431:
573:
500:
1093:, England. It uses more radio frequencies for communication, and will have more capacity and versatility than Skynet 5 satellites. A contract for over £500 million was agreed in July 2020, including launch, testing and related ground operations improvements. Due to the delay in agreeing the Skynet 6A contract, preliminary contracts for initial design and to manufacture long lead items had been agreed earlier to prevent end-date slippage. Manufacture of 6A started in October 2021, and a
729:
4156:
117:
565:
1063:
33:
1661:
4144:
2772:
2689:
2657:
2505:
2473:
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752:(MoD). In 2010, the PFI contract was extended by two years to 2022, to a total cost of £3.66 billion over the course of the contract, with Paradigm able to sell bandwidth in excess of the capacity of 1.1 Skynet satellites to other allied countries. Paradigm had 220 staff and about 100 sub-contractors working on Skynet.
1167:
During 2023 contractors were preparing to bid on the SkyNet
Enduring Capability programme, which is split into two contracts: the major one to deliver a constellation of up to three geostationary wideband satellite systems for launch from 2028-2030, and a smaller contract for a narrowband service for
844:
was launched at 22:05:09 UTC on 12 June 2008, from Centre
Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. The launch had been delayed twice. Originally scheduled for 23 May 2008, more checks were carried out on the launch vehicle and the launch was rescheduled for 30
1155:
In 2021, a one-year transition was expected to start from the Airbus PFI contract to the new
Service Delivery Wrap contract which will operate ground stations until a new generation of satellites under an Enduring Capability contract are launched from about 2028. This transition is expected to cost
1074:
satellite planned for a 2025 launch, as a transition to a new architecture. As of 2017, the PFI project was viewed as unlikely to be extended, as PFI contracting was then seen as generally poor value for taxpayers, and it had depleted MoD of satellite expertise which made specifying its replacement
868:
Initially two Skynet 5 satellites were to be built, with insurance covering any launch loss; the MoD later decided to have a third satellite built in advance, and later still to have the third satellite launched to serve as an on-orbit spare, as well as an option to a fourth satellite, as a cheaper
853:
was launched at 21:49:07 UTC on 19 December 2012, from Centre
Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. Skynet 5D provides more than double the UHF channels of the previous satellites, which are in demand as they support "comms on the move" for soldiers with
785:
in orbit, a highly flexible uplink beam configuration, coupled with a world leading anti-jamming antenna to ensure that the constellation is extremely effective against hostile or non-hostile interference. All of the downlink beams are fully steerable and the whole payload is optimized to maximise
450:
for the United
Kingdom on 19 January 1974. A short circuit in an electronics package circuit board (on second stage) left the upper stages and satellite in an unstable low orbit (96 x 3406 km x 37.6°) that rapidly decayed. An investigation revealed that a substandard coating had been used on
1151:
satellite communications company, for US$ 500 million including a golden share to give it control over any future ownership sale. Analysts believe OneWeb will be incorporated into the Skynet 6 architecture. OneWeb satellites are already manufactured by a joint venture including Airbus
Defence and
807:
civil communications satellite, and entered full service on 10 May 2007. The launch was delayed from 10 March 2007 due to malfunction of a launch pad deluge system. Skynet 5A successfully separated from its launch vehicle and telemetry was acquired by its dedicated
Control Centre approximately 40
551:
and was one of the contributing factors for the emergence of the Skynet 4 series satellites tranche of space vehicles. Technology improvements created the possibility of tactical satellite communications using smaller terminals, creating a new requirement beyond Skynet 3 strategic headquarters
103:
The MoD is currently specifying a new architecture for Skynet to replace the Skynet 5 system, whose funding programme ends in August 2022. The vision for Skynet 6 is a flexible system architecture that combines UK government, allied and commercial satellites, including the current Skynet 5
923:, to complement Skynet system coverage. The three-channel, wide-beam X-band payload has performance similar to a Skynet 5 satellite, but without the military hardening. Anik G1 launched on 16 April 2013, improving the constellation's X-band capacity to 2.2
288:
The Skynet satellites provided secure and encrypted facilities, though expensively, for the
British armed forces and intelligence agencies. It enables an important sovereign command and control service. The largest user of the Skynet satellites during the
961:, an Australian provider for over 25 years which works with the Australian military at that base. This complements Airbus's existing chain of ground stations in France, Germany, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States. The British High Commissioner
854:
backpack radios. The
Ministry of Defence described the satellite as having a "key role in gathering intelligence on operations", as well as communications. Skynet 5D has larger fuel tanks enabling it to be repositioned more frequently if necessary.
301:. Despite the enormous communications capability of Skynet, GCHQ still found the capacity provided by Skynet to be inadequate. In 1972, GCHQ was still the satellite's largest funder, and argued for the purchase of an American built Type-777 (
766:
design, weighs about 4,700 kg (10,400 lb), has two solar panels each about fifteen metres long, and has a power budget of five kilowatts. It has four steerable transmission dishes, and a phased-array receiver designed to allow
175:
were contracted to build three 40 foot diameter air transportable ground stations for the launch of the first IDCSP satellites in 1966. As
Britain had insufficient industry expertise to build satellites, a contact was placed with U.S.
836:(SRB), and 12 November 2007 due to a fuelling problem with the launch pad. At time of launch, the Ariane 5ECA launcher set a new record on this mission, deploying a total payload of more than 8,700 kg (19,200 lb).
748:, a European spacecraft manufacturer. EADS Astrium was responsible for the build and delivery of Skynet 5 series satellites in orbit, whilst subsidiary company Paradigm was responsible for the provision of service to the
661:
The Stage 1 satellites (4A, 4B and 4C) have multi-frequency capability and considerable operational flexibility, with selectable channels, gain and four antenna types of differing widths to support varying requirements,
1163:
won the Service Delivery Wrap support contract to operate and manage Skynet, including the ground infrastructure and integrating new user terminals, for six years from March 2024 at a cost of £400 million.
523:(SRE) led the development, and performed initial in-orbit testing. Subsequently, the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment supported Skynet satellites, including developing ground terminals and modems, at
3953:"The real end game here is SkyNet", said one industry executive, referring to the military grade constellation that for 17 years has been operated by Airbus, and whose contract is soon coming to an end.
458:
to determine its alignment. Based on this analysis, it was decided to use the alignment thrusters to deorbit the unit, and it was destroyed when it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 24 January 1974.
965:
said at the opening ceremony "Territorial disputes over uninhabited rocks and reefs have the potential to generate enough friction in international affairs to spark a confrontation", alluding to the
3551:
3184:
623:
3118:
4406:
1674:
577:
2725:
857:
The programme marks a change of approach in the UK from traditional defence procurement methods to a services-based contract which also includes provision of leased ground terminals,
4391:
1104:
The vision for Skynet 6 is a flexible system architecture that combines UK government, allied and commercial satellites. The MoD has become a user of U.S. military constellations
591:. The cylindrical body of Skynet 1 and 2 was replaced by a large square body housing antennas with deployable solar-cell arrays. This marks the technological improvement from
3092:
339:
and other emergency services, primarily for use at Strategic Command Centres and at major events and emergencies. It replaced the earlier Emergency Communications Network.
4396:
4386:
3672:
81:
intelligence alliance members (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States). As of 2020, seven Skynet satellites are operating, plus Anik G1.
646:
which had not progressed as far, and hence more easily converted. Consequently, Skynet 4B was finished first and launched in 1988, with Skynet 4A next in early 1990, and
1070:
As of 2018, the MoD was specifying the replacement of Skynet 5, whose PFI programme ends in August 2022. Airbus Defence and Space will build a non-competitively sourced
2257:
4211:
3647:
1003:
The fleet of military X-band satellites have been specifically designed to support smaller, low powered, tactical terminals. Each Skynet 5 satellite is equipped with:
1127:
As of 2019, Skynet is the large part of the MoD Future Beyond Line of Sight Satellite Communications programme (FBLOS), which extends to 2041, and has four elements:
3621:
167:
deployments, and have a transponder with two channels permitting communications between two types of ground station. This would be an advance over the ongoing U.S.
3992:
3405:
1780:
4401:
2282:
520:
141:
85:
1791:
430:
2194:
66:, some UK government departments and agencies, and to allied governments. Since 2015 when Skynet coverage was extended eastward, and in conjunction with an
3966:
3555:
1802:
966:
3525:
1181:
3695:
638:), the programme slowed and all the Skynet 4 series satellites had to be modified to suit the changes needed to go on a disposable launch vehicle. As
320:
Skynet has throughout all its models had a good degree of interoperability with U.S. and NATO military communications satellites and ground stations.
2225:
454:
Despite being in an unstable orbit, the ground stations successfully located and tracked Skynet 2A and were able to use telemetry readings from the
3747:
3570:
3158:
3122:
1689:
845:
May 2008. A problem with the launch software during pre-launch checks led Arianespace to reschedule the launch for a second time to 12 June 2008.
168:
1140:
Secure Telemetry, Tracking and Command (STT&C), to provide assured UK control and management of satellites and their payloads into the future
438:
Following the operational failure of the Skynet 1A satellite, the timetable for the launch of the Skynet 2 communications satellite was delayed.
3206:
3848:
Reynolds, Conor (12 September 2019). "Who Wants to Run SKYNET 6? Gov't Says £6 Billion in Contracts is Landing Soon". Computer Business Review.
3232:
2161:
782:
294:
1421:
987:, into its Skynet partner programme who offer third-party Skynet services. The Skynet contract also allow Airbus to sell surplus bandwidth to
651:
531:. The Skynet 2B system was very successful for its time, and remained in service for 20 years although only having 2 communications channels.
145:
89:
3930:
3859:
1976:
749:
55:
2334:
3721:
100:
until October 2012, when the organisation was rebranded to Astrium Services then through merger in 2015 became Airbus Defence and Space.
3254:
3067:
877:
626:, also manufactured by BAe Dynamics. The programme timescales were delayed, as initially Skynet 4 was designed to be launched from the
1684:
556:
was also concerned that the high frequency radio alternative enabled location tracking by the Soviet Union Ocean Surveillance System.
347:
4160:
1855:
1694:
1105:
631:
4183:
3480:
3093:"Sky's the Limit for New Military Satellite - Paradigm Agrees Deal with UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) for Fourth Skynet 5 Satellite"
2075:
2003:
892:
4243:
3457:
804:
1781:
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/400-million-contract-to-operate-military-satellite-communications-system-supports-400-uk-jobs
756:
is a major subcontractor on the PFI programme. This was the biggest ever outsourced military satellite communications contract.
1728:
324:
3826:
3803:
3593:
2566:
720:
Skynet 4 provides Ultra high frequency and Super high frequency services using Earth cover, wide area and spot beam coverage.
332:
1792:
https://www.babcockinternational.com/news/babcock-awarded-contract-to-operate-skynet-the-mod-satellite-communications-system/
97:
3012:
2909:
1903:
4178:
313:, which was subsequently cancelled. The circumstances around the reporting of Zircon's existence would become known as the
3383:
3306:
2444:
137:
63:
4042:
3185:"Successful dual launch for Arianespace: Skynet 5C and Turksat 3A in orbit; 25th successful launch in a row for Ariane 5"
736:
Skynet 5 is the next generation of satellites, replacing the existing Skynet 4 Stage 2 satellites. It was contracted via
1803:
https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/02/15/babcock-wins-480-million-bid-to-run-britains-skynet-satcom-program/
1113:
384:
183:
Nine ground stations were initially planned, which could also communicate with sub-geostationary U.S. IDCSP satellites:
2620:
1824:"Airbus Defence and Space expands its Skynet channel partner network with three major military communication providers"
1137:
Skynet 6 Enduring Capability, to provide and operate communication satellites and ground infrastructure into the future
588:
108:
satellite communications programme (FBLOS), which extends to 2041, with expected transition costs of about £6 billion.
73:
The Skynet contract allow Airbus Defence and Space to sell surplus bandwidth, through the Skynet partner programme, to
572:
2430:
4201:
499:
3907:
800:
737:
496:
Skynet 2 satellites had an orbit mass of 250 kg (550 lb), with a single antenna with 16 watts of output.
455:
1134:
Service Delivery Wrap, a support contract to manage and control the Skynet constellation and ground infrastructure
872:
In 2011, The MOD took ownership of a NATO satellite with two UHF channels, to support the additional demands from
1741:
1180:
reported that the Skynet system was breached by a group of hackers who issued blackmail threats against the MoD.
105:
832:
launch vehicle. This launch was delayed from 9 November 2007 due to problems with the electronics on one of the
434:
Skynet 2B being unpacked at Cape Canaveral for launch processing. It was successfully launched 23 November 1974.
2989:
1626:
1079:
1031:
1016:
972:
671:
596:
136:. The United Kingdom created Skynet as its own military communications satellite system, because of inadequate
47:
422:
satellites, launched 1970 and 1971, were identical except for an antenna shaped to only cover NATO countries.
1873:
701:
to replace the earlier versions. Improvements included increased power and resistance to electronic jamming.
4188:
3648:"UK MoD confirms competition for proper follow-on to Skynet 5 after award to Airbus for Skynet 6A gapfiller"
2549:
1679:
1117:
2232:
1050:
Flexible switching capability allowing connectivity between any uplink beam and at least two downlink beams
2794:
1109:
976:
714:
2883:
2674:
2642:
2490:
2458:
2360:
1160:
675:
515:, England, and were the first non-amateur communication satellites built outside the United States and
466:
443:
380:
368:
298:
192:
121:
51:
3435:
3162:
171:(IDCSP). In 1965, the U.S. invited the MoD to participate in their IDCSP programme, and to participate
3502:
771:
signals to be cancelled out. They will also resist attempts to disrupt them with high-powered lasers.
4236:
3210:
2553:
1699:
1354:
1038:
1027:
833:
667:
663:
306:
196:
59:
2820:
1724:
1436:
1290:
1008:
817:
694:
655:
615:
607:
controlling the satellite gyroscopically. Each satellite had a design operational life of 7 years.
470:
372:
268:
253:
156:
4016:
3939:
995:
intelligence alliance (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States).
155:
bounce techniques, before considering a UK satellite. In 1964, it was decided Skynet should be in
4148:
2104:
1823:
1666:
1121:
592:
399:
310:
237:
229:
3993:"£400 million contract to operate military satellite communications system supports 400 UK jobs"
3777:
2934:
650:
later the same year. As of 2022, Skynet 4C is still in operation, providing service to the U.S.
584:
Skynet 4 series satellites have few similarities to the earlier generations, being based on the
375:(TWTAs) had failed, probably due to soldered high voltage joints failing under thermal cycling.
2544:
The first communications satellite built outside the U.S. and former USSR appears to have been
946:. With this move and Anik G1, Skynet offers near global coverage, from 178° West to 163° East.
489:. It could support about ten simultaneous users. Major ground stations used a 40-foot diameter
132:
In the 1960s, only two countries utilised communications satellites, the United States and the
4193:
4065:
3207:"Arianespace Flight Skynet 5C – Turksat 3A: Liftoff rescheduled for the night of May 30, 2008"
2545:
2438:
1972:
1346:
873:
585:
392:
151:
The MoD space communications research programme began in 1962, initially considering Moon and
630:(STS), with chosen RAF officers to be part of each Shuttle Crew. However, following the 1986
3341:
3019:
2601:
1637:
1152:
Space, which positions the current Skynet operator well for future involvement in Skynet 6.
908:
343:
245:
180:
to build Skynet 1, but with the assistance of Marconi to improve UK expertise for Skynet 2.
148:
carried out research for the development of the subsequent satellites and ground terminals.
67:
642:
build was advanced it needed significant modification, and its completion was overtaken by
4229:
4205:
3884:
3280:
2523:
1931:
1148:
1047:
On Board Active Receive Antenna (OBARA) capable of generating multiple shaped uplink beams
888:
604:
508:
272:
172:
93:
1859:
786:
performance for small, rapidly deployable satellite ground terminals on land, sea or air.
218:(Indian Ocean) with air transportable 20 foot dishes and 5kW transmitters called SKYNET V
58:(MoD). They provide strategic and tactical communication services to the branches of the
3044:
2068:
1996:
728:
387:(GTO) and was abandoned in transfer orbit (270 x 36058 km) due to a failure of the
346:
was created, which when fully operational will take over responsibility for Skynet from
962:
760:
683:
600:
490:
328:
200:
140:
availability and to increase flexibility, reliability, data capacity and security. The
125:
116:
4155:
4380:
3481:"Skynet satellite ground station opens in Adelaide to aid UK military communications"
2776:
2693:
2661:
2509:
2477:
2379:
2110:
The Decca Legacy - a View From Inside the Radar Company Decca - BAe Systems 1949-2009
1082:
943:
912:
883:
The satellites are managed from a site named Hawthorn, a few hundred metres north of
825:
768:
763:
627:
548:
528:
314:
282:
188:
1144:
On 3 July 2020, the UK Government announced that it had acquired a 45% stake in the
371:
on 22 November 1969, but the satellite failed after about 18 months when all of its
4117:
3571:"Skynet 6: Private sector innovation "critical" to meeting UK defence SATCOM needs"
2963:
2570:
2069:
Tactical UK Military Satellite Ground Terminals - A Research and Development Review
1675:
British Army communications and reconnaissance equipment § Satellite communications
1516:
1274:
1085:, using electric orbit raising and station keeping propulsion, and built at Airbus
1020:
950:
939:
935:
679:
611:
540:
516:
164:
160:
152:
133:
4173:
3361:
3136:
2845:
1062:
32:
3346:
3329:
2392:
1966:
543:, and instead the capability it was intended to offer was delivered via U.S. and
335:, a satellite-based emergency communications service based on Skynet, for use by
4017:"Airbus signs up Northrop Grumman in bid for SkyNet military satellite contract"
1757:
1231:
1012:
931:
884:
564:
524:
486:
398:
Skynet 1 series satellites had an orbit mass of 122 kg (269 lb), were
177:
44:
2307:
2108:
547:
assets. This dependence on U.S. assets was identified as a weakness during the
297:(GCHQ), who were responsible for over 80% of traffic at some locations such as
3865:(Report). National Audit Office. December 2020. p. 18. DP Ref: 008063-001
3748:"The UK MOD's Skynet 6A MILSATCOM Satellite Production Is Initiated By Airbus"
2605:
1656:
1298:
1090:
553:
512:
277:
228:
ship stations with 6 foot dishes and 5kW transmitters, initially installed on
225:
211:
1538:
4B. Moved in 2015 to extend Skynet coverage eastward to the western Pacific.
880:. Control of this satellite was incorporated into the Skynet 5 PFI contract.
281:
in 1969, the show also described the new British satellite control centre at
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4293:
4288:
4272:
4267:
3011:
Black, James; Hall, Alex; Cox, Kate; Kepe, Marta; Silfversten, Erik (2017).
1591:
1567:
1543:
1511:
1086:
992:
984:
958:
849:
840:
812:
791:
687:
682:. The satellites have a dry mass of 670 kg (1,480 lb), with three
336:
275:
displayed a model of the Skynet satellite on the children's television show
78:
4168:
3673:"Airbus signs contract with UK Ministry of Defence for Skynet 6A satellite"
2592:"UK Military Space Programmes, Whitehall Papers Volume 35, Issue 1, 1996".
2556:, Australia and launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 23 January 1970.
4143:
4091:
3159:"Arianespace boosts Skynet 5B and Star One C1 into orbit: Sets new record"
2940:(Report). National Audit Office. 24 November 2006. pp. 19–23. HC 23-I
1116:(MUOS). Part of the enhanced capability would be to support data links to
4198:
1704:
1611:
1524:
1469:
1444:
1395:
1383:
1094:
980:
954:
916:
829:
796:
635:
469:
by NASA for the United Kingdom on 23 November 1974. It was positioned in
290:
17:
3068:"What is Skynet? A look at Britain's military communications satellites"
2753:
2415:
539:
Skynet 3 series satellites was cancelled as the United Kingdom withdrew
3967:"Babcock wins $ 480 million bid to run Britain's Skynet SATCOM program"
3804:"HTS, megaconstellations feed UK indecisiveness about Skynet 6 program"
3594:"HTS, megaconstellations feed UK indecisiveness about Skynet 6 program"
2074:(Report). Royal Signals and Radar Establishment. RSRE Memorandum 4262.
2002:(Report). Royal Signals and Radar Establishment. RSRE Memorandum 3976.
1745:
1486:
1455:
Replaced 4B, re-orbited in a supersynchronous orbit on 28 January 2008
1366:
1239:
1177:
745:
741:
698:
678:(EMP) and have anti-jamming capability, with an un-degraded 1600 watts
388:
302:
215:
2138:
2032:
2433:. Space Launch Report. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012.
1145:
1098:
920:
904:
821:
779:
478:
4221:
3696:"Airbus gets US$ 630 million deal under UK military's Skynet 6 push"
3233:"Arianespace launch with Skynet 5C and Turksat 3A: launch postponed"
1053:
Nuclear hardening, anti-jamming countermeasures and laser protection
3099:(Press release). Ministry of Defence and EADS Astrium. 9 March 2010
3023:
1904:"UK MoD still undecided on how to procure satellite communications"
70:
satellite module over America, Skynet offers near global coverage.
3415:(Report). Defence Equipment and Support. November 2011. p. 17
1877:
1535:
1061:
924:
753:
727:
571:
563:
498:
474:
429:
407:
115:
31:
2775:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2692:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2660:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2508:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2476:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2378:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2263:. Cabinet Office, Civil Contingencies Secretariat. September 2010
1034:
transponders ranging in bandwidth from 20 GHz to 40 GHz
2162:
The Integrated Review and UK Spacepower: The Search for Strategy
988:
619:
544:
507:
The Skynet 2 series satellites were assembled and tested at the
482:
447:
411:
403:
204:
74:
4225:
3931:"UK gamble on OneWeb signals more interventionist space policy"
930:
In 2015, Skynet 5A was moved from 6° East, where it reinforced
4043:"Skynet Enduring Capability wideband satellite system pre-PQQ"
3161:(Press release). Arianespace. 14 November 2007. Archived from
2195:"A Familiar Frontier: British Defence Strategy and Spacepower"
938:. This move was to extend the Skynet coverage eastward in the
693:
The improved Stage 2 satellites (4D, 4E and 4F) were built by
3458:"UK to deliver secure communications with new satellite move"
3307:"Newly Launched Anik G1 To Provide Revenue Boost for Telesat"
3087:
3085:
493:, while in the field or at sea a 2 m diameter dish was used.
3827:"SKYNET 6 British military satellite project receives boost"
350:(previously known as Joint Forces Command), likely in 2023.
305:) satellite instead. GCHQ would later plan their own secret
84:
The Skynet 1 to 4 series were developed and operated by the
3908:"British military finalizes Skynet-6A contract with Airbus"
3255:"Ariane Skynet 5C And Turksat 3A Launch Delayed To June 12"
2335:"Defence Space 2022: UK Space Command details future plans"
3885:"UK government takes £400m stake in satellite firm OneWeb"
3526:"Skynet 5A Satellite Arrives at Asia-Pacific Orbital Slot"
3121:(Press release). EADS Astrium. 10 May 2007. Archived from
527:
which was also a backup for the primary ground station at
96:
until 2003. It was subsequently operated with Skynet 5 by
3209:(Press release). Arianespace. 14 May 2008. Archived from
3119:"Astrium triple success as Skynet 5A enters full service"
2171:(Report). King's College London. pp. 3, 11–13, 15–16
865:(SCOT) for ships, and the associated baseband equipment.
674:(EHF) channels are available. They are hardening against
144:
led the development of Skynet 1 and 2, and its successor
2132:
2130:
2128:
1369:, re-orbited in supersynchronous orbit on 20 June 2005
949:
In 2016, a new Australian ground station was opened at
3995:(Press release). Ministry of Defence. 15 February 2023
3384:"New satellite improves communications in Afghanistan"
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
3860:
Departmental Overview 2019-2020 - Ministry of Defence
3771:
3769:
2569:. Surrey Satellite Technology Limited. Archived from
1308:
Rocket guidance failure, re-entry on 25 January 1974
803:
on 11 March 2007, in a launch shared with the Indian
3715:
3713:
1997:
An Introduction to Military Satellite Communications
1932:"MoD contracts Airbus for Skynet telecoms satellite"
1897:
1895:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
816:
was launched at 22:06 UTC on 14 November 2007, from
120:
Launch of the first Skynet satellite, Skynet 1A, by
4343:
4302:
4281:
4260:
3436:"Paradigm Secures All of Anik G1's X-band Capacity"
1760:
sold its 25% share of Astrium, renamed EADS Astrium
713:in 2001. Skynet 4D was parked in a non-operational
4015:
3938:
3667:
3665:
2957:
2955:
2789:
2787:
2785:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
774:Astrium described in 2010 the Skynet 5 system as:
2621:"Skynet: the real communication satellite system"
2416:"History of the Delta Launch Vehicle: Flight Log"
778:The Skynet 5 satellites have the highest powered
3330:"A SPAR Modelling Platform Case Study: Skynet 5"
2935:Ministry of Defence - Major Projects Report 2006
2026:
2024:
1398:, re-orbited 150 km above GSO in June 1998
363:There were two Skynet 1 satellites (1A and 1B);
104:satellites. Skynet is the large part of the MoD
4407:Communications satellites of the United Kingdom
3615:
3613:
3611:
1112:(WGS) systems, and may become a partner in the
903:In 2010, Paradigm announced it would lease the
776:
169:Interim Defense Communication Satellite Program
3300:
3298:
2748:
2746:
2141:. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society
2098:
2096:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2035:. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society
1990:
1988:
1925:
1923:
1921:
521:Signals Research and Development Establishment
503:A Skynet 2 satellite being packed for shipment
142:Signals Research and Development Establishment
86:Signals Research and Development Establishment
36:An artist's impression of a Skynet 5 satellite
4392:Military communications of the United Kingdom
4237:
3406:Reacher is a highlight of Paradigm factfinder
2188:
2186:
1023:peak EIRP in each global beam per transponder
911:commercial satellite at 107.3° West over the
595:, used in earlier cylindrical satellites, to
383:on 19 August 1970. Skynet 1B was placed in a
8:
3722:"UK nears final stage of Skynet competition"
2795:"X-Band for Mission Critical Communications"
1066:An artist's impression of Skynet 6A in orbit
1044:Multiple fully steerable downlink spot beams
618:(MMS) providing the Communications payload.
1184:reported that the wire reports were wrong.
967:territorial disputes in the South China Sea
4244:
4230:
4222:
3622:"Accounting Officer Assessment - Skynet 6"
3187:(Press release). Arianespace. 12 June 2008
2283:"High Integrity Telecommunications System"
1971:. London: Harper Press. pp. 347–348.
4397:Military satellites of the United Kingdom
4387:1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
3345:
3281:"UK's Skynet military satellite launched"
3235:(Press release). Arianespace. 30 May 2008
2105:"Chapter 14.2 - Satellite Communications"
1420:From about 2017 providing service to the
863:Satellite Communications Onboard Terminal
624:NATO IVA and IVB communication satellites
221:two additional air-transportable stations
2871:. Dublin, Eire: Cara Press. p. 105.
1858:. Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from
1617:
1505:
1427:
1337:
1302:
1281:
1268:
1222:
1191:
1131:Skynet 6A, a single transition satellite
957:, managed by Airbus in partnership with
610:Skynet 4 manufacture was carried out by
333:High Integrity Telecommunications System
3434:Peter B. de Selding (13 October 2010).
2848:. Gunter's Space Page. 14 February 2019
2731:(Report). UK Space Agency. October 2020
2395:. Gunter's Space Page. 11 December 2017
1773:
1716:
1690:Defense Satellite Communications System
759:The Skynet 5 satellite is based on the
3620:Lovegrove, Stephen (22 October 2019).
2526:. Communications Branch Museum/Library
2436:
991:and allied governments, including the
732:A CGI impression of Skynet 5D in orbit
654:for up to six hours a day because its
295:Government Communications Headquarters
77:and allied governments, including the
4402:Space programme of the United Kingdom
4092:"SKYNET Operations and Space Weather"
4090:Swinburne, Brian (18 November 2018).
3825:Allison, George (13 September 2019).
3675:(Press release). Airbus. 19 July 2020
3386:. Ministry of Defence. 30 August 2011
3305:Peter B. de Selding (16 April 2013).
2884:"The UK MoD's Skynet 5 restructuring"
2869:Eavesdropping on the British Military
1723:Marconi Space Systems merged to form
146:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
90:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
7:
3778:"SpaceX wins Skynet launch contract"
3460:. Ministry of Defence. 17 March 2015
402:with a single despun antenna with 3
267:was the first military satellite in
4194:UK Skynet ground terminal locations
4014:Pfeifer, Sylvia (23 October 2023).
3965:Chuter, Andrew (15 February 2023).
3137:"British Skynet satellite launched"
2821:"Antarctica comes in from the cold"
2619:Mitchell, Keith (24 October 2019).
2081:from the original on 15 August 2021
1876:. Paradigm Services. Archived from
4116:Krebs, Gunter (14 February 2019).
4045:. Ministry of Defence. 31 May 2023
3569:Peterman, Ken (12 February 2019).
3524:Henry, Caleb (16 September 2015).
3328:Davison, Iain; Miles, Ian (2013).
3045:"UK set for military space launch"
2726:UK Registry of Outer Space Objects
2160:Bleddyn E. Bowen (November 2020).
2033:"Defford Satellite Communications"
2009:from the original on 25 March 2020
1685:Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre
1019:in each transmit spot beam and 41
893:Information Systems & Services
412:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
54:on behalf of the United Kingdom's
25:
4217:. Ministry of Defence. June 2010.
4199:Satlaunch.org - Satellites M to S
3362:"Countdown to UK military launch"
3013:Defence and security after Brexit
1902:Erwin, Sandra (6 November 2018).
1695:Reacher Satellite Ground Terminal
1422:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
1106:Advanced Extremely High Frequency
1078:Skynet 6A is based on the Airbus
975:signed a further three partners,
899:Expansion to near global coverage
652:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
589:European Communications Satellite
580:ground terminal to Skynet in 2000
509:Marconi Space and Defence Systems
465:was successfully launched on the
4154:
4142:
3929:Hollinger, Peggy (2 July 2020).
3802:Henry, Caleb (7 November 2018).
3646:Todd, David (29 November 2017).
3592:Henry, Caleb (7 November 2018).
2770:
2687:
2655:
2503:
2471:
2373:
1659:
1252:Non-operational, not re-orbited
895:) who are based at MoD Corsham.
740:(PFI) to a partnership between
4118:"Skynet 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F"
4064:Duncan Campbell (20 May 1999).
3776:Ralph, Eric (2 November 2021).
3694:Chuter, Andrew (20 July 2020).
3479:MacLennan, Leah (16 May 2016).
3066:Allison, George (21 May 2018).
2962:Peto, Malcolm (November 2009).
2846:"Skynet 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F"
2758:United States Antarctic Program
2169:Freeman Air and Space Institute
1930:Amos, Jonathan (20 July 2020).
690:thrusters for station keeping.
325:Civil Contingencies Secretariat
4212:"The UK Military Space Primer"
4189:Paradigm Secure Communications
3720:Chuter, Andrew (22 May 2020).
3505:. Defence Connect. 16 May 2016
2882:Berry, Edward (12 July 2006).
2675:"Display: Skynet 4C 1990-079A"
2643:"Display: Skynet 4A 1990-001A"
2491:"Display: Skynet 2B 1974-094A"
2459:"Display: Skynet 2A 1974-002A"
2361:"Display: Skynet 1B 1970-062A"
2333:Savage, Olivia (11 May 2022).
2193:Bowen, Bleddyn (Summer 2019).
2067:P. J. Skilton (January 1989).
742:Paradigm Secure Communications
373:Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers
98:Paradigm Secure Communications
1:
4159:The dictionary definition of
3906:Henry, Caleb (19 July 2020).
2910:"MoD extends Skynet contract"
2908:Clark, Nick (10 March 2010).
2760:. National Science Foundation
2226:"The Zircon Affair 1986-1987"
1854:Day, Belinda (30 June 2017).
1333:Uncontrolled, not re-orbited
1168:tactical battlefield access.
406:of output on two channels (2
138:undersea communications cable
64:British intelligence agencies
4169:Airbus Secure Communications
3347:10.1016/j.procir.2013.07.001
3283:. BBC News. 19 December 2012
1965:Aldrich, Richard J. (2011).
1826:. UKspace. 14 September 2016
1622:
1590:
1566:
1542:
1510:
1482:
1459:
1432:
1402:
1373:
1342:
1312:
1286:
1256:
1227:
1114:Mobile User Objective System
934:coverage, to 95° East, near
887:, in partnership with MoD's
568:Drawing of Skynet 4 in orbit
477:to give coverage of Europe,
385:geostationary transfer orbit
187:three principal stations at
3047:. BBC News. 9 November 2007
2113:. Wootton Bridge Historical
2103:Burr, Ron (February 2012).
1874:"Government Communications"
622:adapted the design for the
163:, significantly to support
106:Future Beyond Line of Sight
4423:
4184:Astrium Ltd - manufacturer
4096:Airbus Defence & Space
3552:"Skynet 5 System features"
2567:"Minisatellites 1970-1980"
2524:"Satellite Communications"
2205:(2). Royal Air Force: 6–14
2199:Air and Space Power Review
2137:Harris, Dick (July 2018).
2031:Harris, Dick (July 2018).
1995:T. C. Tozer (April 1987).
1562:Launched with Star One C1
1559:25° East (prev. 53° East)
869:alternative to insurance.
738:Private Finance Initiative
612:British Aerospace Dynamics
481:and a substantial part of
3139:. BBC News. 12 March 2007
2606:10.1080/02681309609414784
2443:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2429:Kyle, Ed (9 April 2010).
1586:Launched with Turksat 3A
1531:95° East (prev. 6° East)
48:communications satellites
2867:Cannon, Michael (1994).
1740:In 2000 MMS merged with
1627:Airbus Defence and Space
1118:unmanned aerial vehicles
999:Technical specifications
973:Airbus Defence and Space
799:launch vehicle at 22:03
672:Extremely high frequency
658:has increased to 10.3°.
597:three-axis stabilisation
27:Communications satellite
3887:. BBC News. 3 July 2020
3364:. BBC News. 29 May 2008
2550:University of Melbourne
2522:Dykes, Godfrey (2007).
2258:"HITS Information Pack"
1744:space division to form
1680:British space programme
1277:failure, did not orbit
1097:launch was booked with
818:Centre Spatial Guyanais
670:(SHF) and experimental
3698:. DefenseNews. Gannett
2288:. Cabinet Office. 2011
1727:in 1990. MMS acquired
1316:Marconi Space Systems
1110:Wideband Global Satcom
1067:
977:Hughes Network Systems
808:minutes after launch.
788:
733:
715:supersynchronous orbit
705:was launched in 1998,
581:
569:
504:
435:
410:and 20 MHz). The
129:
37:
4204:23 March 2020 at the
4120:. Gunter's Space Page
3627:. Ministry of Defence
3532:. Access Intelligence
3503:"Skynet in Australia"
3483:. Australia: ABC News
3340:. Elsevier: 431–434.
3097:defense-aerospace.com
2819:Swinhoe, Dan (2022).
2800:. Airbus. 10 May 2017
2677:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2645:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2493:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2461:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2363:. NASA. 13 April 2021
2231:. BBC. Archived from
1856:"The Original Skynet"
1291:Marconi Space Systems
1215:GSO position in 2017
1172:Information assurance
1161:Babcock International
1065:
1015:, giving 56 dBW peak
944:western Pacific Ocean
834:Solid Rocket Boosters
731:
676:electromagnetic pulse
575:
567:
502:
433:
119:
52:Babcock International
35:
4151:at Wikimedia Commons
3829:. UK Defence Journal
3573:. UK Defence Journal
3070:. UK Defence Journal
2573:on 27 September 2007
1862:on 2 September 2019.
1700:Syracuse (satellite)
1463:Matra Marconi Space
1355:Commercial Titan III
907:(SHF) module on the
717:on 28 January 2008.
668:Super high frequency
664:Ultra high frequency
614:(BAe Dynamics) with
576:Soldier adjusting a
552:communications. The
442:was launched on the
307:signals intelligence
60:British Armed Forces
4179:www.astronautix.com
4053:– via gov.uk.
4003:– via gov.uk.
3943:on 10 December 2022
3468:– via gov.uk.
3394:– via gov.uk.
2623:. National Archives
2431:"Delta 2000 series"
2312:Ministry of Defence
2238:on 5 September 2012
1725:Matra Marconi Space
1437:Matra Marconi Space
1196:
919:and as far west as
874:British involvement
795:was launched by an
750:Ministry of Defence
695:Matra Marconi Space
656:orbital inclination
632:Challenger disaster
616:Matra Marconi Space
485:as far east at the
471:geostationary orbit
451:the circuit board.
269:geostationary orbit
157:geostationary orbit
56:Ministry of Defence
4162:skynet (satellite)
2414:Kevin S. Forsyth.
2308:"UK Space Command"
1880:on 28 October 2014
1667:Spaceflight portal
1406:British Aerospace
1377:British Aerospace
1192:
1159:In February 2023,
1156:about £6 billion.
1122:F-35B Lightning II
1068:
878:War in Afghanistan
734:
593:spin-stabilisation
582:
570:
505:
436:
379:was launched on a
367:was launched on a
130:
50:, now operated by
38:
4374:
4373:
4147:Media related to
3754:. 13 October 2021
3728:. Sightline Media
2546:Australis-OSCAR 5
1729:BAe Space Systems
1650:
1649:
1599:19 December 2012
1551:14 November 2007
1466:26 February 1998
1428:Skynet 4 Stage 2
1380:11 December 1988
1347:British Aerospace
1338:Skynet 4 Stage 1
1319:23 November 1974
1236:22 November 1969
1188:Satellite summary
586:British Aerospace
511:establishment in
393:apogee kick motor
348:Strategic Command
16:(Redirected from
4414:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4174:www.skyrocket.de
4158:
4146:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4087:
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4078:
4076:
4061:
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4039:
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4028:
4019:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3937:. Archived from
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3881:
3875:
3874:
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3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3554:. Archived from
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3492:
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3203:
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3115:
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3089:
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3077:
3075:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3018:(Report). RAND.
3017:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2959:
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2939:
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2697:
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2684:
2682:
2671:
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2659:
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2654:
2652:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2594:Whitehall Papers
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2487:
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2434:
2426:
2420:
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2411:
2405:
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2400:
2389:
2383:
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2330:
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2272:
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2268:
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2237:
2230:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:978-0-007312-665
1962:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
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1851:
1836:
1835:
1833:
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1794:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1721:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1638:Falcon 9 Block 5
1491:7 February 2001
1441:10 January 1998
1295:19 January 1974
1197:
1007:High power 160W
344:UK Space Command
210:two stations at
21:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4339:
4298:
4277:
4256:
4250:
4214:
4210:
4206:Wayback Machine
4139:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4066:"Cyber Sillies"
4063:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4022:Financial Times
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3946:
3944:
3935:Financial Times
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3558:on 16 May 2014.
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3327:
3326:
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3165:on 17 June 2008
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2600:: 30–43. 1996.
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1409:30 August 1990
1351:1 January 1990
1263:19 August 1970
1212:End of service
1209:Launch vehicle
1190:
1182:Duncan Campbell
1176:In early 1999,
1174:
1149:low Earth orbit
1108:(AEHF) and the
1060:
1001:
927:of throughput.
915:, covering the
901:
889:Defence Digital
726:
684:reaction wheels
605:reaction wheels
601:momentum wheels
562:
537:
428:
400:spin-stabilised
361:
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273:Royal Air Force
271:, in 1969. The
244:but movable to
114:
94:Royal Air Force
43:is a family of
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4137:External links
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3261:. 10 June 2008
3259:spacedaily.com
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3213:on 30 May 2008
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2314:. 1 April 2021
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2224:Wilby, David.
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1024:
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963:Menna Rawlings
900:
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861:vehicles, the
761:Eurostar E3000
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1578:Ariane 5ECA
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1517:EADS Astrium
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161:Indian Ocean
153:space debris
150:
134:Soviet Union
131:
122:Delta rocket
102:
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3971:DefenseNews
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3810:22 February
3806:. SpaceNews
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3702:22 February
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3438:. SpaceNews
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3313:21 February
3309:. SpaceNews
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2970:. PPP Forum
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2919:27 November
2804:21 February
1906:. SpaceNews
1830:20 February
1758:BAE Systems
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1525:Ariane 5ECA
1494:Ariane 44L
1384:Ariane 44LP
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1232:Philco Ford
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942:and to the
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830:Ariane 5ECA
525:RAF Defford
487:Philippines
309:satellite,
260:as required
258: (R09)
250: (R12)
242: (L11)
234: (L10)
178:Philco Ford
4381:Categories
4255:satellites
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3914:30 October
3891:30 October
3787:8 November
3758:8 November
3650:. Seradata
3074:26 January
2964:"Skynet 5"
2764:26 January
2627:26 January
2530:14 January
2292:28 January
2267:28 January
2209:28 January
2145:21 January
2117:21 January
2085:19 January
2039:19 January
2013:26 January
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1768:References
1470:Ariane 44L
1445:Delta 7000
1299:Delta 2000
1124:aircraft.
1101:for 2025.
1091:Portsmouth
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554:Royal Navy
513:Portsmouth
467:Delta 2313
444:Delta 2313
278:Blue Peter
226:Royal Navy
212:HMS Jufair
4366:Skynet 5D
4361:Skynet 5C
4356:Skynet 5B
4351:Skynet 5A
4335:Skynet 4F
4330:Skynet 4E
4325:Skynet 4D
4320:Skynet 4C
4315:Skynet 4B
4310:Skynet 4A
4294:Skynet 2B
4289:Skynet 2A
4273:Skynet 1B
4268:Skynet 1A
3973:. Gannett
3782:Teslarati
2990:"Satcoms"
2735:9 January
2577:8 October
1618:Skynet 6
1607:53° East
1506:Skynet 5
1499:34° West
1417:33° East
1282:Skynet 2
1248:105° West
1223:Skynet 1
1218:Comments
1087:Stevenage
1072:Skynet 6A
993:Five Eyes
985:SpeedCast
959:SpeedCast
850:Skynet 5D
841:Skynet 5C
813:Skynet 5B
792:Skynet 5A
711:Skynet 4F
707:Skynet 4E
703:Skynet 4D
688:hydrazine
648:Skynet 4C
644:Skynet 4B
640:Skynet 4A
463:Skynet 2B
440:Skynet 2A
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365:Skynet 1A
337:UK police
265:Skynet 1A
256:Ark Royal
254:HMS
246:HMS
238:HMS
230:HMS
197:Singapore
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4303:Skynet 4
4282:Skynet 2
4261:Skynet 1
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3999:22 April
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2852:18 April
2754:"Skynet"
2681:18 April
2649:18 April
2554:Victoria
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2465:18 April
2439:cite web
2399:18 April
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2139:"Skynet"
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2004:Archived
1936:BBC News
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1653:See also
1612:MEXSAT-3
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1396:Astra 1A
1329:~8° East
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1095:Falcon 9
1058:Skynet 6
1041:channels
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981:Inmarsat
955:Adelaide
917:Americas
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724:Skynet 5
636:STS 51-L
560:Skynet 4
535:Skynet 3
426:Skynet 2
359:Skynet 1
342:In 2021
293:was the
291:Cold War
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232:Fearless
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824:, in
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475:Kenya
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4103:2021
4077:2008
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4029:2023
4001:2023
3979:2023
3949:2020
3916:2020
3893:2020
3871:2021
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3681:2021
3656:2019
3633:2020
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3579:2019
3538:2021
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