post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and
451:
As of 2011, Siron Khurd had a population of 1,437, in 238 households. This population was 53.0% male (761) and 47.0% female (676). The 0-6 age group numbered 246 (134 male and 112 female), or 17.1% of the total population. 267 residents were members of
Scheduled Castes, or 18.6% of the total.
276:, of which 266.6 were currently farmland and 58.6 were under non-agricultural use. 59.0 hectares were classified as cultivable but not currently under any agricultural use, and 10.1 were classified as non-cultivable. No forests, orchards, or pastures existed on village lands.
300:
Sīyaḍoṇi was first and foremost a commercial centre. According to Aman Mishra, Sīyaḍoṇi's growth as a city was because of its location on an important trade route. Mishra writes that the city's economy was primarily based on long-distance trade, and locals also engaged in
386:
While Sīyaḍoṇi was under the rule of these feudatories, the city itself seems to have had at least some autonomy. For example, the first donation mentioned is one where the whole town, as a corporate body, granted a field to the temple of Nārāyaṇabhattāraka.
333:
Various types of artisans are mentioned in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription: potters, stonecutters, sugar boilers, oil millers, and liquor distillers. Only two merchant specialties are mentioned: those mainly dealing in salt and those dealing in
403:) because of Sīyaḍoṇi's many marketplaces. Multiple types of streets are mentioned in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription; there was probably some functional distinction between them. One street is mentioned as belonging to merchants (
441:, which is the most commonly attested coin from early medieval India, many different forms of currency are mentioned in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription (not all of which are necessarily local in origin, or even coins).
738:
651:
399:, indicating it was a relatively large city. Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya wrote that Sīyaḍoṇi was probably physically larger than the contemporary city of Tattānandapura (present-day
731:
824:
614:
724:
60:
92:
692:
518:
627:
693:"Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lalitpur, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract)"
134:
469:
463:
146:
347:
250:
748:
610:
415:
367:
242:
151:
519:"Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lalitpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory)"
762:
437:
426:(house sites). There does not seem to have been any segregation of castes into different neighbourhoods.
269:
213:
482:
400:
221:
667:
568:
322:
623:
238:
659:
767:
716:
327:
292:
family called
Rayakabhatta. These inscriptions provide historians a source of information
262:
163:
777:
249:, which was a major commercial and political centre during the 10th century under the
818:
671:
491:: Another major political centre under the Gurjara-Pratiharas during the 10th century
316:
139:
302:
435:
their rent would go to the temple. This rent was mostly paid in cash. Besides the
375:
s members are recorded, but their backgrounds are not. Other officials, such as
663:
107:
94:
209:
204:
782:
245:, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is identified with the early medieval city of
572:
556:
253:. As of 2011, Siron Khurd had a population of 1,437, in 238 households.
17:
772:
488:
289:
273:
798:
158:
335:
127:
371:
s to serve as the city's administrative body. The names of some
310:
720:
305:
behaviour such as charging rent on land or interest on loans.
652:"Sīyaḍoṇi: an unplanned town of the Gurjara-Pratīhāra times"
284:
Siron Khurd is identified with the early medieval city of
410:
Several different terms for residences are encountered:
605:
603:
601:
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261:
Siron Khurd is located about 15 km northwest of
791:
755:
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157:
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37:
485:: Site of the contemporary city of Tattānandapura
461:agricultural purposes. Streets were made of both
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732:
8:
280:History: the early medieval city of Sīyaḍoṇi
550:
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546:
544:
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365:The feudatory rulers of Sīyaḍoṇi appointed
739:
725:
717:
561:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
395:The Sīyaḍoṇi inscription calls the city a
34:
272:, Siron Khurd has a total area of 438.9
501:
219:
202:
181:
168:
122:
87:
53:
622:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
308:At least five different marketplaces (
194:
186:
178:4.389 km (1.695 sq mi)
173:
156:
144:
132:
7:
825:Villages in Lalitpur district, India
67:
616:The Making of Early Medieval India
383:s, are also attested at Sīyaḍoṇi.
346:Sīyaḍoṇi was a sub-capital of the
25:
80:Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
66:
59:
32:Village in Uttar Pradesh, India
27:Village in Uttar Pradesh, India
1:
265:, the district headquarters.
557:"Salt Merchants of Siyadoni"
430:Temples and temple donations
422:(dwellings in general), and
841:
611:Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal
664:10.1017/S096392682200030X
88:
54:
47:
749:Lalitpur district, India
414:(houses with a porch or
356:samādhigataśeṣamahāśabda
348:Gurjara-Pratihāra empire
251:Gurjara-Pratihāra empire
199:330/km (850/sq mi)
650:Mishra, Aman (2022).
108:24.82667°N 78.31939°E
555:Shah, K. K. (1988).
196: • Density
483:Ahar, Uttar Pradesh
401:Ahar, Uttar Pradesh
326:) and apparently a
104: /
391:Layout of the city
360:mahāsāmantādhipati
188: • Total
175: • Total
113:24.82667; 78.31939
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811:
268:According to the
243:Lalitpur district
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16:(Redirected from
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237:is a village in
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89:Coordinates:
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703:. Retrieved
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804:Siron Khurd
473:materials.
412:aparasaraka
270:2011 census
235:Siron Khurd
111: /
74:Siron Khurd
39:Siron Khurd
496:References
424:gṛhabhitti
373:pañcakula'
342:Governance
183:Population
99:78°19′10″E
96:24°49′36″N
672:250401937
567:: 134–7.
420:āvāsanikā
416:vestibule
368:pañcakula
330:as well.
323:maṇḍapikā
257:Geography
241:block of
205:Time zone
819:Category
792:Villages
783:Talbehat
768:Lalitpur
658:: 1–18.
613:(1994).
573:44148363
477:See also
381:kauptika
377:karaṇika
296:Commerce
286:Sīyaḍoṇi
274:hectares
263:Lalitpur
247:Sīyaḍoṇi
239:Jakhaura
210:UTC+5:30
164:Lalitpur
152:Lalitpur
147:District
42:Sīyaḍoṇi
18:Siyadoni
773:Mahroni
763:Deogarh
705:19 June
677:22 July
635:17 July
578:20 July
531:19 June
489:Gwalior
464:kachcha
397:paṭṭana
290:brahmin
124:Country
49:Village
799:Nagwas
670:
626:
571:
438:dramma
379:s and
358:, and
227:284124
159:Tehsil
696:(PDF)
668:S2CID
620:(PDF)
569:JSTOR
522:(PDF)
470:pakka
336:betel
319:(the
311:haṭṭa
191:1,437
135:State
128:India
778:Pali
707:2023
679:2023
637:2023
624:ISBN
580:2023
533:2023
467:and
328:mint
170:Area
660:doi
418:),
407:).
222:PIN
214:IST
821::
698:.
666:.
654:.
588:^
565:49
563:.
559:.
541:^
524:.
504:^
362:.
354:,
740:e
733:t
726:v
709:.
681:.
662::
639:.
582:.
535:.
216:)
212:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
