836:(1711–1776). Hume was an empiricist, claiming that all genuine ideas can be traced back to original impressions of sensation or introspective consciousness. Hume argued that on empiricist grounds there are no sound reasons for belief in God, an enduring self or soul, an external world, causal necessity, objective morality, or inductive reasoning. In fact, he argued that "Philosophy would render us entirely Pyrrhonian, were not Nature too strong for it." As Hume saw it, the real basis of human belief is not reason, but custom or habit. We are hard-wired by nature to trust, say, our memories or inductive reasoning, and no skeptical arguments, however powerful, can dislodge those beliefs. In this way, Hume embraced what he called a "mitigated" skepticism, while rejecting an "excessive" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible.
829:(1641), Descartes sought to refute skepticism, but only after he had formulated the case for skepticism as powerfully as possible. Descartes argued that no matter what radical skeptical possibilities we imagine there are certain truths (e.g., that thinking is occurring, or that I exist) that are absolutely certain. Thus, the ancient skeptics were wrong to claim that knowledge is impossible. Descartes also attempted to refute skeptical doubts about the reliability of our senses, our memory, and other cognitive faculties. To do this, Descartes tried to prove that God exists and that God would not allow us to be systematically deceived about the nature of reality. Many contemporary philosophers question whether this second stage of Descartes's critique of skepticism is successful.
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843:(1710–1796), challenged Hume's strict empiricism and argued that it is rational to accept "common-sense" beliefs such as the basic reliability of our senses, our reason, our memories, and inductive reasoning, even though none of these things can be proved. In Reid's view, such common-sense beliefs are foundational and require no proof in order to be rationally justified. Not long after Hume's death, the German philosopher
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70:. For example, if a person is skeptical about claims made by their government about an ongoing war then the person doubts that these claims are accurate. In such cases, skeptics normally recommend not disbelief but suspension of belief, i.e. maintaining a neutral attitude that neither affirms nor denies the claim. This attitude is often motivated by the impression that the available
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struggle with skepticism". This struggle has led many contemporary philosophers to abandon the quest for absolutely certain or indubitable first principles of philosophy, which was still prevalent in many earlier periods. Skepticism has been an important topic throughout the history of philosophy and is still widely discussed today.
6752:
760:). The Academic Skeptics claimed that some beliefs are more reasonable or probable than others, whereas Pyrrhonian skeptics argue that equally compelling arguments can be given for or against any disputed view. Nearly all the writings of the ancient skeptics are now lost. Most of what we know about ancient skepticism is from
188:
only justified attitude with respect to is suspension of judgment". It is often motivated by the impression that one cannot be certain about it. This is especially relevant when there is significant expert disagreement. Skepticism is usually restricted to a claim or a field of inquiry. So religious and
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motives: they want to replace inferior beliefs with better ones. Others have a more practical outlook in that they see problematic beliefs as the cause of harmful customs they wish to stop. Some skeptics have very particular goals in mind, such as bringing down a certain institution associated with
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Some theorists distinguish between a good or healthy form of moderate skepticism in contrast to a bad or unhealthy form of radical skepticism. On this view, the "good" skeptic is a critically-minded person who seeks strong evidence before accepting a position. The "bad" skeptic, on the other hand,
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on many or all controversial matters. More moderate forms claim only that nothing can be known with certainty, or that we can know little or nothing about nonempirical matters, such as whether God exists, whether human beings have free will, or whether there is an afterlife. In ancient philosophy,
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is a prominent form of skepticism and can be contrasted with non-philosophical or ordinary skepticism. Ordinary skepticism involves a doubting attitude toward knowledge claims that are rejected by many. Almost everyone shows some form of ordinary skepticism, for example, by doubting the knowledge
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the claim to be true. But it does not automatically follow that one should believe that the claim is false either. Instead, skeptics usually recommend a neutral attitude: beliefs about this matter should be suspended. In this regard, skepticism about a claim can be defined as the thesis that "the
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claims. So if a person is skeptical of their government's claims about an ongoing war then the person has doubts that these claims are true. Or being skeptical that one's favorite hockey team will win the championship means that one is uncertain about the strength of their performance. Skepticism
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is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind." He maintained that there was one greatest God. God is one eternal being, spherical in form, comprehending all things within himself, is the absolute mind and thought, therefore is intelligent, and moves all things, but
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foundations of philosophical theories. This can help to keep speculation in check and may provoke creative responses, transforming the theory in question in order to overcome the problems posed by skepticism. According to
Richard H. Popkin, "the history of philosophy can be seen, in part, as a
787:). There was little knowledge of, or interest in, ancient skepticism in Christian Europe during the Middle Ages. Interest revived during the Renaissance and Reformation, particularly after the complete writings of Sextus Empiricus were translated into Latin in 1569 and after
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raise doubts about accepting various moral requirements and customs. Skepticism can also be applied to knowledge in general. However, this attitude is usually only found in some forms of philosophical skepticism. A closely related classification distinguishes based on the
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sutra. However the total effect these philosophies had on each other is difficult to discern. Since skepticism is a philosophical attitude and a style of philosophizing rather than a position, the Ajñanins may have influenced other skeptical thinkers of India such as
199:, see skepticism not just as an attitude but as a way of life. This is based on the idea that maintaining the skeptical attitude of doubt toward most concerns in life is superior to living in dogmatic certainty, for example because such a skeptic has more
814:(1588–1648) deployed ancient skeptical arguments to defend moderate forms of skepticism and to argue that faith, rather than reason, must be the primary guide to truth. Similar arguments were offered later (perhaps ironically) by the Protestant thinker
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Various types of skepticism have been discussed in the academic literature. Skepticism is usually restricted to knowledge claims on one particular subject, which is why its different forms can be distinguished based on the subject. For example,
296:. Some forms of it even deny that one knows that "I have two hands" or that "the sun will come out tomorrow". It is taken seriously in philosophy nonetheless because it has proven very hard to conclusively refute philosophical skepticism.
268:. A further distinction is based on the degree of the skeptical attitude. The strongest forms assert that there is no knowledge at all or that knowledge is impossible. Weaker forms merely state that one can never be absolutely certain.
226:. Relativism does not deny the existence of knowledge or truth but holds that they are relative to a person and differ from person to person, for example, because they follow different cognitive norms. The opposite of skepticism is
904:). Religious people are generally skeptical about claims of other religions, at least when the two denominations conflict concerning some belief. Additionally, they may also be skeptical of the claims made by atheists.
85:
More informally, skepticism as an expression of questioning or doubt can be applied to any topic, such as politics, religion, or pseudoscience. It is often applied within restricted domains, such as morality
332:. In the history of philosophy, skepticism has often played a productive role not just for skeptics but also for non-skeptical philosophers. This is due to its critical attitude that challenges the
102:. Some theorists distinguish "good" or moderate skepticism, which seeks strong evidence before accepting a position, from "bad" or radical skepticism, which wants to suspend judgment indefinitely.
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The growing popularity of skeptical views created an intellectual crisis in seventeenth-century Europe. An influential response was offered by the French philosopher and mathematician
328:. In the field of medicine, skepticism has helped establish more advanced forms of treatment by putting into doubt traditional forms that were based on intuitive appeal rather than
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wants to "suspend judgment indefinitely... even in the face of demonstrable truth". Another categorization focuses on the motivation for the skeptical attitude. Some skeptics have
292:. Philosophical skepticism, on the other hand, is a much more radical and rare position. It includes the rejection of knowledge claims that seem certain from the perspective of
652:, for example, reputedly argued that nothing exists, that even if there were something we could not know it, and that even if we could know it we could not communicate it. The
847:(1724–1804) argued that human empirical experience has possibility conditions which could not have been realized unless Hume's skeptical conclusions about causal synthetic
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222:. However, there are slight differences in meaning. Agnosticism is often understood more narrowly as skepticism about religious questions, in particular, about the
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posits that reason is perceived as "an enemy of mystery and ambiguity," but, if used properly, can be an effective tool for solving many larger societal issues.
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have a doubtful attitude about religious and moral doctrines. But some forms of philosophical skepticism, are wider in that they reject any form of knowledge.
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Philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted.
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230:, which implies an attitude of certainty in the form of an unquestioning belief. A similar contrast is often drawn in relation to blind faith and credulity.
211:, on the other hand, skepticism is often understood neither as an attitude nor as a way of life but as a thesis: the thesis that knowledge does not exist.
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Skepticism has been responsible for many important developments in science and philosophy. It has also inspired several contemporary social movements.
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951:. Most scientists, being scientific skeptics, test the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to systematic investigation via the
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975:. It requires an auditor to have a "questioning mind", to make a critical assessment of evidence, and to consider the sufficiency of the evidence.
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refused to discuss anything and would merely wriggle his finger, claiming that communication is impossible since meanings are constantly changing.
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Religious skepticism generally refers to doubting particular religious beliefs or claims. For example, a religious skeptic might believe that
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112:. Radical forms of philosophical skepticism deny that "knowledge or rational belief is possible" and urge us to
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is one important form of skepticism. It rejects knowledge claims that seem certain from the perspective of
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The
Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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963:" if they are found to improperly apply or to ignore the fundamental aspects of the scientific method.
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As a philosophical school or movement, skepticism arose both in ancient Greece and India. In India the
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skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.
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Today, skepticism continues to be a topic of lively debate among philosophers. British philosopher
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There were two major schools of skepticism in the ancient Greek and Roman world. The first was
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In the eighteenth century a new case for skepticism was offered by the
Scottish philosopher
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Hume's skepticism provoked a number of important responses. Hume's
Scottish contemporary,
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Skepticism has been responsible for important developments in various fields, such as
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is insufficient to support the claim. Formally, skepticism is a topic of interest in
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578:, and possibly a major influence on Buddhism. Two of the foremost disciples of the
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1031: – Philosophical position that appears to be skeptic but is actually dogmatic
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encourages skepticism that is mainly centered around self-investigation of truth.
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1958:(January 2017). "The Edge of Reason: A Rational Skeptic in an Irrational World".
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320:. It emphasizes the need to scrutinize knowledge claims by testing them through
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advocates for doubt concerning basic religious principles, such as immortality,
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2232:(Second, Unabridged ed.). Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Company.
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178:, to search, to think about or look for), refers to a doubting attitude toward
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884:, who doubted many religious claims of his time, although he recognized that "
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Ancient skepticism faded out during the late Roman Empire, particularly after
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not subject to reliable observation and thus not systematic or empirically
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736:. Pyrrhonism's aims are psychological. It urges suspension of judgment (
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school of philosophy espoused skepticism. It was a major early rival of
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791:'s skepticism of holy orders. A number of Catholic writers, including
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Keeton, Morris T. (1962). "skepticism". In Runes, Dagobert D. (ed.).
764:, a Pyrrhonian skeptic who lived in the second or third century
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Skepticism is related to various terms. It is sometimes equated with
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advocates for testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to
63:
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also had skeptical tendencies, claiming to know nothing worthwhile.
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1480:. Brill Studies in Skepticism. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 63–80.
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in his influential
Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697–1702).
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2152:. Totowa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams, and Company. pp. 277–278.
2081:"AU Section 230: Due Professional Care in the Performance of Work"
1721:
Skepticism in
Philosophy: A Comprehensive, Historical Introduction
1667:"Not Giving the Skeptic a Hearing: 'Pragmatism and Radical Doubt'"
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768:. His works contain a lucid summary of stock skeptical arguments.
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67:
55:
1858:
Popkin, Richard H. (1967). "Skepticism". In
Edwards, Paul (ed.).
732:), the philosophy's most famous proponent, were heads of Plato's
6697:
6689:
6147:
6070:
5908:
4883:
5625:
4750:
4393:
3745:
3741:
2661:
2648:
2346:
Total Truth:Liberating
Christianity from Its Cultural Captivity
6267:
2230:
889:
bears no resemblance to human nature either in body or mind."
885:
4389:
1940:(revised ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
168:
1552:"Scepticism, relativism and the argument from the criterion"
752:). The Academic Skeptics denied that knowledge is possible (
2628:
Magazine Names the Ten
Outstanding Skeptics of the Century"
2447:
The Soul of Science: Christian Faith and Natural Philosophy
1266:
Sandkühler, Hans Jörg, ed. (2010). "Skepsis/Skeptizismus".
117:
skepticism was understood as a way of life associated with
5621:
2172:(1). Institute for Economic and Social Research: 87–102.
2028:. Oxford, U.K.: Oneworld Publications. pp. 266–267.
915:
was "as skeptical of atheism as of any other dogma". The
2228:
Neilson, W.A.; Knott, T.A.; Carhart, P.W., eds. (1950).
1081: – Questioning of claims lacking empirical evidence
1037: – Questioning of claims lacking empirical evidence
1083:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1058:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1047:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
990:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
6474:
6728:
6311:
6288:
2051:"Scientific Skepticism, CSICOP, and the Local Groups"
1194:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 3–7.
1098: – Informal social event for skeptics since 1999
674:
was the founder of the school of skepticism known as
2389:
Rosa L; Rosa E; Sarner L; Barrett S (1 April 1998).
1261:
1259:
1257:
1092: – 2003 essay collection by Robert Todd Carroll
590:, were initially students of the Ajñana philosopher
6659:
6577:
6404:
6331:
6281:
5804:
5702:
5659:
5425:
5416:
5318:
5248:
5062:
4784:
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4660:
4599:
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4308:
4157:
4034:
3779:
3686:
3648:
3622:
3596:
3568:
3512:
3484:
3421:
3400:
3339:
3297:
3274:
3251:
3153:
3097:
3059:
3003:
2956:
2910:
2814:
2764:
2738:
2702:
2695:
2370:
The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1557:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
971:Professional skepticism is an important concept in
2367:
2297:
1894:
1745:
1714:
1665:
1550:
1471:
1418:
1267:
1185:
1938:The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza
1518:
1516:
1417:Blackburn, Simon (1 January 2008). "scepticism".
1014: – Person or group discrediting false claims
988: – Annual conference for skeptics, 2003–2015
2219:(revised and augmented ed.). Oxford, U.K.:
1931:
1929:
1003: – Organization examining paranormal claims
2049:Bloomberg, David; Novella, Steven (July 1999).
1606:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1457:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1412:
1410:
1408:
1393:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1020: – Body of criticism of the European Union
704:, so-called because its two leading defenders,
1901:. Abilene Christian University Press. p.
1752:The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods
1630:Laursen, John Christian (2018). "Skepticism".
1625:
1623:
1621:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
34:"Skeptic" redirects here. For other uses, see
6703:
6687:
5637:
4762:
4405:
3757:
2673:
1983:. Hackett Publishing Company. p. 60-62.
1288:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1024:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
943:skepticism may discard beliefs pertaining to
594:. A strong element of skepticism is found in
541:
8:
2466:Don't Get Fooled Again: A Sceptic's Handbook
1647:Cohen, Stewart (1996). Craig, Edward (ed.).
1285:Bett, Richard Arnot Home (28 January 2010).
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
997: – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
6639:
6616:
6607:
6598:
2606:"Most Scientific Papers are Probably Wrong"
2131:Die Skepsis in Philosophie und Wissenschaft
1754:. U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–30.
1598:Baghramian, Maria; Carter, J. Adam (2022).
1291:. Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1067: – Bimonthly magazine published by CSI
1045: – American science education magazine
6278:
5744:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
5644:
5630:
5622:
5422:
4769:
4755:
4747:
4412:
4398:
4390:
3764:
3750:
3742:
3271:
3056:
2953:
2699:
2680:
2666:
2658:
2645:
2026:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1787:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMatilal2004 (
1232:"Skepticism in Medicine: Past and Present"
548:
534:
344:
23:. For denial of uncomfortable truths, see
5388:Relationship between religion and science
2416:
2406:
2177:
2159:"Healthy Skepticism and Practical Wisdom"
2085:Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
1897:Martin Luther: A Biography for the People
1840:. New York: Harcourt, Brace. p. 60 n. 45.
728:
714:
696:
637:
16:Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
2300:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism
2271:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Pyrrhonism
1672:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
1476:. In McCain, Kevin; Poston, Ted (eds.).
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
957:a number of ostensibly scientific claims
892:Religious skepticism is not the same as
183:about a claim implies that one does not
6735:
5791:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
1782:
1604:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1455:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1391:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1200:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.003.0001
1135:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1121:
1104: – American nonprofit organization
356:
2197:from the original on 4 September 2019.
2006:
1996:
1747:"Introduction and Historical Overview"
1633:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1600:"Relativism: 4.4 Epistemic relativism"
1879:A Critical Introduction to Skepticism
1385:Comesaña, Juan; Klein, Peter (2019).
7:
6793:Philosophical schools and traditions
1650:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
779:) attacked the skeptics in his work
718:) who initiated the philosophy, and
640:) expressed skeptical views, as did
618:In Greece, philosophers as early as
207:or because it is morally better. In
195:Some definitions, often inspired by
5776:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
2587:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2572:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2553:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2538:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2519:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2503:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
2391:"A close look at therapeutic touch"
2115:Skepticism About the External World
1882:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 4–5.
1862:. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan.
1713:Lagerlund, Henrik (29 April 2020).
1421:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
2251:. University of California Press.
1684:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2005.tb00507.x
825:(1596–1650). In his classic work,
784:
776:
765:
277:the spread of claims they reject.
14:
5408:Sociology of scientific knowledge
5403:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5356:History and philosophy of science
1810:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
1192:The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism
744:) to achieve mental tranquility (
6750:
6738:
5605:
5593:
3725:
3716:
3715:
2604:Kleiner, Kurt (30 August 2005).
1184:Greco, John (2 September 2009).
517:
364:
19:For the philosophical view, see
4731:List of skeptical organizations
2633:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
2374:. Oxford University Press, US.
2133:. Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht.
2087:. 1972. Professional Skepticism
1838:A History of Western Philosophy
1549:Sankey, Howard (1 March 2012).
1230:Raynaud, Maurice (1 May 1981).
1001:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
827:Meditations of First Philosophy
54:, is a questioning attitude or
5729:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
4797:Analytic–synthetic distinction
4711:List of books about skepticism
4188:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2928:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2636:. Amherst, N.Y. Archived from
2304:. Cambridge University Press.
2179:10.5840/logos-episteme20112151
1977:McKirahan, Richard D. (1994).
1860:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1716:"Non-Philosophical Skepticism"
1:
4721:List of skeptical conferences
2213:; McKenzie, Roderick (1940).
1893:Daughtrity, Dyron B. (2017).
1523:Newton Flew, Antony Garrard.
1473:"Skepticism as a Way of Life"
796:
723:
709:
691:
630:
623:
156:Definition and semantic field
62:claims that are seen as mere
6378:
6369:
6346:
2273:. Harvard University Press.
2157:Le Morvan, P. (March 2011).
754:
746:
738:
174:
6475:
6312:
6289:
5130:Hypothetico-deductive model
5105:Deductive-nomological model
5090:Constructivist epistemology
4726:List of skeptical magazines
4716:List of scientific skeptics
4233:Internalism and externalism
1936:Popkin, Richard H. (1979).
1577:10.1016/j.shpsa.2011.12.026
1425:. Oxford University Press.
598:, most particularly in the
256:, such as skepticism about
6819:
4736:List of skeptical podcasts
2827:Causal theory of reference
2548:"Ancient Greek Skepticism"
2529:"Ancient Greek Skepticism"
2326:. Hodder & Stoughton.
1723:. Routledge. p. 197.
1129:Pritchard, Duncan (2006).
926:
865:
559:
169:
33:
18:
6788:Philosophical methodology
5584:
5191:Semantic view of theories
5110:Epistemological anarchism
5047:dependent and independent
4359:
4064:Evolutionary epistemology
3711:
2655:
2650:Links to related articles
2582:"Contemporary Skepticism"
1486:10.1163/9789004393530_006
1478:The Mystery of Skepticism
1131:"Contemporary Skepticism"
1075: – Skeptical podcast
6783:Epistemological theories
4933:Intertheoretic reduction
4922:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
4899:Functional contextualism
4637:Problem of the criterion
4336:Philosophy of perception
4139:Representational realism
4109:Naturalized epistemology
2887:Scientific structuralism
2464:Wilson, Richard (2009).
2418:10.1001/jama.279.13.1005
2150:Dictionary of Philosophy
1980:"Xenophanes of Colophon"
1664:Olsson, Erik J. (2005).
1270:Enzyklopädie Philosophie
1089:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1056: – British magazine
562:Philosophical skepticism
281:Philosophical skepticism
144:investigation using the
106:Philosophical skepticism
36:Skeptic (disambiguation)
21:Philosophical skepticism
5418:Philosophers of science
5196:Scientific essentialism
5145:Model-dependent realism
5080:Constructive empiricism
4973:Evidence-based practice
4316:Outline of epistemology
4149:Transcendental idealism
2249:The Skeptical Tradition
2216:A Greek-English Lexicon
2119:Oxford University Press
1820:
1760:10.1057/9781137344557_1
851:judgements were false.
209:contemporary philosophy
6798:Psychological attitude
6704:
6688:
6640:
6617:
6608:
6599:
5501:Alfred North Whitehead
5491:Charles Sanders Peirce
4627:Five-minute hypothesis
4519:Skeptical philosophers
4473:Skeptical philosophies
4263:Problem of other minds
2943:Reflective equilibrium
1110: – Logical theory
959:are considered to be "
679:
94:(skepticism about the
6193:Righteous indignation
5600:Philosophy portal
5351:Hard and soft science
5346:Faith and rationality
5215:Scientific skepticism
4995:Scientific Revolution
4778:Philosophy of science
4647:Simulation hypothesis
4341:Philosophy of science
4321:Faith and rationality
4203:Descriptive knowledge
4074:Feminist epistemology
4014:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3614:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3069:David Malet Armstrong
2618:on 19 September 2008.
2563:"Medieval Skepticism"
2203:Liddell, Henry George
2024:Smith, Peter (2000).
1836:Jones, W. T. (1952).
1236:The Linacre Quarterly
1035:Scientific skepticism
929:Scientific skepticism
781:Against the Academics
670:
592:Sanjaya Belatthiputta
524:Philosophy portal
138:Scientific skepticism
5711:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
5326:Criticism of science
5201:Scientific formalism
5085:Constructive realism
4990:Scientific pluralism
4963:Problem of induction
4673:Semantic externalism
4642:Problem of induction
4632:Münchhausen trilemma
4273:Procedural knowledge
4258:Problem of induction
2166:Logos & Episteme
1744:Daly, Chris (2015).
1470:Reed, Baron (2018).
1451:"Ancient Skepticism"
1449:Vogt, Katja (2021).
1141:on 13 January 2009.
1102:The Skeptics Society
878:historicity of Jesus
868:Religious skepticism
727: 217–128
713: 315–240
695: 360–270
496:Münchhausen trilemma
458:Similar philosophies
126:Religious skepticism
27:. For the band, see
5781:Theological virtues
5684:Positive psychology
5393:Rhetoric of science
5331:Descriptive science
5075:Confirmation holism
4968:Scientific evidence
4928:Inductive reasoning
4857:Demarcation problem
4678:Process reliabilism
4600:Skeptical scenarios
4480:Academic Skepticism
4428:Types of skepticism
4351:Virtue epistemology
4346:Social epistemology
4326:Formal epistemology
4213:Epistemic injustice
4208:Exploratory thought
4009:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3436:Patricia Churchland
3367:Christine Korsgaard
3253:Logical positivists
3145:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2922:paradox of analysis
2689:Analytic philosophy
2580:Pritchard, Duncan.
2288:Empiricus, Sextus;
2211:Jones, Henry Stuart
2127:Hönigswald, Richard
2111:Butchvarov, Panayot
1569:2012SHPSA..43..182S
1352:Popkin, Richard H.
1313:"skepticism (noun)"
1096:Skeptics in the Pub
986:The Amaz!ng Meeting
945:purported phenomena
804:Michel de Montaigne
702:Academic Skepticism
477:Academic skepticism
396:Agrippa the Skeptic
254:source of knowledge
245:religious doctrines
6213:Self-transcendence
5805:Individual virtues
5749:Nine Noble Virtues
5678:Nicomachean Ethics
5612:Science portal
5541:Carl Gustav Hempel
5496:Wilhelm Windelband
5383:Questionable cause
5206:Scientific realism
5027:Underdetermination
4862:Empirical evidence
4852:Creative synthesis
4004:Timothy Williamson
3794:Augustine of Hippo
3609:William Lane Craig
3327:Friedrich Waismann
3284:Carl Gustav Hempel
3243:Timothy Williamson
3203:Alasdair MacIntyre
3061:Australian realism
3041:Russ Shafer-Landau
2902:Analytical Thomism
2857:Logical positivism
2626:Skeptical Inquirer
2561:Bolyard, Charles.
2546:Thorsrud, Harald.
2449:. Crossway Books.
2364:Popkin, Richard H.
2348:. Crossway Books.
2267:Bury, Robert Gregg
2055:Skeptical Inquirer
1960:Skeptical Inquirer
1079:Skeptical movement
1064:Skeptical Inquirer
700:). The second was
680:
330:empirical evidence
241:religious skeptics
224:Christian doctrine
197:ancient philosophy
150:empirical evidence
6803:Scientific method
6726:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6715:
5867:Conscientiousness
5734:Epistemic virtues
5619:
5618:
5461:
5460:
5373:Normative science
5230:Uniformitarianism
4985:Scientific method
4879:Explanatory power
4744:
4743:
4683:Epistemic closure
4387:
4386:
4253:Privileged access
3889:Søren Kierkegaard
3739:
3738:
3707:
3706:
3423:Pittsburgh School
3413:Peter van Inwagen
3347:Roderick Chisholm
3335:
3334:
3228:Richard Swinburne
3163:G. E. M. Anscombe
2999:
2998:
2897:Analytic theology
2872:Ordinary language
2810:
2809:
2595:Skeptical Inquiry
2401:(13): 1005–1010.
2140:978-3-7675-3056-0
1990:978-0-87220-175-0
1956:Frazier, Kendrick
1952:Radford, Benjamin
1912:978-0-89112-468-9
1806:Diogenes Laërtius
1785:, pp. 52–75.
1769:978-1-137-34455-7
1730:978-1-351-36995-4
1495:978-90-04-39353-0
1432:978-0-19-954143-0
1298:978-0-521-87476-2
1209:978-0-19-518321-4
995:Critical thinking
953:scientific method
810:(1592–1655), and
793:Francisco Sanches
558:
557:
318:scientific method
300:In various fields
146:scientific method
29:Skepticism (band)
6810:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6734:
6709:
6693:
6645:
6622:
6613:
6604:
6480:
6383:
6374:
6351:
6317:
6294:
6279:
6208:Self-cultivation
5761:Prussian virtues
5724:Cardinal virtues
5646:
5639:
5632:
5623:
5610:
5609:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5571:Bas van Fraassen
5526:Hans Reichenbach
5506:Bertrand Russell
5423:
5249:Philosophy of...
5032:Unity of science
4825:Commensurability
4771:
4764:
4757:
4748:
4668:Here is one hand
4576:Sextus Empiricus
4556:Philo of Larissa
4414:
4407:
4400:
4391:
4331:Metaepistemology
4309:Related articles
4283:Regress argument
4218:Epistemic virtue
3969:Bertrand Russell
3944:Duncan Pritchard
3904:Hilary Kornblith
3819:Laurence BonJour
3766:
3759:
3752:
3743:
3729:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3658:Nancy Cartwright
3499:Nicholas Rescher
3476:Bas van Fraassen
3466:Nicholas Rescher
3289:Hans Reichenbach
3272:
3238:Bernard Williams
3135:Bertrand Russell
3057:
2991:Rigid designator
2954:
2700:
2696:Related articles
2682:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2646:
2641:
2640:on 15 July 2007.
2619:
2614:. Archived from
2591:
2576:
2567:Zalta, Edward N.
2557:
2542:
2533:Zalta, Edward N.
2523:
2514:Zalta, Edward N.
2479:
2460:
2443:Thaxton, Charles
2438:
2420:
2410:
2385:
2373:
2359:
2337:
2315:
2303:
2296:(20 July 2000).
2294:Barnes, Jonathan
2284:
2262:
2233:
2224:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2163:
2153:
2144:
2122:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1924:
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1921:
1919:
1900:
1890:
1884:
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1870:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1817:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1595:
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1588:
1554:
1546:
1540:
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1537:
1535:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1475:
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1443:
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1403:
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1400:
1398:
1382:
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1328:
1327:
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1323:
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1303:
1302:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1189:
1181:
1146:
1145:
1137:. Archived from
1126:
1084:
1059:
1048:
1029:Pseudoskepticism
991:
933:A scientific or
801:
800: 1550–1623
798:
786:
778:
767:
762:Sextus Empiricus
759:
751:
743:
731:
730:
725:
717:
716:
711:
699:
698:
693:
644:and a number of
639:
635:
632:
628:
625:
550:
543:
536:
522:
521:
520:
490:Modern influence
401:Sextus Empiricus
368:
345:
177:
172:
171:
167:(from the Greek
114:suspend judgment
96:existence of God
88:moral skepticism
6818:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6739:
6737:
6729:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6712:
6655:
6573:
6400:
6327:
6277:
5800:
5786:Three Treasures
5703:Virtue families
5698:
5672:Moral character
5655:
5650:
5620:
5615:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5580:
5561:Paul Feyerabend
5521:Michael Polanyi
5457:
5443:Galileo Galilei
5412:
5398:Science studies
5314:
5244:
5235:Verificationism
5140:Instrumentalism
5125:Foundationalism
5100:Conventionalism
5058:
4894:Feminist method
4780:
4775:
4745:
4740:
4697:
4656:
4595:
4514:
4468:
4423:
4418:
4388:
4383:
4355:
4304:
4223:Gettier problem
4153:
4084:Foundationalism
4030:
3979:Wilfrid Sellars
3934:Alvin Plantinga
3814:George Berkeley
3781:Epistemologists
3775:
3770:
3740:
3735:
3726:
3703:
3694:Jan Łukasiewicz
3682:
3650:Stanford School
3644:
3630:Paul Feyerabend
3618:
3604:Alvin Plantinga
3592:
3578:James F. Conant
3564:
3508:
3480:
3471:Wilfrid Sellars
3461:Alexander Pruss
3441:Paul Churchland
3417:
3396:
3352:Donald Davidson
3331:
3293:
3270:
3247:
3173:Michael Dummett
3149:
3140:Frank P. Ramsey
3093:
3055:
3031:Jaakko Hintikka
3016:Keith Donnellan
2995:
2952:
2906:
2867:Neurophilosophy
2852:Logical atomism
2806:
2760:
2734:
2691:
2686:
2651:
2622:
2603:
2579:
2560:
2545:
2526:
2507:
2486:
2476:
2463:
2457:
2441:
2408:10.1.1.592.8130
2388:
2382:
2362:
2356:
2340:
2334:
2320:Novella, Steven
2318:
2312:
2287:
2281:
2265:
2259:
2245:Burnyeat, Myles
2243:
2240:
2238:Further reading
2227:
2221:Clarendon Press
2201:
2194:
2161:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2125:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2005:
1995:
1991:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1892:
1891:
1887:
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1394:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1317:Merriam-Webster
1311:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1210:
1183:
1182:
1149:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1082:
1057:
1046:
989:
981:
969:
955:. As a result,
931:
925:
870:
864:
808:Pierre Gassendi
799:
726:
712:
694:
633:
626:
609:Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa
564:
554:
518:
516:
511:
510:
491:
483:
482:
481:
459:
451:
450:
449:
414:
406:
405:
386:Timon of Phlius
376:
343:
334:epistemological
322:experimentation
302:
284:claims made by
236:
163:, also spelled
158:
78:, particularly
52:British English
46:, also spelled
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6816:
6814:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6747:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6701:
6694:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6654:
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6646:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6614:
6605:
6596:
6589:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6406:
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6401:
6399:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6359:
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6343:
6335:
6333:
6329:
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6326:
6325:
6318:
6309:
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6295:
6285:
6283:
6276:
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6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
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6235:
6230:
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6210:
6205:
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6150:
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6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
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6098:
6093:
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6078:
6073:
6068:
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6046:
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6021:
6016:
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6001:
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5981:
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5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5812:Accountability
5808:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5746:
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5731:
5726:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5697:
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5686:
5681:
5674:
5669:
5663:
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5657:
5656:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5602:
5590:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5546:W. V. O. Quine
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5481:Rudolf Steiner
5478:
5473:
5471:Henri Poincaré
5468:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5341:Exact sciences
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5319:Related topics
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5278:Social science
5275:
5274:
5273:
5271:Space and time
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5184:
5175:
5170:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4980:Scientific law
4977:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4889:Falsifiability
4886:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4818:Mill's Methods
4810:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Dream argument
4614:
4612:Brain in a vat
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4586:René Descartes
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:Constructivism
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3999:Baruch Spinoza
3996:
3994:P. F. Strawson
3991:
3986:
3984:Susanna Siegel
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:W. V. O. Quine
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:Nelson Goodman
3856:
3851:
3849:Edmund Gettier
3846:
3841:
3836:
3834:René Descartes
3831:
3826:
3824:Gilles Deleuze
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:William Alston
3796:
3791:
3789:Thomas Aquinas
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3678:Patrick Suppes
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3560:Michael Walzer
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Adolf Grünbaum
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Robert Brandom
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3387:W. V. O. Quine
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Nelson Goodman
3359:
3357:Daniel Dennett
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3322:Moritz Schlick
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Charles Taylor
3230:
3225:
3223:P. F. Strawson
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Norman Malcolm
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3089:J. J. C. Smart
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:David Chalmers
3071:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Giuseppe Peano
3033:
3028:
3026:Edmund Gettier
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Possible world
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Counterfactual
2930:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Paraconsistent
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2703:Areas of focus
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2620:
2601:
2592:
2577:
2558:
2543:
2524:
2508:Klein, Peter.
2505:
2496:
2485:
2484:External links
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:978-1848310520
2474:
2461:
2456:978-0891077664
2455:
2439:
2386:
2381:978-0198026716
2380:
2360:
2355:978-1581347463
2354:
2342:Pearcey, Nancy
2338:
2333:978-1473696419
2332:
2316:
2311:978-0521778091
2310:
2285:
2280:978-0674993013
2279:
2263:
2258:978-0520037472
2257:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2199:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2123:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2072:
2041:
2034:
2016:
2007:|website=
1989:
1969:
1943:
1925:
1911:
1885:
1874:Hazlett, Allan
1865:
1843:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1801:
1794:
1775:
1768:
1736:
1729:
1705:
1656:
1639:
1617:
1590:
1563:(1): 182–190.
1541:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1467:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1404:
1370:
1329:
1304:
1297:
1277:
1253:
1215:
1208:
1187:"Introduction"
1147:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1049:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1018:Euroscepticism
1015:
1009:
1004:
998:
992:
982:
980:
977:
968:
965:
927:Main article:
924:
921:
907:The historian
866:Main article:
863:
860:
856:Julian Baggini
823:René Descartes
812:Marin Mersenne
775:(354–430
688:Pyrrho of Elis
672:Pyrrho of Elis
596:Early Buddhism
560:Main article:
556:
555:
553:
552:
545:
538:
530:
527:
526:
513:
512:
509:
508:
506:Robert Fogelin
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
472:
465:Empiric school
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
361:
360:
354:
353:
342:
339:
301:
298:
249:moral skeptics
235:
232:
190:moral skeptics
157:
154:
148:, to discover
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6815:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6758:
6748:
6746:
6736:
6732:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6487:
6486:
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6479:
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6463:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6233:Sportsmanship
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6198:Righteousness
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6111:Nonattachment
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:Seven virtues
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5718:Brahmavihārās
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5694:Virtue ethics
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:About virtues
5658:
5654:
5647:
5642:
5640:
5635:
5633:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Rudolf Carnap
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:Auguste Comte
5464:
5463:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Francis Bacon
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5366:Pseudoscience
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:Structuralism
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5187:Received view
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:Contextualism
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Contextualism
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4435:Philosophical
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Justification
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Phenomenalism
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Naïve realism
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Contextualism
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:Vienna Circle
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Hilary Putnam
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Robert Nozick
3927:
3925:
3924:John McDowell
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Immanuel Kant
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Alvin Goldman
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3700:
3699:Alfred Tarski
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Peter Galison
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Nathan Salmon
3553:
3551:
3550:Richard Rorty
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Alonzo Church
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Ruth Millikan
3454:
3452:
3451:John McDowell
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Hilary Putnam
3380:
3378:
3377:Robert Nozick
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Rudolf Carnap
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3299:Vienna Circle
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3276:Berlin Circle
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Philippa Foot
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Graham Priest
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Charlie Broad
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Gottlob Frege
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2948:Supervenience
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Functionalism
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Descriptivism
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Philosophical
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Non-classical
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2611:New Scientist
2607:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2527:Vogt, Katja.
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:Scott, Robert
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2035:1-85168-184-1
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1823:(2005, p. 86)
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:(1): 98–126.
1677:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1525:"agnosticism"
1519:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
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1371:
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1355:
1348:
1346:
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1314:
1308:
1305:
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1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
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1233:
1226:
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1216:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1180:
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1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
987:
984:
983:
978:
976:
974:
966:
964:
962:
961:pseudoscience
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
936:
930:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
879:
876:existed (see
875:
869:
861:
859:
857:
852:
850:
846:
845:Immanuel Kant
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
806:(1533–1592),
805:
794:
790:
789:Martin Luther
782:
774:
769:
763:
758:
757:
750:
749:
742:
741:
735:
721:
707:
703:
689:
686:, founded by
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:
529:
528:
525:
515:
514:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
455:
454:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
340:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:flat earthers
282:
278:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
246:
242:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
205:peace of mind
202:
198:
193:
191:
186:
181:
176:
166:
162:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
6696:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6648:
6632:
6625:
6591:
6584:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6467:
6460:
6455:Brahmacharya
6453:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6393:
6386:
6361:
6354:
6338:
6320:
6304:
6297:
6253:Tranquillity
6203:Self-control
6173:Renunciation
6131:Philanthropy
6126:Perspicacity
6086:Magnificence
6039:Intelligence
6019:Impartiality
5939:Faithfulness
5827:Authenticity
5753:
5739:Five virtues
5716:
5709:
5689:Trait theory
5676:
5576:Larry Laudan
5556:Imre Lakatos
5511:Otto Neurath
5486:Karl Pearson
5476:Pierre Duhem
5448:Isaac Newton
5378:Protoscience
5336:Epistemology
5210:Anti-realism
5208: /
5189: /
5180: /
5166: /
5164:Reductionism
5162: /
5135:Inductionism
5115:Evolutionism
4920:
4807:a posteriori
4806:
4802:
4652:Wax argument
4420:
4297:
4198:Common sense
4176:A posteriori
4175:
4167:
4129:Reductionism
4023:
3974:Gilbert Ryle
3844:Fred Dretske
3829:Keith DeRose
3773:Epistemology
3588:Cora Diamond
3504:Morton White
3372:Thomas Nagel
3317:Otto Neurath
3266:Ernest Nagel
3213:Gilbert Ryle
3208:Derek Parfit
3168:J. L. Austin
3115:Casimir Lewy
3084:Peter Singer
3079:J. L. Mackie
3051:Barry Stroud
3011:Noam Chomsky
3004:Philosophers
2938:Natural kind
2822:Anti-realism
2782:Mathematical
2756:Performative
2715:Epistemology
2638:the original
2631:
2625:
2616:the original
2609:
2585:
2570:
2551:
2536:
2517:
2510:"Skepticism"
2465:
2446:
2398:
2394:
2369:
2345:
2323:
2299:
2290:Annas, Julia
2270:
2248:
2229:
2214:
2169:
2165:
2149:
2130:
2114:
2089:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2058:
2054:
2044:
2025:
2019:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1937:
1916:. Retrieved
1896:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1837:
1831:
1809:
1797:
1783:Matilal 2004
1778:
1751:
1739:
1720:
1708:
1675:
1671:
1659:
1653:. Routledge.
1649:
1642:
1632:
1608:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1560:
1556:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1477:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1441:
1420:
1395:. Retrieved
1390:
1387:"Skepticism"
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
1354:"skepticism"
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1287:
1280:
1269:
1239:
1235:
1191:
1142:
1139:the original
1134:
1124:
1088:
1072:Skepticality
1071:
1063:
1052:
1041:
970:
944:
939:
932:
917:Baháʼí Faith
911:writes that
906:
891:
871:
853:
848:
838:
831:
826:
820:
816:Pierre Bayle
780:
770:
681:
656:philosopher
617:
600:Aṭṭhakavagga
565:
501:Benson Mates
324:and precise
303:
294:common sense
279:
270:
237:
213:
194:
164:
160:
159:
123:
110:common sense
104:
100:supernatural
84:
80:epistemology
47:
43:
42:
40:
6273:Workmanship
6163:Punctuality
6081:Magnanimity
6004:Hospitality
5954:Forgiveness
5899:Discernment
5857:Cleanliness
5566:Ian Hacking
5551:Thomas Kuhn
5536:Karl Popper
5516:C. D. Broad
5433:Roger Bacon
5361:Non-science
5303:Linguistics
5283:Archaeology
5178:Rationalism
5168:Determinism
5155:Physicalism
5120:Fallibilism
5070:Coherentism
5000:Testability
4953:Observation
4948:Objectivity
4909:alternative
4840:Correlation
4830:Consilience
4622:Evil genius
4566:Aenesidemus
4551:Clitomachus
4278:Proposition
4248:Objectivity
4134:Reliabilism
4124:Rationalism
4069:Fallibilism
4044:Coherentism
3989:Ernest Sosa
3964:Thomas Reid
3949:James Pryor
3919:G. E. Moore
3909:David Lewis
3899:Saul Kripke
3894:Peter Klein
3874:Susan Haack
3804:Robert Audi
3687:Lwow-Warsaw
3673:Ian Hacking
3640:Karl Popper
3635:Thomas Kuhn
3583:Alice Crary
3545:Saul Kripke
3540:Jaegwon Kim
3535:David Lewis
3525:Jerry Fodor
3494:Susan Haack
3408:Robert Audi
3218:John Searle
3188:Peter Geach
3178:Antony Flew
3125:G. E. Moore
3046:Ernest Sosa
2976:Possibility
2725:Mathematics
2710:Metaphysics
1918:11 February
1053:The Skeptic
909:Will Durant
902:omnipotence
898:agnosticism
841:Thomas Reid
654:Heraclitean
391:Aenesidemus
375:Pyrrhonists
326:measurement
290:astrologers
274:ideological
216:agnosticism
119:inner peace
6773:Skepticism
6767:Categories
6757:Psychology
6745:Philosophy
6586:Auctoritas
6434:Aparigraha
6413:Adhiṭṭhāna
6395:Sophrosyne
6363:Eutrapelia
6248:Temperance
6228:Solidarity
6218:Simplicity
6178:Resilience
6153:Politeness
6121:Patriotism
6101:Moderation
5974:Good faith
5964:Generosity
5924:Equanimity
5904:Discipline
5862:Compassion
5453:David Hume
5426:Precursors
5308:Psychology
5288:Economics
5182:Empiricism
5173:Pragmatism
5160:Positivism
5150:Naturalism
5020:scientific
4904:Hypothesis
4867:Experiment
4693:Relativism
4607:Acatalepsy
4591:David Hume
4536:Arcesilaus
4505:Pyrrhonism
4457:Scientific
4421:Skepticism
4379:Discussion
4369:Task Force
4288:Simplicity
4268:Perception
4144:Skepticism
4119:Positivism
4094:Infinitism
4059:Empiricism
3914:John Locke
3879:David Hume
3869:Anil Gupta
3864:Paul Grice
3839:John Dewey
3809:A. J. Ayer
3663:John Dupré
3530:Kurt Gödel
3486:Pragmatism
3401:Notre Dame
3392:John Rawls
3261:A. J. Ayer
3198:R. M. Hare
3193:Paul Grice
3105:Arif Ahmed
2892:Sense data
2877:Pragmatism
2751:Linguistic
2499:Skepticism
2494:PhilPapers
2490:Skepticism
1529:Britannica
1358:Britannica
1322:5 February
1108:Trivialism
941:Scientific
882:Xenophanes
834:David Hume
783:(386
756:acatalepsy
706:Arcesilaus
684:Pyrrhonism
676:Pyrrhonism
642:Democritus
634: 475
627: 570
620:Xenophanes
613:Shriharsha
588:Moggallāna
425:Acatalepsy
358:Pyrrhonism
341:Philosophy
314:philosophy
258:perception
220:relativism
165:scepticism
161:Skepticism
152:for them.
142:systematic
134:revelation
130:providence
98:), or the
76:philosophy
48:scepticism
44:Skepticism
6634:Humanitas
6380:Phronesis
6371:Philotimo
6223:Sincerity
6188:Reverence
6056:Judgement
6044:Emotional
6034:Integrity
6024:Innocence
5979:Gratitude
5959:Frugality
5949:Foresight
5929:Etiquette
5919:Endurance
5894:Diligence
5817:Alertness
5766:Scout Law
5667:Endowment
5293:Geography
5261:Chemistry
5220:Scientism
5015:ladenness
4835:Construct
4813:Causality
4661:Responses
4581:Montaigne
4546:Carneades
4510:Solipsism
4500:Humeanism
4490:Cartesian
4462:Religious
4243:Knowledge
4228:Induction
4178:knowledge
4170:knowledge
3513:Princeton
3312:Hans Hahn
3098:Cambridge
2971:Necessity
2966:Actualism
2837:Emotivism
2802:Predicate
2772:Classical
2427:0098-7484
2403:CiteSeerX
2188:2069-0533
2129:(2008) .
2009:ignored (
1999:cite book
1692:0031-8205
1610:26 August
1585:0039-3681
1534:26 August
1504:150356547
1461:30 August
1397:24 August
1363:23 August
1274:. Meiner.
1248:0024-3639
935:empirical
773:Augustine
720:Carneades
605:Nagarjuna
584:Sariputta
470:Epilogism
430:Adiaphora
266:intuition
243:distrust
228:dogmatism
201:happiness
180:knowledge
175:skeptomai
170:σκέπτομαι
60:knowledge
25:Denialism
6627:Gravitas
6610:Dignitas
6356:Ataraxia
6238:Sympathy
6168:Religion
6158:Prudence
6116:Patience
6091:Meekness
6066:Kindness
6014:Humility
6009:Humanity
5944:Fidelity
5889:Courtesy
5852:Chivalry
5847:Chastity
5837:Charisma
5832:Calmness
5822:Altruism
5588:Category
5240:Vitalism
5063:Theories
5037:Variable
4958:Paradigm
4845:function
4803:A priori
4792:Analysis
4785:Concepts
4495:Charvaka
4364:Category
4183:Analysis
4168:A priori
4159:Concepts
4099:Innatism
4036:Theories
3721:Category
3597:Reformed
3570:Quietism
2958:Modality
2918:Analysis
2911:Concepts
2882:Quietism
2842:Feminism
2815:Theories
2720:Language
2468:. Icon.
2445:(1994).
2366:(2003).
2344:(2005).
2322:(2018).
2269:(1933).
2247:(1983).
2192:Archived
2113:(1998).
2091:28 April
1966:(1): 60.
1876:(2014).
1700:40040781
1012:Debunker
1007:Cynicism
979:See also
973:auditing
967:Auditing
949:testable
862:Religion
849:a priori
748:ataraxia
662:Socrates
658:Cratylus
646:Sophists
572:Buddhism
420:Ataraxia
413:Concepts
350:a series
348:Part of
310:medicine
72:evidence
6731:Portals
6682:Sadaqah
6668:Ganbaru
6601:Decorum
6593:Caritas
6548:Śraddhā
6534:Shaucha
6499:Kshanti
6427:Akrodha
6282:Chinese
6183:Respect
6106:Modesty
6076:Loyalty
6061:Justice
6029:Insight
5989:Honesty
5984:Heroism
5914:Empathy
5872:Courage
5842:Charity
5755:Pāramīs
5653:Virtues
5298:History
5266:Physics
5256:Biology
5054:more...
5042:control
4938:Inquiry
4571:Agrippa
4541:Lacydes
4440:Radical
4299:more...
4079:Fideism
4025:more...
3623:Science
3340:Harvard
2986:Realism
2862:Marxism
2777:Deviant
2746:Aretaic
2730:Science
2569:(ed.).
2535:(ed.).
2516:(ed.).
2501:at the
2435:9533499
2104:Sources
1821:Bakalis
1814:Book IX
1565:Bibcode
1042:Skeptic
923:Science
894:atheism
734:Academy
650:Gorgias
576:Jainism
306:science
185:believe
92:atheism
58:toward
6650:Virtus
6642:Pietas
6561:Upekṣā
6554:Saddhā
6520:Prajñā
6513:Muditā
6492:Kshama
6485:Karuṇā
6448:Asteya
6441:Ārjava
6420:Ahimsa
6405:Indian
6388:Sophia
6263:Wisdom
6141:Filial
6049:Social
5994:Honour
5010:choice
5005:Theory
4943:Nature
4872:design
4561:Cicero
4526:Pyrrho
4485:Ajñana
4193:Belief
4089:Holism
3155:Oxford
2599:Curlie
2472:
2453:
2433:
2425:
2405:
2378:
2352:
2330:
2308:
2277:
2255:
2186:
2137:
2065:5 July
2032:
1987:
1909:
1766:
1727:
1698:
1690:
1583:
1502:
1492:
1429:
1295:
1246:
1206:
740:epoche
636:
611:, and
580:Buddha
568:Ajñana
445:Epoché
435:Aporia
381:Pyrrho
312:, and
262:memory
132:, and
64:belief
6778:Doubt
6706:Virtù
6660:Other
6619:Fides
6578:Latin
6568:Vīrya
6527:Satya
6506:Mettā
6469:Dhṛti
6348:Arete
6340:Agape
6332:Greek
6258:Trust
6243:Taste
6136:Piety
6096:Mercy
5969:Glory
5934:Faith
5882:Moral
5877:Civil
5796:Yamas
4703:Lists
4531:Timon
4452:Moral
4447:Local
4374:Stubs
4293:Truth
3939:Plato
3731:Index
2765:Logic
2739:Turns
2565:. In
2531:. In
2512:. In
2195:(PDF)
2162:(PDF)
1696:JSTOR
1500:S2CID
1242:(2).
1116:Notes
913:Plato
874:Jesus
440:Dogma
264:, or
234:Types
68:dogma
56:doubt
6698:Sisu
6690:Seny
6675:Giri
6541:Sevā
6462:Dāna
6299:Jing
6148:Pity
6071:Love
5999:Hope
5909:Duty
4914:null
4884:Fact
4805:and
2470:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2431:PMID
2423:ISSN
2395:JAMA
2376:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2184:ISSN
2135:ISBN
2093:2018
2067:2018
2030:ISBN
2011:help
1985:ISBN
1920:2023
1907:ISBN
1789:help
1764:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1688:ISSN
1612:2022
1581:ISSN
1536:2022
1490:ISBN
1463:2022
1427:ISBN
1399:2022
1365:2022
1324:2016
1293:ISBN
1244:ISSN
1204:ISBN
586:and
574:and
247:and
218:and
203:and
6477:Hrī
6314:Ren
6268:Wit
2597:at
2492:at
2413:doi
2399:279
2174:doi
2061:(4)
1903:358
1756:doi
1680:doi
1573:doi
1482:doi
1196:doi
896:or
886:God
802:),
729:BCE
715:BCE
697:BCE
638:BCE
288:or
90:),
82:.
66:or
50:in
6769::
6322:Yi
6306:Li
6291:De
2630:.
2608:.
2584:.
2550:.
2429:.
2421:.
2411:.
2397:.
2393:.
2292:;
2209:;
2205:;
2190:.
2182:.
2168:.
2164:.
2117:.
2083:.
2059:23
2057:.
2053:.
2003::
2001:}}
1997:{{
1964:41
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