516:
463:, which was long overdue. Even if this was successful it faced the serious problem of basing. No fixed land-based missile system could be credibly installed in the British Isles; they were well within the range of Soviet air strikes. The limited land mass available meant it would be relatively easy for missile sites to be spotted no matter what security measures were taken, and flying time for a jet bomber from the coast to any potential inland location would be on the order of minutes.
436:
531:. For this role, the system had to be capable of tracking bright stars in direct sunlight, a challenging requirement. Star trackers have to be provided with a relatively accurate location in order to point their trackers at selected stars. Over a long flight, the INS would drift too much to provide the needed accuracy. Instead, the tracker has to be able to track the stars during flight, continually updating the INS.
475:. While capable, the missile flew at altitudes and speeds that left it vulnerable to improving SAMs, and it had a number of reliability and serviceability issues that made it less than ideal. A faster, longer-ranged version was being talked about, Blue Steel II, but it would be some time before it could enter service.
44:
570:
By this point, the value of the
Skybolt system in the US had been seriously eroded. The Polaris had recently gone into service, with overall capabilities similar to Skybolt, but with "loiter" times on the order of months instead of hours. The US Air Force was well into the process of developing the
557:
By 1961, several test articles were ready for testing from B-52s, with drop tests starting in
January. In January 1961 a Vulcan visited the Douglas plant at Santa Monica, California, to ensure the modifications to the aircraft were electrically compatible with the missile. In Britain, compatibility
403:
This system had a major advantage compared to
Polaris, as the aircraft could be sent radio instructions to retarget the missiles before launch. In theory, the bombers could be used as a second-strike weapon, attacking only those targets that had been missed in a first-strike, or alternately, being
487:
in March 1960 and agreed to purchase 144 Skybolts for the RAF. By agreement, British funding for research and development was limited to that required to modify the V bombers to take the missile, but the
British were allowed to fit their own warheads. In exchange, the Americans were given nuclear
630:
The GAM-87 was powered by a two-stage solid-fuel rocket motor. The missile was fitted with a tailcone to reduce drag while on the pylon, which was ejected shortly after being dropped from the plane. After first stage burnout, the
Skybolt coasted for a while before the second stage ignited. First
371:
system. The
Polaris equipped submarines could cruise in large areas of the Atlantic or Pacific where the Soviet fleet was unable to find them, and launch their missiles with impunity. If the goal of the nuclear force was to maintain deterrence by ensuring that a counterstrike would be launched,
587:
noted "Does not this mark the absolute failure of the policy of the independent deterrent? Is it not the case that everybody else in the world knew this, except the
Conservative Party in this country?" President Kennedy officially cancelled the program on 22 December 1962.
561:
Testing started with unpowered drop tests to ensure safe separating from the launch aircraft. Powered tests started in April 1962, but the test series went badly, with the first five trials ending in failure. The first fully successful flight occurred on 19 December 1962.
638:
B-52s were to carry four missiles, two under each wing on the weapons pylon with a dual launcher adapter with the missiles slightly staggered (inboard missile slightly ahead of the outboard missile). The Vulcan carried two missiles, one each on smaller underwing pylons.
372:
Polaris met this goal in a way the existing Air Force fleet could not. This fact was more worrying to the Air Force than the Soviet arsenal and generated a number of internal reports on how to deal with this threat to their dominance in the strategic field.
392:. These systems would give the Air Force a method somewhat similar to the Navy's; in times of high alert, the bomber force would be sent to holding positions far outside the range of any Soviet defenses, and then launch their missiles on command. Using
360:, required some time to prepare to launch from their surface launchers and were vulnerable to sneak air attack. A carefully timed attack from Soviet bombers against US missiles and their ICBMs against US bomber fields could inflict serious damage.
494:
was made an associate contractor to manage the
Skybolt program for the United Kingdom and four different schemes were submitted to find a platform for the missile. A number of different aircraft were considered, including a variant of the
478:
The long-range
Skybolt would eliminate the need for both the Blue Streak and the Blue Steel II. Blue Steel II was canceled in December 1959 and the British Cabinet decided in February 1960 to cancel Blue Streak as well. Prime Minister
404:
switched from counterforce to countervalue targets or vice versa. Ground-based systems like Atlas and
Polaris lacked this ability, and could only be retargeted with a significant amount of effort. Even the latest Air Force design, the
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The British had canceled all other projects to concentrate fully on Skybolt. When McNamara informed them that they were considering canceling the program in November 1962, a firestorm of protest broke out in the House of Commons.
470:
fleet, which the RAF had already long concluded would be unable to penetrate Soviet defenses by about 1960. The RAF was in the process of introducing their own stand-off missile, the 950 kilometres (590 mi) ranged Mach 3
356:. As the US bombers were located at only a small number of air bases, a relatively small fleet of missiles could attack all of them at once. The US had been developing its own ICBMs as well, but early models, like the
634:
Guidance was entirely by inertial platform. The current position was constantly updated from the host aircraft through accurate fixes, meaning that the accuracy of the platform inside the missile was not as critical.
308:(SLBMs), led to its cancellation in December 1962. The UK had decided to base its entire 1960s deterrent force on Skybolt, and its cancellation led to a major disagreement between the UK and US, known today as the "
930:
488:
submarine basing facilities in Scotland. Following the agreement, the Blue Streak program was formally canceled in April 1960 and in May 1960 an agreement for an initial order of 100 Skybolts was concluded.
579:
was particularly opposed to the bomber force and repeatedly stated he felt that the combination of SLBMs and ICBMs would render them useless. He pressed for the cancellation of Skybolt as unnecessary.
5601:
384:
program. WS-199 was a grab-bag effort, studying anything that might improve the survivability of the Air Force strike capability. Primary among the concepts were two air-launched ballistic missiles,
5631:
611:. The Polaris, a much better weapon system for the UK, was a major "scoop" and has been referred to as "almost the bargain of the century". The RAF kept a tactical nuclear capability with the
243:
523:
During development, it was decided that the system could not reach the required accuracy at the desired range without improvements to the guidance system. This led to the introduction of a
289:(INS) this meant that it could only be carried externally where the tracker could see the sky. This requirement along with the required ground clearance on takeoff limited it to the
254:
to launch their weapons from well outside the range of Soviet defenses, as much as 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from their targets. To do this in an air-launched form, a lightweight
534:
This change meant that the missile could only be carried in locations where the front of the missile could continually observe the sky. This had always been the case on the USAF's
876:
4670:
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bombers, where they were carried under the narrow-chord wings and the nose projected out in front. But this presented a problem for some of the UK designs, especially the
297:
warheads. This was a heavier warhead and would reduce the range to about 600 miles (970 km), meaning the bombers would have to cross the Soviet coastline to attack
622:
A B-52G launched the last XGAM-87A missile at the Atlantic Missile Range a day after the program was canceled. In June 1963, the XGAM-87A was redesignated as XAGM-48A.
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WS-199 was generally successful, but the two ALBMs had a shorter range than desired. The Air Force tendered bids for a longer-range version in early 1959.
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Testing began in 1962 and was initially marked by a string of failures. These failures, along with a lack of mission after the successful development of
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As the political row grew into a major crisis, an emergency meeting between parties from the US and UK was called, leading to the
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Prelude to the Skybolt Crisis: The Kennedy Administration's Approach to British and French Strategic Nuclear Policies in 1962.
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542:, where the layout of the wing, engines and landing gear left the mounting point behind the massive wing's leading edge. As
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for the reentry vehicle. The system was initially known as WS-138A and was given the official name GAM-87 Skybolt in 1960.
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system. The UK would thus retain its independent deterrent force, although its control passed from the RAF largely to the
515:
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507:. It was decided to use the Vulcan to initially carry two missiles each on hardpoints outboard of the main landing gear.
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bomber. Several design decisions in the W47 led the RAF to question its safety, so they intended to use their own
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Ken Young (2004) The Skybolt Crisis of 1962: Muddle or Mischief?, Journal of Strategic Studies, 27:4, 614–635
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stage control was by eight movable tail fins, while the second stage was equipped with a gimballed nozzle.
408:, required changes in targeting data to be loaded from magnetic tape in a process that took several weeks.
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550:, where its mounting points allowed the nose of the missile to project in front of this aircraft's
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2014:
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In response, in 1957 the Air Force began studying solutions to the "Puzzle of Polaris" under the
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during the 1950s, only to see them threatened by the possibility of a surprise attack by Soviet
225:
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250:(ALBM) developed by the United States during the late 1950s. The basic concept was to allow US
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923:"The B-52 Almost Got An Ahead Of Its Time Air-Launched Ballistic Missile Named Skybolt"
321:
130:
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857:"A special relationship: Anglo-American relations from the Cold War to Iraq"
2023:
467:
294:
278:
748:
Arkin, William (November 1996). "The Six-Hundred Million Dollar Mouse".
277:
The UK joined the Skybolt program in 1960, intending to use it on their
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1907:
1781:
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17:
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1989:
1969:
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612:
447:) logo. It carries the tail-cone fairing that reduces drag in flight.
381:
298:
719:
http://www.af.mil/search/generalsearch.asp?q=skybolt&site=AFLINK
43:
5622:
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
575:, whose improved accuracy reduced the need for any bomber attacks.
546:
had limited range, the decision was made to move forward only with
5243:
3980:
2644:
United States tri-service missile and drone designations post-1962
2185:
2135:
2130:
1233:
1171:
1166:
514:
434:
216:
This article is about the ballistic missile. For the biplane, see
415:
received the prime contract in May, and in turn subcontracted to
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491:
353:
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2275:
1017:
267:
259:
123:
466:
This left the deterrent based on their own bomber force, the
179:
877:"Official Site of the U.S. Air Force – History Milestones"
363:
The one weapon system that was not open to attack was the
603:
SLBM, but equipped with British warheads that lacked the
2255:
United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963
5602:
Cold War air-to-surface missiles of the United States
958:
V Force – The History of Britain's Airborne Deterrent
184:
9,500 miles per hour (15,300 km/h; Mach 12)
29:
Air-launched ballistic missile Air-to-surface missile
5531:
5395:
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3035:
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2399:
2379:
2318:
2311:
2118:
2097:
1890:
1622:
1342:
1052:
1045:
1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations
833:"Hansard 17 December 1962, SKYBOLT MISSILE (TALKS)"
202:
188:
178:
170:
158:
142:
119:
111:
103:
95:
87:
82:
68:
63:
50:
34:
903:http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-48.html
973:Report to JFK: The Skybolt Crisis in Perspective
519:Avro Vulcan and B-52 over Edwards Air Force Base
5632:United Kingdom–United States military relations
499:airliner and two of the current V bombers, the
266:was selected, but it was later replaced by the
975:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
737:. Stanford University Press. pp. 237–238.
682:List of military aircraft of the United States
655:National Museum of the United States Air Force
443:Showing the RAF roundel and the manufacturer (
2670:
2287:
1029:
8:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
558:trials with mockups started on the Vulcan.
396:, a bomber might be expected to be able to
2677:
2663:
2655:
2315:
2294:
2280:
2272:
1036:
1022:
1014:
31:
728:
726:
527:platform that would enhance the existing
99:38 feet 3 inches (11.66 m)
714:
712:
5607:Ballistic missiles of the United States
708:
115:5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m)
921:Trevithick, Joseph (23 January 2020).
5637:Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
5612:Nuclear missiles of the United States
455:(RAF) was having problems with their
306:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
7:
665:Air Force Space & Missile Museum
615:which armed V bombers and later the
224:. For the French-Canadian film, see
933:from the original on 12 April 2020
866:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 174
348:had built up an enormous fleet of
25:
2639:USAF missile designations 1947–51
2261:Drones designated in UAV sequence
750:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
669:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
324:missile and construction of the
42:
5627:Air-launched ballistic missiles
5617:Nuclear air-to-surface missiles
2623:Supersonic Low Altitude Missile
2306:rocket and missile designations
1670:BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109
960:. London: Book Club Associates.
423:for the propulsion system, and
281:force. When the design added a
220:. For the sounding rocket, see
770:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456682
248:air-launched ballistic missile
55:Air-launched ballistic missile
1:
599:that saw the UK purchase the
91:11,000 pounds (5,000 kg)
1010:, Encyclopedia Astronautica
992:Journal of Cold War Studies
595:. Over the next few days a
258:was needed. Initially, the
166:1,150 miles (1,850 km)
5653:
687:List of missiles by nation
529:inertial navigation system
312:". This was resolved by a
287:inertial navigation system
215:
5582:
2631:
2244:
927:The Drive 23 January 2020
735:The Wizards of Armageddon
597:new plan was hammered out
419:for the guidance system,
137:
41:
956:Brookes, Andrew (1982).
908:26 November 2017 at the
793:Brooks 1982, pp. 114–123
671:, Florida, United States
5584:Unknown or not assigned
2686:United States Air Force
2304:United States Air Force
511:Development and testing
244:1962 Tri-service system
174:300 miles (480 km)
107:35 inches (890 mm)
986:Matthew Jones. 2019. "
520:
451:At the same time, the
448:
400:for as long as a day.
58:Air-to-surface missile
2231:M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U
971:Neustadt, Richard E.
901:Andreas Parsch,2002,
733:Kaplan, Fred (1991).
651:, Shropshire, England
518:
459:missile project, the
438:
256:thermonuclear warhead
222:Starchaser Industries
1515:AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84
862:12 June 2008 at the
838:17 July 2009 at the
127:thermonuclear weapon
2312:Air-to-air missiles
762:1996BuAtS..52f..68A
505:Handley Page Victor
431:British involvement
285:in addition to its
246:) was a hypersonic
2571:Undesignated types
2380:1961–1963 sequence
2319:1955–1961 sequence
846:, 17 December 1962
649:RAF Museum Cosford
521:
449:
441:RAF Museum Cosford
314:series of meetings
64:Production history
5589:
5588:
2652:
2651:
2395:
2394:
2269:
2268:
573:Minuteman missile
376:WS-199 and WS-138
350:strategic bombers
329:-class submarines
272:Minuteman missile
252:strategic bombers
214:
213:
197:inertial guidance
153:solid-fuel rocket
16:(Redirected from
5644:
5570:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5540:
5524:
5514:
5504:
5494:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5454:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5409:
5404:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5323:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5232:
5222:
5192:
5187:
5157:
5132:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5077:
5057:
5047:
4997:
4992:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4937:
4932:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4797:
4792:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4687:
4677:
4667:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4546:
4526:
4506:
4496:
4476:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4426:
4300:
4181:
4144:
4027:
4012:
3977:
3972:
3942:
3762:
3745:
3626:
3621:
3611:
3581:
3508:
3488:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3375:
3365:
3355:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3270:
3265:
3250:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3154:
3134:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3074:
2996:
2986:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2906:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2739:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2316:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2256:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
961:
943:
942:
940:
938:
918:
912:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
879:. Archived from
873:
867:
853:
847:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
810:. Archived from
800:
794:
791:
774:
773:
745:
739:
738:
730:
721:
716:
692:AGM-28 Hound Dog
593:Nassau agreement
445:Douglas Aircraft
425:General Electric
413:Douglas Aircraft
406:LGM-30 Minuteman
394:aerial refueling
331:to launch them.
316:that led to the
181:
73:Douglas Aircraft
46:
37:
32:
21:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5568:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5538:
5527:
5522:
5512:
5502:
5492:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5452:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5407:
5402:
5391:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5230:
5220:
5190:
5185:
5155:
5130:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5075:
5055:
5045:
4995:
4990:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4935:
4930:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4795:
4790:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4685:
4675:
4665:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4549:
4544:
4524:
4504:
4494:
4474:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4424:
4408:
4298:
4179:
4142:
4025:
4010:
3975:
3970:
3940:
3760:
3743:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3579:
3531:
3506:
3486:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3373:
3363:
3353:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3268:
3263:
3248:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3152:
3132:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3072:
3031:
2994:
2984:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2904:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2737:
2689:
2683:
2653:
2648:
2627:
2566:
2391:
2375:
2307:
2300:
2270:
2265:
2254:
2240:
2114:
2093:
1886:
1757:RUM-125/UUM-125
1737:CQM-121/CGM-121
1618:
1338:
1048:
1042:
1004:
968:
966:Further reading
955:
952:
947:
946:
936:
934:
920:
919:
915:
910:Wayback Machine
900:
896:
886:
884:
883:on 16 July 2012
875:
874:
870:
864:Wayback Machine
855:John Dumbrell,
854:
850:
840:Wayback Machine
831:
827:
817:
815:
814:on 11 June 2017
808:astronautix.com
802:
801:
797:
792:
777:
747:
746:
742:
732:
731:
724:
717:
710:
705:
678:
661:, United States
645:
628:
617:Panavia Tornado
577:Robert McNamara
568:
513:
453:Royal Air Force
433:
378:
369:Polaris missile
342:
337:
264:Polaris missile
229:
226:La Guêpe (film)
207:
205:
193:
191:
163:
161:
147:Aerojet General
138:
36:GAM-87 Skybolt
35:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5650:
5648:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:system numbers
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Common Missile
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:, 1963–present
1043:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:External links
1000:
999:
998:
995:
984:
967:
964:
963:
962:
951:
948:
945:
944:
913:
894:
868:
848:
825:
804:"Skybolt ALBM"
795:
775:
740:
722:
707:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
677:
674:
673:
672:
662:
652:
644:
641:
627:
624:
567:
564:
512:
509:
483:met President
432:
429:
377:
374:
341:
338:
336:
333:
322:UGM-27 Polaris
310:Skybolt Crisis
236:GAM-87 Skybolt
212:
211:
208:
203:
200:
199:
194:
189:
186:
185:
182:
180:Maximum speed
176:
175:
172:
171:Flight ceiling
168:
167:
164:
159:
156:
155:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
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1130:
1128:
1127:CGM-13/MGM-13
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
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1027:
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1019:
1016:
1009:
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1005:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
985:
982:
981:0-8014-3622-2
978:
974:
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969:
965:
959:
954:
953:
949:
932:
928:
924:
917:
914:
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904:
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895:
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869:
865:
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858:
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849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
829:
826:
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799:
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790:
788:
786:
784:
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751:
744:
741:
736:
729:
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723:
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675:
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625:
623:
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598:
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578:
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541:
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530:
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517:
510:
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502:
498:
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489:
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476:
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469:
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458:
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437:
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409:
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296:
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280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
227:
223:
219:
218:Steen Skybolt
209:
201:
198:
195:
187:
183:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
125:
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118:
114:
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102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
27:
19:
4800:
2969:
2635:
2618:Sky Scorcher
2531:
2248:
2119:Undesignated
1318:
991:
972:
957:
950:Bibliography
935:. Retrieved
926:
916:
897:
885:. Retrieved
881:the original
871:
851:
828:
816:. Retrieved
812:the original
807:
798:
753:
749:
743:
734:
659:Dayton, Ohio
637:
633:
629:
621:
590:
581:
569:
566:Cancellation
560:
556:
533:
525:star tracker
522:
497:Vickers VC10
490:
477:
465:
450:
410:
402:
379:
362:
346:US Air Force
343:
326:
320:gaining the
303:
283:star tracker
276:
239:
235:
230:
69:Manufacturer
26:
2578:Alpha Draco
2400:Other types
2216:Senior Prom
1254:LGM-35 (II)
887:27 December
697:AGM-69 SRAM
626:Description
501:Avro Vulcan
461:Blue Streak
439:Skybolt at
358:SM-65 Atlas
291:Avro Vulcan
160:Operational
5596:Categories
2603:Pye Wacket
2593:High Virgo
2583:Bold Orion
2302:1955–1962
1933:AGM-158A/B
1249:AQM-35 (I)
703:References
609:Royal Navy
585:Jo Grimond
552:delta wing
485:Eisenhower
473:Blue Steel
390:High Virgo
386:Bold Orion
340:Background
327:Resolution
318:Royal Navy
242:under the
3495:A/B/E/F/N
2636:See also:
2249:See also:
2161:Have Dash
1525:AGM-84H/K
1224:MGM-31A/B
756:(6): 68.
643:Survivors
481:Macmillan
270:from the
262:from the
150:two-stage
2588:Cherokee
2024:AIM-174B
1938:AGM-158C
1675:BGM-109G
1572:"AIM-92"
937:12 April
931:Archived
906:Archived
860:Archived
836:Archived
676:See also
605:dual-key
468:V bomber
417:Northrop
295:Red Snow
279:V bomber
210:Aircraft
206:platform
190:Guidance
129:(1
112:Wingspan
104:Diameter
77:Northrop
5569:957–967
5539:900–951
5532:900–999
5523:847–899
5513:835–845
5493:824–831
5453:808–816
5396:800–899
5387:755–799
5377:746–753
5322:700–735
5315:700–799
4699:A/B (I)
4554:600–699
4545:593–599
4525:581–589
4505:571–579
4495:561–569
4475:551–559
4455:543–549
4445:531–541
4435:521–529
4425:501–519
4413:500–599
3536:400–499
3507:381–397
3487:338–379
3237:300–399
3223:280–298
3213:240–278
3203:227–238
3036:200–299
2995:143–197
2694:100–199
2613:Skydart
2387:AIM-101
2226:Wagtail
2206:OpFires
2126:Aequare
2110:MIM-401
2105:AIM-260
2089:AGM-187
2084:MQM-186
2079:MQM-185
2074:RGM-184
2069:AGM-183
2064:LGM-182
2059:AGM-181
2054:AGM-180
2049:AGM-179
2044:MQM-178
2039:BQM-177
2034:AGM-176
2029:MQM-175
2020:RIM-174
2015:GQM-173
2010:FGM-172
2005:MQM-171
2000:MQM-170
1995:AGM-169
1990:MGM-168
1985:BQM-167
1980:MGM-166
1975:RGM-165
1970:MGM-164
1965:GQM-163
1960:RIM-162
1955:RIM-161
1950:ADM-160
1945:AGM-159
1928:MGM-157
1923:RIM-156
1918:BQM-155
1913:AGM-154
1908:AGM-153
1903:AIM-152
1898:FQM-151
1891:151–200
1882:PQM-150
1877:PQM-149
1872:FGM-148
1867:BQM-147
1862:MIM-146
1857:BQM-145
1852:ADM-144
1847:MQM-143
1842:AGM-142
1837:ADM-141
1832:MGM-140
1827:RUM-139
1822:CEM-138
1817:AGM-137
1812:AGM-136
1807:ASM-135
1802:MGM-134
1797:UGM-133
1792:AIM-132
1787:AGM-131
1782:AGM-130
1777:AGM-129
1772:AQM-128
1767:AQM-127
1762:BQM-126
1752:AGM-124
1747:AGM-123
1742:AGM-122
1732:AIM-120
1727:AGM-119
1722:LGM-118
1717:FQM-117
1712:RIM-116
1707:MIM-115
1702:AGM-114
1697:RIM-113
1692:AGM-112
1687:BQM-111
1682:BGM-110
1665:BQM-108
1660:MQM-107
1655:BQM-106
1650:MQM-105
1645:MIM-104
1640:AQM-103
1635:PQM-102
1630:RIM-101
1623:101–150
1614:LIM-100
1520:AGM-84E
1324:XLIM-49
1228:MGM-31C
1192:LGM-25C
1187:HGM-25A
1008:Skybolt
844:Hansard
818:11 July
758:Bibcode
619:force.
601:Polaris
544:Valiant
421:Aerojet
365:US Navy
335:History
233:Douglas
131:megaton
120:Warhead
18:Skybolt
5421:L (II)
5284:S (II)
5014:A (II)
4949:A (II)
4704:B (II)
4327:L (II)
4111:L (II)
3849:G (II)
3707:M (II)
2608:Skokie
2598:Jaguar
2537:SRM-88
2532:GAM-87
2512:GAM-83
2492:GAM-79
2482:GAM-77
2457:GAM-72
2452:GAM-71
2432:GAM-67
2417:GAM-63
2371:GAR-11
2221:Sprint
1609:LIM-99
1604:YQM-98
1599:AIM-97
1594:UGM-96
1589:AIM-95
1584:YQM-94
1579:XQM-93
1567:FIM-92
1562:AQM-91
1557:BQM-90
1552:UGM-89
1547:AGM-88
1542:AGM-87
1537:AGM-86
1532:RIM-85
1510:AGM-83
1505:AIM-82
1500:AQM-81
1495:AGM-80
1490:AGM-79
1485:AGM-78
1480:FGM-77
1475:AGM-76
1470:BGM-75
1465:BQM-74
1460:UGM-73
1455:MIM-72
1450:BGM-71
1445:LEM-70
1440:AGM-69
1435:AIM-68
1430:RIM-67
1425:RIM-66
1420:AGM-65
1415:AGM-64
1410:AGM-63
1405:AGM-62
1400:MQM-61
1395:AQM-60
1390:RGM-59
1385:MQM-58
1380:MQM-57
1375:PQM-56
1370:RIM-55
1365:AIM-54
1360:AGM-53
1355:MGM-52
1350:MGM-51
1343:51–100
1334:RIM-50
1329:LIM-49
1319:AGM-48
1314:AIM-47
1309:MIM-46
1304:AGM-45
1299:UUM-44
1294:FIM-43
1289:MQM-42
1284:AQM-41
1279:MQM-40
1274:MQM-39
1269:AQM-38
1264:AQM-37
1259:MQM-36
1244:AQM-34
1239:MQM-33
1234:MGM-32
1219:LGM-30
1214:MGM-29
1209:AGM-28
1204:UGM-27
1199:AIM-26
1182:RIM-24
1177:MIM-23
1172:AGM-22
1167:MGM-21
1162:ADM-20
1157:PGM-19
1152:MGM-18
1147:PGM-17
1142:CGM-16
1137:RGM-15
1132:MIM-14
1122:AGM-12
1117:PGM-11
1112:CIM-10
979:
613:WE.177
548:Vulcan
540:Victor
398:loiter
382:WS-199
299:Moscow
240:AGM-48
204:Launch
192:system
143:Engine
96:Length
5416:L (I)
5279:S (I)
5009:A (I)
4944:A (I)
4347:L (I)
4322:L (I)
4106:L (I)
3844:G (I)
3702:M (I)
3548:B/C/N
2562:IM-99
2557:RM-92
2552:RM-91
2547:RM-90
2542:RM-89
2527:RM-86
2522:RM-85
2517:RM-84
2507:RM-82
2502:RM-81
2497:SM-80
2487:SM-78
2477:TM-76
2472:SM-75
2467:SM-74
2462:SM-73
2447:IM-70
2442:IM-69
2437:SM-68
2427:SM-65
2422:SM-64
2412:SM-62
2407:TM-61
2366:GAR-9
2361:GAR-8
2356:GAR-6
2351:GAR-5
2346:GAR-4
2341:GAR-3
2336:GAR-2
2331:GAR-1
2236:GLSDB
2196:NCADE
2186:MA-31
2136:Brazo
2131:ASALM
1107:AIM-9
1102:RIM-8
1095:RIM-7
1090:AIM-7
1085:RGM-6
1080:MGM-5
1075:AIM-4
1070:MIM-3
1065:RIM-2
1060:MGM-1
354:ICBMs
162:range
5412:802
5235:695
5200:691
5170:687
5135:683
5115:681
5060:672
5020:666
5005:665
4940:655
4870:649
4850:648
4770:634
4695:621
4595:603
4580:602
4565:601
4509:580
4479:560
4459:550
4388:499
4358:498
4338:497
4318:495
4283:490
4248:485
4228:484
4164:478
4127:474
4102:471
3985:451
3945:445
3910:441
3870:435
3840:431
3815:428
3800:427
3785:426
3728:418
3693:416
3673:414
3589:405
3516:399
3491:380
3328:315
3273:306
3167:222
3047:201
2929:132
2817:118
2802:117
2742:107
2326:MB-1
2211:PrSM
2201:NLOS
2191:MSDM
2181:LRHW
2176:LREW
2156:HACM
2151:HALO
2098:201–
1053:1–50
977:ISBN
939:2020
889:2011
820:2017
536:B-52
503:and
492:Avro
457:MRBM
388:and
344:The
231:The
88:Mass
51:Type
5574:968
5564:956
5559:855
5554:854
5549:853
5544:952
5518:846
5508:834
5503:833
5498:832
5488:823
5483:822
5478:821
5473:820
5468:819
5463:818
5458:817
5448:807
5443:806
5438:805
5433:804
5428:803
5408:801
5403:800
5382:754
5372:745
5367:744
5362:743
5357:742
5352:741
5347:740
5342:739
5337:738
5332:737
5327:736
5306:699
5301:698
5296:697
5291:696
5231:694
5226:693
5221:692
5196:690
5191:689
5186:688
5166:686
5161:685
5156:684
5131:682
5111:680
5106:679
5101:678
5096:677
5091:676
5086:675
5081:674
5076:673
5069:M/P
5056:671
5051:670
5046:669
5041:668
5036:667
5029:C/P
5001:664
4996:663
4991:662
4986:661
4981:660
4976:659
4971:658
4966:657
4961:656
4936:654
4931:653
4926:652
4921:651
4916:650
4846:647
4841:646
4836:645
4831:644
4826:643
4821:642
4816:641
4811:640
4806:639
4801:638
4796:637
4791:636
4786:635
4766:633
4761:632
4756:631
4751:630
4746:629
4741:628
4736:627
4731:626
4726:625
4721:624
4716:623
4711:622
4691:620
4686:619
4681:618
4676:617
4671:616
4666:615
4661:614
4656:613
4651:612
4646:611
4641:610
4636:609
4631:608
4626:607
4621:606
4616:605
4611:604
4561:600
4540:592
4535:591
4530:590
4500:570
4450:542
4440:530
4430:520
4420:500
4334:496
4314:494
4309:493
4304:492
4299:491
4279:489
4274:488
4269:487
4264:486
4224:483
4217:M/Z
4202:482
4190:481
4185:480
4180:479
4160:477
4148:476
4143:475
4123:473
4118:472
4098:470
4093:469
4088:468
4083:467
4078:466
4073:465
4068:464
4063:463
4058:462
4053:461
4041:460
4036:459
4031:458
4026:457
4021:456
4016:455
4011:454
4006:453
4001:452
3981:450
3976:449
3971:448
3966:447
3961:446
3941:444
3936:443
3931:442
3906:440
3901:439
3896:438
3891:437
3886:436
3866:434
3861:433
3856:432
3836:430
3831:429
3781:425
3776:424
3771:423
3766:422
3761:421
3754:L/W
3749:420
3744:419
3724:417
3689:415
3669:413
3664:412
3647:411
3630:410
3625:409
3620:408
3615:407
3610:406
3585:404
3580:403
3575:402
3570:401
3558:G/H
3543:400
3512:398
3482:337
3477:336
3472:335
3467:334
3462:333
3457:332
3452:331
3447:330
3435:329
3423:328
3411:327
3406:326
3401:325
3394:M/N
3384:324
3379:323
3374:322
3369:321
3364:320
3359:319
3354:318
3349:317
3344:316
3337:A-2
3332:A-1
3324:314
3319:313
3314:312
3309:311
3304:310
3299:309
3294:308
3289:307
3277:A/L
3269:305
3264:304
3259:303
3254:302
3249:301
3244:300
3228:299
3218:279
3208:239
3198:226
3193:225
3188:224
3183:223
3163:221
3158:220
3153:219
3148:218
3143:217
3138:216
3133:215
3128:214
3123:213
3118:212
3113:211
3108:210
3103:209
3098:208
3093:207
3088:206
3083:205
3078:204
3073:203
3068:202
3056:B/W
3051:A/L
3043:200
3005:199
3000:198
2990:142
2985:141
2980:140
2975:139
2970:138
2965:137
2960:136
2955:135
2950:134
2945:133
2925:131
2920:130
2915:129
2910:128
2905:127
2900:126
2895:125
2890:124
2885:123
2880:122
2875:121
2870:120
2843:C/F
2838:119
2798:116
2793:115
2788:114
2783:113
2778:112
2773:111
2768:110
2763:109
2758:108
2751:A-2
2746:A-1
2738:106
2733:105
2728:104
2723:103
2718:102
2706:101
2701:100
2171:KEI
2166:JSM
2146:GBI
766:doi
367:'s
268:W59
260:W47
124:W59
5598::
990:"
929:.
925:.
842:,
806:.
778:^
764:.
754:52
752:.
725:^
711:^
667:,
657:,
554:.
301:.
274:.
75:,
5274:R
5269:Q
5264:P
5259:N
5254:L
5249:C
5244:B
5239:A
5214:Z
5209:X
5204:C
5179:P
5174:J
5149:V
5144:J
5139:A
5124:E
5119:D
5064:A
5024:A
4954:P
4909:P
4904:L
4899:F
4894:E
4889:D
4884:C
4879:B
4874:A
4864:P
4859:D
4854:A
4779:B
4774:A
4604:L
4599:A
4589:L
4584:A
4574:L
4569:A
4518:E
4513:A
4488:F
4483:A
4468:E
4463:A
4402:D
4397:C
4392:A
4382:L
4377:E
4372:D
4367:C
4362:A
4352:L
4342:A
4292:M
4287:L
4257:Z
4252:L
4242:N
4237:M
4232:L
4212:L
4207:E
4195:L
4173:T
4168:A
4153:E
4136:N
4131:L
4046:L
3994:L
3989:D
3954:M
3949:L
3924:L
3919:D
3914:A
3879:L
3874:A
3824:L
3819:A
3809:M
3804:L
3794:M
3789:L
3737:M
3732:L
3717:Q
3712:P
3697:L
3682:M
3677:L
3657:L
3652:E
3640:L
3635:E
3605:D
3600:C
3593:B
3563:M
3553:E
3525:B
3520:A
3500:P
3440:F
3428:E
3416:E
3389:L
3282:B
3176:G
3171:A
3061:E
3025:Y
3020:D
3015:C
3010:B
2938:B
2933:A
2863:Y
2858:T
2853:L
2848:E
2831:P
2826:L
2821:A
2811:M
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