973:
44:
613:
855:
502:
703:
71:
990:
397:
495:
51:
299:
The
Skagerrak is a habitat for approximately 2,000 marine species, including a unique variety of Atlantic cod. It also contains sandy and stony reefs and cold-water coral reefs. Environmental institutions have expressed concern about increasing pressure on the ecosystem due to human activities and
285:, a town near the northern cape of Denmark, with 'Rak' meaning 'straight waterway'. The Skagerrak is 240 km long and 80–140 km wide, deepening towards the Norwegian coast. It has an average salinity comparable to other coastal waters, housing a variety of habitats.
898:
With the centuries-long heavy international seatraffic of
Skagerrak, the seabed also holds an abundance of shipwrecks. Wrecks on shallow waters, provides a firm anchoring for several corals and polyps and explored wrecks have been revealed to support
915:, found evidence of much greater biodiversity in a range seafloor habitats previously thought to be sandy with a low density of wildlife. Dead Man’s Fingers corals were again among the species documented for the first time in these coastal habitats.
718:, which are nearly half as frequent. When viewed in combination with the Baltic Sea area, ships from 122 different nationalities visited in 2013, with most of these carrying cargo or passengers within Europe, regardless of their
950:
is also a growing problem. Until recently, waste water and sewage pouring into
Skagerrak from settlements and industries was not treated at all. In combination with wash out of excessive nutrients from
475:, but comparable to most other coastal waters. The area available to biomass is about 3,600 km (1,400 sq mi) and includes a wide variety of habitats, from shallow sandy and stony
380:
in both modern
Norwegian and Swedish refers to a channel or opening of water in an otherwise ice-covered body of water. There is no evidence to suggest a connection with the modern Danish word
1373:
270:
in the world, with vessels from every corner of the globe. It also supports an intensive fishing industry. The ecosystem is strained and negatively affected by direct human activities.
1247:
927:
in
Skagerrak. The pressure has already had negative impacts and is caused by cumulative environmental effects, of which direct human activities are only one piece of the puzzle.
1539:
408:
The
Skagerrak is 240 km (150 mi) long and between 80 and 140 km (50 and 87 mi) wide. It deepens toward the Norwegian coast, reaching over 700 m at the
880:
is the largest known coral reef in Europe. Lophelia reefs are also present in the
Norwegian trench and they are known from the shallow waters of many Norwegian fjords.
1273:
1505:
1220:
1341:
737:
Skagerrak is popular for recreational activities in all three countries. There are many summer house residences and several marinas along the coasts.
515:
710:
Skagerrak is a busy shipping lane, with c. 7,500 individual vessels (excluding fishing vessels) from all over the world visiting in 2013 alone.
296:
in 1784. During both World Wars, the strait held strategic importance for
Germany. Presently, it remains one of the busiest straits worldwide.
1380:
1456:
24:
1496:
43:
1486:
876:
is an ancient cold water coral reef and the only known coral reef in the country. The Tisler Reef in the
Norwegian marine protection of
1529:
1251:
1544:
753:. Juveniles sink to the bottom where they have a shorter maturity cycle (2 years). They do not migrate but remain local to Norwegian
683:
110:
745:
The
Skagerrak is habitat for approximately 2,000 marine species, many of them adapted to its waters. For example, a variety of
726:
1534:
895:, but more might be discovered in future surveys. Bubbly reefs are very rare in Europe and supports a very varied ecosystem.
776:, but there are graded marine layers within which species move vertically for short distances. In addition, some species are
1004:
The two national parks of Ytre-Hvaler and Kosterhavet, forms a connected cross-border protection between Norway and Sweden.
384:(meaning rabble or riff-raff). It is therefore likely that the Skagerrak was named by Dutch seafarers, as was the adjacent
1122:
1277:
1195:
369:
1501:
1419:
1224:
1549:
1559:
1554:
806:
1405:
1316:
1038:
1019:
995:
978:
877:
873:
687:
655:, the traffic increased and today Skagerrak is among the busiest straits in the world. In 1862, a short cut, the
355:
309:
305:
782:
616:
German bunkers from World War II are still present along the coasts of Skagerrak. (Kjærsgård Strand in Denmark)
670:
In both world wars, the Skagerrak was strategically very important for Germany. The biggest sea battle of the
468:
532:
749:
called the Skagerrak cod spawns off the Norwegian coast. The eggs are buoyant and the hatchlings feed on
682:, the importance of controlling this waterway, the only sea access to the Baltic, was the motive for the
1170:
972:
652:
301:
694:. Both of these naval engagements have contributed to the large number of shipwrecks in the Skagerrak.
923:
Scientists and environmental institutions have expressed concern about the increasing pressure on the
656:
952:
567:
612:
1055:
932:
900:
836:
764:
on the surface support prolific marine life. Energy moves from the top to the bottom according to
1524:
1051:
1025:
800:
714:
are by far the most common vessel in Skagerrak at c. 4,000 individual ships in 2013, followed by
494:
222:
1482:
501:
1452:
1349:
943:
842:
830:
824:
794:
675:
633:
1043:
887:; biological reefs formed around cold seeps of geological carbohydrate outgassings, usually
863:
818:
702:
679:
678:, also known as the Battle of the Skagerrak, took place here May 31 to June 1, 1916. In the
480:
409:
231:
20:
911:. A 2020 seafloor mapping project around Jammerbugten in Skaggerak, ran by Danish explorer
70:
1509:
1490:
1061:
939:
812:
788:
671:
651:. For this reason, the strait has had busy international traffic for centuries. After the
213:
663:
was constructed in Denmark through Skagerrak from the North Sea by going directly to the
1317:
Kortlægning af Natura 2000 habitaterne: Boblerev (1180), rev (1170) og sandbanker (1110)
989:
1445:
1143:
Nudansk Ordbog (1993), 15th edition, 2nd reprint, Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, entry
1099:
928:
472:
396:
329:
267:
154:
95:
1201:(Report). Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment (Havsmiljöinstitutet). May 2014
1518:
947:
912:
777:
715:
691:
142:
854:
1087:
904:
891:. These rare habitats are mostly known from the Danish waters of Skagerrak west of
746:
421:
1156:
Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (2004), CD-ROM edition, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, entry
935:
are expected to have increasing impacts on the Skagerrak ecosystem in the future.
453:
1047:
956:
884:
872:, are growing in Skagerrak. The Säcken Reef in the Swedish marine protection of
750:
711:
640:
293:
946:. Most is ascribed to long-range transport from other countries, but not all.
765:
719:
648:
644:
364:
289:
275:
1423:
1353:
582:
569:
547:
534:
125:
112:
1379:(Report). Norwegian Marine Monitoring Programme (RAME). 2012. Archived from
1299:
924:
892:
561:
526:
445:
437:
433:
401:
256:
87:
1303:
908:
868:
761:
664:
660:
621:
600:
464:
385:
376:
means 'straight' as in 'straight ahead' in modern Norwegian and Swedish.
359:
351:
343:
339:
260:
91:
76:
334:
888:
773:
769:
449:
441:
244:
240:
160:
1422:(in Swedish). Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
1074:
457:
429:
425:
417:
347:
325:
282:
252:
248:
236:
168:
164:
147:
853:
754:
701:
611:
395:
780:, moving between surface and bottom. The benthic species include
1077:
and a 270,295-hectare (667,910-acre) sea area immediately north.
476:
413:
271:
1010:
There are several marine protections in Skagerrak, including:
725:
Nearly all commercial vessels in Skagerrak are tracked by the
1451:(Report) (in Danish). Danish Nature Agency. 1 December 2011.
938:
Skagerrak and the North Sea receives considerable inputs of
1493:) Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI).
1342:"Coral discovered in uncharted Danish waters – in pictures"
1276:. Reef to Rainforest Media. 27 October 2012. Archived from
328:
is a town near the northern cape of Denmark (The Skaw). In
690:
as well as the construction of the northern parts of the
1322:(Report) (in Danish). Skov- og Naturstyrelsen. June 2008
1086:
Skaagerak is the setting of the popular television show
1196:
Mapping shipping intensity and routes in the Baltic Sea
862:
Apart from sandy and stony reefs, extensive cold water
300:
climate change. Protections are in place, with several
288:
Historically, the Skagerrak was the only access to the
1046:, a newly designated 120,878.4-hectare (298,697-acre)
667:. The Limfjord supports only minor transports though.
1064:, Sweden's first marine conservation area from 1983.
768:'s ladder of migrations; that is, some species are
278:are the only large cities in the Skagerrak region.
194:
186:
178:
174:
153:
141:
102:
83:
32:
1058:at depths of 200–500 metres (660–1,640 ft).
760:The variety of habitats and the large volume of
647:), Skagerrak was the only way in and out of the
518:defines the limits of the Skagerrak as follows:
404:inlet near Oslo is part of the Skagerrak strait.
103:
1176:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953
368:. The ultimate source of this syllable is the
1274:"Saving Sweden's Last Ancient Deepwater Reef"
1125:. Norwegian Environment Agency. 20 March 2013
8:
1406:"Algal blooms in the Skagerrak and Kattegat"
1374:Radioactivity in the Marine Environment 2010
1248:"Sweden´s only coral reef at risk of dying"
620:Older names for the combined Skagerrak and
479:in Sweden and Denmark to the depths of the
266:The Skagerrak contains some of the busiest
1250:. University of Gothenburg. Archived from
324:is most likely the Skagen Channel/Strait.
29:
1171:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
1223:. Marine Vessel Traffic. Archived from
1111:
516:International Hydrographic Organization
182:47,000 km (18,000 sq mi)
1483:The Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak
883:Skagerrak also holds a number of rare
471:, which is very low, close to that of
16:Sea between Denmark, Norway and Sweden
1246:Carina Eliasson (19 September 2012).
1117:
1115:
828:. Some species that move between are
412:. Some ports along the Skagerrak are
230:
221:
212:
25:Skagerrak (power transmission system)
7:
1497:Skagerrak Deep-water Fish Assemblage
1540:Landforms of Västra Götaland County
1298:The outgassings continue into the
858:A cold water coral reef in Norway.
14:
1028:, established on 16 December 2016
281:The strait is likely named after
50:
988:
971:
500:
493:
69:
49:
42:
727:Automatic Identification System
193:
185:
177:
955:, this has often led to large
643:in 1784 (a predecessor to the
639:Until the construction of the
292:until the construction of the
1:
1123:"The North Sea and Skagerrak"
1050:sea area beyond Kosterhavet.
1022:, established on 26 June 2009
463:The Skagerrak has an average
82:
632:; the latter appears in the
684:German invasions of Denmark
1576:
807:Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
706:A cargo ship on Skagerrak.
599:The Northern limit of the
198:700 metres (2,300 ft)
18:
1446:Skagens Gren og Skagerrak
1039:Kosterhavet National Park
1020:Ytre Hvaler National Park
996:Kosterhavet National Park
979:Ytre Hvaler National Park
878:Ytre Hvaler National Park
310:Kosterhavet National Park
306:Ytre Hvaler National Park
68:
37:
1302:and are also present in
783:Coryphaenoides rupestris
469:practical salinity units
372:root *reg-, 'straight'.
304:in Skagerrak, including
190:200 metres (660 ft)
1504:Marine vessel Traffic.
1408:. SMHI. 23 April 2014.
944:radioactive substances
919:Environmental concerns
859:
707:
617:
605:
405:
363:
333:
302:marine protected areas
251:and the west coast of
1535:International straits
1530:Denmark–Sweden border
857:
705:
653:Industrial Revolution
615:
520:
399:
358:, Tuikwerderrak, and
232:[ˈskɑ̌ːɡɛrak]
223:[ˈskɑ̀ːɡərɑk]
214:[ˈskɛːjɐˌʁɑk]
1545:Norway–Sweden border
953:conventional farming
698:Traffic and industry
342:', as seen in Dutch
247:, the east coast of
239:running between the
19:For other uses, see
933:ocean acidification
579: /
544: /
370:Proto-Indo-European
122: /
1550:Straits of Denmark
1508:2016-02-07 at the
1489:2016-03-03 at the
1426:on 26 January 2016
1386:on 1 February 2022
1227:on 7 February 2016
1082:In popular culture
1026:Raet National Park
940:hazardous material
901:Dead Man's Fingers
860:
801:Chimaera monstrosa
708:
618:
406:
1560:Straits of Sweden
1555:Straits of Norway
1458:978-87-7091-051-4
843:Etmopterus spinax
831:Pandalus borealis
825:Sprattus sprattus
810:. On the top are
795:Etmopterus spinax
676:Battle of Jutland
597:On the Southeast.
255:, connecting the
241:Jutland peninsula
202:
201:
1567:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1307:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1119:
992:
975:
819:Scomber scombrus
680:Second World War
657:Thyborøn Channel
594:
593:
591:
590:
589:
584:
580:
577:
576:
575:
572:
560:) and the Naze (
559:
558:
556:
555:
554:
549:
548:57.117°N 8.600°E
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
504:
497:
481:Norwegian trench
410:Norwegian Trench
362:), cognate with
338:means 'straight
234:
229:
225:
220:
216:
211:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
105:
73:
53:
52:
46:
30:
21:Skagerrak (film)
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1515:
1514:
1510:Wayback Machine
1491:Wayback Machine
1479:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1254:on 16 June 2019
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1062:Gullmarsfjorden
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
993:
984:
983:
982:
976:
965:
921:
852:
813:Clupea harengus
789:Argentina silus
743:
735:
700:
672:First World War
610:
587:
585:
581:
578:
573:
570:
568:
566:
565:
552:
550:
546:
543:
538:
535:
533:
531:
530:
525:A line joining
512:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
489:
394:
320:The meaning of
318:
268:shipping routes
227:
218:
209:
167:
163:
157: countries
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
79:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1499:
1494:
1478:
1477:External links
1475:
1472:
1471:
1457:
1437:
1411:
1397:
1365:
1348:. 2020-07-17.
1333:
1308:
1291:
1280:on 2 July 2014
1265:
1238:
1212:
1187:
1162:
1149:
1136:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:Danish straits
1095:
1092:
1090:from Denmark.
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1056:biogenic reefs
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
994:
987:
986:
985:
977:
970:
969:
968:
967:
966:
964:
961:
929:Climate change
920:
917:
851:
848:
742:
739:
734:
731:
699:
696:
634:Knýtlinga saga
609:
606:
508:
499:
498:
492:
491:
490:
488:
485:
473:brackish water
393:
390:
317:
314:
308:in Norway and
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
158:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
106:
100:
99:
96:Atlantic Ocean
85:
81:
80:
75:Skagerrak and
74:
66:
65:
56:
55:
48:
47:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1420:"Natura 2000"
1415:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1011:
997:
991:
980:
974:
962:
960:
958:
954:
949:
948:Marine litter
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
918:
916:
914:
913:Klaus Thymann
910:
906:
905:Brittle stars
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
870:
865:
856:
849:
847:
845:
844:
839:
838:
837:Sabinea sarsi
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
796:
791:
790:
785:
784:
779:
778:benthopelagic
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
740:
738:
732:
730:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
704:
697:
695:
693:
692:Atlantic Wall
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
626:Norwegian Sea
623:
614:
607:
604:
602:
598:
592:
563:
557:
553:57.117; 8.600
528:
524:
519:
517:
503:
496:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
398:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
224:
215:
207:
197:
189:
187:Average depth
181:
173:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
135:
107:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
78:
72:
67:
45:
36:
31:
26:
22:
1462:. Retrieved
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1414:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1346:The Guardian
1345:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1311:
1306:in the east.
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:the original
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1165:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1088:Badehotellet
1085:
1009:
957:algae blooms
937:
922:
897:
885:bubble reefs
882:
874:Koster Fjord
867:
866:, mostly of
861:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
759:
747:Atlantic cod
744:
736:
724:
709:
669:
638:
629:
625:
619:
596:
523:On the West.
522:
521:
513:
462:
422:Kristiansand
407:
381:
377:
373:
321:
319:
298:
287:
280:
265:
205:
203:
179:Surface area
1221:"Skagerrak"
1180:28 December
1048:Natura 2000
963:Protections
864:coral reefs
772:and others
751:zooplankton
712:Cargo ships
641:Eider Canal
630:Jutland Sea
586: /
551: /
312:in Sweden.
294:Eider Canal
129: /
104:Coordinates
1519:Categories
1464:19 January
1430:19 January
1359:2022-06-08
1326:16 January
1284:16 January
1258:16 January
1231:17 January
1205:17 January
1129:17 January
1106:References
907:and large
766:Vinogradov
733:Recreation
720:flag state
649:Baltic Sea
645:Kiel Canal
290:Baltic Sea
276:Gothenburg
219:Norwegian:
195:Max. depth
1525:Skagerrak
1502:Skagerrak
1390:6 January
1354:0261-3077
1300:North Sea
1158:Skagerrak
1145:Skagerrak
1052:Pockmarks
925:ecosystem
893:Hirtshals
624:were the
562:Lindesnes
527:Hanstholm
509:Skagerrak
454:Strömstad
446:Uddevalla
438:Hanstholm
434:Hirtshals
402:Oslofjord
392:Geography
344:hydronyms
322:Skagerrak
257:North Sea
206:Skagerrak
88:North Sea
57:Skagerrak
33:Skagerrak
1506:Archived
1487:Archived
1304:Kattegat
1094:See also
909:wolffish
903:corals,
869:Lophelia
762:plankton
665:Kattegat
661:Limfjord
622:Kattegat
601:Kattegat
583:58°N 7°E
465:salinity
386:Kattegat
360:Volkerak
356:Langerak
352:Gouderak
346:such as
340:waterway
261:Kattegat
259:and the
228:Swedish:
126:58°N 9°E
92:Kattegat
84:Location
77:Kattegat
1069:Denmark
1044:Bratten
889:methane
774:pelagic
770:benthic
741:Biology
729:(AIS).
716:tankers
659:at the
608:History
536:57°07′N
450:Lysekil
442:Denmark
245:Denmark
235:) is a
210:Danish:
161:Denmark
1455:
1352:
1075:Grenen
1033:Sweden
1014:Norway
755:fjords
688:Norway
674:, the
539:8°36′E
487:Extent
467:of 80
458:Sweden
430:Skagen
426:Norway
418:Larvik
348:Damrak
326:Skagen
283:Skagen
253:Sweden
249:Norway
237:strait
169:Sweden
165:Norway
148:Strait
1449:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
1174:(PDF)
850:Reefs
588:58; 7
477:reefs
365:reach
330:Dutch
263:sea.
155:Basin
131:58; 9
1466:2016
1453:ISBN
1432:2016
1392:2019
1350:ISSN
1328:2016
1286:2016
1260:2016
1233:2016
1207:2016
1182:2020
1131:2016
1054:and
942:and
931:and
804:and
686:and
571:58°N
514:The
452:and
444:and
436:and
420:and
414:Oslo
400:The
316:Name
274:and
272:Oslo
204:The
143:Type
114:58°N
23:and
628:or
595:).
574:7°E
456:in
440:in
424:in
382:rak
378:Råk
374:Rak
335:rak
243:of
117:9°E
1521::
1344:.
1114:^
959:.
846:.
840:,
834:,
822:,
816:,
798:,
792:,
786:,
757:.
722:.
636:.
564:,
483:.
460:.
448:,
432:,
428:,
416:,
388:.
354:,
350:,
332:,
226:,
217:,
1485:(
1468:.
1434:.
1394:.
1362:.
1330:.
1288:.
1262:.
1235:.
1209:.
1184:.
1160:.
1147:.
1133:.
998:.
981:.
603:.
529:(
208:(
98:)
94:(
90:–
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
