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began to claim rich tracts of land near bays and river mouths populated by the
Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these bays for the fish and shellfish that provided their winter protein sources and thus were fiercely protective of that land. Austin wrote upon scouting the land that extermination of
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and the eventual permanent loss of the land by the local
Indians by 1827. Having difficulty in finding uninhabited regions in which a living could be had, the remaining bands of Karankawa scattered out, became day laborers in cities and on plantations, were taken as slaves by Austin's settlers, or
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who found a
Karankawa village on Skull Creek. They killed at least 19 inhabitants of the village, then stole the villagers' possessions and burned their homes to the ground. Multiple participants in the slaughter cited the cannibalism and "warlike" or "repugnant" nature of the Karankawa as a
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in 1823 and the opening of
Mexican Texas to colonists from the United States, people began to settle in the state. The subsequent competition for land-based resources, combined with Native American raids on the new settlers' cattle, led to deep hostility and conflict between the two groups.
106:, and by 1824 the local Carancaguase chief Antonio signed a treaty abandoning their homelands east of the Guadalupe River. Soon this treaty was violated on both sides, leading to Austin’s 1825 orders to pursue and kill all Karankawa on sight, the
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in
February 1823. Before 1823, there were few settlers of European heritage from the United States in the state of Texas. With the formation of the
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and were not accustomed to living among large Indian populations in a non-dominant relationship. In 1823 at the behest of the
Mexican Government,
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Indians of the region, whom they saw as "great beggars" who did not threaten their desires to settle on the land. There were
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In
February 1823, Coco Indians killed two colonists. The colonists, led by Robert Kuykendall, gathered twenty-six
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area, colonists were still a minority in the 1820s. The newest settlers came from well-settled regions of the
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the
Karankawa would be necessary, despite the fact that his first encounter with the tribe was friendly.
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337:
From
Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Near Southwest, 1786-1859
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were killed in later conflicts. By 1860, free
Karankawa had been eliminated.
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286:
The conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859
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The colonists soon began working on an alliance with the
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The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric to modern times
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27:1823 massacre of Karankawa people in Mexican Texas
126:List of conflicts involving the Texas Military
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104:further battles and one-sided massacres
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34:refers to the murder of at least 19
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381:Native American history of Texas
308:Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961).
90:justification for the massacre.
406:Anti-Indigenous racism in Texas
291:Texas A&M University Press
136:Terrorism in the United States
1:
416:1823 murders in North America
386:Massacres of Native Americans
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401:Military history of Texas
361:1823 in the United States
318:University of Texas Press
283:Himmel, Kelly F. (1999).
131:List of Indian massacres
335:Smith, F. Todd (2006).
108:Dressing Point Massacre
341:University of Nebraska
48:First Mexican Republic
411:1823 in North America
371:February 1823 events
32:Skull Creek massacre
18:Skull Creek Massacre
289:. College Station:
376:Massacres in 1823
300:978-0-89096-867-3
74:Stephen F. Austin
16:(Redirected from
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396:Karankawa people
391:History of Texas
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246:, pp. 48–49
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339:. Lincoln:
268:Himmel 1999
256:Himmel 1999
244:Himmel 1999
217:Himmel 1999
205:Himmel 1999
178:Himmel 1999
355:Categories
316:. Austin:
277:References
232:Smith 2006
193:Smith 2006
166:Smith 2006
154:Smith 2006
60:Background
94:Aftermath
115:See also
81:Incident
100:Tonkawa
64:In the
55:History
324:
297:
142:Notes
322:ISBN
295:ISBN
30:The
42:by
38:in
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224:^
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