841:
measurement; for example, with MALS analysis, the molar mass of inherently disordered proteins are characterized accurately even though they elute at much earlier times than globular proteins with the same molar mass, and the same is true of branched polymers which elute late compared to linear reference standards with the same molar mass. Another benefit of ASEC is that the molar mass and/or size is determined at each point in an eluting peak, and therefore indicates homogeneity or polydispersity within the peak. For example, SEC-MALS analysis of a monodisperse protein will show that the entire peak consists of molecules with the same molar mass, something that is not possible with standard SEC analysis.
405:("stationary phase"). This process is usually performed within a column, which typically consists of a hollow tube tightly packed with micron-scale polymer beads containing pores of different sizes. These pores may be depressions on the surface or channels through the bead. As the solution travels down the column some particles enter into the pores. Larger particles cannot enter into as many pores. The larger the particles, the faster the elution. The larger molecules simply pass by the pores because those molecules are too large to enter the pores. Larger molecules therefore flow through the column more quickly than smaller molecules, that is, the smaller the molecule, the longer the retention time.
429:
and computer simulations assume a thermodynamic separation principle: the separation process is determined by the equilibrium distribution (partitioning) of solute macromolecules between two phases: a dilute bulk solution phase located at the interstitial space and confined solution phases within the pores of column packing material. Based on this theory, it has been shown that the relevant size parameter to the partitioning of polymers in pores is the mean span dimension (mean maximal projection onto a line). Although this issue has not been fully resolved, it is likely that the mean span dimension and the hydrodynamic volume are strongly correlated.
409:
phases. Thus, a small molecule that can penetrate every region of the stationary phase pore system can enter a total volume equal to the sum of the entire pore volume and the interparticle volume. This small molecule elutes late (after the molecule has penetrated all of the pore- and interparticle volumeâapproximately 80% of the column volume). At the other extreme, a very large molecule that cannot penetrate any the smaller pores can enter only the interparticle volume (~35% of the column volume) and elutes earlier when this volume of mobile phase has passed through the column. The underlying principle of SEC is that particles of different sizes
387:
433:
688:
803:
weight and hydrodynamic volume for polystyrene can be found. For this, polystyrene is used as a standard. But the relationship between hydrodynamic volume and molecular weight is not the same for all polymers, so only an approximate measurement can be obtained. Another drawback is the possibility of interaction between the stationary phase and the analyte. Any interaction leads to a later elution time and thus mimics a smaller analyte size.
696:
38:
2455:
865:
allowing oligomeric resolution. Aggregation studies can also be done using ASEC. Though the aggregate concentration may not be calculated with light scattering (an online concentration detector such as that used in SEC-MALS for molar mass measurement also determines aggregate concentration), the size of the aggregate can be measured, only limited by the maximum size eluting from the SEC columns.
225:
technique is generally combined with others that further separate molecules by other characteristics, such as acidity, basicity, charge, and affinity for certain compounds. With size exclusion chromatography, there are short and well-defined separation times and narrow bands, which lead to good sensitivity. There is also no sample loss because solutes do not interact with the stationary phase.
212:, where an electric field is used to "pull" molecules through the gel depending on their electrical charges. The amount of time a solute remains within a pore is dependent on the size of the pore. Larger solutes will have access to a smaller volume and vice versa. Therefore, a smaller solute will remain within the pore for a longer period of time compared to a larger solute.
675:
An under-packed column can reduce the relative surface area of the stationary phase accessible to smaller species, resulting in those species spending less time trapped in pores. Unlike affinity chromatography techniques, a solvent head at the top of the column can drastically diminish resolution as the sample diffuses prior to loading, broadening the downstream elution.
869:
measurement time is essentially instantaneous, and the range of concentration is several orders of magnitude larger than for DLS. However, molar mass analysis with SEC-MALS does require accurate concentration measurements. MALS and DLS detectors are often combined in a single instrument for more comprehensive absolute analysis following separation by SEC.
656:
812:
bands broadening. For instance, one can apply the sample in a narrow, highly concentrated band on the top of the column. The more concentrated the eluent is, the more efficient the procedure would be. However, it is not always possible to concentrate the eluent, which can be considered as one more disadvantage.
860:
In SEC-DLS, the sizes of the macromolecules are measured as they elute into the flow cell of the DLS instrument from the size exclusion column set. The hydrodynamic size of the molecules or particles are measured and not their molecular weights. For proteins a Mark-Houwink type of calculation can be
674:
Like other forms of chromatography, increasing the column length enhances resolution, and increasing the column diameter increases column capacity. Proper column packing is important for maximum resolution: An over-packed column can collapse the pores in the beads, resulting in a loss of resolution.
440:
Each size exclusion column has a range of molecular weights that can be separated. The exclusion limit defines the molecular weight at the upper end of the column 'working' range and is where molecules are too large to get trapped in the stationary phase. The lower end of the range is defined by the
341:
component represents the volume at which the larger molecules elute, which elute in the beginning. Disadvantages are, for example, that only a limited number of bands can be accommodated because the time scale of the chromatogram is short, and, in general, there must be a 10% difference in molecular
224:
The advantages of this method include good separation of large molecules from the small molecules with a minimal volume of eluate, and that various solutions can be applied without interfering with the filtration process, all while preserving the biological activity of the particles to separate. The
864:
A major advantage of DLS coupled with SEC is the ability to obtain enhanced DLS resolution. Batch DLS is quick and simple and provides a direct measure of the average size, but the baseline resolution of DLS is a ratio of 3:1 in diameter. Using SEC, the proteins and protein oligomers are separated,
802:
In SEC, mass is not measured so much as the hydrodynamic volume of the polymer molecules, that is, how much space a particular polymer molecule takes up when it is in solution. However, the approximate molecular weight can be calculated from SEC data because the exact relationship between molecular
789:
can be used online with SEC to yield absolute molecular weights that do not rely on calibration with standards of known molecular weight. Due to the difference in size of two polymers with identical molecular weights, the absolute determination methods are, in general, more desirable. A typical SEC
428:
Still, the use of the hydrodynamic volume, a size based on dynamical properties, in the interpretation of SEC data is not fully understood. This is because SEC is typically run under low flow rate conditions where hydrodynamic factor should have little effect on the separation. In fact, both theory
811:
between the molecules of the glass walls and the molecules of the eluent contribute to the broadening of the bands. Besides broadening, the bands also overlap with each other. As a result, the eluent usually gets considerably diluted. A few precautions can be taken to prevent the likelihood of the
420:
and the hydrodynamic radius), a fundamental problem in the theory of SEC has been the choice of a proper molecular size parameter by which molecules of different kinds are separated. Experimentally, Benoit and co-workers found an excellent correlation between elution volume and a dynamically based
228:
The other advantage to this experimental method is that in certain cases, it is feasible to determine the approximate molecular weight of a compound. The shape and size of the compound (eluent) determine how the compound interacts with the gel (stationary phase). To determine approximate molecular
215:
Even though size exclusion chromatography is widely utilized to study natural organic material, there are limitations. One of these limitations include that there is no standard molecular weight marker; thus, there is nothing to compare the results back to. If precise molecular weight is required,
408:
One requirement for SEC is that the analyte does not interact with the surface of the stationary phases, with differences in elution time between analytes ideally being based solely on the solute volume the analytes can enter, rather than chemical or electrostatic interactions with the stationary
868:
Limitations of ASEC with DLS detection include flow-rate, concentration, and precision. Because a correlation function requires anywhere from 3â7 seconds to properly build, a limited number of data points can be collected across the peak. ASEC with SLS detection is not limited by flow rate and
840:
in units of nm). Non-ideal column interactions, such as electrostatic or hydrophobic surface interactions that modulate retention time relative to standards, do not impact the final result. Likewise, differences between conformation of the analyte and the standard have no effect on an absolute
666:
In real-life situations, particles in solution do not have a fixed size, resulting in the probability that a particle that would otherwise be hampered by a pore passing right by it. Also, the stationary-phase particles are not ideally defined; both particles and pores may vary in size. Elution
683:
In simple manual columns, the eluent is collected in constant volumes, known as fractions. The more similar the particles are in size the more likely they are in the same fraction and not detected separately. More advanced columns overcome this problem by constantly monitoring the eluent.
734:. (Blue dextran is not recommended for Vo determination because it is heterogeneous and may give variable results) The elution volumes of the standards are divided by the elution volume of the thyroglobulin (Ve/Vo) and plotted against the log of the standards' molecular weights.
711:(RI) and ultraviolet (UV). When eluting spectroscopically similar species (such as during biological purification), other techniques may be necessary to identify the contents of each fraction. It is also possible to analyze the eluent flow continuously with RI,
413:(filter) through a stationary phase at different rates. This results in the separation of a solution of particles based on size. Provided that all the particles are loaded simultaneously or near-simultaneously, particles of the same size should elute together.
806:
When performing this method, the bands of the eluting molecules may be broadened. This can occur by turbulence caused by the flow of the mobile phase molecules passing through the molecules of the stationary phase. In addition, molecular thermal diffusion and
350:
The technique was invented in 1955 by Grant Henry Lathe and Colin R Ruthven, working at Queen
Charlotte's Hospital, London. They later received the John Scott Award for this invention. While Lathe and Ruthven used starch gels as the matrix,
835:
The definition of âabsoluteâ in this case is that calibration of retention time on the column with a set of reference standards is not required to obtain molar mass or the hydrodynamic size, often referred to as hydrodynamic diameter
671:. The stationary phase may also interact in undesirable ways with a particle and influence retention times, though great care is taken by column manufacturers to use stationary phases that are inert and minimize this issue.
441:
permeation limit, which defines the molecular weight of a molecule that is small enough to penetrate all pores of the stationary phase. All molecules below this molecular mass are so small that they elute as a single band.
194:
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is fundamentally different from all other chromatographic techniques in that separation is based on a simple procedure of classifying molecule sizes rather than any type of interaction.
747:
In general, SEC is considered a low-resolution chromatography as it does not discern similar species very well, and is therefore often reserved for the final step of a purification. The technique can determine the
207:
of proteins and other water-soluble polymers, while gel permeation chromatography is used to analyze the molecular weight distribution of organic-soluble polymers. Either technique should not be confused with
760:
of a typical protein domain might be 14 Ă
and 36 Ă
for the folded and unfolded forms, respectively. SEC allows the separation of these two forms, as the folded form elutes much later due to its smaller size.
844:
Determination of molar mass with SLS requires combining the light scattering measurements with concentration measurements. Therefore SEC-MALS typically includes the light scattering detector and either a
374:
with controlled pore size, that a rapid increase of research activity in this field began. It was recognized almost immediately that with proper calibration, GPC was capable to provide molar mass and
730:. Columns are often calibrated using 4-5 standard samples (e.g., folded proteins of known molecular weight), and a sample containing a very large molecule such as thyroglobulin to determine the
327:
425:, for several different chain architecture and chemical compositions. The observed correlation based on the hydrodynamic volume became accepted as the basis of universal SEC calibration.
832:(DLS) instrument, to a size-exclusion chromatography system for absolute molar mass and/or size measurements of proteins and macromolecules as they elute from the chromatography system.
2372:
752:
of purified proteins that have slow exchange times, since it can be carried out under native solution conditions, preserving macromolecular interactions. SEC can also assay protein
944:
Paul-Dauphin, S; Karaca, F; Morgan, TJ; et al. (6 Oct 2007). "Probing Size
Exclusion Mechanisms of Complex Hydrocarbon Mixtures: The Effect of Altering Eluent Compositions".
857:. For smaller molecules, either DLS or, more commonly, a differential viscometer is added to determine hydrodynamic radius and evaluate molecular conformation in the same manner.
1946:
1162:
756:, as it measures the hydrodynamic volume (not molecular weight), allowing folded and unfolded versions of the same protein to be distinguished. For example, the apparent
2118:
2087:
2031:
1979:
359:
later introduced dextran gels; other gels with size fractionation properties include agarose and polyacrylamide. A short review of these developments has appeared.
853:
of molecules above a certain size limit, typically 10 nm. SEC-MALS can therefore analyze the conformation of polymers via the relationship of molar mass to R
1119:
MĂźller MB, Schmitt D, Frimmel FH (1 Dec 2000). "Fractionation of
Natural Organic Matter by Size Exclusion ChromatographyâProperties and Stability of Fractions".
790:
system can quickly (in about half an hour) give polymer chemists information on the size and polydispersity of the sample. The preparative SEC can be used for
333:
component represents the volume at which the intermediate molecules elute such as molecules that have partial access to the beads of the column. In addition, V
167:, which is used when an organic solvent is used as a mobile phase. The chromatography column is packed with fine, porous beads which are commonly composed of
2367:
1939:
2362:
2230:
401:
SEC is used primarily for the analysis of large molecules such as proteins or polymers. SEC works by trapping smaller molecules in the pores of the
2015:
378:
information for synthetic polymers. Because the latter information was difficult to obtain by other methods, GPC came rapidly into extensive use.
329:
and Mw is the molecular mass. This plot acts as a calibration curve, which is used to approximate the desired compound's molecular weight. The V
2321:
2316:
2301:
100:
2489:
1709:
1121:
1036:
1932:
1897:
777:, that is, the ability to find the distribution of the sizes of polymer molecules. If standards of a known size are run previously, then a
1830:"Truths and myths about the determination of molar mass distribution of synthetic and natural polymers by size exclusion chromatography"
104:
1655:
Wang Y, Teraoka I, Hansen FY, et al. (2010). "A Theoretical Study of the
Separation Principle in Size Exclusion Chromatography".
1226:
716:
394:
1870:
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1989:
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2331:
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883:
367:
164:
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Sun T, Chance RR, Graessley WW, Lohse DJ (2004). "A Study of the
Separation Principle in Size Exclusion Chromatography".
362:
There were also attempts to fractionate synthetic high polymers; however, it was not until 1964, when J. C. Moore of the
2223:
2198:
2176:
1321:"The separation of substances and estimation of their relative molecular sizes by the use of columns of starch in water"
821:
236:
1916:
820:
Absolute size-exclusion chromatography (ASEC) is a technique that couples a light scattering instrument, most commonly
2439:
2432:
2286:
1495:
Moore JC (1964). "Gel permeation chromatography. I. A new method for molecular weight distribution of high polymers".
229:
weight, the elution volumes of compounds with their corresponding molecular weights are obtained and then a plot of âK
108:
2276:
2193:
846:
1756:"Characterization of Proteins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS)"
2425:
2341:
2255:
2139:
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can be created to determine the sizes of polymer molecules of interest in the solvent chosen for analysis (often
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1984:
1969:
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829:
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2458:
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188:
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Following are the materials which are commonly used for porous gel beads in size exclusion chromatography
2398:
432:
1798:
1534:
Modern Size-Exclusion Liquid
Chromatography: Practice of Gel Permeation and Gel Filtration Chromatography
1280:"The separation of substances on the basis of their molecular weights, using columns of starch and water"
2388:
2291:
2281:
2160:
2144:
2113:
1974:
791:
699:
Size exclusion chromatogram after bioanalytical continuous-elution gel chromatography of a plant sample
27:
Chromatographic method in which dissolved molecules are separated by their size & molecular weight
2504:
2408:
2326:
1666:
1621:
1576:
1402:
1130:
1065:
888:
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707:
to determine the concentration of the particles eluted. Common spectroscopy detection techniques are
363:
132:
42:
Equipment for running size-exclusion chromatography. The buffer is pumped through the column (left).
2393:
2181:
1565:
Grubisic Z, Rempp P, Benoit H (1967). "A universal calibration for gel permeation chromatography".
1218:
757:
727:
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422:
209:
1911:
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2108:
2036:
1477:
1426:
1083:
753:
731:
417:
136:
356:
1393:
Porath J, Flodin P (June 1959). "Gel filtration: a method for desalting and group separation".
2499:
2010:
2005:
1955:
1876:
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1637:
1592:
1547:
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1350:
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1183:
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1101:
1032:
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73:
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includes any particles too large to enter the medium, and the solvent volume is known as the
17:
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989:
955:
708:
156:
140:
2072:
978:"Phytochemical Approach and Bioanalytical Strategy to Develop Chaperone-Based Medications"
1211:
416:
However, as there are various measures of the size of a macromolecule (for instance, the
1670:
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1580:
1406:
1134:
1069:
2239:
1450:
1345:
1320:
1296:
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1004:
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is the sum of the total volume between the beads and the volume within the beads. The V
176:
128:
59:
37:
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1814:
1096:
1053:
352:
204:
180:
69:
1481:
1430:
2051:
704:
994:
371:
77:
1588:
1510:
1058:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
179:
polymers. The pore sizes of these beads are used to estimate the dimensions of
2046:
1924:
930:
878:
786:
159:
is used to transport the sample through the column, the technique is known as
1880:
1686:
1641:
1596:
1551:
1518:
1473:
1236:
1195:
849:
or UV/Vis absorbance detector. In addition, MALS determines the rms radius R
723:
695:
402:
1783:
1422:
1354:
1305:
1105:
1078:
1013:
1464:
1445:
915:(5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 108.
808:
144:
655:
774:
410:
390:
172:
168:
152:
148:
1846:
1829:
1799:"Light scattering and the absolute characterization of macromolecules"
1678:
1633:
1414:
1336:
1142:
1087:
959:
785:). In alternative fashion, techniques such as light scattering and/or
1255:
Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology
1865:. Vol. 2. Norfolk, UK: Horizon Scientific Press. p. 170.
444:
The filtered solution that is collected at the end is known as the
1774:
1755:
1187:
861:
used to estimate the molecular weight from the hydrodynamic size.
694:
686:
654:
431:
385:
2208:
1725:
2212:
1928:
1702:
Fundamentals and techniques of
Biophysics and Molecular biology
1172:(6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. 816.
1863:
Lab on a chip technology: Biomolecular separation and analysis
782:
1213:
Chemical analysis: modern instrumental methods and techniques
203:
The main application of size-exclusion chromatography is the
393:-based SEC columns used for protein purification on an AKTA
87:
Cytiva, Bio-Rad, Bio-Works, emp
Biotech, Knauer, Phenomenex.
722:
The elution volume (Ve) decreases roughly linear with the
1052:
Brooks DE, Haynes CA, Hritcu D, et al. (June 2000).
1257:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. 127â129.
691:
Standardization (calibration) of a size exclusion column
1754:
Some, D; Amartely, H; Tsadok, A; Lebendiker, M (2019).
1054:"Size exclusion chromatography does not require pores"
769:
SEC can be used as a measure of both the size and the
1369:"The John Scott Award Recipients From 1822 - present"
239:
2417:
2381:
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2264:
2169:
2153:
2127:
2096:
2065:
2024:
1998:
1962:
96:
91:
83:
65:
55:
47:
322:{\displaystyle K_{av}=(V_{e}-V_{o})/(V_{t}-V_{o})}
321:
1704:. New Delhi: Pathfinder Publication. p. 05.
1532:Striegel A, Yau WW, Kirkland JJ, Bly DD (2009).
1029:Practical high-performance liquid chromatography
1027:Meyer, Veronika R.; Meyer, Veronika R. (2010).
2373:Pyrolysisâgas chromatographyâmass spectrometry
1732:. Polymer Science Learning Center (PSLC). 2005
1217:(Engl. ed.). Chichester: Wiley. pp.
906:
904:
703:The collected fractions are often examined by
187:method because of its ability to provide good
2224:
1940:
8:
30:
2231:
2217:
2209:
1947:
1933:
1925:
36:
1845:
1773:
1463:
1344:
1295:
1095:
1077:
1003:
993:
719:MALS, UV, and/or viscosity measurements.
659:A cartoon illustrating the theory behind
366:published his work on the preparation of
310:
297:
285:
276:
263:
244:
238:
461:
2368:Liquid chromatographyâmass spectrometry
1161:Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Crouch SR (2006).
900:
2317:Micellar electrokinetic chromatography
2302:High-performance liquid chromatography
1749:
1747:
1536:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
1253:Ballou DP, Benore M, Ninfa AJ (2008).
816:Absolute size-exclusion chromatography
101:High-performance liquid chromatography
29:
7:
2363:Gas chromatographyâmass spectrometry
1797:Wyatt, Philip J. (1 February 1993).
1278:Lathe GH, Ruthven CR (August 1955).
1248:
1246:
1156:
1154:
1152:
971:
969:
370:(GPC) columns based on cross-linked
147:or macromolecular complexes such as
1319:Lathe GH, Ruthven CR (April 1956).
1170:Principles of instrumental analysis
105:Aqueous normal-phase chromatography
1834:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
1828:Podzimek, Stepan (April 5, 2014).
1031:(5. ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
717:Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering
25:
1761:Journal of Visualized Experiments
143:. It is usually applied to large
2454:
2453:
2042:Dual-polarization interferometry
342:mass to have a good resolution.
2307:Capillary electrochromatography
1209:Rouessac A, Rouessac F (2000).
1163:"Ch. 28. Liquid Chromatography"
911:Garrett RH, Grisham CM (2013).
2347:Two-dimensional chromatography
2073:Analytical ultracentrifugation
1726:"Size Exclusion Chromatograhy"
316:
290:
282:
256:
233:â vs âlog(Mw)â is made, where
216:other methods should be used.
125:molecular sieve chromatography
113:Micellar liquid chromatography
1:
2337:Size-exclusion chromatography
2332:Reversed-phase chromatography
2078:Size exclusion chromatography
1903:Gel permeation chromatography
1861:Herold KE, Rasooly A (2009).
982:The Open Biochemistry Journal
976:Kastenholz, B (29 Apr 2008).
884:Gel permeation chromatography
661:size exclusion chromatography
368:gel permeation chromatography
165:gel permeation chromatography
161:gel-filtration chromatography
131:method in which molecules in
121:Size-exclusion chromatography
31:Size-exclusion chromatography
18:Size exclusion chromatography
2490:Molecular biology techniques
2177:Protein structure prediction
1917:Resources in other libraries
1815:10.1016/0003-2670(93)80373-S
822:multi-angle light scattering
667:curves, therefore, resemble
651:Factors affecting filtration
2440:Journal of Chromatography B
2433:Journal of Chromatography A
2322:Normal-phase chromatography
2287:Displacement chromatography
2135:Hydrogenâdeuterium exchange
1956:Protein structural analysis
995:10.2174/1874091X00802010044
191:(Mw) results for polymers.
109:Ion exchange chromatography
2521:
2277:Argentation chromatography
1589:10.1002/pol.1967.110050903
1511:10.1002/pol.1964.100020220
1446:"Adventures in the matrix"
1373:garfield.library.upenn.edu
847:differential refractometer
824:(MALS) or another form of
2449:
2426:Biomedical Chromatography
2342:Thin-layer chromatography
2246:
2190:
2140:Site-directed mutagenesis
1912:Resources in your library
35:
1985:Electron crystallography
1970:Cryo-electron microscopy
830:dynamic light scattering
794:on an analytical scale.
743:Biochemical applications
705:spectroscopic techniques
185:polymer characterization
2272:Affinity chromatography
2104:Fluorescence anisotropy
2066:Translational Diffusion
2057:Fluorescence anisotropy
1325:The Biochemical Journal
1284:The Biochemical Journal
826:static light scattering
436:A size exclusion column
376:molar mass distribution
189:molar mass distribution
183:. SEC is a widely used
135:are separated by their
2418:Prominent publications
2399:Kovats retention index
1803:Analytica Chimica Acta
1700:Kumar, Pranav (2018).
1079:10.1073/pnas.120129097
828:(SLS), but possibly a
700:
692:
669:Gaussian distributions
663:
437:
398:
323:
2485:Laboratory techniques
2389:Distribution constant
2292:Electrochromatography
2282:Column chromatography
2199:Quaternary structureâ
2161:Equilibrium unfolding
2145:Chemical modification
2114:Dielectric relaxation
1975:X-ray crystallography
1465:10.1038/nmeth0506-410
1444:Eisenstein M (2006).
792:polymer fractionation
698:
690:
658:
435:
389:
324:
155:. Typically, when an
2495:Biochemistry methods
2409:Van Deemter equation
2327:Paper chromatography
2097:Rotational Diffusion
889:Protein purification
750:quaternary structure
476:Fractionation range
421:molecular size, the
364:Dow Chemical Company
237:
139:, and in some cases
2394:Freundlich equation
2194:âTertiary structure
1671:2010MaMol..43.1651W
1626:2004MaMol..37.4304S
1581:1967JPoSL...5..753G
1407:1959Natur.183.1657P
1135:2000EnST...34.4867M
1122:Environ Sci Technol
1070:2000PNAS...97.7064B
758:hydrodynamic radius
728:hydrodynamic volume
463:
423:hydrodynamic volume
210:gel electrophoresis
32:
2356:Hyphenated methods
2312:Ion chromatography
2297:Gas chromatography
2109:Flow birefringence
2037:Circular dichroism
947:Energy & Fuels
754:tertiary structure
701:
693:
664:
462:
438:
418:radius of gyration
399:
319:
163:, versus the name
74:synthetic polymers
2467:
2466:
2206:
2205:
2182:Molecular docking
2011:Mass spectrometry
2006:Fiber diffraction
1999:Medium resolution
1898:Library resources
1847:10.1002/app.40111
1711:978-93-80473-15-4
1679:10.1021/ma902377g
1634:10.1021/ma030586k
1620:(11): 4304â4312.
1415:10.1038/1831657a0
1337:10.1042/bj0620665
1143:10.1021/es000076v
1129:(23): 4867â4872.
1038:978-0-470-68218-0
960:10.1021/ef700410e
779:calibration curve
773:of a synthesized
765:Polymer synthesis
726:of the molecular
648:
647:
382:Theory and method
118:
117:
16:(Redirected from
2512:
2457:
2456:
2404:Retention factor
2233:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2083:Light scattering
1949:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1885:
1884:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1794:
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1742:
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1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1665:(3): 1651â1659.
1652:
1646:
1645:
1607:
1601:
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1562:
1556:
1555:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1492:
1486:
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1467:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1401:(4676): 1657â9.
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
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1049:
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1042:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
997:
973:
964:
963:
954:(6): 3484â3489.
941:
935:
934:
908:
709:refractive index
464:
328:
326:
325:
320:
315:
314:
302:
301:
289:
281:
280:
268:
267:
252:
251:
157:aqueous solution
123:, also known as
92:Other techniques
40:
33:
21:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2470:
2469:
2468:
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2413:
2377:
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2260:
2242:
2237:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2165:
2149:
2123:
2092:
2061:
2020:
1994:
1963:High resolution
1958:
1953:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
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1888:
1873:
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1375:
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1362:
1318:
1317:
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1165:
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1159:
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1117:
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967:
943:
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938:
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909:
902:
897:
875:
856:
852:
839:
818:
800:
767:
745:
740:
681:
653:
553:Sephadex G-200
542:Sephadex G-150
531:Sephadex G-100
472:And Trade name
384:
348:
340:
336:
332:
306:
293:
272:
259:
240:
235:
234:
232:
222:
201:
151:and industrial
129:chromatographic
111:
107:
103:
76:
72:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2518:
2516:
2508:
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2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:Chromatography
2472:
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2462:
2461:
2450:
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2443:
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2247:
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2240:Chromatography
2238:
2236:
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2228:
2221:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2188:
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2157:
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2019:
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2013:
2008:
2002:
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1996:
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1966:
1964:
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1954:
1952:
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1929:
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1908:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:External links
1890:
1887:
1886:
1871:
1853:
1820:
1789:
1743:
1717:
1710:
1692:
1658:Macromolecules
1647:
1613:Macromolecules
1602:
1575:(9): 753â759.
1557:
1542:
1524:
1505:(2): 835â843.
1487:
1451:Nature Methods
1436:
1385:
1360:
1311:
1270:
1263:
1242:
1228:978-0471972617
1227:
1201:
1178:
1148:
1111:
1064:(13): 7064â7.
1044:
1037:
1019:
965:
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898:
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893:
892:
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854:
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817:
814:
799:
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771:polydispersity
766:
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741:
739:
736:
680:
677:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
635:
634:
631:
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624:
623:
620:
617:
613:
612:
609:
608:Bio-gel P-300
606:
602:
601:
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597:Bio-gel P-150
595:
591:
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584:
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579:
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558:
557:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
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536:
535:
532:
529:
525:
524:
521:
520:Sephadex G-75
518:
514:
513:
510:
509:Sephadex G-50
507:
503:
502:
499:
498:Sephadex G-25
496:
492:
491:
488:
487:Sephadex G-10
485:
481:
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383:
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181:macromolecules
177:polyacrylamide
116:
115:
98:
94:
93:
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88:
85:
81:
80:
70:macromolecules
67:
63:
62:
60:Chromatography
57:
56:Classification
53:
52:
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44:
41:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
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2:
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2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:Computational
2168:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:Thermodynamic
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
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2126:
2120:
2117:
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2029:
2027:
2025:Spectroscopic
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
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1872:9781904455462
1868:
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1848:
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1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
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1800:
1793:
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1785:
1781:
1776:
1775:10.3791/59615
1771:
1767:
1763:
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1757:
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1569:
1568:J Polym Sci B
1561:
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1549:
1545:
1543:9780470442876
1539:
1535:
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1525:
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1500:
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1498:J Polym Sci A
1491:
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1352:
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1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:(4): 665â74.
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
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1281:
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1175:
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1011:
1006:
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957:
953:
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948:
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924:
922:9781133106296
918:
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901:
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890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
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872:
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866:
862:
858:
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780:
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720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
697:
689:
685:
678:
676:
672:
670:
662:
657:
650:
643:
641:Sepharose 6B
640:
637:
636:
632:
630:Sepharose 4B
629:
626:
625:
621:
619:Sepharose 2B
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:Bio-gel P-60
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
571:
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560:
559:
555:
552:
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516:
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494:
493:
489:
486:
483:
482:
479:
475:
473:
469:
466:
465:
460:
457:
455:
454:column volume
451:
447:
442:
434:
430:
426:
424:
419:
414:
412:
406:
404:
396:
392:
388:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
353:Jerker Porath
345:
343:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
286:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
253:
248:
245:
241:
226:
219:
217:
213:
211:
206:
205:fractionation
198:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
90:
86:
84:Manufacturers
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2336:
2052:Fluorescence
1902:
1862:
1856:
1840:(7): 40111.
1837:
1833:
1823:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1765:
1759:
1734:. Retrieved
1729:
1720:
1701:
1695:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1533:
1527:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1455:
1449:
1439:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1290:(4): xxxiv.
1287:
1283:
1273:
1254:
1212:
1204:
1169:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1028:
1022:
985:
981:
951:
945:
939:
913:Biochemistry
912:
867:
863:
859:
843:
834:
819:
805:
801:
768:
746:
738:Applications
721:
702:
682:
673:
665:
660:
575:Bio-gel P-6
564:Bio-gel P-2
477:
471:
458:
453:
449:
445:
443:
439:
427:
415:
407:
400:
361:
349:
227:
223:
214:
202:
199:Applications
193:
160:
124:
120:
119:
78:biomolecules
2505:Polyolefins
1809:(1): 1â40.
732:void volume
622:2000-25000
450:void volume
372:polystyrene
2474:Categories
2265:Techniques
2047:Absorbance
1458:(5): 410.
1188:2006926952
931:1066452448
895:References
879:PEGylation
787:viscometry
357:Per Flodin
220:Advantages
1881:430080586
1687:0024-9297
1642:0024-9297
1597:1542-6254
1552:587401945
1519:1542-6246
1474:1548-7105
1237:635171657
988:: 44â48.
798:Drawbacks
724:logarithm
644:10-20000
633:300-3000
470:Material
403:adsorbent
346:Discovery
304:−
270:−
145:molecules
2500:Polymers
2459:Category
2251:software
2128:Chemical
1784:31282880
1482:37935968
1431:32287460
1423:13666849
1355:13315231
1306:13249976
1196:77224390
1106:10852951
1014:18949074
873:See also
809:friction
679:Analysis
600:1.5-150
567:0.1-1.8
153:polymers
149:proteins
133:solution
66:Analytes
2256:history
1768:(148).
1730:pslc.ws
1667:Bibcode
1622:Bibcode
1577:Bibcode
1403:Bibcode
1346:1215979
1297:1216175
1131:Bibcode
1066:Bibcode
1005:2570550
775:polymer
611:16-400
556:5-8000
512:1.5-30
467:Sr. No
397:machine
391:Agarose
173:agarose
169:dextran
127:, is a
97:Related
48:Acronym
2382:Theory
1900:about
1879:
1869:
1782:
1708:
1685:
1640:
1595:
1550:
1540:
1517:
1480:
1472:
1429:
1421:
1395:Nature
1353:
1343:
1304:
1294:
1261:
1235:
1225:
1221:â103.
1194:
1186:
1176:
1104:
1094:
1088:122767
1086:
1035:
1012:
1002:
929:
919:
545:5-300
534:4-150
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