350:, which was relatively unknown at that time, and Skylark would be a revolutionary tool for its study. During April 1955, following the approval of funding, the research programme formally commenced; roughly half of the ÂŁ100,000 was spent on the vehicles themselves, while the remainder covered the costs of scientific instruments and technical staff. Various university groups were responsible for the design and construction of the scientific instruments carried, as well as post-mission analysis; all other aspects were the responsibility of the Ministry of Supply. A subcommittee of the Gassiot Committee coordinated the overall programme.
390:
home. This arrangement necessitated an international supply chain between
Britain and South Australia; early Skylarks were transported by plane, along with a kit of parts that were locally assembled by a mostly Australian workforce. Once assembled, the rockets would be transported a further 270 miles to the actual range for roughly two weeks of final preparation ahead of launching. After multiple rounds of testing, the rocket would be mounted on a trailer and taken to the launch platform, usually two days prior to the launch date; the launch itself was overseen by Australian
924:
1139:
impulse. This version of
Skylark could launch a 150 kg payload to 200 km of altitude. The Skylark improvements continued in 1962, with the advent of Raven V (1780 kNs) loaded with a new propellant. However Raven II and VA engines were both available to meet different needs. Minor modifications led to VII and VIA versions respectively, then Raven VII loaded with Raven VI propellant became Raven VIII. In 1964, introduction of devices for payload attitude control was another kind of improvement for the Skylark rocket.
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1961. Yet, there were figures within the RAE that felt that the overall success rate of the programme of 40% was far beneath that of the rocket itself, which had a 90% success rate; this was speculated to have been due to the somewhat informal administrative process of the programme and a lack of funding. Some funding had been made available for improvements, such as the continuous development of the Raven rocket motor.
43:
441:
As early as June 1965, Australia made informal requests to have use of several
Skylark launches; these requests were complicated by their informal nature and a lack of budget for such endeavours. Occasionally, Australian scientific experiments were flown on Skylarks being used for RAE tests, as these
256:
The
Skylark was first launched on 13 February 1957; the first scientific mission occurred during April 1958, quickly becoming regarded as a valuable platform for various fields of research. The vast majority of launches would be performed from Woomera, although other launch sites would later be used
437:
By
February 1967, the tenth anniversary of the Skylark's first launch, 157 launches had been performed, carrying in excess of 300 scientific experiments. The first X-ray surveys of the sky in the Southern Hemisphere were provided by Skylark launches. Multiple Skylarks were used with atypically high
405:
The pace of launches climbed rapidly in the first four years of the programme; while eight
Skylarks were launched in 1958, this rose to 17 during 1961. The good performance record and value of the Skylark programme was recognised by the British government's Advisory Council on Scientific Policy in
389:
During April 1958, scientific use of the
Skylark commenced, marking the programme's attainment of true operational status. Unlike the majority of missile/rocket programmes, which would only temporarily be based at Woomera until they matured, Skylark continued to operate at Woomera as its long term
380:
rocket range in
Australia. While work did proceed at a fast pace on the project, an ignition problem encountered during the RPE's proof testing forced the postponement of the first launch past a November 1956 slot and, partially due to the Woomera's range's closure for Christmas, was delayed until
1138:
After twenty-two launches in single-stage configuration, the first two-stage
Skylark was launched in April 1960. The Cuckoo booster rocket used to accelerate Raven had the same diameter and raised the overall rocket height to 9.15m. It burned during approximately four seconds with a 364 kNs total
381:
the following year. On 13 February 1957, the
Skylark performed its first launch from Woomera; for this initial test flight, it carried no experimental payload save for RAE test instrumentation to monitor the rocket's performance. It was the first long range vehicle to be launched from Woomera.
428:
During the mid-1960s, a key improvement in the form of the stabilised payload system was introduced; as Skylark was designed as a fin-stabilised rocket, there was no guidance once outside of the atmosphere, causing the vehicle to tumble and spin. The new stabilisation system used a pair of
326:
with an offer of using ministry rockets for scientific research. This offer, while positively received, was quickly realised to far exceed what would be affordable to the universities. During February 1954, a group of scientists enthusiastically responded to a closed briefing on a
357:; in return, the RAE provided considerable assistance in the rocket's design, manufacture, preparation, and firing. Numerous RAE personnel were allocated to the Skylark initiative. A relatively ambitious target date for the first launch was set for the summer of 1956 during the
511:
The basic Skylark is 7.6 metres (25 ft) long, 0.44 metres (17 in) in diameter and has a fin span of 0.96 metres (38 in). Booster stages can increase the height to 12.8 metres (42 ft). The original version was propelled by 840 kilograms (1,850 lb) of
425:. In 1963 alone, a total of 14 experiments relating to solar physics were conducted using the Skylark. Within the UK national programme, the frequency of Skylark launches peaked at 20 during 1965 (from Woomera), a total of 198 flights took place between 1957 and 1978 alone.
433:
connected to thermionic amplifiers to appropriately actuate a series of control valves; it was first deployed in 1961 and became routine by the end of the decade. One rejected enhancement around this time was the construction of a second launch platform at Woomera.
479:. While the number of launches declined substantially during the late 1970s and the 1980s, the scientific payloads being carried by Skylarks were becoming increasingly complex and ambitious. During 1999, Marconi sold the programme to a small private company,
1173:
The original basic single-stage Skylark version used a Raven 1 motor (Rook derivative). The RPE Raven 1 burned 840 kg of propellant (ammonium perchlorate, polyisobutylene binder and aluminum powder) in thirty seconds with a 1450 kN total impulse at sea
1474:“Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the Launching of a Skylark Vehicle and Payload at Woomera for Scientific Purposes. ATS 6 of 1975”
454:
agreed with Australia to cooperate on the launch of a Skylark rocket at Woomera for scientific purposes. This launch took place on 14 March 1975. This was followed by three more, launched on 22 February, 13 March 1979, and 24 August 1987.
1493:“Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the Launching of Two Scientific Payloads from Woomera for Scientific Purposes. ATS 3 of 1979”
502:
are being built, and also from Iceland. They plan to also develop a satellite launch vehicle which will launch from the UK, which will be a first for the country, which previously only launched satellites from Woomera, Australia.
519:
Improvements were made to the engine and the use of a booster increased the payload to 200 kilograms (440 lb) in 1960. Skylark 12, from 1976, could lift 200 kilograms (440 lb) to 575 kilometres (357 mi) altitude.
240:
with an offer for it to carry scientific experiments. During early 1955, the British government agreed to provide ÂŁ100,000 to support the programme's operations for four years. Development of the Skylark, initially known as the
339:). The CTV series of rockets had originally been used to investigate aerodynamic control of missiles, yet the Skylark was stated to be capable of carrying a payload of 100 lb to an altitude of 200 km (124 mi).
458:
Skylarks were constructed in quantity into the late 1970s, up until the British government decided to terminate the programme in 1977, having concluded that future "low weight" research would be carried out using
245:, was pursued at a rapid pace, with hopes that initial launches could take place during the latter half of 1956. On 7 April 1956, the existence of the Skylark rocket was publicly revealed under the early name of
314:
during the 1950s. To conduct these programmes, the ministry developed a series of test missiles for research and development. During May 1953, amid the preparations for a major conference in
1512:“Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on the Launching of Sounding Rockets. ATS 12 of 1987”
494:, a British aerospace & launch company, has developed and launched a new series of "Skylark" sounding rockets, reviving the name. They have launched from northern Scotland, where
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at sites across Europe and South America. The British government opted to terminate its support of the programme in 1977, with responsibility for Skylark being turned over to
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In addition to its scientific role, Skylark was also to serve a military purpose, being available to the RAE's research programme, including in the development of
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Over almost half a century a total of 441 Skylark rockets were launched, making it one of the longest and most successful programmes of its kind in the world.
1009:
269:, on 2 May 2005. Launches had been carried out from various purposes, with some military missions being flown, users extended far beyond the UK to include
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with a request for ÂŁ100,000 to fund upper atmospheric rocket research over the course of four years. There was considerable interest in exploring the
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Raven 1 total impulse 1450 kNs. Later versions also used Cuckoo, Goldfinch, Gosling, Heron and Raven engines in various marks and combinations.
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401:
Launch of a Skylark sounding rocket from Woomera in South Australia, on September 18, 1961, for NASA Mission 9.01 GG Astronomy, PS (193 km).
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precision during September and October 1972 in an effort to locate the optical counterpart of X-ray source GX3+1 by lunar occultation.
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471:, which could conduct missions for far longer terms and across a greater geographical range. The Skylark programme was transferred to
361:, necessitating development to be completed in little over a year. Additional support for the Skylark programme was sourced from the
253:
missile range in Australia; the Skylarks were produced in Britain and flown to Australia for final assembly, testing, and launching.
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During the 1960s, Skylark proved itself to be an excellent platform for space astronomy, possessing the ability to point at the
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362:
178:
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302:. Unlike some powers, the United Kingdom had not opted to immediately proceed with work on long-range rocketry; however, the
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Due to its small mass and low thrust, the original version of the Skylark had to be launched from a 25 metres (82 ft)
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instead. Furthermore, by the 1970s, sounding rockets in general were facing increasing competition from scientific
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261:. It continued to be operated for decades more. The 441st and final launch of the Skylark took place from
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1521:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
1502:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
1483:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 20 April 2017.
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2002:
476:
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On 7 April 1956, the existence of the Skylark rocket was publicly revealed under the early name of
1966:
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The Skylark Rocket: British Space Science and the European Space Research Organisation, 1957–1972
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Initially 840 kg of ammonium perchlorate, polyisobutylene binder and aluminum powder (Raven 1)
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on rocket-based exploration of the upper atmosphere, the Ministry of Supply approached the
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376:. Even before this announcement, it had been decided that Skylark would be fired from the
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Some families include both missiles and carrier rockets; they are listed in both groups.
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The origins of the Skylark can be traced back to decisions made in the aftermath of the
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1026:, Australia Skylark (Raven), Skylark (Cuckoo, Raven) and Skylark Instrument section.
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to overcome the effects of the wind. Later versions only required a simple trailer.
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1992:
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Pounds, K. (2002). "Forty years on from Aerobee 150: a personal perspective".
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personnel from an underground control room at the edge of the concrete apron.
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Solna strandvag 86, Stockholm, Sweden. (Partly viewable from the waterfront).
2007:
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did not typically make much use of the payload capability. During 1975, the
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1577:. 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016
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Non-military suborbital rocket engines and motors that have flown
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did work on defensive guided weaponry, leading to the arrival of
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1953:
1932:
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274:
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968:, Visitor Centre, Edinburgh, Scotland. (Skylark Nosecone only).
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with the development and testing of the Raven 1 rocket engine.
232:
Development of the Skylark begun during the early 1950s at the
410:
931:
Skylark Rockets are on display in the following locations:
417:, or a star. It was used to obtain the first good-quality
962:, Surrey, England. (Skylark 7 (Goldfinch II, Raven XI)).
1724:
Britain's First Space Rocket – The story of the Skylark
249:. Launch facilities were established at the existing
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1367:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
1595:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
938:, Department of Physics and Astronomy. (Skylark
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1774:
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1010:Mexborough & Swinton Astronomical Society
119:Initially 1. Later versions had 1 - 3 stages.
8:
1307:
1305:
1083:"Skylark: Britain's pioneering space rocket"
273:, the European Space Research Organisation (
229:. It was operational between 1957 and 2005.
35:
2614:Space launch vehicles of the United Kingdom
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335:rocket (which would later adopt the name
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2609:Sounding rockets of the United Kingdom
1684:"The National Space Centre, Leicester"
1588:
448:DFVLR (now German Aerospace Center or
342:The Royal Society promptly approached
927:Skylark at Aerospace Bristol, Filton.
7:
975:, Australia (Skylark Nosecone only).
47:The final launch of the Skylark at
1081:Millard, Doug (13 November 2017).
14:
1022:South Australian Aviation Museum
2374:
1754:BBC News article on final launch
1186:Godwin, Matthew (January 2008).
960:Mullard Space Science Laboratory
363:Rocket Propulsion Establishment
475:, who subsequently sold it to
392:Weapons Research Establishment
359:International Geophysical Year
16:British sounding rocket family
1:
1636:"Skylark (Goldfinch boosted)"
1190:. Paris: Beauchesne Editeur.
982:, Australia (Cuckoo, Raven).
966:Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
329:Royal Aircraft Establishment
236:(RAE), which approached the
234:Royal Aircraft Establishment
140:Woomera, Esrange, and others
73:Royal Aircraft Establishment
1727:(1st ed.). YPD Books.
1159:. Mark Wade. Archived from
1005:, Filton, Bristol, England.
444:Federal Republic of Germany
2635:
1682:admin (13 December 2017).
1660:Astronomy, Physics &.
1123:"Skylark sounding rockets"
19:For more uses of the word
18:
2384:Hybrid propellant engines
2372:
2276:
209:
40:
1749:Skylark sounding rockets
1721:Brand, Robin H. (2014).
1564:Brand 2014, pp. 437-439.
1555:Brand 2014, pp. 391-392.
1464:Brand 2014, pp. 295-297.
1455:Brand 2014, pp. 294-295.
1437:Brand 2014, pp. 256-257.
1347:Brand 2014, pp. 155-156.
1338:Brand 2014, pp. 153-154.
1329:Brand 2014, pp. 111-153.
481:Sounding Rocket Services
225:was a family of British
25:Skylark (disambiguation)
2568:Sub-orbital spaceflight
2405:Solid propellant motors
936:University of Leicester
308:surface-to-air missiles
148:441 total, 266 British.
2619:Suborbital spaceflight
2034:Soviet Union / Ukraine
1388:10.1098/rsta.2002.1044
1290:Brand 2014, pp. 71-74.
1260:Brand 2014, pp. 24-25.
1251:Brand 2014, pp. 23-24.
1209:Brand 2014, pp. 13-14.
978:Woomera Missile Park,
928:
402:
169:First stage - Skylark
1976:Soviet Union / Russia
1688:Nick Stevens Graphics
1662:"Introducing SKYLARK"
1517:16 April 2017 at the
1498:15 April 2017 at the
1479:15 April 2017 at the
1121:Serra, Jean-Jacques.
1047:Blue Streak (missile)
1008:In the possession of
989:in Belgium (Replica).
946:National Space Centre
926:
400:
285:space organizations.
1052:Skylark launch tower
997:Launceston, Tasmania
500:Sutherland spaceport
2604:1974 in spaceflight
2599:1967 in spaceflight
2594:1957 in spaceflight
2573:Sub-orbital tourism
1707:Brand 2014, p. 653.
1640:Gunter's Space Page
1615:Gunter's Space Page
1536:www.astronautix.com
1446:Brand 2014, p. 293.
1425:Brand 2014, p. 255.
1416:Brand 2014, p. 207.
1380:2002RSPTA.360.1905P
1320:Brand 2014, p. 110.
1311:Brand 2014, p. 109.
1299:Brand 2014, p. 111.
1163:on 21 December 2016
532:
490:Beginning in 2018,
477:Matra Marconi Space
331:(RAE) project, the
37:
1281:Brand 2014, p. 49.
1272:Brand 2014, p. 71.
1242:Brand 2014, p. 24.
1233:Brand 2014, p. 23.
1221:Brand 2014, p. 13.
1200:Brand 2014, p. 14.
929:
530:
496:Shetland spaceport
403:
355:ballistic missiles
304:Ministry of Supply
189:Initially 44.00 kN
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1734:978-0-9929896-0-6
1374:(1798): 1905–21.
1127:Rockets in Europe
1003:Aerospace Bristol
987:Euro Space Center
971:Rocketry Museum,
916:
915:
531:Skylark versions
473:British Aerospace
320:Gassiot Committee
259:British Aerospace
220:
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79:Country of origin
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55:on 2 May 2005
54:
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44:
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26:
22:
2486:
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2356:WAC Corporal
2204:
1870:Europe / ESA
1723:
1715:Bibliography
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1579:. Retrieved
1569:
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1539:. Retrieved
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1165:. Retrieved
1161:the original
1156:
1151:Wade, Mark.
1146:
1137:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1097:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1076:
1042:Black Knight
999:, Australia.
953:
939:
930:
782:Goldfinch 2
749:Goldfinch 2
733:Skylark 10A
697:Goldfinch 2
683:Goldfinch 2
659:Goldfinch 2
522:
518:
510:
489:
480:
457:
449:
446:through the
440:
436:
427:
423:solar corona
408:
404:
388:
373:
371:
352:
341:
336:
332:
319:
310:such as the
297:
255:
246:
242:
231:
222:
221:
153:First flight
137:Launch sites
132:Retired 2005
69:Manufacturer
31:
29:
20:
2437:Black Brant
2327:Liquid fuel
2236:Peacekeeper
2185:Black Brant
1157:Astronautix
1037:Black Arrow
952:. (Skylark
942:(c. 1957)).
903:Skylark 15
890:Skylark 14
877:Skylark 10
759:Skylark 12
739:Gosling 4T
680:Skylark 11
640:Skylark 7C
614:Skylark 5C
601:Skylark 2C
507:Description
483:, based in
344:HM Treasury
294:Development
161:Last flight
2588:Categories
2412:1.5KS35000
1809:Long March
1645:8 November
1620:8 November
1581:17 October
1063:References
1016:, England.
919:On display
883:Gosling 4
865:Skylark 5
852:Skylark 6
842:Goldfinch
839:Skylark 4
826:Skylark 3
776:Goldfinch
736:Goldfinch
723:Goldfinch
720:Skylark 4
710:Cuckoo 1A
694:Skylark 6
670:Cuckoo IA
667:Skylark 3
653:Skylark 7
643:Cuckoo 1A
627:Skylark 5
617:Cuckoo 1A
604:Cuckoo 1A
590:Cuckoo 1A
587:Skylark 2
574:Skylark 1
514:solid fuel
469:satellites
431:gyroscopes
385:Operations
348:ionosphere
312:Bloodhound
202:Propellant
164:2 May 2005
2457:Goldfinch
2346:Gamma 201
2231:Minuteman
1611:"Skylark"
1575:"Skylark"
1532:"Germany"
1153:"Skylark"
1068:Citations
950:Leicester
912:Cuckoo 4
909:Raven 11
896:Raven 11
880:Raven 11
868:Raven 11
829:Cuckoo I
779:Raven 11
768:Cuckoo 4
765:Raven 11
752:Raven 11
662:Raven 11
365:(RPE) at
194:Burn time
2477:Malemute
2251:Semyorka
2241:Redstone
2221:Aggregat
2214:Missiles
2112:Minotaur
2082:Electron
1861:Kuaizhou
1591:cite web
1541:27 April
1515:Archived
1496:Archived
1477:Archived
1404:45932805
1396:12804236
1031:See also
858:Raven 5
845:Raven 6
832:Raven 6
819:Raven 7
806:Raven 5
793:Raven 2
726:Raven 8
713:Raven 8
700:Raven 6
686:Raven 7
673:Raven 6
656:Raven 7
646:Raven 7
633:Raven 5
630:Raven 5
620:Raven 5
607:Raven 2
596:Raven 8
593:Raven 2
577:Raven 8
565:Raven 2
562:Skylark
553:Raven 1
550:Skylark
545:Stage 3
542:Stage 2
539:Stage 1
367:Westcott
100:Diameter
61:Function
2542:Terrier
2462:Gosling
2336:Aerobee
2329:engines
2205:Skylark
2117:Pegasus
2107:Jupiter
2086:Falcon
2062:Antares
2041:Tsyklon
2008:Molniya
1949:Epsilon
1882:Diamant
1693:31 July
1667:31 July
1376:Bibcode
980:Woomera
973:Woomera
906:Rook 3
893:Rook 3
816:Cuckoo
803:Cuckoo
790:Cuckoo
536:Rocket
492:Skyrora
485:Bristol
378:Woomera
337:Skylark
322:of the
289:History
283:Swedish
277:), and
263:Esrange
251:Woomera
223:Skylark
174:Engines
111:1100 kg
49:Esrange
36:Skylark
21:Skylark
2497:Rohini
2492:Oriole
2452:Genius
2447:Cuckoo
2442:Castor
2422:Altair
2351:Ofen-B
2200:Rehbar
2195:Rohini
2190:Lambda
2158:Shavit
2122:Saturn
2067:Athena
2018:Vostok
1998:Proton
1988:Kosmos
1983:Angara
1896:Miura
1887:Europa
1877:Ariane
1731:
1402:
1394:
1174:level.
1167:20 May
1132:20 May
1092:20 May
316:Oxford
279:German
267:Sweden
186:Thrust
129:Status
116:Stages
103:0.44 m
95:7.60 m
92:Height
53:Sweden
23:, see
2547:X-254
2537:Talos
2532:S-520
2527:S-310
2517:S40TM
2487:Raven
2482:Orion
2467:Heron
2427:Alcor
2417:Algol
2366:XLR99
2361:XLR10
2263:RS-82
2153:Safir
2132:Titan
2127:Scout
2100:Heavy
2077:Delta
2072:Atlas
2046:Zenit
2013:Soyuz
1962:H-IIB
1958:H-IIA
1942:Japan
1916:India
1802:China
1400:S2CID
993:QVMAG
940:Raven
419:X-ray
211:[
2522:S44M
2512:S-31
2507:S-30
2502:S-20
2341:BE-3
2258:R-36
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