702:
860:
Basin. People traveled from all over
Skykomish territory to hunt elk in the basin. The Index area was most popular for hunting mountain goat, but deer and bear were hunted in the hills as well. The Pilchuck Basin was shared between the Snoqualmie and Snohomish and was a popular hunting area for deer and bear, as well as elk. Animal resources were used for food as well as clothing, tools, trade goods, and more. Goat wool in particular was a highly valuable trade good, prized by Puget Sound peoples with limited access to the mountains. Another use for goats were caps, made from mountain goat heads, with the horns and ears still attached.
463:
50:
884:. It is debated among anthropologists and historians which dialect the Skykomish traditionally spoke. Ethnologist Colin Tweddell believed the Skykomish spoke a subdialect of Northern Lushootseed, along with the Snohomish. In 1852, Indian Agent E. A. Starling reported that the Skykomish spoke the same dialect as the Snohomish. However, in the same year, the Indian Claims Commission concluded that the Skykomish spoke
1738:
297:
peoples. The exact classification of the
Skykomish has historically been debated. Although some historians believe that the Skykomish are a Snoqualmie or Snohomish subgroup, most experts agree that the Skykomish were historically separate from the Snoqualmie and Snohomish, at least until the historic
863:
Berries, roots, and other plants were another prolific resource in the
Skykomish subsistence economy. Women were the primary berry-gatherers. Berries were mainly gathered downstream, along the river or in prairies. Mountain berries were gathered and sold fresh to settlers at lower elevation, or made
859:
The
Skykomish also historically heavily relied on hunting. The primary animals hunted were deer, elk, bear, and mountain goat. There were 3 main areas used for hunting: the Pilchuck Basin, the Sultan Basin, and the Index area. The most prominent elk hunting spot in Skykomish territory was the Sultan
768:
and deep into the mountains to gather berries, roots, and clams, as well as fishing and hunting in the lowlands of the Sound. Around August, Skykomish activity in the Puget Sound would die down as they would travel back home to the Sultan Basin to go elk hunting and focus on the salmon runs. Hunting
417:
In the mid-1800s prior to the treaty signing, the population of the
Skykomish was estimated at 410-450. On the Tulalip Reservation, the Skykomish population was 144 in the 1860s. The Skykomish began to disappear from official records in the 1870s due to their growing intermarriage with the Snohomish
305:
lists the
Skykomish as a signatory tribe, separate from the Snohomish and Snoqualmie. As the Skykomish became more and more close to the Snohomish and Snoqualmie in post-treaty times, it became more difficult to distinguish between them and their neighbors, causing a debate among anthropologists and
751:
houses, were centers of religion, learning, culture, governance, and the eponymous potlatch. The owners of a potlatch house often invited people from all over to take part in the potlatch, a gift-giving ceremony which was a crucial part of social life and the traditional Coast Salish economy. These
481:
The
Skykomish traditionally built their villages along rivers, placed at vital fishing spots to take advantage of fish runs. These villages were inhabited year-round, although summer encampments and houses were also built for temporary use during the summer months. These temporary houses were built
313:
ruled against the
Snoqualmie Tribe that the Skykomish people were a separate and identifiable people from the Snoqualmie. The Snoqualmie Tribe was hoping to gain compensation for the land ceded to the US government on behalf of the Skykomish. They appealed the decision, but they were again denied.
843:
Fish was by far the most important food resource in a traditional
Skykomish diet. Most fish caught were smoked or dried, but some were eaten fresh or traded for other goods, especially during the colonial period. Even today, many rely on fishing as supplemental income, or even as primary income.
775:
to hunt high in the mountains. In the winter, people returned to their respective villages for feasting and ceremonies. The cold winter months, when not engaging in religious ceremonies, were often spent building canoes, houses, and all other crafts. As the winter drew to a close, many
Skykomish
891:
Although usage in Lushootseed has declined in recent years with the death of the last native speakers, both successor tribes of the Skykomish, the Tulalip and the Snoqualmie, have language programs and are working towards revitalizing the Lushootseed language. Primary focuses include increasing
202:
peoples. By 1871, the Skykomish had begun to virtually disappear from the historical record, generally being classified as Snohomish or Snoqualmie. For this reason, although the Skykomish were once a wholly independent group, the Skykomish people have been variously categorized by scholars as a
349:(the Index people). The Skykomish people and the Index people were very different. The Skykomish were known for their skills in poling river canoes, while the Index people were known for their aptitude in quickly traversing the difficult terrain of the
769:
and fishing in Skykomish territory intensified in the early fall as travelers spread out into the Pilchuck, Skykomish, and Sultan basins to hunt deer, elk, bear, and other game. The late fall was prime goat hunting time, and many traveled to
723:
were the primary means of travel. Shovel-nosed canoes were used for upriver travel, and deep-water canoes were used for downriver and saltwater travel. Canoes were poled going upriver. Canoes were used commonly until late into the 1800s.
763:
Traditional Skykomish life revolved around a yearly cycle of hunting, gathering, and fishing. People traveled all over Skykomish territory and beyond to facilitate this lifestyle. In the spring and summer, people traveled out to the
752:
longhouses also hosted elaborate religious ceremonies throughout the winter months. In Skykomish territory, these houses were built in the villages at Gold Bar and Index. At Index, a massive longhouse housed upwards of 240 people.
1448:
A Historical and Ethnological Study of the Snohomish Indian People: A Report Specifically Covering Their Aboriginal and Continued Existence, and Their Effective Occupation of a Definable Territory
731:. This relationship was highly profitable for the Skykomish, as through trade with the Wenatchi, they obtained tobacco other rare goods, in return for rare goods from the Puget Sound such as
2763:
194:
in 1855. After the signing of the treaty, the Skykomish were removed to the Tulalip Reservation, where they gradually intermixed and assimilated with their neighboring and closely-related
3087:
254:
Historically, the Skykomish have also been known in English as the Skaiwhamish, Seawamish, and Skywamish. In the Point Elliott Treaty, both Skaiwhamish and Skai-wha-mish are used.
3067:
898:
in Lushootseed) and restoring daily usage of the language. Both departments have many language learning resources on their websites, and language classes are offered as well.
2818:
171:
The Skykomish inhabited at least 8 permanent villages with a pre-contact population believed to number in the thousands. Composed of several subgroups, including the
727:
Overland routes generally followed the waterways. There was one overland route used by the Skykomish to cross the mountains at Cady Pass, which they shared with the
2773:
459:. The core area of Skykomish territory was from Sultan to Index. At the time of contact, the Skykomish held roughly 538,040 acres of land along the Skykomish River.
2126:
410:. Seven Skykomish representatives signed the treaty: Smehmaihu, Lugsken, Weaipah, Pehnus, Twooiaskut, Hehmahl, and Stehshail (William). This treaty created the
1662:
1164:"The Snoqualmie Tribe of Indians, on Its Own Behalf, and on Relation of the Skykomish Tribe of Indians v. the United States, 372 F.2d 951 (Ct. Cl. 1967)"
2793:
314:
The Snoqualmie Tribe later appealed to the Court of Claims on August 27, 1965. 3 years later, on September 23, 1968, the decision was reversed by Judge
755:
Summer houses were also built. They were temporary structures which were used during seasonal travel to various hunting, fishing, and gathering spots.
414:, to which the Skykomish people were made to relocate. To this day, the Skykomish are recognized as one of the founding nations of the Tulalip Tribes.
800:
The Skykomish traditionally relied on a diet similar to other peoples on the western slopes of the Cascades. This consisted of plant life (sand rush,
2798:
2406:
3082:
2899:
1267:
187:
drainage system. For thousands of years, the Skykomish followed a seasonal pattern of hunting, fishing, and gathering throughout their territory.
482:
in Skykomish territory, along the rivers and in the mountains, as well as outside of their own territory, along the Puget Sound and its islands.
2047:
2768:
1490:
937:
436:
in 1933, the Skykomish were represented by Chief Black Thunder, also known as Mr. Bagley in a reenactment of the signing of the 1855 treaty.
466:
This detail from an 1857 map shows the territory of the Skykomish people (here labeled Skywamish). Also marked on the map is the Sktalejum (
1784:
150:
105:
701:
485:
Other than the Snoqualmie and Snohomish, the Skykomish had close relations and frequent contact with several other peoples, namely the
451:
The traditional territory of the Skykomish people consists of the drainage area of the Skykomish River, upriver from the area between
1450:. Coast Salish and Western Washington Indians. Vol. II. New York & London: Garland Publishing (published 1974). p. 159.
203:
subgroup of the Snoqualmie people, the Snohomish people, or as a tribe in their own right. Today, the Skykomish are succeeded by the
2863:
1932:
1091:
2598:
2573:
1655:
1552:
2603:
1988:
2889:
2853:
1927:
929:
2884:
3077:
2981:
2894:
433:
2533:
1083:
977:
318:, granting the Snoqualmie Tribe a settlement of $ 257,698.29 in compensation for the Snoqualmie and Skykomish combined.
274:
2553:
2538:
2261:
2251:
462:
2723:
2628:
2558:
2271:
2226:
1648:
2828:
2713:
2653:
2618:
2086:
2040:
1922:
1762:
2788:
2381:
1957:
1917:
2813:
1752:
440:
389:
of 1855-56, the Skykomish remained neutral, following the lead of the prominent pro-American Snoqualmie leader
321:
Today, the Skykomish do not have a federally-recognized tribe of their own. Instead, they are succeeded by the
310:
1826:
1341:
2966:
2920:
2843:
2703:
2698:
2643:
2578:
2508:
2296:
2221:
2216:
1947:
490:
397:
379:
326:
302:
208:
191:
1163:
747:
In traditional Skykomish culture, several kinds of houses were built. The largest longhouses, often called
2935:
2838:
2823:
2748:
2733:
2648:
2613:
2588:
2513:
2321:
2306:
2070:
385:
In 1849, the Skykomish, along with their Snoqualmie allies, attacked Fort Nisqually. However, during the
3072:
2915:
2668:
2583:
2523:
2336:
2301:
2136:
2033:
1993:
1983:
1404:
973:
A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography, and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
429:. Prior to colonization and smallpox epidemics, the Skykomish population was possibly in the thousands.
270:
24:
3001:
2693:
2231:
2166:
1275:
289:-speaking people, the Skykomish are a Coast Salish people. They are closely related to the neighboring
3029:
2848:
2833:
2778:
2753:
2718:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2633:
2593:
2543:
2436:
2191:
2131:
2096:
1967:
1831:
1723:
885:
881:
785:
690:
Several houses with one large potlatch house, base camp for those traveling to the Cascade mountains
656:
486:
426:
407:
126:
2171:
3011:
2683:
2658:
2638:
2623:
2548:
2528:
2471:
2266:
2256:
2121:
2091:
2080:
1704:
805:
661:
Several houses with one large potlatch house, popular base camp for elk hunting and salmon fishing
640:
315:
135:
49:
2291:
2246:
2075:
1033:
2956:
2608:
2568:
2563:
2518:
2281:
2276:
1677:
1142:
813:
602:
456:
452:
422:
224:
165:
75:
2743:
2688:
2331:
2211:
2466:
2151:
2146:
3046:
2976:
2971:
2708:
2416:
1887:
1857:
1640:
1087:
981:
943:
933:
892:
awareness of the language, preserving and passing on traditional cultural knowledge (known as
865:
809:
801:
684:
294:
199:
113:
2316:
2196:
2101:
3041:
3018:
3006:
2925:
2476:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2386:
2286:
2241:
2116:
2014:
1892:
1872:
1862:
1836:
1821:
1811:
1134:
837:
821:
817:
290:
266:
195:
157:
109:
92:
20:
848:. Large weirs were built at many of the villages below Gold Bar. Other techniques included
2991:
2858:
2783:
2758:
2728:
2456:
2431:
2371:
2236:
2176:
2111:
1962:
1942:
1882:
1867:
1399:
880:, an endangered Coast Salish language. Lushootseed has two primary dialects, Northern and
736:
732:
386:
258:
184:
3036:
2996:
2943:
2868:
2361:
2206:
2186:
2106:
2009:
1937:
1801:
1622:
829:
781:
411:
375:
322:
262:
204:
1561:
3061:
2986:
2738:
2401:
2326:
2201:
1205:
825:
350:
161:
1614:
2808:
2803:
2376:
2366:
2056:
1806:
1118:
971:
849:
624:
363:
153:
1589:
1138:
439:
In 1960, the Skykomish were denied the right to pursue compensation claims by the
183:, the Skykomish once had a vast amount of territory stretching across much of the
1189:
1077:
3023:
2391:
1952:
1757:
1687:
1671:
877:
853:
765:
286:
220:
88:
1737:
2961:
2461:
2181:
1897:
921:
1560:. Washington, D.C.: Robert Artmstrong. 1852. pp. 170–171. Archived from
1194:. Vol. 13. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 866.
1082:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman:
985:
2487:
2446:
2441:
2351:
2346:
1877:
947:
777:
1374:"Indian tribes gather in Juanita to re-enact signing of 1855 Point Elliott"
2356:
2156:
748:
728:
494:
390:
378:
in 1833, the Skykomish traveled to the fort to trade with members of the
145:
1373:
1297:
1003:
2451:
2311:
2161:
1816:
1146:
1122:
2492:
2482:
2341:
2141:
1772:
421:
By 1900, there were about 320 non-reservation Skykomish, living in
720:
705:
The North Fork of the Skykomish River near the former village of
645:
Low-class, overflow settlement from Sultan and Gold Bar villages
374:
During the early colonial period, and after the establishment of
845:
833:
2029:
2025:
1644:
277:, named after the river, also bears the name of the Skykomish.
337:
The Skykomish can be divided into at least two subgroups: the
301:
Early records deem the Skykomish as an independent tribe. The
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1343:
Identity, Treaty Status, and Fisheries of the Tulalip Tribes
1323:
1321:
1319:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
2764:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
1076:
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).
844:
Traditionally, the most common method of fishing was with
980:, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. p. 161.
362:, a powerful group who had several villages along the
1079:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
2934:
2908:
2877:
2501:
2063:
2002:
1976:
1910:
1845:
1794:
1783:
1745:
1713:
1697:
1686:
1554:
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs
98:
82:
69:
59:
40:
893:
792:) and begin preparing for the summer activities.
770:
706:
673:
666:
609:
591:
584:
574:
560:
530:
523:
468:
401:
357:
344:
338:
246:
240:
234:
228:
178:
172:
16:Lushootseed-speaking people in Washington (state)
443:because they had no contemporary tribal entity.
1188:United States House of Representatives (1969).
570:Across the Skykomish River from Sultan village
418:and the Snoqualmie peoples on the reservation.
3088:Native American history of Washington (state)
2041:
1656:
1489:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHollenbeck1978 (
876:The traditional language of the Skykomish is
8:
3068:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
915:
913:
911:
273:are all named after the tribe. The proposed
35:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
540:Across the Skykomish River from Fern Bluff
219:The name "Skykomish" is derived from their
2048:
2034:
2026:
1791:
1736:
1694:
1663:
1649:
1641:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1433:
1359:
1327:
1240:
997:
995:
48:
34:
1268:"Village Descriptions--Snohomish-Everett"
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
239:" literally means "upriver people," from
1028:
1026:
1024:
700:
499:
461:
2900:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
2890:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
907:
512:Anglicization(s) and Alternative Names
54:Skykomish territory in the 19th century
144:
2885:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
1584:
1582:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
7:
2895:Washington Indian Gaming Association
1398:Richards Photography Studio (1934).
1158:
1156:
824:, hazelnuts) and animal (deer, elk,
70:Regions with significant populations
2774:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
1594:Snoqualmie Tribe Culture Department
1446:Tweddell, Colin E. (August 1953).
1372:Stein, Alan J. (August 16, 1999).
1038:Governors Office of Indian Affairs
1002:Stein, Alan J. (August 12, 1999).
14:
2864:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1933:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1340:Lane, Barbara (August 18, 1975).
1123:"The Coast Salish of Puget Sound"
343:, (the Skykomish proper) and the
190:The Skykomish were party to the
1989:Port Madison Indian Reservation
1298:"Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855"
1034:"Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855"
1004:"Skykomish – Thumbnail History"
868:was collected to make baskets.
3083:Extinct Native American tribes
2878:Organizations and institutions
2854:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1928:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1615:"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed"
930:University of Washington Press
864:into dried cakes for storage.
573:Had a permanent fishery. Main
1:
2769:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1139:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00050
2599:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
2534:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
1984:Swinomish Indian Reservation
1938:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
1623:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
1084:University of Oklahoma Press
978:US Department of Agriculture
719:Historically, waterways via
627:, four miles from the mouth
323:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
303:1855 Treaty of Point Elliott
205:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
106:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
2799:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
2724:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
2629:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
1911:Federally recognized tribes
970:Hollenbeck, Jan L. (1987).
605:, at mouth of Sultan Creek
555:Abandoned in the mid-1800s
552:Near mouth of Elwell Creek
501:List of Skykomish villages
3104:
2829:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
2714:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2619:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2574:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
1923:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
140:'upriver people',
18:
2794:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
2789:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
1958:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
1918:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
1734:
920:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom;
583:
567:Stək'talidubc, Sktalejum
522:
103:
87:
74:
64:
47:
2814:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1953:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1753:Salishan oral narratives
888:, as do the Snoqualmie.
441:Indian Claims Commission
311:Indian Claims Commission
245:, 'upriver' and
19:Not to be confused with
2951:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
2844:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
2704:Tsawwassen First Nation
2699:Snuneymuxw First Nation
2644:Kwikwetlem First Nation
2579:Skawahlook First Nation
1948:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1127:American Anthropologist
894:
789:
771:
707:
674:
667:
610:
592:
585:
575:
561:
531:
524:
469:
402:
398:Treaty of Point Elliott
358:
345:
339:
327:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
251:, 'people of'.
247:
241:
235:
229:
209:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
192:Treaty of Point Elliott
179:
173:
130:
2839:Skokomish Indian Tribe
2824:Quinault Indian Nation
2819:Nisqually Indian Tribe
2749:Esquimalt First Nation
2734:Union Bar First Nation
2654:Chemainus First Nation
2649:Semiahmoo First Nation
2614:Tzeachten First Nation
2589:Soowahlie First Nation
2554:Sq'éwlets First Nation
2539:Leq'á:mel First Nation
2514:Chawathil First Nation
1963:Nisqually Indian Tribe
926:Lushootseed Dictionary
711:
497:across the mountains.
478:
447:Territory and villages
309:On June 30, 1960, the
2669:Klahoose First Nation
2604:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
2584:Skowkale First Nation
2524:Kwantlen First Nation
2003:Non-recognized groups
1994:Nisqually Reservation
1676:-speaking peoples of
1405:Tacoma Public Library
1040:. State of Washington
704:
465:
146:[ˈsqʼexʷ.əbʃ]
99:Related ethnic groups
25:Skykomish, Washington
3078:Lushootseed language
2849:Squaxin Island Tribe
2834:Samish Indian Nation
2779:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
2754:Tsawout First Nation
2719:Tseycum First Nation
2679:Nanoose First Nation
2674:Malahat First Nation
2664:Homalco First Nation
2634:Musqueam Indian Band
2594:Squiala First Nation
2544:Matsqui First Nation
1968:Squaxin Island Tribe
1689:Lushootseed language
1567:on December 21, 2016
1278:on February 13, 2003
886:Southern Lushootseed
687:near the confluence
380:Hudson's Bay Company
151:Lushootseed-speaking
2909:Culture and society
2684:Peters First Nation
2659:Halalt First Nation
2639:Katzie First Nation
2559:Seabird Island Band
2529:Katzie First Nation
1763:Transformer/Changer
1705:Lushootseed grammar
1619:Tulalip Lushootseed
1487:, pp. 164–166.
697:Culture and society
683:At present site of
655:At present site of
639:At present site of
601:At present site of
502:
412:Tulalip Reservation
356:There was also the
316:Don Nelson Laramore
154:Coast Salish people
37:
2609:Sumas First Nation
2569:Skway First Nation
2564:Skwah First Nation
2519:Cheam First Nation
1625:. December 5, 2014
1590:"Language Program"
1530:, p. 164-167.
1518:, p. 167-168.
1506:, p. 165-166.
1475:, p. 168-169.
1210:The Tulalip Tribes
1149:– via JSTOR.
1086:. pp. 301–2.
712:
500:
479:
156:indigenous to the
65:Extinct as a tribe
3055:
3054:
2709:Yale First Nation
2023:
2022:
1906:
1905:
1732:
1731:
1304:. January 1, 2000
939:978-0-295-97323-4
822:blue elderberries
759:Seasonal patterns
694:
693:
351:Cascade mountains
271:City of Skykomish
162:Cascade Mountains
139:
119:
118:
3095:
2624:Sts'ailes Nation
2050:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2015:Steilacoom Tribe
1846:Southern peoples
1795:Northern peoples
1792:
1787:
1740:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1410:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:. Archived from
1272:Coast Salish Map
1263:
1244:
1238:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1119:Smith, Marian W.
1115:
1098:
1097:
1073:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
999:
990:
989:
967:
952:
951:
917:
897:
808:, blackberries,
774:
710:
677:
670:
613:
608:One house. Main
595:
588:
578:
564:
534:
527:
503:
472:
405:
361:
348:
342:
275:Skykomish County
267:Skykomish Valley
250:
244:
238:
232:
182:
176:
158:Skykomish Valley
148:
143:
134:
60:Total population
52:
38:
36:Skykomish people
21:Skokomish people
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
2930:
2904:
2873:
2859:Suquamish Tribe
2784:Suquamish Tribe
2759:Cowichan Tribes
2744:T'Sou-ke Nation
2729:Squamish Nation
2694:shíshálh Nation
2689:Tla'amin Nation
2509:Aitchelitz Band
2497:
2059:
2054:
2024:
2019:
1998:
1972:
1943:Suquamish Tribe
1902:
1841:
1785:
1779:
1741:
1728:
1709:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1540:Hollenbeck 1987
1538:
1534:
1528:Hollenbeck 1987
1526:
1522:
1516:Hollenbeck 1987
1514:
1510:
1504:Hollenbeck 1987
1502:
1498:
1488:
1485:Hollenbeck 1978
1483:
1479:
1473:Hollenbeck 1987
1471:
1467:
1461:Hollenbeck 1987
1459:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1434:Hollenbeck 1987
1432:
1413:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1360:Hollenbeck 1987
1358:
1354:
1349:. pp. 1–4.
1346:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1328:Hollenbeck 1987
1326:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1264:
1247:
1241:Hollenbeck 1987
1239:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1117:
1116:
1101:
1094:
1075:
1074:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1001:
1000:
993:
969:
968:
955:
940:
919:
918:
909:
904:
874:
820:, blueberries,
798:
776:would fish for
772:x̌əx̌aʔusalʔtxʷ
761:
745:
717:
708:x̌əx̌aʔusalʔtxʷ
699:
675:x̌əx̌aʔusalʔtxʷ
449:
387:Puget Sound War
372:
335:
283:
259:Skykomish River
217:
141:
55:
43:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:Island Comox †
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2869:Tulalip Tribes
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:Seabird Island
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Tsleil-Waututh
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:Duwamish Tribe
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1802:Skagit peoples
1798:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1769:Spirit Powers
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1606:
1578:
1544:
1542:, p. 167.
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1477:
1465:
1463:, p. 168.
1453:
1438:
1436:, p. 163.
1411:
1390:
1364:
1362:, p. 164.
1352:
1332:
1330:, p. 169.
1315:
1289:
1245:
1243:, p. 162.
1222:
1197:
1180:
1152:
1133:(2): 197–211.
1099:
1092:
1051:
1020:
991:
953:
938:
906:
905:
903:
900:
873:
870:
797:
794:
782:Pilchuck River
760:
757:
744:
741:
716:
713:
698:
695:
692:
691:
688:
681:
678:
671:
668:bəsx̌əx̌əx̌əlč
663:
662:
659:
653:
650:
647:
646:
643:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
621:
619:
616:
615:
606:
599:
596:
589:
581:
580:
576:st̕aq̓taliǰabš
571:
568:
565:
557:
556:
553:
550:
549:"Kanim Place"
547:
544:
543:
541:
538:
537:Sehkwegwehlts
535:
528:
525:st̕aq̓taliǰabš
520:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
448:
445:
406:, what is now
400:was signed at
376:Fort Nisqually
371:
368:
359:st̕aq̓taliǰabš
346:bəsx̌əx̌əx̌əlč
334:
331:
282:
281:Classification
279:
263:Skykomish Peak
216:
213:
180:st̕aq̓taliǰabš
174:bəsx̌əx̌əx̌əlč
117:
116:
101:
100:
96:
95:
85:
84:
80:
79:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3100:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:Northern and
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:North Straits
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Nuxalk Nation
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Stillaquamish
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Sauk-Suiattle
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Yakweakwioose
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Shxw'ow'hamel
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Kway-quit-lam
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Clemclemaluts
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Stillaguamish
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:Dailey, Tom.
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:9780806124797
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
914:
912:
908:
901:
899:
896:
889:
887:
883:
879:
871:
869:
867:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:mountain goat
823:
819:
818:huckleberries
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:salmonberries
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
773:
767:
758:
756:
753:
750:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
725:
722:
714:
709:
703:
696:
689:
686:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
665:
664:
660:
658:
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2382:Upper Skagit
2377:Lower Skagit
2057:Coast Salish
1977:Reservations
1852:
1627:. Retrieved
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814:salalberries
806:strawberries
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32:Ethnic group
29:
3024:Lushootseed
2809:Makah Tribe
2549:Popkum Band
2502:Governments
2479:(Tillamook)
2392:Muckleshoot
1679:Puget Sound
1673:Lushootseed
1378:HistoryLink
1302:HistoryLink
1008:HistoryLink
928:. Seattle:
922:Hilbert, Vi
895:x̌əč̓usadad
878:Lushootseed
854:gillnetting
796:Subsistence
786:Lushootseed
766:Puget Sound
680:xe'xausalt
562:st̕aq̓talič
532:shikʷigʷilc
470:st̕aq̓talič
434:Juanita Bay
403:bək̓ʷəɬtiwʔ
287:Lushootseed
221:Lushootseed
127:Lushootseed
108:, esp. the
89:Lushootseed
3062:Categories
2962:Halkomelem
2462:Sahewamish
2417:Snoqualmie
2297:Skawahlook
2222:Tsawwassen
2217:Snuneymuxw
2137:Humptulips
2087:Stz'uminus
1898:Sahewamish
1888:Steilacoom
1858:Snoqualmie
1629:January 4,
1599:January 4,
1383:January 2,
1308:January 2,
1282:January 2,
1215:January 2,
1206:"About Us"
1168:Justia Law
1044:January 2,
902:References
790:dxʷkʷiƛ̕əb
630:One house
623:Along the
593:dxʷc̓əltəd
493:-speaking
491:Nxaʔamxcín
295:Snoqualmie
269:, and the
223:-language
200:Snoqualmie
166:Washington
114:Snoqualmie
76:Washington
3002:Semiahmoo
2957:Pentlatch
2936:Languages
2921:Mythology
2488:Quamichan
2467:Wynoochee
2447:Swinomish
2442:Suquamish
2427:Nisqually
2422:Skykomish
2412:Snohomish
2397:Sammamish
2387:Skokomish
2352:Penelakut
2347:Quamichan
2322:Tzeachten
2307:Soowahlie
2287:Shilshole
2262:Leq'á:mel
2257:Sts'ailes
2252:Sq'éwlets
2242:Semiahmoo
2152:Kilpahlas
2147:Khenipsen
2117:Esquimalt
2081:Sts'ailes
2071:Chawathil
1893:Nisqually
1878:Suquamish
1873:Sammamish
1863:Shilshole
1853:Skykomish
1837:Snohomish
1822:Kikiallus
1812:Swinomish
986:892024380
866:Beargrass
810:blackcaps
778:steelhead
733:dentalium
614:village.
611:sq̓ixʷəbš
586:sq̓ixʷəbš
515:Location
340:sq̓ixʷəbš
333:Subgroups
291:Snohomish
236:sq̓ixʷəbš
230:sq̓ixʷəbš
196:Snohomish
185:Skykomish
131:sq̓ixʷəbš
123:Skykomish
110:Snohomish
83:Languages
42:sq̓ixʷəbš
3047:Quinault
3030:Southern
3012:T'sou-ke
3007:Songhees
2977:Nooksack
2972:Squamish
2967:shíshálh
2457:Quinault
2432:Puyallup
2372:Nooksack
2357:Lamalcha
2337:Tsartlip
2332:T'souk-e
2302:Skowkale
2237:Squamish
2232:shíshálh
2212:Sliammon
2192:Musqueam
2177:Kwantlen
2167:Koksilah
2157:Klahoose
2112:Duwamish
2097:Comiaken
1883:Puyallup
1868:Duwamish
1758:dukʷibəɬ
1724:Southern
1720:Northern
1714:Dialects
1191:Hearings
1121:(1941).
948:29877333
924:(1994).
882:Southern
872:Language
749:potlatch
737:dog wool
729:Wenatchi
657:Gold Bar
652:'xaitəd
579:village
495:Wenatchi
489:and the
427:Gold Bar
408:Mukilteo
391:Patkanim
298:period.
207:and the
149:) are a
3042:Cowlitz
3019:Klallam
2992:Saanich
2477:Nehalem
2452:Tulalip
2362:Saanich
2312:Squiala
2207:Malahat
2197:Nanoose
2187:Matsqui
2162:Klallam
2132:Homalco
2107:Cowlitz
2102:Copalis
2064:Peoples
1817:Nuwhaha
1786:Peoples
1746:Culture
1698:Grammar
1400:"807-1"
838:cockles
780:in the
743:Housing
641:Startup
598:Sultan
370:History
225:endonym
160:in the
138:
93:English
2997:Samish
2493:Somena
2483:Siletz
2472:Satsop
2402:Samish
2342:Somena
2317:Stó꞉lō
2267:Popkum
2202:Nuxalk
2142:Katzie
2122:Halalt
1807:Skagit
1773:Ayahos
1147:662952
1145:
1090:
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946:
936:
836:, and
830:salmon
721:canoes
715:Travel
603:Sultan
518:Notes
506:Group
474:) band
457:Sultan
453:Monroe
423:Sultan
242:√q̓ixʷ
104:Other
3037:Twana
2987:Lummi
2944:Comox
2916:Music
2367:Lummi
2282:Skway
2277:Skwah
2247:Sumas
2076:Cheam
1565:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1347:(PDF)
1143:JSTOR
846:weirs
834:clams
685:Index
509:Name
2083:(WA)
1827:Sauk
1631:2024
1601:2024
1573:2023
1491:help
1385:2024
1310:2024
1284:2024
1217:2024
1175:2023
1088:ISBN
1046:2024
1015:2023
982:OCLC
944:OCLC
934:ISBN
852:and
735:and
455:and
425:and
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293:and
257:The
248:=abš
215:Name
198:and
177:and
142:IPA:
136:lit.
121:The
112:and
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227:, "
164:of
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