420:
562:
489:
1082:, England. It uses more radio frequencies for communication, and will have more capacity and versatility than Skynet 5 satellites. A contract for over £500 million was agreed in July 2020, including launch, testing and related ground operations improvements. Due to the delay in agreeing the Skynet 6A contract, preliminary contracts for initial design and to manufacture long lead items had been agreed earlier to prevent end-date slippage. Manufacture of 6A started in October 2021, and a
718:
4145:
106:
554:
1052:
22:
1650:
4133:
2761:
2678:
2646:
2494:
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741:(MoD). In 2010, the PFI contract was extended by two years to 2022, to a total cost of £3.66 billion over the course of the contract, with Paradigm able to sell bandwidth in excess of the capacity of 1.1 Skynet satellites to other allied countries. Paradigm had 220 staff and about 100 sub-contractors working on Skynet.
1156:
During 2023 contractors were preparing to bid on the SkyNet
Enduring Capability programme, which is split into two contracts: the major one to deliver a constellation of up to three geostationary wideband satellite systems for launch from 2028-2030, and a smaller contract for a narrowband service for
833:
was launched at 22:05:09 UTC on 12 June 2008, from Centre
Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. The launch had been delayed twice. Originally scheduled for 23 May 2008, more checks were carried out on the launch vehicle and the launch was rescheduled for 30
1144:
In 2021, a one-year transition was expected to start from the Airbus PFI contract to the new
Service Delivery Wrap contract which will operate ground stations until a new generation of satellites under an Enduring Capability contract are launched from about 2028. This transition is expected to cost
1063:
satellite planned for a 2025 launch, as a transition to a new architecture. As of 2017, the PFI project was viewed as unlikely to be extended, as PFI contracting was then seen as generally poor value for taxpayers, and it had depleted MoD of satellite expertise which made specifying its replacement
857:
Initially two Skynet 5 satellites were to be built, with insurance covering any launch loss; the MoD later decided to have a third satellite built in advance, and later still to have the third satellite launched to serve as an on-orbit spare, as well as an option to a fourth satellite, as a cheaper
842:
was launched at 21:49:07 UTC on 19 December 2012, from Centre
Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. Skynet 5D provides more than double the UHF channels of the previous satellites, which are in demand as they support "comms on the move" for soldiers with
774:
in orbit, a highly flexible uplink beam configuration, coupled with a world leading anti-jamming antenna to ensure that the constellation is extremely effective against hostile or non-hostile interference. All of the downlink beams are fully steerable and the whole payload is optimized to maximise
439:
for the United
Kingdom on 19 January 1974. A short circuit in an electronics package circuit board (on second stage) left the upper stages and satellite in an unstable low orbit (96 x 3406 km x 37.6°) that rapidly decayed. An investigation revealed that a substandard coating had been used on
1140:
satellite communications company, for US$ 500 million including a golden share to give it control over any future ownership sale. Analysts believe OneWeb will be incorporated into the Skynet 6 architecture. OneWeb satellites are already manufactured by a joint venture including Airbus
Defence and
796:
civil communications satellite, and entered full service on 10 May 2007. The launch was delayed from 10 March 2007 due to malfunction of a launch pad deluge system. Skynet 5A successfully separated from its launch vehicle and telemetry was acquired by its dedicated
Control Centre approximately 40
540:
and was one of the contributing factors for the emergence of the Skynet 4 series satellites tranche of space vehicles. Technology improvements created the possibility of tactical satellite communications using smaller terminals, creating a new requirement beyond Skynet 3 strategic headquarters
92:
The MoD is currently specifying a new architecture for Skynet to replace the Skynet 5 system, whose funding programme ends in August 2022. The vision for Skynet 6 is a flexible system architecture that combines UK government, allied and commercial satellites, including the current Skynet 5
912:, to complement Skynet system coverage. The three-channel, wide-beam X-band payload has performance similar to a Skynet 5 satellite, but without the military hardening. Anik G1 launched on 16 April 2013, improving the constellation's X-band capacity to 2.2
277:
The Skynet satellites provided secure and encrypted facilities, though expensively, for the
British armed forces and intelligence agencies. It enables an important sovereign command and control service. The largest user of the Skynet satellites during the
950:, an Australian provider for over 25 years which works with the Australian military at that base. This complements Airbus's existing chain of ground stations in France, Germany, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States. The British High Commissioner
843:
backpack radios. The
Ministry of Defence described the satellite as having a "key role in gathering intelligence on operations", as well as communications. Skynet 5D has larger fuel tanks enabling it to be repositioned more frequently if necessary.
290:. Despite the enormous communications capability of Skynet, GCHQ still found the capacity provided by Skynet to be inadequate. In 1972, GCHQ was still the satellite's largest funder, and argued for the purchase of an American built Type-777 (
755:
design, weighs about 4,700 kg (10,400 lb), has two solar panels each about fifteen metres long, and has a power budget of five kilowatts. It has four steerable transmission dishes, and a phased-array receiver designed to allow
164:
were contracted to build three 40 foot diameter air transportable ground stations for the launch of the first IDCSP satellites in 1966. As
Britain had insufficient industry expertise to build satellites, a contact was placed with U.S.
825:(SRB), and 12 November 2007 due to a fuelling problem with the launch pad. At time of launch, the Ariane 5ECA launcher set a new record on this mission, deploying a total payload of more than 8,700 kg (19,200 lb).
737:, a European spacecraft manufacturer. EADS Astrium was responsible for the build and delivery of Skynet 5 series satellites in orbit, whilst subsidiary company Paradigm was responsible for the provision of service to the
650:
The Stage 1 satellites (4A, 4B and 4C) have multi-frequency capability and considerable operational flexibility, with selectable channels, gain and four antenna types of differing widths to support varying requirements,
1152:
won the Service Delivery Wrap support contract to operate and manage Skynet, including the ground infrastructure and integrating new user terminals, for six years from March 2024 at a cost of £400 million.
512:(SRE) led the development, and performed initial in-orbit testing. Subsequently, the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment supported Skynet satellites, including developing ground terminals and modems, at
3942:"The real end game here is SkyNet", said one industry executive, referring to the military grade constellation that for 17 years has been operated by Airbus, and whose contract is soon coming to an end.
447:
to determine its alignment. Based on this analysis, it was decided to use the alignment thrusters to deorbit the unit, and it was destroyed when it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 24 January 1974.
954:
said at the opening ceremony "Territorial disputes over uninhabited rocks and reefs have the potential to generate enough friction in international affairs to spark a confrontation", alluding to the
3540:
3173:
612:
3107:
4395:
1663:
566:
2714:
846:
The programme marks a change of approach in the UK from traditional defence procurement methods to a services-based contract which also includes provision of leased ground terminals,
4380:
1093:
The vision for Skynet 6 is a flexible system architecture that combines UK government, allied and commercial satellites. The MoD has become a user of U.S. military constellations
580:. The cylindrical body of Skynet 1 and 2 was replaced by a large square body housing antennas with deployable solar-cell arrays. This marks the technological improvement from
3081:
328:
and other emergency services, primarily for use at Strategic Command Centres and at major events and emergencies. It replaced the earlier Emergency Communications Network.
4385:
4375:
3661:
70:
intelligence alliance members (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States). As of 2020, seven Skynet satellites are operating, plus Anik G1.
635:
which had not progressed as far, and hence more easily converted. Consequently, Skynet 4B was finished first and launched in 1988, with Skynet 4A next in early 1990, and
1059:
As of 2018, the MoD was specifying the replacement of Skynet 5, whose PFI programme ends in August 2022. Airbus Defence and Space will build a non-competitively sourced
2246:
4200:
3636:
992:
The fleet of military X-band satellites have been specifically designed to support smaller, low powered, tactical terminals. Each Skynet 5 satellite is equipped with:
1116:
As of 2019, Skynet is the large part of the MoD Future Beyond Line of Sight Satellite Communications programme (FBLOS), which extends to 2041, and has four elements:
3610:
156:
deployments, and have a transponder with two channels permitting communications between two types of ground station. This would be an advance over the ongoing U.S.
3981:
3394:
1769:
4390:
2271:
509:
130:
74:
1780:
419:
2183:
55:, some UK government departments and agencies, and to allied governments. Since 2015 when Skynet coverage was extended eastward, and in conjunction with an
3955:
3544:
1791:
955:
3514:
1170:
3684:
627:), the programme slowed and all the Skynet 4 series satellites had to be modified to suit the changes needed to go on a disposable launch vehicle. As
309:
Skynet has throughout all its models had a good degree of interoperability with U.S. and NATO military communications satellites and ground stations.
2214:
443:
Despite being in an unstable orbit, the ground stations successfully located and tracked Skynet 2A and were able to use telemetry readings from the
3736:
3559:
3147:
3111:
1678:
834:
May 2008. A problem with the launch software during pre-launch checks led Arianespace to reschedule the launch for a second time to 12 June 2008.
157:
1129:
Secure Telemetry, Tracking and Command (STT&C), to provide assured UK control and management of satellites and their payloads into the future
427:
Following the operational failure of the Skynet 1A satellite, the timetable for the launch of the Skynet 2 communications satellite was delayed.
3195:
3837:
Reynolds, Conor (12 September 2019). "Who Wants to Run SKYNET 6? Gov't Says £6 Billion in Contracts is Landing Soon". Computer Business Review.
3221:
2150:
771:
283:
1410:
976:, into its Skynet partner programme who offer third-party Skynet services. The Skynet contract also allow Airbus to sell surplus bandwidth to
640:
520:. The Skynet 2B system was very successful for its time, and remained in service for 20 years although only having 2 communications channels.
134:
78:
3919:
3848:
1965:
738:
44:
2323:
3710:
89:
until October 2012, when the organisation was rebranded to Astrium Services then through merger in 2015 became Airbus Defence and Space.
3243:
3056:
866:
615:, also manufactured by BAe Dynamics. The programme timescales were delayed, as initially Skynet 4 was designed to be launched from the
1673:
545:
was also concerned that the high frequency radio alternative enabled location tracking by the Soviet Union Ocean Surveillance System.
336:
4149:
1844:
1683:
1094:
620:
4172:
3469:
3082:"Sky's the Limit for New Military Satellite - Paradigm Agrees Deal with UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) for Fourth Skynet 5 Satellite"
2064:
1992:
881:
4232:
3446:
793:
1770:
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/400-million-contract-to-operate-military-satellite-communications-system-supports-400-uk-jobs
745:
is a major subcontractor on the PFI programme. This was the biggest ever outsourced military satellite communications contract.
1717:
313:
3815:
3792:
3582:
2555:
709:
Skynet 4 provides Ultra high frequency and Super high frequency services using Earth cover, wide area and spot beam coverage.
321:
1781:
https://www.babcockinternational.com/news/babcock-awarded-contract-to-operate-skynet-the-mod-satellite-communications-system/
86:
3001:
2898:
1892:
4167:
302:, which was subsequently cancelled. The circumstances around the reporting of Zircon's existence would become known as the
3372:
3295:
2433:
126:
52:
4031:
3174:"Successful dual launch for Arianespace: Skynet 5C and Turksat 3A in orbit; 25th successful launch in a row for Ariane 5"
725:
Skynet 5 is the next generation of satellites, replacing the existing Skynet 4 Stage 2 satellites. It was contracted via
1792:
https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/02/15/babcock-wins-480-million-bid-to-run-britains-skynet-satcom-program/
1102:
373:
172:
Nine ground stations were initially planned, which could also communicate with sub-geostationary U.S. IDCSP satellites:
2609:
1813:"Airbus Defence and Space expands its Skynet channel partner network with three major military communication providers"
1126:
Skynet 6 Enduring Capability, to provide and operate communication satellites and ground infrastructure into the future
577:
97:
satellite communications programme (FBLOS), which extends to 2041, with expected transition costs of about £6 billion.
62:
The Skynet contract allow Airbus Defence and Space to sell surplus bandwidth, through the Skynet partner programme, to
561:
2419:
4190:
488:
3896:
789:
726:
485:
Skynet 2 satellites had an orbit mass of 250 kg (550 lb), with a single antenna with 16 watts of output.
444:
1123:
Service Delivery Wrap, a support contract to manage and control the Skynet constellation and ground infrastructure
861:
In 2011, The MOD took ownership of a NATO satellite with two UHF channels, to support the additional demands from
1730:
1169:
reported that the Skynet system was breached by a group of hackers who issued blackmail threats against the MoD.
94:
821:
launch vehicle. This launch was delayed from 9 November 2007 due to problems with the electronics on one of the
423:
Skynet 2B being unpacked at Cape Canaveral for launch processing. It was successfully launched 23 November 1974.
2978:
1615:
1068:
1020:
1005:
961:
660:
585:
125:. The United Kingdom created Skynet as its own military communications satellite system, because of inadequate
36:
411:
satellites, launched 1970 and 1971, were identical except for an antenna shaped to only cover NATO countries.
1862:
690:
to replace the earlier versions. Improvements included increased power and resistance to electronic jamming.
4177:
3637:"UK MoD confirms competition for proper follow-on to Skynet 5 after award to Airbus for Skynet 6A gapfiller"
2538:
1668:
1106:
2221:
1039:
Flexible switching capability allowing connectivity between any uplink beam and at least two downlink beams
2783:
1098:
965:
703:
2872:
2663:
2631:
2479:
2447:
2349:
1149:
664:
504:, England, and were the first non-amateur communication satellites built outside the United States and
455:
432:
369:
357:
287:
181:
110:
40:
3424:
3151:
160:(IDCSP). In 1965, the U.S. invited the MoD to participate in their IDCSP programme, and to participate
3491:
760:
signals to be cancelled out. They will also resist attempts to disrupt them with high-powered lasers.
4225:
3199:
2542:
1688:
1343:
1027:
1016:
822:
656:
652:
295:
185:
48:
2809:
1713:
1425:
1279:
997:
806:
683:
644:
604:
596:
controlling the satellite gyroscopically. Each satellite had a design operational life of 7 years.
459:
361:
257:
242:
145:
4005:
3928:
984:
intelligence alliance (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States).
144:
bounce techniques, before considering a UK satellite. In 1964, it was decided Skynet should be in
4137:
2093:
1812:
1655:
1110:
581:
388:
299:
226:
218:
3982:"£400 million contract to operate military satellite communications system supports 400 UK jobs"
3766:
2923:
639:
later the same year. As of 2022, Skynet 4C is still in operation, providing service to the U.S.
573:
Skynet 4 series satellites have few similarities to the earlier generations, being based on the
364:(TWTAs) had failed, probably due to soldered high voltage joints failing under thermal cycling.
2533:
The first communications satellite built outside the U.S. and former USSR appears to have been
935:. With this move and Anik G1, Skynet offers near global coverage, from 178° West to 163° East.
478:. It could support about ten simultaneous users. Major ground stations used a 40-foot diameter
121:
In the 1960s, only two countries utilised communications satellites, the United States and the
4182:
4054:
3196:"Arianespace Flight Skynet 5C – Turksat 3A: Liftoff rescheduled for the night of May 30, 2008"
2534:
2427:
1961:
1335:
862:
574:
381:
140:
The MoD space communications research programme began in 1962, initially considering Moon and
619:(STS), with chosen RAF officers to be part of each Shuttle Crew. However, following the 1986
3330:
3008:
2590:
1626:
1141:
Space, which positions the current Skynet operator well for future involvement in Skynet 6.
897:
332:
234:
169:
to build Skynet 1, but with the assistance of Marconi to improve UK expertise for Skynet 2.
137:
carried out research for the development of the subsequent satellites and ground terminals.
56:
631:
build was advanced it needed significant modification, and its completion was overtaken by
4218:
4194:
3873:
3269:
2512:
1920:
1137:
1036:
On Board Active Receive Antenna (OBARA) capable of generating multiple shaped uplink beams
877:
593:
497:
261:
161:
82:
1848:
775:
performance for small, rapidly deployable satellite ground terminals on land, sea or air.
207:(Indian Ocean) with air transportable 20 foot dishes and 5kW transmitters called SKYNET V
47:(MoD). They provide strategic and tactical communication services to the branches of the
3033:
2057:
1985:
717:
376:(GTO) and was abandoned in transfer orbit (270 x 36058 km) due to a failure of the
335:
was created, which when fully operational will take over responsibility for Skynet from
951:
749:
672:
589:
479:
317:
189:
129:
availability and to increase flexibility, reliability, data capacity and security. The
114:
105:
4144:
4369:
3470:"Skynet satellite ground station opens in Adelaide to aid UK military communications"
2765:
2682:
2650:
2498:
2466:
2368:
2099:
The Decca Legacy - a View From Inside the Radar Company Decca - BAe Systems 1949-2009
1071:
932:
901:
872:
The satellites are managed from a site named Hawthorn, a few hundred metres north of
814:
757:
752:
616:
537:
517:
303:
271:
177:
1133:
On 3 July 2020, the UK Government announced that it had acquired a 45% stake in the
360:
on 22 November 1969, but the satellite failed after about 18 months when all of its
4106:
3560:"Skynet 6: Private sector innovation "critical" to meeting UK defence SATCOM needs"
2952:
2559:
2058:
Tactical UK Military Satellite Ground Terminals - A Research and Development Review
1664:
British Army communications and reconnaissance equipment § Satellite communications
1505:
1263:
1074:, using electric orbit raising and station keeping propulsion, and built at Airbus
1009:
939:
928:
924:
668:
600:
529:
505:
153:
149:
141:
122:
4162:
3350:
3125:
2834:
1051:
21:
3335:
3318:
2381:
1955:
532:, and instead the capability it was intended to offer was delivered via U.S. and
324:, a satellite-based emergency communications service based on Skynet, for use by
4006:"Airbus signs up Northrop Grumman in bid for SkyNet military satellite contract"
1746:
1220:
1001:
920:
873:
553:
513:
475:
387:
Skynet 1 series satellites had an orbit mass of 122 kg (269 lb), were
166:
33:
2296:
2097:
536:
assets. This dependence on U.S. assets was identified as a weakness during the
286:(GCHQ), who were responsible for over 80% of traffic at some locations such as
3854:(Report). National Audit Office. December 2020. p. 18. DP Ref: 008063-001
3737:"The UK MOD's Skynet 6A MILSATCOM Satellite Production Is Initiated By Airbus"
2594:
1645:
1287:
1079:
542:
501:
266:
217:
ship stations with 6 foot dishes and 5kW transmitters, initially installed on
214:
200:
1527:
4B. Moved in 2015 to extend Skynet coverage eastward to the western Pacific.
869:. Control of this satellite was incorporated into the Skynet 5 PFI contract.
270:
in 1969, the show also described the new British satellite control centre at
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4282:
4277:
4261:
4256:
3000:
Black, James; Hall, Alex; Cox, Kate; Kepe, Marta; Silfversten, Erik (2017).
1580:
1556:
1532:
1500:
1075:
981:
973:
947:
838:
829:
801:
780:
676:
671:. The satellites have a dry mass of 670 kg (1,480 lb), with three
325:
264:
displayed a model of the Skynet satellite on the children's television show
67:
4157:
3662:"Airbus signs contract with UK Ministry of Defence for Skynet 6A satellite"
2581:"UK Military Space Programmes, Whitehall Papers Volume 35, Issue 1, 1996".
2545:, Australia and launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 23 January 1970.
4132:
4080:
3148:"Arianespace boosts Skynet 5B and Star One C1 into orbit: Sets new record"
2929:(Report). National Audit Office. 24 November 2006. pp. 19–23. HC 23-I
1105:(MUOS). Part of the enhanced capability would be to support data links to
4187:
1693:
1600:
1513:
1458:
1433:
1384:
1372:
1083:
969:
943:
905:
818:
785:
624:
458:
by NASA for the United Kingdom on 23 November 1974. It was positioned in
279:
3057:"What is Skynet? A look at Britain's military communications satellites"
2742:
2404:
528:
Skynet 3 series satellites was cancelled as the United Kingdom withdrew
3956:"Babcock wins $ 480 million bid to run Britain's Skynet SATCOM program"
3793:"HTS, megaconstellations feed UK indecisiveness about Skynet 6 program"
3583:"HTS, megaconstellations feed UK indecisiveness about Skynet 6 program"
2063:(Report). Royal Signals and Radar Establishment. RSRE Memorandum 4262.
1991:(Report). Royal Signals and Radar Establishment. RSRE Memorandum 3976.
1734:
1475:
1444:
Replaced 4B, re-orbited in a supersynchronous orbit on 28 January 2008
1355:
1228:
1166:
734:
730:
687:
667:(EMP) and have anti-jamming capability, with an un-degraded 1600 watts
377:
291:
204:
2127:
2021:
2422:. Space Launch Report. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012.
1134:
1087:
909:
893:
810:
768:
467:
4210:
3685:"Airbus gets US$ 630 million deal under UK military's Skynet 6 push"
3222:"Arianespace launch with Skynet 5C and Turksat 3A: launch postponed"
1042:
Nuclear hardening, anti-jamming countermeasures and laser protection
3088:(Press release). Ministry of Defence and EADS Astrium. 9 March 2010
3012:
1893:"UK MoD still undecided on how to procure satellite communications"
59:
satellite module over America, Skynet offers near global coverage.
3404:(Report). Defence Equipment and Support. November 2011. p. 17
1866:
1524:
1050:
913:
742:
716:
560:
552:
487:
463:
418:
396:
104:
20:
2764:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2681:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2649:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2497:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2465:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2367:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2252:. Cabinet Office, Civil Contingencies Secretariat. September 2010
1023:
transponders ranging in bandwidth from 20 GHz to 40 GHz
2151:
The Integrated Review and UK Spacepower: The Search for Strategy
977:
608:
533:
496:
The Skynet 2 series satellites were assembled and tested at the
471:
436:
400:
392:
193:
63:
4214:
3920:"UK gamble on OneWeb signals more interventionist space policy"
919:
In 2015, Skynet 5A was moved from 6° East, where it reinforced
4032:"Skynet Enduring Capability wideband satellite system pre-PQQ"
3150:(Press release). Arianespace. 14 November 2007. Archived from
2184:"A Familiar Frontier: British Defence Strategy and Spacepower"
927:. This move was to extend the Skynet coverage eastward in the
682:
The improved Stage 2 satellites (4D, 4E and 4F) were built by
3447:"UK to deliver secure communications with new satellite move"
3296:"Newly Launched Anik G1 To Provide Revenue Boost for Telesat"
3076:
3074:
482:, while in the field or at sea a 2 m diameter dish was used.
3816:"SKYNET 6 British military satellite project receives boost"
339:(previously known as Joint Forces Command), likely in 2023.
294:) satellite instead. GCHQ would later plan their own secret
73:
The Skynet 1 to 4 series were developed and operated by the
3897:"British military finalizes Skynet-6A contract with Airbus"
3244:"Ariane Skynet 5C And Turksat 3A Launch Delayed To June 12"
2324:"Defence Space 2022: UK Space Command details future plans"
3874:"UK government takes £400m stake in satellite firm OneWeb"
3515:"Skynet 5A Satellite Arrives at Asia-Pacific Orbital Slot"
3110:(Press release). EADS Astrium. 10 May 2007. Archived from
516:
which was also a backup for the primary ground station at
85:
until 2003. It was subsequently operated with Skynet 5 by
3198:(Press release). Arianespace. 14 May 2008. Archived from
3108:"Astrium triple success as Skynet 5A enters full service"
2160:(Report). King's College London. pp. 3, 11–13, 15–16
854:(SCOT) for ships, and the associated baseband equipment.
663:(EHF) channels are available. They are hardening against
133:
led the development of Skynet 1 and 2, and its successor
2121:
2119:
2117:
1358:, re-orbited in supersynchronous orbit on 20 June 2005
938:
In 2016, a new Australian ground station was opened at
3984:(Press release). Ministry of Defence. 15 February 2023
3373:"New satellite improves communications in Afghanistan"
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
3849:
Departmental Overview 2019-2020 - Ministry of Defence
3760:
3758:
2558:. Surrey Satellite Technology Limited. Archived from
1297:
Rocket guidance failure, re-entry on 25 January 1974
792:
on 11 March 2007, in a launch shared with the Indian
3704:
3702:
1986:
An Introduction to Military Satellite Communications
1921:"MoD contracts Airbus for Skynet telecoms satellite"
1886:
1884:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
805:
was launched at 22:06 UTC on 14 November 2007, from
109:
Launch of the first Skynet satellite, Skynet 1A, by
4332:
4291:
4270:
4249:
3425:"Paradigm Secures All of Anik G1's X-band Capacity"
1749:
sold its 25% share of Astrium, renamed EADS Astrium
702:in 2001. Skynet 4D was parked in a non-operational
4004:
3927:
3656:
3654:
2946:
2944:
2778:
2776:
2774:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
763:Astrium described in 2010 the Skynet 5 system as:
2610:"Skynet: the real communication satellite system"
2405:"History of the Delta Launch Vehicle: Flight Log"
767:The Skynet 5 satellites have the highest powered
3319:"A SPAR Modelling Platform Case Study: Skynet 5"
2924:Ministry of Defence - Major Projects Report 2006
2015:
2013:
1387:, re-orbited 150 km above GSO in June 1998
352:There were two Skynet 1 satellites (1A and 1B);
93:satellites. Skynet is the large part of the MoD
4396:Communications satellites of the United Kingdom
3604:
3602:
3600:
1101:(WGS) systems, and may become a partner in the
892:In 2010, Paradigm announced it would lease the
765:
158:Interim Defense Communication Satellite Program
3289:
3287:
2737:
2735:
2130:. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society
2087:
2085:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2024:. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society
1979:
1977:
1914:
1912:
1910:
510:Signals Research and Development Establishment
492:A Skynet 2 satellite being packed for shipment
131:Signals Research and Development Establishment
75:Signals Research and Development Establishment
25:An artist's impression of a Skynet 5 satellite
4381:Military communications of the United Kingdom
4226:
3395:Reacher is a highlight of Paradigm factfinder
2177:
2175:
1012:peak EIRP in each global beam per transponder
900:commercial satellite at 107.3° West over the
584:, used in earlier cylindrical satellites, to
372:on 19 August 1970. Skynet 1B was placed in a
8:
3711:"UK nears final stage of Skynet competition"
2784:"X-Band for Mission Critical Communications"
1055:An artist's impression of Skynet 6A in orbit
1033:Multiple fully steerable downlink spot beams
607:(MMS) providing the Communications payload.
1173:reported that the wire reports were wrong.
956:territorial disputes in the South China Sea
4233:
4219:
4211:
3611:"Accounting Officer Assessment - Skynet 6"
3176:(Press release). Arianespace. 12 June 2008
2272:"High Integrity Telecommunications System"
1960:. London: Harper Press. pp. 347–348.
4386:Military satellites of the United Kingdom
4376:1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
3334:
3270:"UK's Skynet military satellite launched"
3224:(Press release). Arianespace. 30 May 2008
2094:"Chapter 14.2 - Satellite Communications"
1409:From about 2017 providing service to the
852:Satellite Communications Onboard Terminal
613:NATO IVA and IVB communication satellites
210:two additional air-transportable stations
2860:. Dublin, Eire: Cara Press. p. 105.
1847:. Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from
1606:
1494:
1416:
1326:
1291:
1270:
1257:
1211:
1180:
1120:Skynet 6A, a single transition satellite
946:, managed by Airbus in partnership with
599:Skynet 4 manufacture was carried out by
322:High Integrity Telecommunications System
3423:Peter B. de Selding (13 October 2010).
2837:. Gunter's Space Page. 14 February 2019
2720:(Report). UK Space Agency. October 2020
2384:. Gunter's Space Page. 11 December 2017
1762:
1705:
1679:Defense Satellite Communications System
748:The Skynet 5 satellite is based on the
3609:Lovegrove, Stephen (22 October 2019).
2515:. Communications Branch Museum/Library
2425:
980:and allied governments, including the
721:A CGI impression of Skynet 5D in orbit
643:for up to six hours a day because its
284:Government Communications Headquarters
66:and allied governments, including the
4391:Space programme of the United Kingdom
4081:"SKYNET Operations and Space Weather"
4079:Swinburne, Brian (18 November 2018).
3814:Allison, George (13 September 2019).
3664:(Press release). Airbus. 19 July 2020
3375:. Ministry of Defence. 30 August 2011
3294:Peter B. de Selding (16 April 2013).
2873:"The UK MoD's Skynet 5 restructuring"
2858:Eavesdropping on the British Military
1712:Marconi Space Systems merged to form
135:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
79:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
7:
3767:"SpaceX wins Skynet launch contract"
3449:. Ministry of Defence. 17 March 2015
391:with a single despun antenna with 3
256:was the first military satellite in
4183:UK Skynet ground terminal locations
4003:Pfeifer, Sylvia (23 October 2023).
3954:Chuter, Andrew (15 February 2023).
3126:"British Skynet satellite launched"
2810:"Antarctica comes in from the cold"
2608:Mitchell, Keith (24 October 2019).
2070:from the original on 15 August 2021
1865:. Paradigm Services. Archived from
4105:Krebs, Gunter (14 February 2019).
4034:. Ministry of Defence. 31 May 2023
3558:Peterman, Ken (12 February 2019).
3513:Henry, Caleb (16 September 2015).
3317:Davison, Iain; Miles, Ian (2013).
3034:"UK set for military space launch"
2715:UK Registry of Outer Space Objects
2149:Bleddyn E. Bowen (November 2020).
2022:"Defford Satellite Communications"
1998:from the original on 25 March 2020
1674:Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre
1008:in each transmit spot beam and 41
882:Information Systems & Services
401:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
43:on behalf of the United Kingdom's
14:
4206:. Ministry of Defence. June 2010.
4188:Satlaunch.org - Satellites M to S
3351:"Countdown to UK military launch"
3002:Defence and security after Brexit
1891:Erwin, Sandra (6 November 2018).
1684:Reacher Satellite Ground Terminal
1411:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
1095:Advanced Extremely High Frequency
1067:Skynet 6A is based on the Airbus
964:signed a further three partners,
888:Expansion to near global coverage
641:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
578:European Communications Satellite
569:ground terminal to Skynet in 2000
498:Marconi Space and Defence Systems
454:was successfully launched on the
4143:
4131:
3918:Hollinger, Peggy (2 July 2020).
3791:Henry, Caleb (7 November 2018).
3635:Todd, David (29 November 2017).
3581:Henry, Caleb (7 November 2018).
2759:
2676:
2644:
2492:
2460:
2362:
1648:
1241:Non-operational, not re-orbited
884:) who are based at MoD Corsham.
729:(PFI) to a partnership between
4107:"Skynet 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F"
4053:Duncan Campbell (20 May 1999).
3765:Ralph, Eric (2 November 2021).
3683:Chuter, Andrew (20 July 2020).
3468:MacLennan, Leah (16 May 2016).
3055:Allison, George (21 May 2018).
2951:Peto, Malcolm (November 2009).
2835:"Skynet 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F"
2747:United States Antarctic Program
2158:Freeman Air and Space Institute
1919:Amos, Jonathan (20 July 2020).
679:thrusters for station keeping.
314:Civil Contingencies Secretariat
4201:"The UK Military Space Primer"
4178:Paradigm Secure Communications
3709:Chuter, Andrew (22 May 2020).
3494:. Defence Connect. 16 May 2016
2871:Berry, Edward (12 July 2006).
2664:"Display: Skynet 4C 1990-079A"
2632:"Display: Skynet 4A 1990-001A"
2480:"Display: Skynet 2B 1974-094A"
2448:"Display: Skynet 2A 1974-002A"
2350:"Display: Skynet 1B 1970-062A"
2322:Savage, Olivia (11 May 2022).
2182:Bowen, Bleddyn (Summer 2019).
2056:P. J. Skilton (January 1989).
731:Paradigm Secure Communications
362:Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers
87:Paradigm Secure Communications
1:
4148:The dictionary definition of
3895:Henry, Caleb (19 July 2020).
2899:"MoD extends Skynet contract"
2897:Clark, Nick (10 March 2010).
2749:. National Science Foundation
2215:"The Zircon Affair 1986-1987"
1843:Day, Belinda (30 June 2017).
1322:Uncontrolled, not re-orbited
1157:tactical battlefield access.
395:of output on two channels (2
127:undersea communications cable
53:British intelligence agencies
4158:Airbus Secure Communications
3336:10.1016/j.procir.2013.07.001
3272:. BBC News. 19 December 2012
1954:Aldrich, Richard J. (2011).
1815:. UKspace. 14 September 2016
1611:
1579:
1555:
1531:
1499:
1471:
1448:
1421:
1391:
1362:
1331:
1301:
1275:
1245:
1216:
1103:Mobile User Objective System
923:coverage, to 95° East, near
876:, in partnership with MoD's
557:Drawing of Skynet 4 in orbit
466:to give coverage of Europe,
374:geostationary transfer orbit
176:three principal stations at
3036:. BBC News. 9 November 2007
2102:. Wootton Bridge Historical
2092:Burr, Ron (February 2012).
1863:"Government Communications"
611:adapted the design for the
152:, significantly to support
95:Future Beyond Line of Sight
4412:
4173:Astrium Ltd - manufacturer
4085:Airbus Defence & Space
3541:"Skynet 5 System features"
2556:"Minisatellites 1970-1980"
2513:"Satellite Communications"
2194:(2). Royal Air Force: 6–14
2188:Air and Space Power Review
2126:Harris, Dick (July 2018).
2020:Harris, Dick (July 2018).
1984:T. C. Tozer (April 1987).
1551:Launched with Star One C1
1548:25° East (prev. 53° East)
858:alternative to insurance.
727:Private Finance Initiative
601:British Aerospace Dynamics
470:and a substantial part of
3128:. BBC News. 12 March 2007
2595:10.1080/02681309609414784
2432:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2418:Kyle, Ed (9 April 2010).
1575:Launched with Turksat 3A
1520:95° East (prev. 6° East)
37:communications satellites
2856:Cannon, Michael (1994).
1729:In 2000 MMS merged with
1616:Airbus Defence and Space
1107:unmanned aerial vehicles
988:Technical specifications
962:Airbus Defence and Space
788:launch vehicle at 22:03
661:Extremely high frequency
647:has increased to 10.3°.
586:three-axis stabilisation
16:Communications satellite
3876:. BBC News. 3 July 2020
3353:. BBC News. 29 May 2008
2539:University of Melbourne
2511:Dykes, Godfrey (2007).
2247:"HITS Information Pack"
1733:space division to form
1669:British space programme
1266:failure, did not orbit
1086:launch was booked with
807:Centre Spatial Guyanais
659:(SHF) and experimental
3687:. DefenseNews. Gannett
2277:. Cabinet Office. 2011
1716:in 1990. MMS acquired
1305:Marconi Space Systems
1099:Wideband Global Satcom
1056:
966:Hughes Network Systems
797:minutes after launch.
777:
722:
704:supersynchronous orbit
694:was launched in 1998,
570:
558:
493:
424:
399:and 20 MHz). The
118:
26:
4193:23 March 2020 at the
4109:. Gunter's Space Page
3616:. Ministry of Defence
3521:. Access Intelligence
3492:"Skynet in Australia"
3472:. Australia: ABC News
3329:. Elsevier: 431–434.
3086:defense-aerospace.com
2808:Swinhoe, Dan (2022).
2789:. Airbus. 10 May 2017
2666:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2634:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2482:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2450:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2352:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2220:. BBC. Archived from
1845:"The Original Skynet"
1280:Marconi Space Systems
1204:GSO position in 2017
1161:Information assurance
1150:Babcock International
1054:
1004:, giving 56 dBW peak
933:western Pacific Ocean
823:Solid Rocket Boosters
720:
665:electromagnetic pulse
564:
556:
491:
422:
108:
41:Babcock International
24:
4140:at Wikimedia Commons
3818:. UK Defence Journal
3562:. UK Defence Journal
3059:. UK Defence Journal
2562:on 27 September 2007
1851:on 2 September 2019.
1689:Syracuse (satellite)
1452:Matra Marconi Space
1344:Commercial Titan III
896:(SHF) module on the
706:on 28 January 2008.
657:Super high frequency
653:Ultra high frequency
603:(BAe Dynamics) with
565:Soldier adjusting a
541:communications. The
431:was launched on the
296:signals intelligence
49:British Armed Forces
4168:www.astronautix.com
4042:– via gov.uk.
3992:– via gov.uk.
3932:on 10 December 2022
3457:– via gov.uk.
3383:– via gov.uk.
2612:. National Archives
2420:"Delta 2000 series"
2301:Ministry of Defence
2227:on 5 September 2012
1714:Matra Marconi Space
1426:Matra Marconi Space
1185:
908:and as far west as
863:British involvement
784:was launched by an
739:Ministry of Defence
684:Matra Marconi Space
645:orbital inclination
621:Challenger disaster
605:Matra Marconi Space
474:as far east at the
460:geostationary orbit
440:the circuit board.
258:geostationary orbit
146:geostationary orbit
45:Ministry of Defence
4151:skynet (satellite)
2403:Kevin S. Forsyth.
2297:"UK Space Command"
1869:on 28 October 2014
1656:Spaceflight portal
1395:British Aerospace
1366:British Aerospace
1181:
1148:In February 2023,
1145:about £6 billion.
1111:F-35B Lightning II
1057:
867:War in Afghanistan
723:
582:spin-stabilisation
571:
559:
494:
425:
368:was launched on a
356:was launched on a
119:
39:, now operated by
27:
4363:
4362:
4136:Media related to
3743:. 13 October 2021
3717:. Sightline Media
2535:Australis-OSCAR 5
1718:BAe Space Systems
1639:
1638:
1588:19 December 2012
1540:14 November 2007
1455:26 February 1998
1417:Skynet 4 Stage 2
1369:11 December 1988
1336:British Aerospace
1327:Skynet 4 Stage 1
1308:23 November 1974
1225:22 November 1969
1177:Satellite summary
575:British Aerospace
500:establishment in
382:apogee kick motor
337:Strategic Command
4403:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4163:www.skyrocket.de
4147:
4135:
4119:
4118:
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3989:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3926:. Archived from
3915:
3909:
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3906:
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3892:
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3883:
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3594:
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3578:
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3555:
3549:
3548:
3543:. Archived from
3537:
3531:
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3528:
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3510:
3504:
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3501:
3499:
3488:
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3019:
3007:(Report). RAND.
3006:
2997:
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2988:
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2599:
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2583:Whitehall Papers
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2017:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:978-0-007312-665
1951:
1936:
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1721:
1710:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1627:Falcon 9 Block 5
1480:7 February 2001
1430:10 January 1998
1284:19 January 1974
1186:
996:High power 160W
333:UK Space Command
199:two stations at
4411:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4328:
4287:
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4245:
4239:
4203:
4199:
4195:Wayback Machine
4128:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4055:"Cyber Sillies"
4052:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4011:Financial Times
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3935:
3933:
3924:Financial Times
3917:
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3763:
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3607:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3547:on 16 May 2014.
3539:
3538:
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3524:
3522:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3489:
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3405:
3397:
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2589:: 30–43. 1996.
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1398:30 August 1990
1340:1 January 1990
1252:19 August 1970
1201:End of service
1198:Launch vehicle
1179:
1171:Duncan Campbell
1165:In early 1999,
1163:
1138:low Earth orbit
1097:(AEHF) and the
1049:
990:
916:of throughput.
904:, covering the
890:
878:Defence Digital
715:
673:reaction wheels
594:reaction wheels
590:momentum wheels
551:
526:
417:
389:spin-stabilised
350:
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262:Royal Air Force
260:, in 1969. The
233:but movable to
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83:Royal Air Force
32:is a family of
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3250:. 10 June 2008
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3202:on 30 May 2008
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2303:. 1 April 2021
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750:Eurostar E3000
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3691:22 February
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3302:21 February
3298:. SpaceNews
3276:20 December
2959:. PPP Forum
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2908:27 November
2793:21 February
1895:. SpaceNews
1819:20 February
1747:BAE Systems
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1514:Ariane 5ECA
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1373:Ariane 44LP
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4244:satellites
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3880:30 October
3776:8 November
3747:8 November
3639:. Seradata
3063:26 January
2953:"Skynet 5"
2753:26 January
2616:26 January
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2281:28 January
2256:28 January
2198:28 January
2134:21 January
2106:21 January
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433:Delta 2313
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4350:Skynet 5C
4345:Skynet 5B
4340:Skynet 5A
4324:Skynet 4F
4319:Skynet 4E
4314:Skynet 4D
4309:Skynet 4C
4304:Skynet 4B
4299:Skynet 4A
4283:Skynet 2B
4278:Skynet 2A
4262:Skynet 1B
4257:Skynet 1A
3962:. Gannett
3771:Teslarati
2979:"Satcoms"
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2566:8 October
1607:Skynet 6
1596:53° East
1495:Skynet 5
1488:34° West
1406:33° East
1271:Skynet 2
1237:105° West
1212:Skynet 1
1207:Comments
1076:Stevenage
1061:Skynet 6A
982:Five Eyes
974:SpeedCast
948:SpeedCast
839:Skynet 5D
830:Skynet 5C
802:Skynet 5B
781:Skynet 5A
700:Skynet 4F
696:Skynet 4E
692:Skynet 4D
677:hydrazine
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633:Skynet 4B
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452:Skynet 2B
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366:Skynet 1B
354:Skynet 1A
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4292:Skynet 4
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2743:"Skynet"
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1993:Archived
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1318:~8° East
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524:Skynet 3
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