Slavery in al-Andalus - Knowledge (XXG)

52: 2432:. Islamic law prohibited a man from having sexual intercourse with any woman except his wife or his female slave. Female slaves were used for both prostitution as well as private concubines. Islamic Law formally prohibited prostitution. However, since Islamic Law allowed a man to have sexual intercourse with his female slave, prostitution was practiced by a pimp selling his female slave on the slave market to a client, who returned his ownership of her to her former owner (the pimp) on the pretext of discontent after having had intercourse with her, which was a legal and accepted method for prostitution in the Islamic world. 2425:: "the singing-girl is hardly ever honest in her passion or sincere in her affection, for she, by training and by disposition, sets traps and snares for her admirers in order that they may plung into her toils ", and "for the most part singing-girls are insicere and given to employing deciet and treachery in squeezing out the property of the deluded victim and then abandoning him", and that their enslaver used them to assemble gifts from male guests who came to him to see and hear his qiyan slave-girl. 1762: 2469:

status and privileges reserved for ethnic Arabs, such as tax reduction, many Andalusians forged their genealogy to appear pure blood Arab. The fact that the rulers of al-Andalus preferred and could afford to buy white European female sex slaves had the unwanted consequence that many Caliphs, who were sons of European slave concubines, became lighter in color for each generation; many Caliphs had fair complexion and blue eyes, and dyed their hair black in order to appear more stereotypically Arab.

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between Christian and Muslim commercial markets. While Christians were not allowed to enslave Christians and Muslims not allowed to enslave Muslims, Jews were able to sell Christian slaves to Muslim buyers and Muslim slaves to Christian buyers, as well as Pagan slaves to both. In the same fashion, both Christians and Muslims were prohibited from performing castrations, but there was no such ban for Jews, which made it possible for them to meet the demand for eunuchs in the Muslim world.

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smile, honey-colored and very red lips with a dark shade, and wrists whose beauty is perfected by mirrors and the indigo drawing of the tattoo. The Christians, of diaphanous whiteness, movable breasts, thin bodies, balanced fat, superb flesh in a narrow build of brocades, bodies and backs embellished with beautiful jewels and gorgeous beads; they stand out for the peculiarity of being foreign and for how they blandish ."

1971:

was the most commercially successful venture for maximizing capital. This major change in the form of numismatics serves as a paradigm shift from the previous Visigothic economic arrangement. Additionally, it demonstrates profound change from one regional entity to another, the direct transfer of people and pure coinage from one religiously similar semi-autonomous province to another.

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appear lighter, and how they instructed slave girls to flirt to attract buyers. al-Saqati noted how slave traders dressed slave-girls in transparent clothing on public display in order to attract customers and adjusted the color of their clothing, and that white slave-girls, for example, where dressed in rose color (pink).

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normally married their cousins, (al-hurra), who became their legal wives (zawŷ), but additionally bought enslaved concubines (ŷawārī, mamlūkāt); the concubines were normally Christian girls (rūmiyyas) kidnapped in slave raids to the Christian lands in the North. A concubine who gave birth to a child

1970:

The archaeological evidence of human trafficking and proliferation of early trade in this case follows numismatics and materiality of text. This monetary structure of consistent gold influx proved to be a tenet in the development of Islamic commerce. In this regard, the slave trade outperformed and

2563:

However, concubines were always slaves subjected the will of their master. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III is known to have executed two concubines for reciting what he saw as inappropriate verses, and tortured another concubine with a burning candle in her face while she was hold be two eunuchs after she

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slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. While male saqaliba could be given work in a number offices such as: in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), but female saqaliba were placed in the

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noted that originally slave girls with dark complexion had been selected to be trained as qiyan, because they were viewed as unattractive, but that this custom had changed and white slave-girls, who were considered more beautiful and were therefore more expensive, had started to be trained as qiyan

2261:

The Vikings did provide slaves to al-Andalus via the Norse Kingdom of Dublin. Slaves captured primarily in the British islands and put on sale in Dublin, which was one of the biggest slave markets in Europe in the 9th- and 11th-centuries, are known to have been sold all over Europe; one of the most

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or La Garde-Freinet-Les Mautes (888–972), from which they made slave raids in to France; the population fled in fear of the slave raids, which made it difficult for the Frankish to secure their Southern coast, and the Saracens of Fraxinetum exported the Frankisk prisoners they captured as slaves to

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The slaves were transported to Al-Andalus via France. While the church discouraged the sale of Christian slaves to Muslims, the sale of Pagans to Muslims was not met with such opposition. White European slaves were viewed as luxury goods in Al-Andalus, where they could be sold for as much as 1,000

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merchants. How dominating the Jewish merchants were is unknown, but Jewish slave traders did have an advantage toward their non-Jewish colleagues, because they were able to move across the Christian-Muslim lands, which was not always to case for Christian and Muslim merchants, and act as mediators

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When Tlemcen was taken by the Almohad army, Ibn al-Athir stated that "The children and womenfolk were taken as captives.... Those who were not slain were sold at minimal prices". When the capital Marrakesh was conquered in 1147, al-Baydhaq described how "Everything that was in he city was taken to

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exported Christian slaves captured in Christian Europe to the Muslims in al-Andalus. Muslim Saracen pirates captured and sold Christian Europeans captured in slave raids along the shores of the Mediterranean to the slave markets of al-Andalus. African slaves were trafficked to al-Andalus from the

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In the Islamic world, male slaves could be used for a number of chores, but the main tasks were two. Either they were targeted for military slavery as slave soldiers; or they were subjected to castration and selected to serve in administration in our outside of the harem, tasks for which they were

2568:(d. 1065) were reportedly so badly treated that they conspired to murder him; women of the harem were also known to have been subjected to rape when rivaling factions conquered different palaces. Several concubines were known to have had great influence through their masters or their sons, notably 2447:

of paradise with red colors, thin and slim waists, adorned necks, honey-colored lips, big eyes, characteristic perfume suitable for all natures, gentle movements, courteous spirits, kind meanings, dry vulvas, soft kisses, and a straight nose. The Maghribī women, with black hair, a kind face, sweet

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Al-Andalus was described in the Muslim world as the "land of jihad", a religious border land in a state of constant war with the infidels, which by Islamic Law was a legitimate zone for enslavement, and slaves were termed as coming from three different zones in Christian Iberia: Galicians from the

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Male children could be trained to fill numerous domestic and other tasks, such as being in charge of offices of the Palace kitchen, the falconry, mint, and textile workshops, and in the libraries; the brother of the slave concubine Subh are known to have been placed in the Royal workshop. Male

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as free women or slave concubines, but in contrast performed for male guests - sometimes from behind a screen and sometimes visible - and are the perhaps most well documented of all female slaves. While trained qiyan-slaves were sexually available to their enslaver, they were not categorized or

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These raiding expeditions also included the Sa’ifa (summer) incursions, a tradition produced during the Amir reign of Cordoba. In addition to acquiring wealth, some of these Sa’ifa raids sought to bring mostly male captives, often eunuchs, back to Al-Andalus. They were generically referred to as

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The use of female sex slaves of foreign ethnicity had unwanted consequences in the racialized society of al-Andalus, where Arab Muslims were considered to be the most high status ethnicity in the racial hierarchy, followed by Berber Muslims, Christians, Jews and slaves. In order to achieve the

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was regulated in accordance with Islamic law. Non-Muslims foreigners were viewed as legitimate targets of enslavement. Since al-Andalus was a situated in the religious border zone, it had the conditions necessary to become a center of slave trade between Christian and Pagan Europe and the Muslim

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The slave traders were known to prepare their slave girls in order to acquire the highest price for them at the slave market. A 12th-century document described how slave traders smeared female slaves of dark complexion with ointments and dyed the hair of brunettes "golden" (blonde) in order to

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was the first monarch of this family who surrounded his throne with a certain splendour and magnificence. He increased the number of mamelukes (slave soldiers) until they amounted to 5,000 horse and 1,000 foot. ... he increased the number of his slaves, eunuchs and servants; had a bodyguard of

2640:'s reign; as slaves, they were seen as more trustworthy, being dependent on the protective patronage of the ruler. The Caliph al-Hakam (r. 796–822) are known to have had a personal guard of "mutes" slave soldiers, called mute because they were not taught Arabic and thus unable to communicate. 1884:

Slavery existed in Muslim al-Andalus as well as in the Christian kingdoms, and both sides of the religious border followed the custom of not enslaving people of their own religion. Consequently, Muslims were enslaved in Christian lands, while Christians and other non-Muslims were enslaved in

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in the slave trade in Iberia remains largely hypothetical, their depredations are clearly recorded. Raids on Al-Andalus by Vikings are reported in the years 844, 859, 966 and 971, conforming to the general pattern of such activity concentrating in the mid ninth and late tenth centuries.

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The Almohads broke Islamic law by taking Muslim women and children as slaves during the conquest of the Almoravid Emirate in the 12th-century. Islamic law allowed Muslims to take non-Muslims as slaves, but not Muslims. However, the Almohads defined Muslims who were not followers of

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In the Islamic world, female slaves were targeted for either use as domestic house slave maidservants, or for sexual slavery in the form of concubinage. In certain Islamic periods such as Al-Andalus, female slaves could also be selected for training as slave artists, known as

1942:

being a form of piety under Islamic law, slavery in Muslim Spain couldn't maintain the same level of auto-reproduction as societies with older slave populations. Therefore, Al-Andalus relied on trade systems as an external means of replenishing the supply of enslaved people.

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Slaves in al-Andalus were used in a similar manner as in other Muslim states. Female slaves were used primarily as domestic servants, prostitution and private harem concubines (sex slaves). Male slaves were used for a number of different tasks, but primarily divided in to

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cavalry always stationed at the gate of his palace and surrounded his person with a guard of mamelukes .... these mamelukes were called Al-haras (the Guard) owing to their all being Christians or foreigners. They occupied two large barracks, with stables for their horses.

2070:, a substantial price. The slaves were not always destined for the al-Andalus market; similar to Bohemia in Europe, al-Andalus was a religious border state for the Muslim world, and saqaliba slaves were exported from there further to the Muslim world in the Middle East. 2635:

Non-castrated male children could be selected for military slavery: slave soldiers were an important part of Andalusian military. Free Arab soldiers were distrusted by the Islamic rulers and the custom of having a slave army is known in al-Andalus from at least Caliph

2409:"People did not use to teach beautiful slave-girls to sing, but instead only taught light brown and black . The first person to teach expensive slave-girls to sing was my father. He achieved the highest level of female singers, and thereby raised their value". 1876:, who could be given prestigious tasks; laborers; or as slave soldiers. al-Andalus functioned as both a destination as well as a place of transit of the slave trade of European slaves from the North to the rest of the Muslim world in the South and the East. 2937:

Gaiser, A. (2014) "Slaves and Silver across the Strait of Gibraltar: Politics and Trade between Umayyad Iberia and Khārijite North Africa" in Liang, Y.G. et al. (eds.) Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean, Leiden: Brill, pp.

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Female slaves were visible in public; while free Muslim women were expected to veil in public to signal their modesty and status as free women, slave women were expected to appear unveiled in public to differentiate them from free and modest women.

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The slave trade of European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved.

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Islamic law prohibited Muslims from enslaving other Muslims, and there was thus a big market for non-Muslim slaves in Islamic territory. The Vikings sold both Christian and Pagan European captives to the Muslims, who referred to them as

2305:, although they were sometimes privately owned. While male saqaliba could be given work in a number of tasks, such as offices in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of 3530:

GALLARDO, BARBARA BOLOIX. “Beyond the Haram: Ibn Al-Khatib and His Privileged Knowledge of Royal Nasrid Women .” Praising the ‘Tongue of Religion’: Essays in Honor of the 700th Anniversary of Ibn al-Khaṭīb’s Birth (2014): n. pag.

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The Vikings performed slave raids toward the Christian parts of Iberia as well. It is known that the Vikings sold people they captured in their raids in Christian Europe to the Islamic world via Arab merchants in Russia along the

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between Muslim and Christian Iberia resulted in numerous Christian slaves captured during the constant warfare and slave raids across Iberian borders. Christian Europe exported Pagan Europeans as slaves to al-Andalus via the

2385:, slave-girls dressed as boys, who were trained to perform as singers and musicians and who attended the drinking parties of the sovereign and his male guests, and this custom is known in al-Andalus in the reign of Caliph 2041:("land of the slaves"). Bohemia were in an ideal position to become a supply source for Pagan saqaliba slaves to al-Andalus. The slaves were acquired through slave raids toward the Pagan Slavic lands North of Prague. 2005:

the treasury. The women were sold and everything went back to the treasury", and Ibn Sahib al-Sala that " distribyted the houses to . The families of Marrakesh were sold and their children were somd into slavery"

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Boloix Gallardo, Bárbara (2013). Las sultanas de La Alhambra: las grandes desconocidas del reino nazarí de Granada (siglos XIII-XV). Patronato de la Alhambra y del Generalife. ISBN 978-84-9045-045-1.

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claimed that Muslim women wore transparent tunics, which has been interpreted as the supposed freedom of Andalusian women, but such clothing was likely worn by slave women rather than Muslim women.

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Barton, S. (2015). Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia. USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 38

2538:) were educated in accomplishments to make them attractive and useful for their master, and many became known and respected for their knowledge in a variety of subjects from music to medicine. A 2282:, laborers and slave soldiers. Children were the preferred category on the slave market because they could be trained and raised to fill the function selected for them from childhood. Common 1931:(711–1492) imported a large number of slaves to its own domestic market, as well as served as a staging point for Muslim and Jewish merchants to market slaves to the rest of the Islamic world. 1902:, where white female slaves constituted a big part of the slave concubines of the royal harem, and white male slaves constituted most of the administrative personnel in the courts and palaces. 1671: 3363:

Translated into Spanish by Concepción Vázquez de Benito, Libro del cuidado de la saluddurante las estaciones del año o Libro de higiene (Salamanca: University of Salamanca,1984), 154.

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The enslavement of Muslim war captives however soon stopped since during the Almohad conquests, Muslims stated to rapidly adopt the Almohadist version of Islam to avoid enslavement.

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Brodman, J. (1986). Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier. USA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

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Gutierrez, J. and Valor, M. (2014) "Trade, Transport and Travel" in Valor, M. and Gutierrez, A. (eds.) The Archaeology of Medieval Spain 1100–1500, Sheffield: Equinox, pp. 124.

1420: 792: 529: 1156: 797: 3217:

Loveluck, C. (2013). Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, C.AD 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology. USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 321

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guards, they were castrated), female saqaliba were placed in the harem. The Sub-Saharan African Pagans were often given more laborious chores than the saqaliba-slaves.

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Traditionally, the slave traders acquiring the slaves in Prague and transporting them to the slave market of al-Andalus are said to have been dominated by the Jewish

2358:. The female qiyan slave entertainer, often referred to as "singing slave girls", were instructed in a number of accomplishments, such as poetry, music, recitating 3686: 2882:

Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 33-35

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seclusion in as high degree as possible, they generally did not work as maidservants, which created a high demand for domestic female slaves in the Muslim world.

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The saqaliba slave trade from Prague to al-Andalus via France became defunct in the 11th-century, when the Pagan Slavs of the North started to gradually adopt

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Gerber, J. S. (2020). Cities of Splendour in the Shaping of Sephardi History. Storbritannien: Liverpool University Press. p. 27

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noted how Free Muslim women were prohibited from wearing revealing and transparent clothing, but that such clothing were worn in an intimate context; the

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While slaves could be of different ethnicities, this did not exclude enslavers from categorizing slaves by their ethnic origin in to racial stereotypes.

2373:(r. 796–822). However, qiyan soon started to be trained in Cordoba and from 1013 in Seville; it is however unknown if the tradition was preserved in the 2198:(1121–1269) approved of the slave raiding of Saracen pirates toward non-Muslim ships in Gibraltar and the Mediterranean for the purpose of slave raiding. 3245:

Scales, P. C. (1993). The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict. Tyskland: E.J. Brill. p. 134

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note that the Jewish merchants of Verdun specialized in castrating slaves, to be sold as eunuch saqaliba, which were enormously popular in Muslim Spain.

2318: 2294:('fighter') for slave soldiers; or Anbar ('amber'), Zuhayr ('radiant'), Kharyan ('blessing'), wathiq ('trusthworthy') or jumn ('pearl') for bureaucrats. 1951:; these slaves were likely both Pagan Slavic, Finnic and Baltic Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. Forming relations between the 1617: 369: 2044:

The Prague slave trade adjusted to the al-Andalus market, with females required for sexual slavery and males required for either military slavery or as

3528: 2136:, the Arab word for Slavs. Slavs’ status as the most common group in the slave trade by the tenth century led to the development of the word “slave.” 819: 3354:

B. Belli, "Registered female prostitution in the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)," Ph.D. - Doctoral Program, Middle East Technical University, 2020. p 56

1590: 1410: 583: 2377:. Qiyan-slaves were selected to be trained for this function as children, and underwent a long training to fit the demands. During reign of the 2747: 1748: 2518:. Except for the female relatives of the Caliph, the harem women consisted of his slave concubines. The slaves of the Caliph were often European 2592:

who was recognized by her enslaver as his, was given the status of ummahāt al-awlād, which meant she could no longer be sold and would be free (

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Along with Christians and Slavs, Sub-Saharan Africans were also held as slaves, brought back from the caravan trade in the Sahara. The Ancient

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Textiles of Medieval Iberia: Cloth and Clothing in a Multi-cultural Context. (2022). Storbritannien: Boydell Press. p. 180-181

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took the fortress Dai, two women were taken as captives who became his concubines, one of whom became the mother of his son Abu Said Uthman.

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in the late 15th century. European slaves were exported from the Christian section of Spain as well as Eastern Europe and referred to as

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p150-53

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While the Saracen bases in France was eliminated in 972, this did not prevent the Saracen piracy slave trade of the Mediterranean; both

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 125

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 103

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 104

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 102

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 100

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 139

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 126

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Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 37

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Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 92

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Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 36

1686: 1380: 1134: 2970:

Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p150

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p146

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Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p153

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was a state in a religious border zone, in the case of Bohemia bordering to Pagan Slavic lands to the North, East and South East.

3657: 2722: 2717: 2177: 1639: 849: 834: 780: 465: 455: 450: 279: 135: 2258:. However, it is not confirmed if the Vikings sold the captives from their raids in Christian Iberia directly to Muslim Iberia. 3163:

Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press.

1634: 1405: 211: 1545: 3671: 2988:

Rollason, D. (2018). Early Medieval Europe 300–1050: A Guide for Studying and Teaching. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis.

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slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. The Saqaliba were mostly assigned to palaces as guards, concubines, and

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Valante, Mary A. (2013). "Castrating Monks: Vikings, the Slave Trade, and the Value of Eunuchs". In Tracy, Larissa (ed.).

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Domestic slavery was a common enslavement for women in the Muslim world. Since free Muslim women were expected to live in

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Female slaves in al-Andalus could also be used as slave artists. The Caliphate of Cordoba continued the tradition of the

3681: 2548:, and a favorite concubine was given great luxury and honorary titles such as in the case of Marjan, who gave birth to 2322: 1994: 1681: 1525: 1395: 1056: 824: 804: 364: 332: 1741: 1691: 1415: 1333: 460: 241: 61: 3623: 2503:, was reproduced by the Islamic realms developing from them, such as in the Emirates and Caliphates in Muslim Spain, 3652: 3172:

The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. p. 37

2074: 1600: 1452: 1437: 1328: 524: 194: 3676: 2254:, slaves who were trafficked to the Middle East via Central Asia and was an important slave supply source to the 2207: 1696: 1595: 1126: 1114: 704: 677: 182: 3154:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages. (1986). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 408

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referred to the forrests of Central and Eastern Europe, which came to function as a slave source supply, as the

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in 903, and made slave raids also from this base toward the coasts of the Christian Mediterranean and Sicily.

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children could also be selected to be trained to serve the diwan as administrative state bureaucrat offices.

2140: 2034: 1899: 1825: 1798: 1661: 1400: 1350: 1278: 1051: 829: 773: 756: 187: 3656:

Simon Barton, Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines, Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia.

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The slave market of Prague was one route for saqaliba slaves to al-Andalus. Similarly to al-Andalus, the

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in Portugal in 1181–82, 400 women were taken captives and put for sale in the slave market of Seville.

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While adult men were killed, women and children were taken captive and sold as slaves and even kept as

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to ravage the Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back booty and people. For example, in a raid on

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North West, Basques or Vascones from the Central North, and Franks from the North East and France.

1911: 1196: 1176: 1061: 1046: 915: 886: 876: 766: 714: 682: 479: 337: 305: 300: 253: 110: 3647: 3605: 3105: 2865: 2609: 2597: 2584: 2577: 2542:

concubine who gave birth to a child acknowledge by her enslaver as his attained the status of an

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Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900–1500

2605: 2573: 379: 325: 2369:. Qiyan slave-girls are noted to have been first imported to al-Andalus during the reign of 3595: 3572: 3497: 3470: 3440: 3413: 3271: 3265: 3198: 3097: 2857: 2809: 2804: 2774: 2676: 2664: 2637: 2553: 2515: 2351: 2251: 2222: 2214: 2195: 2191: 2114: 2090: 1960: 1952: 1928: 1837: 1833: 1813: 1792: 1530: 1248: 1243: 1186: 1171: 1151: 973: 968: 903: 866: 699: 665: 494: 347: 236: 115: 3464: 3434: 3407: 2768: 1820:

and Portugal) between the 8th-century and the 15th century. This includes the periods of the

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Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia

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The slave market in the Muslim world prioritized women for the use of domestic servants and

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ed. Strayer, Joseph R. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Volume 11. New York: Scribner, 1982.

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Slaves were trafficked to al-Andalus via a number of different routes. The centuries long

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The harem system that developed in the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate, illustrated by the

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sold as concubines and, with their training, were the most expensive female slaves.

2238: 2147:, the entire garrison was slain, and the inhabitants were either killed or enslaved. 1651: 1580: 1027: 1010: 785: 615: 605: 389: 39: 17: 3646:

Muhammad Abdullah Enan, The State of Islam in Andalusia, Vol. I: The 'Amarite state.

2694:

Castrated children could be selected to serve as guards or other functions inside a

2587:(1238–1492) was modelled after the former Royal Harem of Cordoba. The rulers of the 1888:

The Moors imported white Christian slaves from the 8th century until the end of the

3609: 3589: 2486: 2184: 1656: 1493: 1469: 1375: 1368: 1099: 627: 600: 563: 541: 428: 145: 125: 103: 93: 83: 78: 68: 908: 2262:

lucrative trades for Vikings as well as other traders operating from Irish ports

2836:"What Does the Slave Trade in the Saqaliba Tell Us about Early Islamic Slavery?" 2549: 2507:, which attracted a lot of attention in Europe during the Middle Ages until the 2490: 2393: 2386: 1939: 1889: 1855: 1498: 1486: 839: 642: 632: 590: 404: 3651:

Carlos Dominguez, Leader of the Jihad: Almanzor against the Christian Kingdoms.

3077: 2077:, which prohibited Christian Bohemia to enslave and sell to Muslim al-Andalus. 3194: 3093: 2852: 2835: 2680: 2655: 2504: 2370: 2283: 2226: 2218: 2172: 2156: 2098: 1981: 1964: 1956: 1935: 1924: 1809: 1646: 943: 647: 514: 3101: 2861: 2048:. Male slaves selected to be sold as eunuchs were subjected to castration in 2707: 2648: 2544: 2458: 2160: 2056: 1915: 1774: 891: 556: 418: 2225:, the flow of trafficked people from the main routes of the Sahara towards 1963:, the flow of trafficked people from the main routes of the Sahara towards 573: 2210:

trafficked slaves to Al-Andalus from non-Muslim Pagan Sub-Saharan Africa.

2097:

among Muslims and Christians. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from

1781: 2668: 2531: 2519: 2422: 2298: 2168: 2144: 2133: 2125: 2021: 1948: 1894: 1481: 1039: 983: 935: 595: 440: 295: 201: 2632:, and then selected to be trained in a future function chosen for them. 3409:

The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict

3267:

The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict

2539: 2535: 2242: 2106: 2094: 1864: 1805: 1769: 1464: 546: 226: 43: 2643:

A ready market, especially for men of fighting age, could be found in

2514:

The most famous of the Andalusian harems was perhaps the harem of the

2667:(912–961), there were at first 3,750, then 6,087, and finally 13,750 2366: 2302: 2279: 2102: 2049: 2045: 1986: 1873: 1829: 1166: 988: 568: 551: 413: 248: 216: 2526:

The harem could contain thousands of slave concubines; the harem of

2286:

were adjusted to the tasks selected for the slave children, such as

3041: 2534:

concubines were appreciated for their light skin. The concubines (

3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 2695: 2629: 2444: 2414: 2355: 2337: 2306: 2164: 2066: 1898:. Saqaliba slavery in al-Andalus was especially prominent in the 1868:

South across the Sahara desert via the Trans-Saharan slave trade.

1817: 1791: 1780: 1768: 1760: 423: 409: 384: 2628:

Male slave children were normally taught Arabic and converted to

2354:

to instruct a category of female slaves to become entertainers;

290: 120: 1997:, something normally only allowed for non-Muslim women. When 2365:

Qiyan-slave-girls were initially imported to al-Andalus from

3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3150: 3148: 3146: 2362:(accounts or anecdotes), calligraphy and shadow puppetry. 2113:

took 3,000 female and child captives, and his governor of

1934:

An early economic pillar of the Islamic empire in Iberia (

1796:

Slavic and Black slaves in Córdoba; illustration from the

3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2443:"The Arabic women from the desert well experienced, the 3515: 3513: 2904: 2902: 2596:) after the death of her enslaver. The mothers of both 2117:

took 3,000 Christian slaves in a subsequent attack upon

1938:) during the eighth century was the slave trade. Due to 2948: 2946: 2944: 2381:(r. 809–813) in Bahgdad, there was a category known as 3466:

Vibrant Andalusia: The Spice of Life in Southern Spain

1990:) and therefore viewed them as legitimate to enslave. 3078:"The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe" 2894:

https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7

2773:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 58–59. 2439:

classified female sex slaves by racial stereotypes:

1421:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

2229:served as a highly lucrative trade configuration. 1967:served as a highly lucrative trade configuration. 1536:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 3496:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1. 2413:The qiyan-slaves were not secluded from men in 2564:refused sexual intercourse. The concubines of 3458: 3456: 2297:The slaves of the Caliph were often European 1742: 8: 3082:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2840:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1541:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 2808:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–204. 2770:Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia 2405:to increase their market value even more: 2743:History of concubinage in the Muslim world 2604:had been captured Christian women, as had 2319:History of concubinage in the Muslim world 1749: 1735: 26: 3591:Castration and Culture in the Middle Ages 2851: 3439:. Harvard University Press. p. 72. 3180: 3178: 2266:were the slave trade to Islamic Iberia. 1546:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1411:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1391:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 3545:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSarr2020 ( 2759: 2748:Medieval Arab attitudes to Black people 2075:Christianity from the late 10th-century 38: 2738:History of slavery in the Muslim world 2178:slave market of the Muslim Middle East 3687:Slavery in the medieval Islamic world 2572:during the Caliphate of Cordoba, and 1433:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1110:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 7: 3540: 3264:Peter C. Scales (31 December 1993). 2647:, with its need for supplies of new 1625:Slave marriages in the United States 1229:Human trafficking in the Middle East 964:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 1618:last survivors of American slavery 25: 3469:. Algora Publishing. p. 35. 3042:"Ransoming Captives, Chapter One" 2793:Fernandez-Morera 2016 pp. 163–164 1863:through Christian France. Pagan 579:Field slaves in the United States 446:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 2723:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 2718:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 2683:, Ibrahim al-Qarawi, and Bishop 456:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 451:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 280:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 50: 3187:Early Medieval Spain – Springer 2834:Jankowiak, Marek (2017-01-20). 2802:Olivia Remie Constable (1996). 2081:Slave raids to Christian Iberia 1927:, the Muslim-ruled area of the 1406:Committee of Experts on Slavery 957:East, Southeast, and South Asia 3131:Muhammad Abdullah Enan, p. 544 2583:The Royal Nasrid Harem of the 2530:consisted of 6,300 women. The 2213:Forming relations between the 1105:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1: 2428:Another category was that of 2155:Moorish Saracen pirates from 1765:Califato de Córdoba - 1000-en 2767:William D. Phillips (2014). 2323:Islamic views on concubinage 1396:Temporary Slavery Commission 1057:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 3076:Wenner, Manfred W. (1980). 2241:, although the role of the 1416:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 461:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 3703: 2476: 2316: 2167:and established a base in 2093:was the scene of episodic 2015: 1909: 1840:rule (1147–1238), and the 1808:was a practice throughout 1601:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1438:Anti-Slavery International 1203:North Africa and West Asia 3406:Scales, Peter C. (1993). 3195:10.1007/978-1-349-24135-4 3094:10.1017/s0020743800027136 2853:10.1017/s0020743816001240 2208:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2202:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2143:by the Córdoban general, 1697:Emancipation Proclamation 1369:Opposition and resistance 1127:Sex trafficking in Europe 1115:Blackbirding in Polynesia 678:Trans-Saharan slave trade 3594:. Boydell & Brewer. 2625:expected to be eunuchs. 1477:Compensated emancipation 688:Indian Ocean slave trade 3185:Collins, Roger (1995). 3140:Carlos Dominguez, p. 26 2671:, or Slavic slaves, at 2511:was conquered in 1492. 2276:concubines (sex slaves) 2141:Sack of Barcelona (985) 2124:In the Almohad raid to 1799:Cantigas de Santa Maria 1401:1926 Slavery Convention 1157:Germany in World War II 774:North and South America 296:Contract of manumission 3490:Barton, Simon (2015). 3436:Atlas of the Year 1000 3270:. BRILL. p. 134. 2713:Tribute of 100 virgins 2661: 2495:Ottoman Imperial Harem 2331:Circassian slave trade 2183:The Saracens captured 1802: 1789: 1778: 1766: 882:British Virgin Islands 434:Circassian slave trade 400:Safavid imperial harem 395:Ottoman Imperial Harem 3672:Slavery in al-Andalus 3569:Slavery, Slave Trade. 3412:. Brill. p. 66. 2653: 1848:Slavery in al-Andalus 1795: 1784: 1772: 1764: 1121:Europe and North Asia 1081:Australia and Oceania 781:Pre-Columbian America 353:Slave raid of Suðuroy 285:Slavery in al-Andalus 207:Black Sea slave trade 136:21st-century jihadism 18:Slavery in Al-Andalus 2685:Liutprand of Cremona 2663:During the reign of 2614:Ismail II of Granada 2327:Ma malakat aymanukum 2194:(1040–1147) and the 2035:Caliphate of Córdoba 1900:Caliphate of Córdoba 1826:Caliphate of Córdoba 1576:Indentured servitude 1504:Underground Railroad 1304:United Arab Emirates 693:Zanzibar slave trade 660:By country or region 473:Atlantic slave trade 375:Ma malakat aymanukum 259:Venetian slave trade 3682:Slavery in Portugal 3610:10.7722/j.ctt2tt1pr 3543:, pp. 186–188. 2733:Barbary slave trade 2728:Crimean slave trade 2566:Abu Marwan al-Tubni 2558:al-sayyida al-kubra 2463:Libro de los juegos 2256:Bukhara slave trade 1912:Bukhara slave trade 1662:Slave Route Project 793:Americas indigenous 683:Red Sea slave trade 673:Contemporary Africa 536:Topics and practice 306:Crimean slave trade 301:Bukhara slave trade 254:Genoese slave trade 131:Contemporary Africa 111:Forced prostitution 3624:"BREPOLiS – Login" 3463:Ruiz, Ana (2007). 3433:Man, John (1999). 3254:Jankowiak, p. 169. 2610:Yusuf I of Granada 2585:Emirate of Granada 2578:Emirate of Granada 2509:Emirate of Granada 2402:Ibrahim al-Mawsili 2375:Emirate of Granada 2233:Viking slave trade 2018:Prague slave trade 2012:Prague slave trade 1920:Prague slave trade 1861:Prague slave trade 1842:Emirate of Granada 1836:rule (1085–1145), 1822:Emirate of Córdoba 1803: 1790: 1779: 1767: 1443:Blockade of Africa 750:Somali slave trade 666:Sub-Saharan Africa 358:Turkish Abductions 316:Khivan slave trade 311:Khazar slave trade 264:Balkan slave trade 222:Prague slave trade 3628:apps.brepolis.net 3601:978-1-84384-351-1 3204:978-0-333-64171-2 2824:Fynn-Paul, p. 26. 2780:978-0-8122-4491-5 2677:Umayyad Caliphate 2675:, capital of the 2665:Abd-ar-Rahman III 2638:Abd al-Rahman III 2554:Abd al-Rahman III 2516:Caliph of Cordoba 2352:Umayyad Caliphate 2345:gender segregated 2252:Volga trade route 2196:Almohad Caliphate 2192:Almoravid dynasty 2091:Iberian Peninsula 2039:Bilad as-Saqaliba 1929:Iberian Peninsula 1814:Iberian Peninsula 1759: 1758: 1709:Freedmen's Bureau 1531:Third Servile War 1526:International law 1093:Human trafficking 855:Human trafficking 530:Thirteen colonies 348:Sack of Baltimore 116:Human trafficking 16:(Redirected from 3694: 3677:Slavery in Spain 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3585: 3579: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3296: 3293: 3282: 3281: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3182: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3122:Phillips, p. 17. 3120: 3114: 3113: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2855: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2764: 2612:, and mother of 2556:; he called her 2028:Duchy of Bohemia 1975:Almohad conquest 1832:(11th century), 1828:(929–1031), the 1786:Madinat al-Zahra 1751: 1744: 1737: 1721:Emancipation Day 1554: 1521:Slave Trade Acts 212:Byzantine Empire 54: 27: 21: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3662: 3661: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3602: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3278: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3050: 3048: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2900: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2704: 2622: 2574:Isabel de Solís 2528:Abd al-Rahman I 2497: 2475: 2398:Kitab al-Aghani 2333: 2315: 2272: 2235: 2204: 2153: 2111:Yaqub al-Mansur 2083: 2024: 2014: 1984:as unbelivers ( 1977: 1922: 1908: 1882: 1824:(756–929), the 1755: 1726: 1725: 1630:Slave narrative 1586:Fugitive slaves 1566: 1558: 1557: 1548: 1516:Slave rebellion 1371: 1361: 1360: 1319: 1309: 1308: 1131:United Kingdom 1067:Yankee princess 661: 653: 652: 380:Avret Pazarları 326:Avret Pazarları 195:Medieval Europe 161: 151: 150: 89:Forced marriage 64: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3641: 3640: 3615: 3600: 3580: 3577:978-0684190730 3561: 3552: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3502: 3482: 3475: 3452: 3445: 3425: 3418: 3398: 3389: 3375: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3322: 3313: 3297: 3283: 3276: 3256: 3247: 3219: 3210: 3203: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3068: 3059: 3033: 3024: 3015: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2940: 2930: 2921: 2911: 2898: 2884: 2875: 2826: 2817: 2795: 2786: 2779: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2621: 2618: 2608:, enslaved by 2589:Nasrid dynasty 2560:(great lady). 2552:, the heir of 2474: 2471: 2450: 2449: 2430:sexual slavery 2411: 2410: 2389:(r. 961–976). 2379:Caliph al-Amin 2314: 2311: 2271: 2268: 2264:such as Dublin 2234: 2231: 2203: 2200: 2152: 2151:Saracen piracy 2149: 2082: 2079: 2013: 2010: 1976: 1973: 1907: 1904: 1881: 1878: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1608:List of slaves 1605: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1326: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1152:Dutch Republic 1149: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 998: 997: 996: 991: 986: 976: 971: 966: 960: 959: 953: 952: 947: 940: 939: 938: 933: 923: 918: 913: 912: 911: 901: 896: 895: 894: 889: 884: 879: 869: 864: 859: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 802: 801: 800: 790: 789: 788: 777: 776: 770: 769: 764: 759: 754: 753: 752: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 696: 695: 685: 680: 675: 669: 668: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 624: 623: 619: 618: 613: 611:Child soldiers 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 587: 586: 576: 571: 566: 561: 560: 559: 554: 549: 538: 537: 533: 532: 527: 522: 520:Spanish Empire 517: 512: 507: 502: 500:Middle Passage 497: 492: 487: 482: 476: 475: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 362: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 330: 329: 328: 321:Ottoman Empire 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 276: 275: 269: 268: 267: 266: 256: 251: 246: 245: 244: 239: 234: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 198: 197: 191: 190: 185: 180: 175: 169: 168: 162: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 143: 141:Sexual slavery 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 107: 106: 101: 99:Child marriage 96: 86: 81: 76: 74:Child soldiers 71: 65: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 46: 36: 35: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3699: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3503:9780812292114 3499: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3476:9780875865416 3472: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446:9780674541870 3442: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3419:9789004098688 3415: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277:90-04-09868-2 3273: 3269: 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2641: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Abbasid harem 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483:Safavid harem 2480: 2479:Abbasid harem 2472: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437:Ibn al-Khaṭīb 2433: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2313:Female slaves 2312: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2290:('warrior'), 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239:Roger Collins 2237:According to 2232: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 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Adams 1677:Washington 1647:Slave name 1596:convention 1571:Common law 944:Encomienda 740:Seychelles 725:Mauritania 648:Slave ship 515:Panyarring 510:New France 159:Historical 3541:Sarr 2020 3110:162537404 3102:0020-7438 2870:165127852 2862:0020-7438 2708:Radhanite 2649:mamelukes 2545:umm walad 2459:Ibn Habib 2223:'Abbāsids 2161:Marseille 2159:attacked 2121:in 1191. 2057:Radhanite 1961:'Abbāsids 1916:Radhanite 1834:Almoravid 1775:Radhanite 1682:Jefferson 1339:Mormonism 1274:Palestine 1088:Australia 1018:Indonesia 909:Lei Áurea 892:Code Noir 872:Caribbean 845:Treatment 584:Treatment 557:Devshirme 419:Odalisque 237:In Russia 178:Babylonia 166:Antiquity 2702:See also 2669:Saqaliba 2656:Al-Hakam 2532:saqaliba 2520:saqaliba 2423:Al-Jahiz 2299:saqaliba 2215:Umayyads 2169:Camargue 2145:Almanzor 2134:Saqaliba 2022:Saqaliba 1953:Umayyads 1949:saqaliba 1895:Saqaliba 1812:and the 1714:Iron bit 1704:40 acres 1667:breeding 1482:Freedman 1317:Religion 1177:Portugal 1062:Thailand 1052:Maldives 1047:Malaysia 1040:Kwalliso 984:Booi Aha 936:Restavek 916:Colombia 887:Trinidad 877:Barbados 767:Zanzibar 715:Ethiopia 596:Saqaliba 490:Database 441:Saqaliba 202:Ancillae 32:a series 30:Part of 2673:Córdoba 2598:Yusuf I 2540:jawaris 2536:jawaris 2523:harem. 2303:eunuchs 2292:Muqatil 2288:Mujahid 2280:eunuchs 2243:Vikings 2115:Córdoba 2109:caliph 2107:Almohad 2095:warfare 2046:eunuchs 1874:eunuchs 1865:Vikings 1838:Almohad 1806:Slavery 1692:Lincoln 1565:Related 1465:Liberia 1351:Judaism 1289:Tunisia 1264:Morocco 1254:Lebanon 1219:Bahrain 1214:Algeria 1182:Romania 1147:Denmark 1140:Slavery 1074:Vietnam 745:Somalia 735:Nigeria 710:Comoros 638:Pirates 547:Ghilman 480:Bristol 370:history 343:pirates 232:History 121:Peonage 44:slavery 3608: 3598: 3575: 3531:Print. 3500: 3473: 3443: 3416: 3373:Print. 3274: 3201: 3108: 3100: 2868: 2860: 2812: 2777: 2493:, and 2445:houris 2367:Medina 2360:akhbar 2329:, and 2119:Silves 2103:Lisbon 2067:dinars 2050:Verdun 1987:takfir 1918:, and 1830:Taifas 1613:owners 1249:Kuwait 1244:Jordan 1197:Sweden 1187:Russia 1172:Poland 1167:Norway 989:Laogai 974:Brunei 969:Bhutan 931:revolt 904:Brazil 867:Canada 830:partus 815:female 700:Angola 569:Coolie 552:Mamluk 505:Nantes 485:Brazil 414:Cariye 249:Thrall 217:Kholop 183:Greece 3606:JSTOR 3106:S2CID 2866:S2CID 2696:harem 2630:Islam 2594:hurra 2415:harem 2356:qiyan 2338:qiyan 2307:harem 2165:Arles 2126:Evora 1818:Spain 1640:songs 1635:films 1553:] 1509:songs 1346:Islam 1324:Bible 1299:Yemen 1294:Qatar 1284:Syria 1259:Libya 1224:Egypt 1192:Spain 1162:Malta 1035:Korea 1023:Japan 1001:India 979:China 926:Haiti 786:Aztec 762:Sudan 730:Niger 622:Naval 495:Dutch 424:Qiyan 410:Jarya 385:Harem 227:Serfs 173:Egypt 3635:2019 3596:ISBN 3573:ISBN 3547:help 3498:ISBN 3471:ISBN 3441:ISBN 3414:ISBN 3272:ISBN 3199:ISBN 3098:ISSN 3053:2019 2858:ISSN 2810:ISBN 2775:ISBN 2600:and 2570:Subh 2221:and 2176:the 2163:and 2020:and 1959:and 1773:The 1591:laws 1453:U.S. 1448:U.K. 1386:U.S. 1381:U.K. 1269:Oman 1239:Iraq 1234:Iran 921:Cuba 825:maps 720:Mali 705:Chad 291:Baqt 188:Rome 84:Debt 42:and 3191:doi 3090:doi 2938:45. 2919:44. 2909:42. 2848:doi 2606:Rīm 2396:'s 2392:In 3668:: 3626:. 3604:. 3512:^ 3455:^ 3378:^ 3325:^ 3300:^ 3286:^ 3222:^ 3197:. 3189:. 3177:^ 3145:^ 3104:. 3096:. 3086:12 3084:. 3080:. 3044:. 3002:^ 2943:^ 2901:^ 2864:. 2856:. 2844:49 2842:. 2838:. 2698:. 2679:. 2651:. 2616:. 2580:. 2489:, 2485:, 2481:, 2400:, 2340:. 2325:, 2321:, 2217:, 2180:. 2171:, 2052:. 1955:, 1914:, 1551:fa 34:on 3637:. 3612:. 3549:) 3506:. 3479:. 3449:. 3422:. 3280:. 3207:. 3193:: 3112:. 3092:: 3055:. 2872:. 2850:: 2783:. 1788:. 1750:e 1743:t 1736:v 946:) 942:( 412:/ 287:‎ 20:)

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