Abu Bakr - Knowledge (XXG)

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Prophet at Medina, and Fadak, and what remained of the Khumus (i.e., one-fifth) of the Khaibar booty." Abu Bakr said, "Allah's Apostle said, 'We (Prophets), our property is not inherited, and whatever we leave is Sadaqa, but Muhammad's Family can eat from this property, i.e. Allah's property, but they have no right to take more than the food they need.' By Allah! I will not bring any change in dealing with the Sadaqa of the Prophet (and will keep them) as they used to be observed in his (i.e. the Prophet's) life-time, and I will dispose with it as Allah's Apostle used to do," Then 'Ali said, "I testify that None has the right to be worshipped but Allah, and that Muhammad is His Apostle," and added, "O Abu Bakr! We acknowledge your superiority." Then he (i.e. 'Ali) mentioned their own relationship to Allah's Apostle and their right. Abu Bakr then spoke saying, "By Allah in Whose Hands my life is. I love to do good to the relatives of Allah's Apostle rather than to my own relatives" Abu Bakr added: Look at Muhammad through his family."

2329: 2148:, Abu Bakr attempted to step back to let him to take up his normal place and lead. Muhammad, however, allowed him to continue. In a related incident, around this time, Muhammad ascended the pulpit and addressed the congregation, saying, "God has given his servant the choice between this world and that which is with God and he has chosen the latter." Abu Bakr, understanding this to mean that Muhammad did not have long to live, responded "Nay, we and our children will be your ransom." Muhammad consoled his friend and ordered that all the doors leading to 927:. His father went away to attend to some other business, and Abu Bakr was left alone. Addressing an idol, Abu Bakr said "O my God, I am in need of beautiful clothes; bestow them on me". The idol remained indifferent. Then he addressed another idol, saying, "O God, give me some delicious food. See that I am so hungry". The idol remained cold. That exhausted the patience of young Abu Bakr. He lifted a stone, and, addressing an idol, said, "Here I am aiming a stone; if you are a god protect yourself". Abu Bakr hurled the stone at the idol and left the 1233:, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate to Medina. The migration began in batches. Ali was the last to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling any loans the Muslims had taken out, and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Due to the danger posed by the Quraysh, they did not take the road, but moved in the opposite direction, taking refuge in a cave in 2745:—and as the rightful successor to Muhammad. Abu Bakr had always been the closest friend and confidant of Muhammad throughout his life, being beside Muhammad at every major event. It was Abu Bakr's wisdom that Muhammad always honored. Abu Bakr is regarded among the best of Muhammad's followers; as Umar ibn al-Khattab stated, "If the faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the faith of the people of the earth, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others." 1908:. Khaybar had eight fortresses, the strongest and most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr with a group of warriors to attempt to take it, but they were unable to do so. Muhammad also sent Umar with a group of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either. Some other Muslims also attempted to capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well. Finally, Muhammad sent Ali, who defeated the enemy leader, 946: 1890:. In the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad divided the ditch into a number of sectors and a contingent was posted to guard each sector. One of these contingents was under the command of Abu Bakr. The enemy made frequent assaults in an attempt to cross the ditch, all of which were repulsed. To commemorate this event a mosque, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq', was constructed at the site where Abu Bakr had repulsed the charges of the enemy. 2861:(the uncle of Ja'far al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: "May God have mercy on you! What do you have to say on the matter of Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Zayd ibn Ali said, "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Quran and the Sunnah". 1200:). Abu Bakr, feeling distressed, set out for Yemen and then to Abyssinia from there. He met a friend of his named Ad-Dughna (chief of the Qarah tribe) outside Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to seek his protection against the Quraysh. Abu Bakr went back to Mecca, it was a relief for him, but soon due to the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to renounce his protection. Once again the Quraysh were free to persecute Abu Bakr. 80: 2578:, who had previously served as one of the scribes of Muhammad, for the task of gathering the scattered verses. The fragments were recovered from every quarter, including from the ribs of palm branches, scraps of leather, stone tablets and "from the hearts of men". The collected work was transcribed onto sheets and verified through comparison with Quran memorisers. The finished codex, termed the 2790:, Muhammad inherited a maid servant, five camels, and ten sheep. Shia Muslims believe that prophets can receive inheritance, and can pass on inheritance to others as well. In addition, Shias claim that Muhammad had given Fadak to Fatimah during his lifetime, and Fadak was therefore a gift to Fatimah, not inheritance. This view has also been supported by the Abbasid ruler 1996:. The tribes shut themselves in the fort and refused to come out in the open. The Muslims employed catapults, but without tangible result. The Muslims attempted to use a testudo formation, in which a group of soldiers shielded by a cover of cowhide advanced to set fire to the gate. However, the enemy threw red hot scraps of iron on the testudo, rendering it ineffective. 2903: 1769: 2156:

Bakr, having returned to Medina, calmed Umar by showing him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death. He then addressed those who had gathered at the mosque, saying, "If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad is dead. If anyone worships God, God is alive, immortal", thus putting an end to any idolising impulse in the population. He then concluded with verses from the

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started the same business in Medina. He opened his new store at Sunh, and from there cloth was supplied to the market at Medina. Soon his business flourished. Early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha, who was already married to Muhammad, was sent on to Muhammad's house after a simple marriage ceremony, further strengthening relations between Abu Bakr and Muhammad.

1351: 2605: 2036:. Ali went forth on Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr. When Ali joined the party, Abu Bakr wanted to know whether he had come to give orders or to convey them. Ali said that he had not come to replace Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his only mission was to convey a special message to the people on behalf of Muhammad. 1245:, the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals every day. Aamir, a servant of Abu Bakr, would bring a flock of goats to the mouth of the cave every night, where they were milked. The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One party came close to the entrance to the cave, but was unable to see them. Abu Bakr was referenced in the 1315:. Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarijah was most cordial, which was further strengthened when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah. Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari lived at Sunh, a suburb of Medina, and Abu Bakr also settled there. After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina, he bought another house near Muhammad's. 2284:

strong amongst you shall be weak with me until I have wrested from him the rights of others, if God wills. Obey me so long as I obey God and His Messenger. But if I disobey God and His Messenger, you owe me no obedience. Arise for your prayer, God have mercy upon you. (Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah 6:305, 306)

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Volume 5, Book 57, Number 60, which says: "Fatima sent somebody to Abu Bakr asking him to give her her inheritance from the Prophet from what Allah had given to His Apostle through Fai (i.e. booty gained without fighting). She asked for the Sadaqa (i.e. wealth assigned for charitable purposes) of the

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which she claimed her father had given to her as a gift before his death. He refused to accept the testimony of her witnesses, so she claimed the land would still belong to her as inheritance from her deceased father. However, Abu Bakr replied by saying that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of

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In the name of Most Merciful God. This is the last will and testament of Abu Bakr bin Abu Quhafa, when he is in the last hour of the world, and the first of the next; an hour in which the infidel must believe, the wicked be convinced of their evil ways, I nominate Umar ibn al Khattab as my successor.

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A more pressing advantage though was the effectiveness of the Muslim fighters as well as their zeal, the latter of which was partially based on their certainty of the righteousness of their cause. Additionally, the general belief among the Muslims was that the community must be defended at all costs.

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I have been given the authority over you, and I am not the best of you. If I do well, help me; and if I do wrong, set me right. Sincere regard for truth is loyalty and disregard for truth is treachery. The weak amongst you shall be strong with me until I have secured his rights, if God wills; and the

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Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for the loss of its leader and many experienced a profound shock. Umar was particularly affected, instead declaring that Muhammad had gone to consult with God and would soon return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead. Abu

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were placed under his command. Nevertheless, the expedition was dispatched, though soon after setting off, news was received of Muhammad's death, forcing the army to return to Medina. The campaign was not reengaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the caliphate, at which point he chose to reaffirm

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The siege dragged on for two weeks, and still there was no sign of weakness in the fort. Muhammad held a council of war. Abu Bakr advised that the siege might be raised and that God make arrangements for the fall of the fort. The advice was accepted, and in February 630, the siege of Ta'if was raised

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No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of men. In the Battle of Badr we had prepared a pavillion for the prophet, but when we were asked to offer ourselves for the task of guarding it none came forward except Abu Bakr. With a drawn sword he took his stand by the side of Prophet of Allah and guarded him from the

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to justify Abu Bakr's later ascension to the caliphate as they display the regard with which Muhammad held the former. However, several other companions had held similar positions of authority and trust, including the leading of prayers. Such honours may therefore not hold much importance in matters

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Abu Bakr had the distinction of being the first Caliph in the history of Islam and also the first Caliph to nominate a successor. He was the only Caliph in the history of Islam who refunded to the state treasury at the time of his death the entire amount of the allowance that he had drawn during the

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Abu Bakr felt that he should nominate his successor so that the issue should not be a cause of dissension among the Muslims after his death, though there was already controversy over Ali not having been appointed. He appointed Umar for this role after discussing the matter with some companions. Some

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had been killed in wars. Fearing that it might become lost or corrupted, Umar requested that Abu Bakr authorise the compilation and preservation of the scriptures in written format. The caliph was initially hesitant, being quoted as saying, "how can we do that which the Messenger of Allah, may Allah

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There are a number of traditions regarding Muhammad's final days which have been used to reinforce the idea of the great friendship and trust which is existed between him and Abu Bakr. In one such episode, as Muhammad was nearing death, he found himself unable to lead prayers as he usually would. He

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shouted at the top of his voice, "O Muslims, come to the Prophet of Allah". The call was heard by the Muslim soldiers and they gathered beside Muhammad. When the Muslims had gathered in sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against the enemy. In the hand-to-hand fight that followed the tribes

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While the climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of Medina was damp and because of this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival. Abu Bakr contracted a fever for several days, during which time he was attended to by Khaarijah and his family. In Mecca, Abu Bakr was a wholesale trader in cloth and he

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Volume 8, Book 80, Number 722, which says: "Aisha said, 'When Allah's Apostle died, his wives intended to send 'Uthman to Abu Bakr asking him for their share of the inheritance.' Then "Aisha said to them, 'Didn't Allah's Apostle say, Our (Apostles') property is not to be inherited, and whatever we

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For three years after the birth of Islam, Muslims kept their faith private. In 613, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was commanded by God to call people to Islam openly. The first public address inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr. In a fit of fury, the

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and saw a man from among the Arabs passing by, she said, "I have not seen a man more like Abu Bakr than this one." We said to her, "Describe Abu Bakr." She said, "A slight, white man, thin-bearded and bowed. His waist wrapper would not hold but would fall down around his loins. He had a lean face,

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It was certainly good policy to turn the recently subdued tribes of the wilderness towards an external aim in which they might at once satisfy their lust for booty on a grand scale, maintain their warlike feeling, and strengthen themselves in their attachment to the new faith… Muhammad himself had

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The opposition movements came in two forms. One type challenged the political power of the nascent caliphate as well as the religious authority of Islam with the acclamation of rival ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed the mantle of prophethood in the manner that Muhammad had done.

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The moment was critical. The unity of the Faith was at stake. A divided power would fall to pieces, and all might be lost. The mantle of the Prophet must fall upon one Successor, and on one alone. The sovereignty of Islam demanded an undivided Caliphate; and Arabia would acknowledge no master but

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according to the new Islamic way and appointed Abu Bakr as the leader of the delegation. The day after Abu Bakr and his party had left for the Hajj, Muhammad received a new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter of the Quran. It is related that when this revelation came, someone suggested to

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tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him until he lost consciousness. Following this incident, Abu Bakr's mother converted to Islam. Abu Bakr was persecuted many times by the Quraysh. Though Abu Bakr's beliefs would have been defended by his own clan, it would not be so for the entire Quraysh tribe.

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At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political and religious supremacy of the Islamic state. Through his success in suppressing the insurrections, Abu Bakr had in effect continued the political consolidation which had begun under Muhammad's leadership with relatively little

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by archers from the local tribes as it passed through the valley of Hunayn, some eleven miles northeast of Mecca. Taken unaware, the advance guard of the Muslim army fled in panic. There was considerable confusion, and the camels, horses and men ran into one another in an attempt to seek cover.

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Therefore, hear to him and obey him. If he acts right, confirm his actions. My intentions are good, but I cannot see the future results. However, those who do ill shall render themselves liable to severe account hereafter. Fare you well. May you be ever attended by the Divine favor of blessing.

2512:, capturing several towns. Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason to be confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries of war against each other, making it likely that any forces sent to Arabia would be diminished and weakened. 2504:. It may be that Abu Bakr, reasoning that it was inevitable that one of these powers would launch a pre-emptive strike against the youthful caliphate, decided that it was better to deliver the first blow himself. Regardless of the caliph's motivations, in 633, small forces were dispatched into 1093:

was common in Mecca, and many slaves accepted Islam. When an ordinary free man accepted Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of his tribe. For slaves, however, there was no such protection and they commonly experienced persecution. Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, so he

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and Khalid ibn Asid were sent to Yemen to aid the local governor in re-establishing control. Abu Bakr also made use of diplomatic means in addition to military measures. Like Muhammad before him, he used marriage alliances and financial incentives to bind former enemies to the caliphate. For

2164:), "Muhammad is no more than an Apostle; and indeed many Apostles have passed away, before him, If he dies Or is killed, will you then Turn back on your heels? And he who turns back On his heels, not the least Harm will he do to Allah And Allah will give reward to those Who are grateful." ( 730:) was given to him as a child when he grew up among a bedouin tribe and developed a fondness for camels. He played with the camel calves and goats, earning this nickname "Abu Bakr," meaning "father of the young camel." A "bakr" in Arabic is a young but already fully grown camel. 2885:

and such other Khalifs as during the last thirteen centuries helped the cause of Islam, politically, socially and from a worldly point of view. On the other hand, the Spiritual Imamat remained with Hazrat Aly and remains with his direct descendants always alive till the day of

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Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women or old and frail men. When the father of Abu Bakr asked him why he did not liberate strong and young slaves, who could be a source of strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was freeing the slaves for the sake of

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The political and worldly Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly in favour of the three first Khalifs voluntarily and with goodwill for the protection of the interests of the Muslims throughout the world. We Ismailis now in the same spirit accept the Khalifat of the first

1016:, from whom Abu Bakr disassociated himself. His conversion also brought many people to Islam. He persuaded his intimate friends to convert, and presented Islam to other friends in such a way that many of them also accepted the faith. Those who converted to Islam at the 2218:

Nevertheless, Abu Bakr and Umar, upon learning of the meeting, became concerned of a potential coup and hastened to the gathering. Upon arriving, Abu Bakr addressed the assembled men with a warning that an attempt to elect a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the

2227:, a veteran from the battle of Badr, countered with his own suggestion that the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each from among themselves, who would then rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this proposal and began to argue amongst themselves. The 2056:

was not to be tolerated. Where the Muslims had any agreement with the polytheists such agreements would be honoured for the stipulated periods. Where there were no agreements a grace period of four months was provided and thereafter no quarter was to be given to the

2320:. He had little time to pay attention to the administration of state, though state affairs remained stable during his Caliphate. On the advice of Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, he agreed to draw a salary from the state treasury and discontinue his cloth trade. 742:, meaning "saved one". In a weak narration in Tirmidhi, Muhammad later restated this title when he said that Abu Bakr is the "Ateeq of Allah from the fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" and the association with Allah showing how close to and protected he is by Allah. 2615:

On 23 August 634, Abu Bakr fell sick and did not recover. He developed a high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged, and when his condition worsened, he felt that his end was near. Realising this, he sent for Ali and requested him to perform his

806:, “Do not worry; Allah is certainly with us.” So Allah sent down His serenity upon the Prophet, supported him with forces you ˹believers˺ did not see, and made the word of the disbelievers lowest, while the Word of Allah is supreme. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise. 2672:

Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as being "white mixed with yellowness, of good build, slight, bowed, thin, tall like a male palm tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-thighed. He used to dye himself with

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As the days went by, the Prophet sent Abu Bakr with a contingent and a flag to the fortress of Na'im; but he was not able to conquer it despite heavy fighting. The Prophet then sent Umar bin al-Khattab on the following day, but he fared no better than Abu

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Troubles emerged soon after Abu Bakr's succession, with several Arab tribes launching revolts, threatening the unity and stability of the new community and state. These insurgencies and the caliphate's responses to them are collectively referred to as the

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Muhammad posted a contingent to guard the Hunayn pass and led the main army to Autas. In the confrontation at Autas the tribes could not withstand the Muslim onslaught. Believing continued resistance useless, the tribes broke camp and retired to Ta'if.

1825:, but did not fight, instead acting as one of the guards of Muhammad's tent. In relation to this, Ali later asked his associates as to who they thought was the bravest among men. Everyone stated that Ali was the bravest of all men. Ali then replied: 2531:

already sent expeditions across the frontier, and thereby had pointed out the way to his successors. To follow in his footsteps was in accordance with the innermost being of the youthful Islam, already grown great amid the tumult of arms.

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instructed Abu Bakr to take his place, ignoring concerns from Aisha that her father was too emotionally delicate for the role. Abu Bakr subsequently took up the position, and when Muhammad entered the prayer hall one morning during

1864:, at that time still non-Muslim and fighting on the side of the Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel. Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad. In the second phase of the battle, 2243:

Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his own allegiance to the latter, an example followed by the gathered men. The meeting broke up when a violent scuffle erupted between Umar and the chief of the Banu Sa'ida,

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was the first freed slave to embrace Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first child to embrace Islam, for he has not even reached the age of puberty at that time, while Abu Bakr was the first free man to embrace Islam.

802:˹It does not matter˺ if you ˹believers˺ do not support him, for Allah did in fact support him when the disbelievers drove him out ˹of Mecca˺ and he was only one of two. While they both were in the cave, he reassured 2446:

Abu Bakr, likely understanding that maintaining firm control over the disparate tribes of Arabia was crucial to ensuring the survival of the state, suppressed the insurrections with military force. He dispatched

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will be spared from it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only to purify themselves, not in return for someone’s favours, but seeking the pleasure of their Lord, the Most High. They will certainly be pleased.

2126:, had been killed in the earlier conflict. No more than twenty years old, inexperienced and untested, Usama's appointment was controversial, becoming especially problematic when veterans such as Abu Bakr, 629:. He set in motion a historical trajectory that in a few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. His victory over the local rebel Arab forces is a significant part of Islamic history. 2223:, would likely result in dissension, as only they can command the necessary respect among the community. He then took Umar and Abu Ubaidah, by the hand and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices. 5310: 1307:

In Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a mosque. A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr. The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque named

891:- the people of the camel, and developed a particular fondness for camels. In his early years he played with the camel calves and goats, and his love for camels earned him the nickname ( 2415:. Other dissenters, while initially allied to the Muslims, used Muhammad's death as an opportunity to attempt to restrict the growth of the new Islamic state. They include some of the 5639: 5634: 1834:

In Sunni accounts, during one such attack, two discs from Abu Bakr's shield penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks. Abu Bakr went forward with the intention of extracting these discs but

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Shia (as the main branch of Shia Islam, with 85% of all Shias) have a negative view of Abu Bakr because, after Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr refused to grant Muhammad's daughter,

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However, Sunnis argue that Ali and Abu Bakr were not enemies and that Ali named his sons Abi Bakr in honor of Abu Bakr. After the death of Abu Bakr, Ali raised Abu Bakr's son

5105:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 3004:"Jami' at-Tirmidhi 3679 - Chapters on Virtues - كتاب المناقب عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 2786:

God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions and on this basis he refused to give her the lands of Fadak. However, as Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy notes in his book

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Though the period of his caliphate covers only two years, two months and fifteen days, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time: the

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was betrothed to Muhammad; however, it was decided that the actual marriage ceremony would be held later. In 620 Abu Bakr was the first person to testify to Muhammad's

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Donner, Fred M.; Donner, Professor of Near Eastern History in the Oriental Institute and Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Fred M. (15 May 2010).

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With Arabia having united under a single centralised state with a formidable military, the region could now be viewed as a potential threat to the neighbouring

2876:"In the present Imamat the final reconciliation between the Shia and Sunni doctrines has been publicly proclaimed by myself on exactly the same lines as 3551: 2659:, in regards to Abu Bakr's appearance, records the following interaction between Aisha and her paternal nephew, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr: 5435: 786:

He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an describing his role as a companion of Muhammad when hiding from the Quraysh in the

2255:) as a result of Saqifah, though he did face contention because of the rushed nature of the event. Several companions, most prominent among them being 4090: 2476:

instance, a member of the Banu Hanifa who had sided with the Muslims was rewarded with the granting of a land estate. Similarly, a Kindah rebel named

2360: 563:. His election was contested by a number of rebellious tribal leaders. During his reign, he overcame a number of uprisings, collectively known as the 2770:. It is also believed that Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to take over power in the Muslim nation after Muhammad's death, in a coup d'état against Ali. 2403:

The second form of opposition movement was more strictly political in character. Some of the revolts of this type took the form of tax rebellions in

1196:. All social relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off and their state was that of imprisonment. Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now 5496: 2263:

as Muhammad's heir, with the election being seen as in contravention to the latter's wishes. Abu Bakr later sent Umar to confront Ali, resulting in

1241:, the son of Abu Bakr, would listen to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and at night he would carry the news to the fugitives in the cave. 3642:

by Muhammad Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani, published 1963 Sh. Muhammad Ashraf. Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized 14 November 2006.

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Sidiq-i-Akbar Hazrat Abu Bakr by Prof. Masud-ul-Hasan Page 31. Printed and published by A. Salam, Ferozsons Ltd 60 Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam, Lahore

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At Mecca, Abu Bakr presided at the Hajj ceremony, and Ali read the proclamation on behalf of Muhammad. The main points of the proclamation were:

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The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p243. "They were called Rafida by the followers of Zayd"

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to lead around 300 pilgrims from Medina to Mecca. In 631 AD, Muhammad sent from Medina a delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform the

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gives the somewhat controversial opinion that this religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain the enthusiasm and momentum of the

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and a body of troops to subdue the uprisings in Najd as well as that of Musaylimah, who posed the most serious threat. Concurrent to this,

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believe that the second person to publicly accept Muhammed as the messenger of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's wife

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in response to a call for reinforcements. Abu Bakr and Umar commanded an army under al-Jarrah, and they attacked and defeated the enemy.

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and currently the second-largest group (although its population is only about 5% of all Shia Muslims), believe that on the last hour of

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Muhammad summoned Ali, and asked him to proclaim a portion of Surah Tawbah to the people on the day of sacrifice when they assembled at

827:), meaning "the most pious," "the most righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring to Abu Bakr as an example for the believers. 2480:, after repenting and re-joining Islam, was later given land in Medina as well as the hand of Abu Bakr's sister Umm Farwa in marriage. 3235: 4928: 2827:. The Twelver Shia view Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as one of the greatest companions of Ali. When Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the 1976:

Muhammad, however, stood firm. Only nine companions remained around him, including Abu Bakr. Under Muhammad's instruction, his uncle

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which may have involved violence. However, after six months the group made peace with Abu Bakr and Ali offered him his allegiance.

5285: 3299: 3200: 2248:. This event suggests that the choice of Abu Bakr was not unanimous, with emotions running high as a result of the disagreement. 2114:

In 632, during the final weeks of his life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria to avenge the defeat of the Muslims in the

2076: 2070: 1372: 958: 638: 2832: 2816:). The Twelver Shia strongly contest the idea that Abu Bakr or Umar were instrumental in the collection or preservation of the 2029:

Muhammad that he should send news of it to Abu Bakr. Muhammad said that only a man of his house could proclaim the revelation.

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clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the

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during the process. In these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, led Muhammad to a place of safety.

3910: 3474: 2596:'s legendary prototype, which became the definitive text of the Quran. All later editions are derived from this original. 2540: 2305: 1312: 1204: 1046: 584: 5088:

Stephen W. Day (2012). Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.

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And so I have warned you of a raging Fire, in which none will burn except the most wretched—who deny and turn away. But

618:. He died of illness after a reign of 2 years, 2 months and 14 days, the only Rashidun caliph to die of natural causes. 5624: 5305:, by The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Yamini Chauhan, Aakanksha Gaur, Gloria Lotha, Noah Tesch and Amy Tikkanen 4892: 1921: 1574: 621:

Though Abu Bakr's reign was short, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time, the

2584:, was presented to Abu Bakr, who prior to his death, bequeathed it to his successor Umar. Upon Umar's own death, the 2152:

be closed aside from that which led from Abu Bakr's house, "for I know no one who is a better friend to me than he."

5481: 3602:

by the Islamic Cultural Board Published 1927 s.n. Original from the University of Michigan, digitized 27 March 2006.

1860:, in which the majority of the Muslims were routed and he himself was wounded. Before the battle had begun, his son 5649: 5614: 3580: 2970:, believe that there was also a version of the Quran which had been compiled by Ali, but which has since been lost. 2798: 2754: 2264: 1861: 1679: 1060: 1013: 256: 2847:. Therefore, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the grandson of Abu Bakr and the grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq. 2737:) whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. He is regarded as the "Successor of Allah's Messenger" ( 5619: 5421: 3537:

by Atta Mohy-ud-Din, published 1968 S. Chand Original from the University of Michigan, digitized 6 January 2006,

2536: 2472: 2297: 2127: 1977: 1939: 1835: 1790: 1402: 1360: 1066: 1005: 580: 529: 472: 276: 218: 33: 4832: 4373: 2592:, who had been one of the wives of Muhammad. It was this volume, borrowed from Hafsa, which formed the basis of 819:

narrated by ibn Abbas of the exegesis of chapter 92 of the Qur'an by imam al-Suyuti we find the word "al-atqā" (

5573: 4810: 4806: 3412: 2288:

Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout the

1887: 1149: 1090: 1034: 4210: 4165: 1821:

In 624, Abu Bakr was involved in the first battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known as the

904:

Like other children of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a fondness for

2356: 2317: 1397: 658: 233: 2087:). Abu Bakr led a large company in Nejd on the order of Muhammad. Many were killed and taken prisoner. The 5563: 4682: 3331: 3258: 2477: 2456: 2182: 2131: 1697: 1382: 1238: 1056: 980: 615: 567:, as a result of which he was able to consolidate and expand the rule of the Muslim state over the entire 556: 457: 421: 261: 5609: 5558: 5548: 4911: 2824: 2767: 2260: 1830:

infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed in that direction. He was therefore the bravest of men.

1415: 1040: 271: 4367: 3961: 2543:, he did not live to see those regions conquered by Islam, instead leaving the task to his successors. 2061:

From the day this proclamation was made a new era dawned, and Islam alone was to be supreme in Arabia.

1935: 853: 4856: 4631:

Canonical Texts. Bearers of Absolute Authority. Bible, Koran, Veda, Tipitaka: a Phenomenological Study

3257:. Translated by Muhammad Yaqub Khan Published 1951 Ahmadiyyah Anjuman Ishaat Islam. Original from the 2836: 2552: 2460: 2452: 1883: 1877: 1783: 1333: 4204: 3499:

The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions (1894)

852:) means someone who supplicates abundantly to God, someone who is merciful, and the gentle-hearted. 5604: 5599: 5553: 5405: 2711: 2464: 2149: 2115: 1929: 1865: 1732: 1392: 1308: 1082: 607: 203: 4846:

Narrated by al-Bayhaqi in ‘al-Jamia’ lashu’ab al-Eemaan’ (1:18) and its narrators are trustworthy.

4756:"Islamic history of Khalifa Abu Bakr – Death of Abu Bakr | Al Quran Translations | Alim" 912:, and participate in poetical symposia. He had a very good memory and had a good knowledge of the 5444: 5382: 4763: 4427:

Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict

3847: 3725: 3502: 3176: 2509: 2259:, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Among Shi'ites, it is also argued that Ali had 2033: 1377: 1242: 1050: 1030: 634: 468: 323: 251: 192: 98: 5262: 5065: 4604: 3686: 2872:

have also come to accept the caliphates of the first three caliphs, including that of Abu Bakr:

2844: 2517: 2245: 1281: 1212: 971:, Abu Bakr may have converted to Islam after around fifty people, though this is disputed. Some 755: 675: 5594: 5568: 5268: 5248: 5228: 5208: 5177: 5147: 5089: 4739: 4692: 4662: 4635: 4584: 4519: 4482: 4431: 4425: 4291: 4285: 4261: 4234: 4127: 4053: 4047: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3690: 3584: 3506: 3455: 3432: 3393: 3337: 3231: 3162: 3080: 3044: 2840: 2485: 2289: 2256: 2224: 2123: 1993: 1966: 1950: 1946: 1925: 1905: 1899: 1674: 1652: 1512: 992: 664: 591:, of which he had a personal caliphal codex. Prior to dying in August 634, Abu Bakr nominated 568: 243: 161: 4688:

New Researches on the Quran: Why and how two versions of Islam entered the history of mankind

4686: 4656: 4629: 4513: 4255: 4228: 4121: 3156: 2535:

Though Abu Bakr had started these initial conflicts which eventually resulted in the Islamic

5198: 4580: 4476: 4311: 4147: 4085: 4072: 3387: 3074: 3038: 2802: 2766:, and that he had been publicly and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as his successor at 2690: 2644: 2628: 2562: 2497: 2484:

interruption. By wars' end, he had established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety of the

2468: 2448: 2394: 2313: 2228: 2084: 1972: 1962: 1647: 1295:

After staying at the cave for three days and three nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to

1124: 1024: 626: 576: 2251:

Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as head of the Muslim community (under the title of

2191:

In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death, a gathering of the Ansar took place in the

1311:

at the site. Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as a

1264:: "If ye help him not, still God helped him when those who disbelieve drove him forth, the 945: 5395: 5343: 4614: 3424: 2854: 2828: 2686: 2589: 2575: 2501: 2096: 1738: 1657: 1387: 1176: 1119: 1109: 1099: 869: 845: 820: 622: 572: 448: 412: 228: 178: 64: 3521:

Muslim persecution of heretics during the marwanid period (64-132/684-750), Judd Steven,

2820:, claiming that they should have accepted the copy of the book in the possession of Ali. 2624:

of them favoured the nomination and others disliked it, due to the tough nature of Umar.

1270:(second of the two i.e. Abu Bakr); when they two were in the cave, when he said unto his 2574:

bless and keep him, did not himself do?" He eventually relented, however, and appointed

1192:. Muhammad along with his supporters from Banu Hashim, were cut off in a pass away from 17: 4281: 3679: 3254: 2200: 2119: 1857: 1851: 1822: 1816: 1589: 1517: 893: 727: 440: 2835:. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr's mother was from Ali's family and Qasim's daughter 1292:

this verse said that Abu Bakr was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the cave.

79: 5588: 2865: 2570: 2440: 2432: 2005: 1599: 1532: 1507: 1502: 1224: 1070: 931:. Regardless, it recorded that prior to converting to Islam, Abu Bakr practiced as a 905: 767: 509: 490: 5224:

The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split

4573: 641:. Shia tradition considers Abu Bakr an usurper of the caliphate and an enemy of the 5288:. In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.). 5016: 2908: 2858: 2561:

in written form. It is said that after the hard-won victory over Musaylimah in the

2376: 2231: 2019: 1773: 1753: 1667: 877: 547: 537: 501: 85: 2791: 2416: 2308:

in Syria. This would set in motion a historical trajectory (continued later on by

1868:'s cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat. 1581: 5242: 5222: 5202: 5194:(2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. 5123:

The waning of the Umayyad caliphate by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, p37, p38

4608: 3449: 991:, disregards this. He stated that the first woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah. 5365: 5298: 5192:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

5174:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

4509: 3368: 2990: 2726: 2722: 2428: 2408: 2366: 2301: 2145: 2088: 1748: 1350: 1341: 1234: 1189: 1114: 787: 771: 644: 630: 579:, which in the years following his death, would eventually result in the Muslim 521: 919:

A story is preserved that once when he was a child, his father took him to the

4827: 4073:

The life of Mahomet and history of Islam, Volume 4, By Sir William Muir, Pg 83

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did at the death of the Prophet and during the first thirty years after that.

2812: 2580: 2412: 2380: 2370: 2344: 2337: 2293: 2053: 1585: 1139: 1076: 984: 873: 762:

confirmed that title several times. He was also reportedly referred to in the

603: 564: 497: 313: 182: 4123:

Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet

1094:

purchased eight (four men and four women) and then freed them, paying 40,000

883:

He spent his early childhood like other Arab children of the time, among the

856:

said that Abu Bakr has also been called al-awwāh for his merciful character.

5391: 5335: 4802: 4568: 3873:

Some other captains also tried to capture the fortress but they also failed.

3612: 3130: 2850: 2763: 2656: 2604: 2252: 2208: 1714: 1662: 1285: 1144: 962: 957:, friends informed him that in his absence, Muhammad had declared himself a 913: 909: 668: 587:. Apart from politics, Abu Bakr is also credited for the compilation of the 505: 377: 223: 2710:

period of his caliphate. He has the distinction of purchasing the land for

2296:. In the last months of his rule, he sent Khalid ibn al-Walid on conquests 1539: 1246: 679: 3911:"Who was Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)? His Life and Contributions to Islam %" 2400:

These leaders are all denounced in Islamic histories as "false prophets".

674:

His lineage meets the lineage of Muhammad at the sixth generation up with

5374: 5204:

The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism

2869: 2742: 1949:, Abu Bakr was part of the army. Before the conquest of Mecca his father 1595: 1455: 1259: 1197: 1134: 1009: 976: 924: 683: 476: 120: 4743: 4658:

Islam for Our Time: Inside the Traditional World of Islamic Spirituality

2892:

Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches and Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah

2165: 2161: 3936: 2778: 2774: 2436: 2420: 2390: 2220: 1839: 1491: 1422: 884: 525: 373: 5032: 1089:

Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be a milestone in Muhammad's mission.

5538: 5465: 3636: 2695: 2664: 2593: 2276: 2194: 2186: 2091: 1909: 1709: 1684: 1618: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1472: 1367: 1296: 1289: 1230: 816: 795: 791: 707: 611: 560: 533: 188: 94: 4230:

Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings

3300:"Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo" 766:

as the "second of the two in the cave" in reference to the event of

5413: 3003: 868:

sometime in 573 CE, to a rich family in the Banu Taym tribe of the

602:) as his successor. Along with Muhammad, Abu Bakr is buried in the 4315: 2953: 2831:, Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, raised and taught her nephew 2782: 2674: 2617: 2603: 2558: 2522: 2384: 2327: 2212: 2204: 2157: 2044: 2001: 1982: 1704: 1626: 1609: 1432: 1427: 1277: 1252: 1208: 1193: 1157: 1095: 1017: 972: 954: 933: 928: 920: 865: 775: 763: 715: 588: 517: 513: 392: 266: 157: 153: 4812:

The History of al-Tabari, Volume XI: The Challenge to the Empires

4325: 4323: 2043:

Henceforward the non-Muslims were not to be allowed to visit the

754:(the truthful) by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of 571:. He also commanded the initial incursions into the neighbouring 5533: 5460: 4254:

Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011).

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tradition considers Abu Bakr the best men after the prophets in

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for their freedom. He was known to have freed slaves, including

738:

One of his early titles, preceding his conversion to Islam, was

592: 132: 5485: 5417: 2160:: "(O Muhammad) Verily you will die, and they also will die." ( 84:

Calligraphic seal featuring Abu Bakr's name, on display in the

5543: 5470: 2877: 2806: 2609: 2424: 1477: 759: 698:(the most pious) in surah al-Layl refers to Abu Bakr as well. 559:

of the Muslim community as the first caliph, being elected at

552:

in 631. In the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers.

4287:

The Story of the Qur'an: Its History and Place in Muslim Life

3681:

Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

3451:

Encyclopaedia Of Holy Prophet And Companion (Set Of 15 Vols.)

3336:

Leiden: E. J. Brill, 8 vols. with Supplement (vol. 9), 1991.

949:

Abu Bakr Abdullah stops Meccan Mobs, who are against Muslims.

4788:. Shah Jehan Mosque. 15 April 1967 – via Google Books. 4628:

Fernhout, Rein; Jansen, Henry; Jansen-Hofland, Lucy (1994).

4424:

Platzdasch, Bernhard; Saravanamuttu, Johan (6 August 2014).

2316:) that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the 32:

This article is about the first caliph. For other uses, see

4797: 4795: 4104:

Heroes of Islam Series: Abu Bakr, the first caliph of Islam

1085:, (who acted as a general under the Rashidun army in Syria) 532:

converted through Abu Bakr. He accompanied Muhammad on his

5244:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

5144:

Selected Speeches and Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah

5055:

Nahj al-Balagha Sermon 71, Letter 27, Letter 34, Letter 35

2762:

believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was supposed to assume the

2668:

sunken eyes, a bulging forehead, and trembling knuckles."

2332:

Abu Bakr's caliphate at its territorial peak in August 634

1012:, became a Muslim. All his children accepted Islam except 1008:

did not accept Islam and he divorced her. His other wife,

5114:

Akbar Shah Najeebabadi, The history of Islam. B0006RTNB4.

3369:"Abu Bakr | Biography & Facts | Britannica" 2647:

for him and he was buried beside the grave of Muhammad.

2207:

among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the

1207:, and Muhammad's wife Khadija died. Abu Bakr's daughter 438: – 23 August 634), commonly known by the 3814: 3812: 2215:), though this has later become the subject of debate. 2797:

Twelvers also accuse Abu Bakr of participating in the

2135:

Usama's command, which ultimately led to its success.

916:

of the Arab tribes, their stories and their politics.

4430:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 364. 4042: 4040: 3899:

Sahih-al-Bhukari book of Maghazi, Ghazwa Saif-al-Jara

2016:

In 630–631 (AH 9), Muhammad assigned Abu Bakr as the

1838:

requested he leave the matter to him, losing his two

1299:, staying for some time at Quba, a suburb of Medina. 5514: 4935:, by Abu – Muhammad Ordoni, 1987. Section entitled 3734:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 3552:"The Economic and Social Boycott of the Banu Hashim" 3158:

Islamic Thought: From Mohammed to September 11, 2001

2192: 2017: 2008:, the commander, came to Mecca and became a Muslim. 1271: 1265: 1257: 1250: 1043:, his cousin and an important companion of Muhammad. 671:

ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.

642: 545: 462: 426: 62: 4965: