352:, by between two and four enslaved men. Such campsites were apparently typical to the transportation of slaves by overland coffle, as a letter written from Georgia in 1833 described, "During this and other days I have passed by many negro traders, who were crossing to Alabama. These negro traders, in order to save expense, usually carry their own provisions, and encamp out at night. Passing many of these encampments early in the morning, when they were just pitching tents, I have observed groups of negroes hand-cuffed, probably to prevent them from running away. The driver told us, that a thousand negroes had gone on his road to Alabama, the present spring." Slaves working "collectively" to do violence to "cruel owners" was a comparative "rarity" in the history of antebellum violence by the enslaved in Virginia, but "Having left Maryland and their homes behind, likely believed that violence afforded them the last possible opportunity to escape whatever fate awaited them in Georgia. Georgia offered fewer opportunities for escape than Maryland. The movement south threw the slaves lives into flux."
39:
235:
167:
323:, for the purpose of furnishing slaves to the planters of Georgia. Augusta is the market to which the planters of Upper and Middle Georgia bring their cotton; and if they want to purchase negroes, they step over into Hamburg and do so. There are two large houses there, with piazzas in front to expose the 'chattels' to the public during the day, and yards in rear of them where they are penned up at night like sheep, so close that they can hardly breathe, with bull-dogs on the outside as sentinels. They sometimes have thousands here for sale, who in consequence of their number suffer most horribly."
105:
included captives from wars and slave raids; captives bartered from other tribes, sometimes at great distances; children sold by their parents during famines; and men and women who staked themselves in gambling when they had nothing else, which put them into servitude in some cases for life. However, there were differences between the styles of slavery. European slavery was specifically focused racism and the concept of racial inferiority, something that had not been documented in Native
American societies prior to contact.
143:
with security, given the closeness of then
Spanish Florida, and Spain's regular offers to enemy-slaves to revolt or escape. Despite agitation for slavery, it was not until a defeat of the Spanish by Georgia colonials in the 1740s that arguments for opening the colony to slavery intensified. To staff the rice plantations and settlements, Georgia's proprietors relented in 1751, and African slavery grew quickly. After becoming a royal colony, in the 1760s Georgia began importing slaves directly from Africa.
152:
1372:
515:. The prosecutors described the defendants' actions as "modern-day slavery" and that they forced more than 100 people to work under threat of violence, confiscated their passports and documents, detained them in "work camps surrounded by electric fencing, or held in cramped living quarters, including dirty trailers with raw sewage leaks".
281:
wrote in 1858, "Macon, you must know, is one of the principal marts for slaves in the South. Some time ago, I attended on the city's confines an extraordinarily large auction of slaves, including a gang of sixty-one from a plantation in southwestern
Georgia. The prices brought were comparatively low,
123:
differed greatly depending on the colony, nature of work, the size of the enslaved workforce, temperament, and the power of the enslaver. Additionally there had been a variety of psychological experiences of those that experienced slavery from birth, versus those born free, and differences across the
305:
that concluded, "The laws of our State are severe, inflicting heavy fines and
Penitentiary confinement on such as shall be convicted of these offences Our own safety requires us to be vigilant in preventing the outcasts and convicted felons of other communities from being brought into ours. And all
296:
slaves to
Georgia was illegal from 1788 until the law was repealed in 1856. Despite these restrictions, researchers estimate that Georgians "transported approximately fifty thousand bonded African Americans" from other slave states between 1820 and 1860. Some of these imports were legal transfers,
142:
to be established and the furthest south (Florida was not one of the
Thirteen Colonies). Founded in the 1730s, Georgia's powerful backers did not object to slavery as an institution, but their business model was to rely on labor from Britain (primarily England's poor) and they were also concerned
104:
Native
Americans enslaved members of their own and other tribes before Europeans arrived (and afterwards, continuing into the 1800s); slaves might or might not be adopted eventually, especially if enslaved as children; and the enslavement might or might not be hereditary. Native American slaves
486:
in 1863, which proclaimed that only slaves located in territories that were in rebellion from the United States were free. Since the U.S. government was not in effective control of many of these territories until later in the war, many of these slaves proclaimed to be free by the
Emancipation
539:
had been an active port for exporting the commodity cotton overseas, African
American slaves carried cotton (as well as rice) from the warehouse areas to the boats, and African American slaves laid the cobble stones to create River Street.
282:
as there was no warranty of soundness, and owing very much, also, to the fact that the slaves were all sold in families." At the beginning of the
American Civil War, active traders in Atlanta included Robert M. Clarke, Solomon Cohen,
344:) and were traveling with a group of at least nine slaves through Virginia. The Kirbys were killed by enslaved men named George and Littleton at an overnight campsite near Bill's Tavern, around "Prince Edward C. House," near
38:
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Another example of slave importation to Georgia during this period is known from the 1834 killing of "negro traders" Jesse Kirby and John Kirby by enslaved men they were transporting overland to Georgia in a
1751:
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1011:(Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. p. 222.
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on the current Georgia coast, after failing to establish the colony on the Carolina coast. They rebelled and lived with indigenous people, destroying the colony in less than two months.
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245:, trader of Charleston, letter of January 31, 1857, requesting four "Black Boys" ages 18 to 21, large-size ones preferred, field hands preferred, "buy them as cheap as possible" (
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and to the revitalization of the agricultural slave labor system in the northern states. The U.S. economy soon became dependent upon cotton production and the sale of cotton to
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those entrusted with the administration of the laws are bound to use their utmost efforts to bring to just punishment such as shall be guilty of this nature."
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897:
Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara; Law, a fellow at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of; Br, the author of "Political; s." (August 23, 2019).
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774:
Cameron, Guy, and Stephen Vermette; Vermette, Stephen (2012). "The Role of Extreme Cold in the Failure of the San Miguel de Gualdape Colony".
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Against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth: physical confrontations between slaves and whites in antebellum Virginia, 1801-1860
644:"Enslavement by the Indians Themselves, Chapter 1 in Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States"
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Slaves intended for "personal use" could be imported which resulted in a number of workarounds used by traders. One described in the
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50:...This old woman was a slave and belonged to the family on whose place she now lives. She was a small girl when
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Slave markets existed in several Georgia cities and towns, including Albany, Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Macon,
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47:
1658:
Wilson, Charles Hooper (2011). "Slave Ownership in Early Georgia: What Eighteenth-Century Wills Reveal".
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659:
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223:
899:"Perspective - Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started"
43:
151:
2584:
2219:
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451:, distributing some 400,000 acres (1,600 km) of confiscated land along the Atlantic coast from
2579:
651:
604:
Marsh, Ben (2007). "Planting families: Intent and outcome in the development of colonial Georgia".
345:
270:
81:
693:
Gallay, Alan (2009). "Introduction: Indian Slavery in Historical Context". In Gallay, Alan (ed.).
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531:, in commemoration of the Africans who were brought to this country as slaves through the city's
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478:, which took effect on December 18, 1865. Slavery had been theoretically abolished by President
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is known to have been practiced by European colonists. During the colonial era, the practice of
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Proclamation were still held in servitude until those areas came back under Union control.
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1448:"'This has been happening for a long time': Modern-day slavery uncovered in South Georgia"
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672:
479:
456:
855:"Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492-1619"
555:'s) role in the use of at least 182 slaves in the construction of the Georgia Railroad.
220:
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1050:"Unearthing the Weeping Time: Savannah's Ten Broeck Race Course and 1859 Slave Sale"
504:
92:
to have done so. However, it was legalized by royal decree in 1751, in part due to
1486:"Workers Held at Gunpoint in Modern-Day Slavery Operation in Georgia, Feds Allege"
17:
1671:
1371:
694:
617:
29:
This article is about slavery in the U.S. state. For slavery in the country, see
2368:
2261:
2256:
1516:"Surrogation and the politics of remembering slavery in Savannah, Georgia (USA)"
825:"'1619 Project' ignores fact that slaves were present in Florida decades before"
188:
1729:
1363:
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192:
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723:"Race and Colour Prejudices and the Origin of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade"
547:
Bank apologized to Georgia's African-American community for its predecessor (
297:
others were not. Samuel Oakes, the father of a Charleston slave trader named
1429:
337:
212:
1139:
853:
Francis, J. Michael, Gary Mormino and Rachel Sanderson (August 29, 2019).
269:. In 1859 Savannah was the site of a slave sale colloquially known as the
544:
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722:
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159:
1412:
Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South
468:
333:
208:
1066:
1049:
467:. Most of the settlers and their descendants are today known as the
233:
165:
150:
37:
1652:
Cultivating Race: The Expansion of Slavery in Georgia, 1750–1860.
1026:
532:
59:
1733:
1220:"Proceedings of the Council, Savannah, Thursday, May 30, 1844"
286:, Fields and Gresham, W. H. Henderson, Inman, Cole & Co.,
2125:
Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863
699:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–32.
127:
The first enslaved Africans in Georgia arrived in 1526 with
1122:
A Changing Wind: Commerce and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta
497:
U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Georgia
207:. The cotton gin's invention led to both the burgeoning of
195:
in 1793. The gin was first demonstrated to an audience on
356:
Net slaves entries and exits to Georgia (Tadman 1989 via
1095:(Reprint ed.). New York: Negro Universities Press.
1092:
Black diamonds gathered in the darkey homes of the South
1605:
Africans play a role in the laying out the cobblestones
439:
on January 19, 1861. Years later, in 1865, during his
290:, A. K. Seago, B. D. Smith, and Whitaker and Turner.
73:
in Georgia soon became surpassed by industrial-scale
2095:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
1724:
Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15, January 1865
1198:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 82–83.
435:
Georgia voted to secede from the Union and join the
2525:
2468:
2300:
2148:
2070:
2063:
2042:
2028:
1767:
2110:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
1654:Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2012.
138:Two centuries later, Georgia was the last of the
2637:African-American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
2374:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
1124:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 97.
585:History of slavery in the United States by state
2163:Slavery as a positive good in the United States
1414:(2nd ed.). University of Wisconsin Press.
688:
686:
684:
682:
499:announced an indictment of 24 people following
336:." The Kirbys had been to the slave markets of
277:in the history of the United States. Historian
1196:Slavery in the South: a state-by-state history
2130:Slavery at American colleges and universities
1745:
327:Killing of traders Jesse Kirby and John Kirby
8:
2115:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
1592:. Gray Media Group, Inc. February 18, 2009.
882:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
808:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
565:Indian slave trade in the American Southeast
88:banned slavery in 1735, the only one of the
2595:Family reunification ads after emancipation
1194:Jewett, Clayton E.; Allen, John O. (2004).
1048:DeGraft-Hanson, Kwesi (February 18, 2010).
637:
635:
580:List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state)
170:Georgia Slavery Map from 1861 published in
96:'s support for the institution of slavery.
2632:History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)
2308:Slavery and the United States Constitution
2067:
1752:
1738:
1730:
503:and alleged a variety of crimes including
2642:History of racism in Georgia (U.S. state)
1619:"Seeking More Than Apologies for Slavery"
1065:
575:Human trafficking in Georgia (U.S. state)
570:African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)
2398:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution
474:Slavery was officially abolished by the
354:
2100:Indentured servitude in British America
596:
1688:Slavery In Colonial Georgia, 1730–1775
1446:Grinspan, Lautaro (December 3, 2021).
1269:
1267:
1265:
978:"Destructive fire in Albany, Baker Co"
929:
919:
875:
801:
668:
657:
340:(one enslaved person was purchased at
42:Original caption of 1941 photograph: "
2652:Slavery in the United States by state
2540:Slavery during the American Civil War
2353:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
1441:
1439:
1347:
1345:
1189:
1187:
1159:
1157:
769:
767:
183:Georgia figures significantly in the
7:
1484:Ockerman, Emma (November 24, 2021).
549:Georgia Railroad and Banking Company
2545:End of slavery in the United States
1514:Alderman, Derek H. (January 2010).
249:Anti-Slavery Collection donated by
179:Birthplace of the cotton gin (1793)
2423:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
1358:(Thesis). University of Delaware.
1165:"Slave Laws of Georgia, 1755–1860"
696:Indian Slavery in Colonial America
25:
2590:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
2535:Origins of the American Civil War
2242:African American founding fathers
2185:Education during the slave period
823:Parker, Susan (August 24, 2019).
2338:History of slavery by U.S. state
2105:Slave trade in the United States
1557:"Savannah Divided Over Monument"
1452:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1370:
1304:The Franklin Repository (Weekly)
776:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
1701:"Slavery in Antebellum Georgia"
1629:from the original on 2019-11-10
1617:Fears, Darryl (June 20, 2005).
1596:from the original on 2020-11-01
1567:from the original on 2020-11-27
1538:from the original on 2022-06-18
1520:Journal of Historical Geography
1496:from the original on 2021-12-05
1466:from the original on 2021-12-09
1352:Bouton, Christopher H. (2016).
959:from the original on 2018-07-14
909:from the original on 2019-12-07
865:from the original on 2019-12-06
835:from the original on 2019-12-26
753:from the original on 2021-05-18
703:from the original on 2023-02-06
2200:List of American slave traders
2080:Slavery among Native Americans
1392:. September 7, 1833. p. 2
1008:Slave Trading in the Old South
642:Lauber, Almon Wheeler (1913).
350:Prince Edward County, Virginia
56:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
2647:Slavery in the British Empire
2408:George Washington and slavery
2287:American Colonization Society
2282:African-American slave owners
1586:"Black History: River Street"
1251:. October 27, 1848. p. 3
984:. January 11, 1848. p. 2
949:"Slavery in Colonial Georgia"
529:bronze statue on River Street
437:Confederate States of America
2413:Thomas Jefferson and slavery
2158:American proslavery movement
2120:Slave states and free states
1761:Slavery in the United States
1720:; accessed on April 1, 2015.
1672:10.1080/01615440.2010.506423
1224:The Charleston Daily Courier
1120:Venet, Wendy Hamand (2014).
618:10.1016/j.hisfam.2007.08.003
449:Special Field Orders, No. 15
109:Colonial America (1526–1765)
2438:Abraham Lincoln and slavery
721:Thompson, Alvin O. (1976).
463:to the slaves freed by the
319:was built up just opposite
185:history of American slavery
2668:
2512:Children of the plantation
2443:Andrew Johnson and slavery
2433:Zachary Taylor and slavery
2379:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2348:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
2313:American slave court cases
2277:Amerindian slave ownership
1726:Accessed on April 1, 2015.
1245:"Slave Trading in Georgia"
453:Charleston, South Carolina
284:Crawford, Frazer & Co.
158:slave trading business in
156:Crawford, Frazer & Co.
147:Federalist Era (1788–1801)
112:
31:Slavery in medieval Europe
28:
2565:Emancipation Proclamation
2490:Sexual relations and rape
2418:James Madison and slavery
1532:10.1016/j.jhg.2009.08.001
1410:Tadman, Michael (1996) .
1331:. May 10, 1834. p. 2
1325:"Murder of Negro Traders"
1306:. May 20, 1834. p. 2
1281:. May 15, 1834. p. 3
1226:. June 4, 1844. p. 2
947:Wood, Betty; et al.
484:Emancipation Proclamation
431:Civil War Era (1850–1865)
241:, trader of Savannah, to
2550:Compensated emancipation
1706:New Georgia Encyclopedia
953:New Georgia Encyclopedia
501:Operation Blooming Onion
445:William Tecumseh Sherman
2385:Partus sequitur ventrem
2328:Three-fifths Compromise
1279:The North-Carolina Star
1109:– via HathiTrust.
1089:Pollard, E.A. (1968) .
317:Hamburg, South Carolina
303:William Thorne Williams
129:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
124:different ethnicities.
119:The life of a slave in
2460:Supreme Court Justices
2428:John Tyler and slavery
2403:Presidents and slavery
2392:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1712:1861 Georgia slave map
667:Cite journal requires
495:In November 2021, the
358:Slavery State by State
258:
255:William Lloyd Garrison
175:
163:
133:San Miguel de Gualdape
63:
48:Putnam County, Georgia
2333:Slave and free states
2323:Fugitive Slave Clause
2237:List of abolitionists
2090:Slavery in New France
1563:. February 10, 2001.
606:History of the Family
523:In 2002, the City of
247:Boston Public Library
237:
224:textile manufacturers
169:
154:
113:Further information:
41:
2359:Gag rule (1836–1840)
2220:Underground Railroad
2195:Domestic slave trade
2180:Mandatory illiteracy
2085:Slavery in New Spain
2036:District of Columbia
1386:"Effects of slavery"
982:The Weekly Telegraph
829:St. Augustine Record
612:(104–115): 104–115.
476:Thirteenth Amendment
265:, and above all, in
230:Domestic slave trade
203:'s plantation, near
191:'s invention of the
131:'s establishment of
2580:Radical Republicans
2527:Civil War and after
2455:Members of Congress
2272:List of plantations
2055:U.S. Virgin Islands
1623:The Washington Post
1172:georgiaarchives.org
652:Columbia University
361:
275:largest slave sales
174:, December 14, 1861
162:, photographed 1864
100:Pre-colonial period
82:Province of Georgia
2575:Reconstruction era
1660:Historical Methods
1650:Jennison, Watson.
1368:pages viii, 62–64
1249:Anti-Slavery Bugle
1003:Bancroft, Frederic
932:has generic name (
491:Modern-day slavery
355:
312:Anti-Slavery Bugle
259:
239:John S. Montmollin
176:
164:
115:Georgia Experiment
80:The colony of the
75:plantation slavery
67:Slavery in Georgia
64:
18:Slavery in Georgia
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2585:Freedmen's Bureau
1561:Los Angeles Times
1205:978-0-313-32019-4
1131:978-0-300-19216-2
1101:2027/uc1.b4438430
1018:978-1-64336-427-8
727:Caribbean Studies
428:
427:
288:Zachariah A. Rice
197:Revolutionary War
140:Thirteen Colonies
94:George Whitefield
90:thirteen colonies
44:Harmony Community
16:(Redirected from
2659:
2301:Law and politics
2225:Freedmen's towns
2205:Runaway slave ad
2068:
2030:Federal district
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1300:"Horrid Outrage"
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1275:"Horrid Outrage"
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509:money laundering
441:March to the Sea
362:
201:Nathanael Greene
121:Colonial America
86:James Oglethorpe
54:came through." (
21:
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2600:Freedmen's town
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2500:Slave marriages
2473:and procreation
2472:
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2450:Vice presidents
2364:Nullifier Party
2343:Fugitive slaves
2296:
2292:Slave narrative
2230:Black Canadians
2150:
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2038:
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1717:Harper's Weekly
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1645:Further reading
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1054:Southern Spaces
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903:Washington Post
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480:Abraham Lincoln
457:St. Johns River
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2495:Slave breeding
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2485:Female slavery
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2480:Sexual slavery
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2471:sexual slavery
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2151:social history
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2017:
2012:
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1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
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1970:South Carolina
1967:
1962:
1957:
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1947:
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1935:North Carolina
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1695:External links
1693:
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2010:West Virginia
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1526:(1): 90–101.
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1390:The Liberator
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1329:The Liberator
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519:Commemoration
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299:Ziba B. Oakes
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273:, one of the
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263:Milledgeville
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251:James Redpath
248:
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243:Ziba B. Oakes
240:
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199:hero General
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2383:
2252:Field slaves
2215:Abolitionism
2149:Cultural and
2140:Bibliography
1975:South Dakota
1965:Rhode Island
1960:Pennsylvania
1940:North Dakota
1715:
1704:
1687:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1631:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1604:
1598:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1523:
1519:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1489:
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1451:
1411:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1354:
1333:. Retrieved
1328:
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1253:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1195:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:
1121:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1091:
1084:
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1043:
1006:
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986:. Retrieved
981:
972:
961:. Retrieved
952:
942:
911:. Retrieved
902:
892:
867:. Retrieved
858:
848:
837:. Retrieved
828:
818:
804:cite journal
779:
775:
755:. Retrieved
730:
726:
716:
705:. Retrieved
695:
660:cite journal
647:
609:
605:
599:
542:
537:River Street
522:
505:forced labor
494:
473:
434:
357:
330:
310:
308:
293:
292:
279:E.A. Pollard
271:Weeping Time
260:
182:
171:
137:
126:
118:
103:
79:
66:
65:
35:
26:
2369:Fire-Eaters
2262:Task system
2257:Gang system
2247:Plantations
2050:Puerto Rico
2043:Territories
1890:Mississippi
1805:Connecticut
1140:j.ctt5vksj6
527:unveiled a
447:signed his
342:Chestertown
189:Eli Whitney
187:because of
2626:Categories
2570:Juneteenth
2555:Contraband
2005:Washington
1925:New Mexico
1920:New Jersey
1795:California
1633:2019-02-24
1600:2021-05-18
1571:2021-05-18
1542:2021-05-18
1500:2021-12-05
1470:2021-12-05
1396:2023-09-18
1335:2023-09-19
1310:2023-09-19
1285:2023-09-18
1255:2023-08-15
1230:2023-09-24
1177:2023-07-18
1106:2023-09-24
1035:1153619151
988:2024-06-23
963:2018-07-14
913:2019-12-06
869:2019-12-06
839:2019-12-06
757:2021-05-18
707:2017-03-08
591:References
513:mail fraud
465:Union Army
443:, General
315:in 1843: "
193:cotton gin
2469:Marriage,
2168:Treatment
2015:Wisconsin
1980:Tennessee
1885:Minnesota
1860:Louisiana
1703:from the
1680:159538143
1460:1539-7459
1148:879430095
1076:1551-2754
1005:(2023) .
922:cite news
878:cite news
788:0016-8297
739:0008-6533
626:143238377
543:In 2005,
455:, to the
421:1850–1859
413:1840–1849
405:1830–1839
397:1820–1829
389:1810–1819
381:1800–1809
373:1790–1799
346:Farmville
338:Baltimore
294:Importing
213:cash crop
2135:Glossary
2000:Virginia
1950:Oklahoma
1930:New York
1905:Nebraska
1895:Missouri
1880:Michigan
1870:Maryland
1855:Kentucky
1835:Illinois
1810:Delaware
1800:Colorado
1790:Arkansas
1627:Archived
1594:Archived
1565:Archived
1536:Archived
1494:Archived
1464:Archived
1430:34825947
1364:10156550
1360:ProQuest
1027:95020493
957:Archived
907:Archived
863:Archived
833:Archived
796:23622193
751:Archived
747:25612783
701:Archived
654:: 25–48.
559:See also
545:Wachovia
525:Savannah
416:+19,873
408:+10,403
400:+18,324
392:+10,731
384:+11,231
267:Savannah
217:northern
205:Savannah
2506:Plaçage
2072:History
2020:Wyoming
1995:Vermont
1900:Montana
1840:Indiana
1820:Georgia
1815:Florida
1785:Arizona
1775:Alabama
1690:(2007).
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