2248:
1950:, was charged with maintaining order among the groups and ruling on disputes which might arise between masters and slaves or among the slaves themselves. Records and accounts confirm the relative autonomy of organisation which was granted to the slaves of Tunis and the protection which the government extended to them, protection which reveals the government's acute awareness of the rules of good conduct and treatment of slaves prescribed by Islam. In effect, by protecting this minority, the government was assured of its unconditional loyalty, especially that of the guards of the Bey, who were recruited from the slaves. In addition to this politico-administrative arrangement, the slaves obviously had their own specific religious organisations as
2236:
66:
30:
2260:
1902:(a tax instituted in 1856), and therefore a good part of these groups, scattered through the various layers of society had escaped the system of control. The frequency of collective manumissions of black slaves at the death of a prince or princess reveals some important comparative numbers. In 1823, 177 slaves were manumitted at the death of a princess. Based on the figures provided by travellers, Ralph Austin established some averages, leading to a total estimate of 100,000 slaves. For his part, Louis Ferrière in a letter to
2303:
1824:
2112:
2224:
2284:
1968:
2212:
baths, domestic servants or simple criminals, easily nabbed by the municipal police for drunkenness or petty larceny. Up to 10% of prostitutes in Tunis are descended from former slaves. After abolition, then, a process of impoverishment and social marginalisation of the old slaves took place because enfranchisement had secured legal emancipation but not social freedom.
1954:, whose functions were not limited to the spiritual lives of the members. The confraternities took on multiple social functions which became most apparent after the manumission of a slave. For slaves, manumission usually represented the passage of the slave from the wardship of the master to that of the confraternity, which substituted for the extended family or tribe.
2272:
2101:
2032:
and became free upon the death of their enslaver; the concubine of a
Beduoin mainly lived the same life as the rest of the tribal members and the women of the family. Female domestic slaves lived a hard life and reproduction among slaves was low; it was noted that the infant mortality was high among
1897:
offered an estimate of around 7,000 slaves or descendants of slaves in
Tunisian in the year 1861, using registers which include lists of manumissions. However, such systematic records of the black population are not effective for several reasons: the abolition of slavery had occurred ten years before
1864:
and several regions of the central West Africa. The names of slaves and freedmen reported in archival documents confirm these multiple, diverse origins: beside common names like
Burnaoui, Ghdamsi and Ouargli, are names indicating origin in other centres of West Africa like Jennaoui and Tombouctaoui.
2211:
Over the second half of the nineteenth century, the majority of the old slaves, male or female, formed an urban underclass, relying on their former masters or living in precarious circumstances (foundouks on the outskirts). Often they work as bread sellers, street merchants, masseurs in the
Moorish
2036:
The sources are unanimous about the heavy domestic character of slavery in
Tunisia. In face the possession of slaves constituted a mark of nobility in Tunis and the almost universal possession of one or more slaves for domestic tasks attests to a pronounced tendency of contempt for physical work, a
2130:
who advised him to ban the slave trade. Ahmed I was convinced of the necessity of this action; himself the son of a slave, he was considered open to progress and quick to act against all forms of fanaticism. He decided to ban the export of slaves the same day that he met with Reade. Proceeding in
1989:
works. It was in the south of the country that slavery continued most prominently after its abolition in 1846 and into the twentieth century. Viviane Pâques relates similar phenomena, "At the oases, slaves were especially in use as domestic servants, for sinking wells and for digging canals. They
1839:
and the region of Fezzan provided the majority of caravans. The greater part of the slaves were reduced to slavery in local wars between rival tribes or in abduction raids. Caravan routes from many
Saharan centres terminated at Tunis. In addition to Ghadamès, which connected the beylik to Fezzan,
1975:
Slavery in
Tunisia responded mainly to the needs of the citizen society. However, study of the main businesses of the city of Tunis, which has been performed by many scholars, does not indicate concentrated use of slaves in labour-intensive sectors. The major traditional industries like weaving,
2165:
on 28 May 1890. This decree promulgated financial sanctions (in the form of fines) and penal sanctions (in the form of imprisonment) for those who continued to engage in the slave trade or to keep slaves as servants. The colonial accounts tended to pass over the first abolition and focus on the
2146:, which forbade slavery, categorically and without any precedent in the Arab Muslim world. The complete abolition of slavery throughout the country was declared in a decree of 23 January 1846. However, although the abolition was accepted by the urban population, it was rejected - according to
1910:
in Tunis, estimated there were 167,000 slaves and freed slaves in 1848. Concerning
European slaves, the number of women is difficult to determine. Some historians, like Robert C. Davis, estimate their number at around 10%, but these numbers are based on the redemption of slaves; it may simply
2409:
1872:
on the coast of the
European lands, mostly Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, and from the capture of European ships. The men were used for diverse tasks (slave drivers, public works, soldiers, public servant etc.), while women were used as domestic workers and in
1980:
or leather continued to be reserved for the local workforce. Labour in these businesses was still performed by free people and one could not attribute slavery to economic needs. However, in the oases of southern
Tunisia, groups of slaves were employed in
1564:
1911:
indicate that women were rarely redeemed. This figure of 10% is especially dubious since the slaves acquired in coastal razzias were more numerous and in these razzias women constituted an average of five out of every eight people taken captive.
1929:
According to Raëd Bader, based on estimates of the Trans-Saharan trade, between 1700 and 1880 Tunisia received 100,000 black slaves, compared to only 65,000 entering Algeria, 400,000 in Libya, 515,000 in Morocco and 800,000 in Egypt.
2247:
2057:
In addition, as the French doctor and naturalist Jean-André Peyssonnel notes, Christian slaves of European origin who converted to Islam could rise to high positions - even to the chief offices of state, like the
1922:. At Tunis, despite continuous supply, the group likely remained a minority of the population, not exceeding a few thousand. The areas of concentration of slaves were thus spread between Tunis, the
1685:
2235:
1549:
1080:
2049:. By integrating slaves into the daily life of the court, the princes provided a model of slave use for the thousands of aristocrats living at court and for the civic nobility.
1434:
806:
543:
2716:
1170:
811:
503:
2259:
1797:
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, slaves arrived annually in numbers ranging between 500 and 1,200. From Tunisia they were carried on to the ports of the
2092:
Other slaves of European origin became corsairs themselves after converting to Islam and captured other European slaves (sometimes attacking their own hometowns).
858:
1786:. Tunisia was in a similar position to that of Algeria, with a geographic position which linked it with the main Trans-Saharan routes. It received caravans from
1404:
1554:
2033:
slaves, and that female slaves were often raped in their childhood and rarely lived in their forties, and that poorer slave owners often prostituted them.
885:
3189:
2011:
1631:
383:
2530:
2028:. The sex slave-concubines of rich Urban men who had given birth to the son of their enslaver were counted as the most priviliged, since they became an
833:
2729:
Maria Ghazali, « La régence de Tunis et l'esclavage en Méditerranée à la fin du XVIII siècle d'après les sources consulaires espagnoles »,
1604:
1424:
597:
2037:
traditional aristocratic characteristic. Some general practices in the Tunisian court contributed to entrench this tradition: the princes from the
3199:
1762:
2131:
stages, he closed the slave market of Tunis in August and declared in December 1842 that everyone born in the country would thereafter be free.
2767:
1810:
868:
286:
2560:
1446:
1123:
895:
3204:
3184:
2850:
1638:
1599:
1242:
1914:
Further, the distribution of slaves across regions was not homogenous. In the southeast, the proportion was quite high (especially in the
1893:
carried out in the middle of the nineteenth century allow some approximate conclusions about the number of slaves throughout the country.
2127:
1903:
1680:
1317:
977:
828:
624:
533:
2503:
3179:
2567:, Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)"
1700:
1394:
1148:
3075:
2845:
2504:
French translation of the decree of 23 January 1846 on the enfranchisement of slaves (Portal of Justice and Human rights in Tunisia)
1522:
1399:
823:
592:
459:
2627:
1369:
65:
2459:
Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic. (2007). Grekland: Ohio University Press. p. 13
2450:
Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic. (2007). Grekland: Ohio University Press. p. 13
2100:
1653:
863:
848:
794:
479:
469:
464:
293:
149:
3194:
1648:
1419:
225:
2351:
1559:
2830:
2700:
2685:
2655:
1118:
1106:
686:
498:
144:
1690:
1473:
334:
2728:
2025:
2015:
1695:
1539:
1409:
1070:
838:
818:
378:
346:
3174:
2990:
1794:, which consisted solely, in the eighteenth century, of gold powder and slaves, according to contemporary witnesses.
1755:
1705:
1429:
1347:
474:
255:
75:
3101:
2760:
1938:
The social organisation of traditional Tunisian society offered a range of specific roles for slaves in Tunis. The
1614:
1466:
1451:
1342:
538:
208:
2865:
3148:
3144:
1710:
1609:
1140:
1128:
718:
691:
196:
2321:
1490:
1359:
912:
701:
186:
87:
2905:
366:
3140:
3005:
2810:
3020:
3015:
2910:
1869:
1675:
1414:
1364:
1292:
1065:
843:
787:
770:
201:
2965:
2890:
2825:
2371:
Archives nationales de Tunisie, série historique, dossiers relatifs aux familles princières, document 58188
963:
2955:
2840:
1748:
1717:
1222:
875:
723:
447:
413:
408:
29:
3055:
3030:
2875:
2855:
2820:
2805:
1831:
Tunisian slaves derived from two principal zones: Europe and a large area stretching from West Africa to
3127:
3118:
3109:
3080:
3000:
2995:
2970:
2950:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2870:
2815:
2753:
2162:
1939:
1907:
1584:
1439:
1352:
1337:
1019:
1007:
753:
738:
523:
298:
220:
3131:
3050:
3045:
2985:
2940:
2900:
3105:
2915:
2895:
2800:
2476:, traduit par Eugène Aroux et Piersilvestro Léopardi, tome XIII, éd. Firmin Didot, Paris, 1847, p. 139
2223:
3035:
2019:
1722:
1626:
1589:
1517:
1461:
1330:
1287:
1101:
1031:
706:
486:
388:
272:
179:
2740:
2880:
2147:
2086:
1814:
1210:
1190:
1075:
1060:
929:
900:
890:
780:
728:
696:
493:
351:
319:
314:
267:
124:
2490:
Original decree of 23 January 1846 on the enfranchisement of slaves (National archives of Tunisia)
3010:
2980:
2960:
2790:
2594:
2193:
1456:
1277:
1267:
1232:
1227:
1195:
1160:
1153:
1094:
1087:
944:
763:
758:
748:
518:
371:
329:
324:
277:
245:
235:
172:
2670:
1877:. Unlike the men, it was very rare for women to be freed, although the women often converted to
393:
339:
2648:
Esclavages et abolitions en terres d'islam. Tunisie, Arabie saoudite, Maroc, Mauritanie, Soudan
2795:
2776:
2696:
2681:
2666:
2651:
2556:
2550:
2471:
2426:
La transformation des corps de métiers à Tunis sous l'effet d'une économie de type capitaliste
2326:
2205:
2143:
1544:
1262:
1257:
1200:
1185:
1165:
987:
982:
917:
880:
713:
679:
508:
361:
250:
129:
2577:
Meyers, Allan R. (1977). "Class, Ethnicity, and Slavery: The Origins of the Moroccan 'Abid".
1977:
1841:
3025:
2975:
2930:
2885:
2860:
2586:
2316:
2283:
2042:
1779:
1734:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1272:
1237:
1205:
1175:
1048:
1036:
1014:
992:
939:
775:
743:
45:
2439:
L'arbre cosmique dans la pensée populaire et dans la vie quotidienne du nord-ouest africain
1899:
1823:
2945:
2835:
2355:
2271:
2115:
2105:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2059:
1894:
1856:
and put the country in touch with African groups and peoples of a large zone touching the
1643:
1534:
1529:
1282:
1252:
1247:
970:
934:
733:
651:
356:
102:
17:
2382:
The Transaharian Slave Trade. Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic slave trade
2200:. They converted to Islam under the Arabs and Berbers and are commonly perceived as an
2111:
1923:
1857:
1727:
1621:
513:
191:
154:
112:
2161:
This resistance justified the second abolition announced by the French in a decree of
3168:
2308:
1951:
1665:
1594:
1041:
1024:
799:
629:
619:
403:
53:
2395:
Esclaves chrétiens. Maîtres musulmans. L'esclavage blanc en Méditerranée (1500-1800)
2062:
1889:
Although quantitative data does not exist for the eighteenth century, some partial
1836:
1670:
1507:
1483:
1389:
1382:
1113:
641:
614:
577:
555:
442:
159:
139:
117:
107:
97:
92:
82:
34:
2002:
and they get a percentage of the harvest. But their workload remains the same..."
1918:). Some villages contained a clear majority of slaves, like those to the south of
1848:
was in regular contact with the Beylik via the caravan route which passed through
922:
2489:
2119:
1982:
1791:
1783:
1512:
1500:
853:
656:
646:
604:
418:
2298:
1986:
1967:
1818:
1660:
957:
661:
528:
2066:
2029:
1832:
905:
570:
432:
587:
2352:« Esclaves chrétiens et esclaves noirs à Tunis au XVIII siècle »
2201:
2155:
2078:
1991:
1919:
1849:
1845:
1495:
1053:
997:
949:
609:
454:
309:
215:
2693:
La communauté noire de Tunis. Thérapie initiatique et rite de possession
2189:
2185:
2177:
2038:
1478:
560:
240:
57:
2598:
2158:, and among the peasants who required a cheap and obedient workforce.
2678:
Abolition de l'esclavage en Tunisie à travers les archives. 1841-1846
2197:
2151:
2024:
Female slaves were primarily used as either domestic servants, or as
1943:
1890:
1861:
1853:
1798:
1787:
1180:
1002:
582:
565:
427:
262:
230:
2745:
2590:
2045:
beys solely employed slaves as palace guards and servants in their
2139:
2135:
2110:
2099:
2046:
1966:
1915:
1878:
1874:
1822:
437:
423:
398:
28:
1868:
European slaves, for their part, were captured in the course of
304:
134:
2749:
1898:
the first records of the subject population were taken for the
1947:
2069:
slave, or several ministers of the Husainid dynasty, such as
2188:
have been, and still commonly are socially isolated in some
2253:
Lehnert et Landrock - Marché d'esclave, Tunisie, circa 1910
2717:« Traite et esclavage des Noirs en Tunisie »,
2585:(3). Boston University African Studies Center: 427–442.
2579:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1990:
worked from sunrise to sunset, getting only a plate of
2544:
2542:
2414:, éd. École normale supérieure de Lyon, 20 June 2006
2126:
On 29 April 1841, Ahmed I Bey had an interview with
1435:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3089:
3064:
2783:
2628:Affet Mosbah, « Être noire en Tunisie »,
2661:Inès Mrad Dali, "De l'esclavage à la servitude,"
1550:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2721:, Radio France internationale, 11 juillet 2009
2761:
1756:
8:
2241:Ancien marché aux esclaves - Médina de Tunis
1782:, which was abolished on 23 January 1846 by
1555:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2741:Documents on the black community of Tunisia
2360:Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations
2768:
2754:
2746:
2549:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
2265:Abolition slavery declaration- Ahmed I bey
2012:History of concubinage in the Muslim world
1763:
1749:
40:
2650:, éd. André Versailles, Bruxelles, 2010,
2344:
2342:
2555:. Oxford University Press. p. 549.
2134:To alleviate discontent, Ahmed obtained
1560:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1425:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1405:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2362:, vol. 22, n°6, 1967, p. 1267-1288
2338:
2219:
1827:Routes of Arab trade in the Middle Ages
52:
1811:History of slavery in the Muslim world
2397:, éd. Jacqueline Chambon, Paris, 2006
1447:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1124:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
2665:, n°179-180, 2005, pp. 935–955
1778:was a specific manifestation of the
1639:Slave marriages in the United States
1243:Human trafficking in the Middle East
978:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2081:slave markets. Some princes, like
1971:House of Christian slaves in Tunis
1632:last survivors of American slavery
25:
3190:1840s disestablishments in Africa
2611:Dalenda et Abdelhamid Larguèche,
2089:were even born to slave mothers.
2065:, whose dynasty was founded by a
1994:for their toil. When they become
593:Field slaves in the United States
460:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3076:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2846:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2695:, éd. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2000,
2412:Noirs en Algérie, XIX-XX siècles
2301:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
470:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
465:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
294:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
64:
2142:beforehand from the Bach-mufti
1942:of slaves, generally the first
1420:Committee of Experts on Slavery
971:East, Southeast, and South Asia
3200:Human rights abuses in Tunisia
2384:, New York Academy Press, 1979
1119:Slave raiding in Easter Island
37:of Slavery in Tunisia in 1846.
1:
2016:Islamic views on concubinage
1410:Temporary Slavery Commission
1071:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
3205:Anti-white racism in Africa
3185:Anti-black racism in Africa
2663:Cahiers d'études africaines
2613:Marginales en terre d'islam
2208:or descendants of slaves.
2184:The slave descentants, the
1844:and the Kingdom of Bornou,
1430:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
475:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
3221:
2731:Cahiers de la Méditerranée
2009:
1998:, their status is that of
1808:
1615:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1452:Anti-Slavery International
1217:North Africa and West Asia
18:Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia
3180:Social history of Tunisia
2680:, éd. Alif, Tunis, 1990,
2533:Journal officiel tunisien
1711:Emancipation Proclamation
1383:Opposition and resistance
1141:Sex trafficking in Europe
1129:Blackbirding in Polynesia
692:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2831:Central African Republic
2615:, Tunis, éd. Cérès, 1993
2322:Islamic views on slavery
2104:Old slave market in the
1491:Compensated emancipation
702:Indian Ocean slave trade
2531:Décret du 28 mai 1890,
2026:concubines (sex slaves)
1415:1926 Slavery Convention
1171:Germany in World War II
788:North and South America
310:Contract of manumission
3195:1846 disestablishments
2719:Mémoire d'un continent
2676:Abdelhamid Larguèche,
2552:Encyclopedia of Africa
2123:
2108:
2073:, who was captured by
1972:
1828:
896:British Virgin Islands
448:Circassian slave trade
414:Safavid imperial harem
409:Ottoman Imperial Harem
38:
2991:São Tomé and Príncipe
2851:Republic of the Congo
2192:countries, living in
2114:
2103:
1970:
1826:
1809:Further information:
1135:Europe and North Asia
1095:Australia and Oceania
795:Pre-Columbian America
367:Slave raid of Suðuroy
299:Slavery in al-Andalus
221:Black Sea slave trade
150:21st-century jihadism
32:
2474:Histoire universelle
2020:Ma malakat aymanukum
1590:Indentured servitude
1518:Underground Railroad
1318:United Arab Emirates
707:Zanzibar slave trade
674:By country or region
487:Atlantic slave trade
389:Ma malakat aymanukum
273:Venetian slave trade
3066:States with limited
2777:Slavery in Africa
2518:, tome 4, pp. 89-90
2041:period down to the
1926:and the southeast.
1860:lands, the city of
1815:Barbary slave trade
1676:Slave Route Project
807:Americas indigenous
697:Red Sea slave trade
687:Contemporary Africa
550:Topics and practice
320:Crimean slave trade
315:Bukhara slave trade
268:Genoese slave trade
145:Contemporary Africa
125:Forced prostitution
3175:Slavery in Tunisia
2124:
2109:
1985:and especially in
1973:
1835:. The kingdoms of
1829:
1776:Slavery in Tunisia
1457:Blockade of Africa
764:Somali slave trade
680:Sub-Saharan Africa
372:Turkish Abductions
330:Khivan slave trade
325:Khazar slave trade
278:Balkan slave trade
236:Prague slave trade
39:
3162:
3161:
3093:other territories
2866:Equatorial Guinea
2632:, 11 juillet 2004
2562:978-0-19-533770-9
2393:Robert C. Davis,
2144:Sidi Brahim Riahi
1773:
1772:
1723:Freedmen's Bureau
1545:Third Servile War
1540:International law
1107:Human trafficking
869:Human trafficking
544:Thirteen colonies
362:Sack of Baltimore
130:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
3212:
3154:
3153:(United Kingdom)
3149:Tristan da Cunha
3145:Ascension Island
3137:
3124:
3115:
3091:Dependencies and
2784:Sovereign states
2770:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2546:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2437:Viviane Pâques,
2435:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2317:Arab slave trade
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2204:group of former
2077:and sold in the
1780:Arab slave trade
1765:
1758:
1751:
1735:Emancipation Day
1568:
1535:Slave Trade Acts
226:Byzantine Empire
68:
41:
21:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3135:
3122:
3113:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3069:
3067:
3060:
2779:
2774:
2737:
2733:, 2002, vol. 65
2725:
2713:
2710:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2514:Ibn Abi Dhiaf,
2513:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2424:Pierre Fennec,
2423:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2356:Lucette Valensi
2348:
2347:
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2307:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2266:
2263:
2254:
2251:
2242:
2239:
2230:
2229:Maison esclaves
2227:
2218:
2196:, Haratin-only
2172:
2170:After abolition
2116:Hayreddin Pasha
2106:Medina of Tunis
2098:
2071:Hayreddin Pasha
2055:
2022:
2008:
1965:
1960:
1952:confraternities
1936:
1895:Lucette Valensi
1887:
1821:
1807:
1769:
1740:
1739:
1644:Slave narrative
1600:Fugitive slaves
1580:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1530:Slave rebellion
1385:
1375:
1374:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1145:United Kingdom
1081:Yankee princess
675:
667:
666:
394:Avret Pazarları
340:Avret Pazarları
209:Medieval Europe
175:
165:
164:
103:Forced marriage
78:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3218:
3216:
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3197:
3192:
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3182:
3177:
3167:
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3125:
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3102:Canary Islands
3098:
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2709:
2708:External links
2706:
2705:
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2689:
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2659:
2642:
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2380:Ralph Austin,
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2007:
2004:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1935:
1932:
1906:, the British
1886:
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1622:List of slaves
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2691:Ahmed Rahal,
2690:
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2660:
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2649:
2646:Roger Botte,
2645:
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2640:
2633:
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2630:Jeune Afrique
2621:
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2472:César Cantu,
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2441:, Paris, 1964
2440:
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2309:Africa portal
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2148:Ibn Abi Dhiaf
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2083:Hammuda Pasha
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2017:
2013:
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1963:Economic role
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404:Abbasid harem
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347:Barbary Coast
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54:Forced labour
51:
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43:
42:
36:
31:
27:
19:
3141:Saint Helena
3112:
3040:
3016:South Africa
3006:Sierra Leone
2811:Burkina Faso
2730:
2718:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2647:
2641:Bibliography
2629:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2582:
2578:
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2532:
2523:
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2510:
2496:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
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2433:
2425:
2420:
2411:
2410:Raëd Bader,
2402:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2367:
2359:
2210:
2183:
2175:
2160:
2154:, among the
2133:
2128:Thomas Reade
2125:
2091:
2056:
2035:
2023:
1999:
1995:
1974:
1937:
1934:Organisation
1928:
1913:
1904:Thomas Reade
1888:
1867:
1830:
1796:
1775:
1774:
1671:Slave patrol
1508:Freedom suit
1484:Sierra Leone
1474:Colonization
1390:Abolitionism
1370:Baháʼí Faith
1343:Christianity
1302:
1293:Saudi Arabia
1149:Penal Labour
1114:Blackbirding
1020:Debt bondage
1008:penal system
834:Contemporary
824:Field slaves
812:U.S. Natives
771:South Africa
642:Galley slave
615:Slave market
605:House slaves
578:Blackbirding
556:Conscription
480:21st century
443:Umm al-walad
287:Muslim world
256:Emancipation
160:Wage slavery
140:Penal labour
118:Wife selling
108:Bride buying
93:Conscription
83:Child Labour
76:Contemporary
26:
3068:recognition
3021:South Sudan
2911:Ivory Coast
2738:(in French)
2726:(in French)
2714:(in French)
2625:(in French)
2528:(in French)
2501:(in French)
2487:(in Arabic)
2469:(in French)
2407:(in French)
2349:(in French)
2163:Ali III Bey
2118:, slave of
2087:Ahmed I Bey
1983:agriculture
1976:making the
1784:Ahmed I Bey
1686:court cases
1563: [
1513:Slave Power
1501:Manumission
1348:Catholicism
1223:Afghanistan
964:Puerto Rico
876:The Bahamas
854:Slave codes
657:Shanghaiing
647:Impressment
539:Slave Coast
419:Qajar harem
379:Concubinage
352:slave trade
33:The Act of
3169:Categories
3123:(Portugal)
3081:Somaliland
3001:Seychelles
2966:Mozambique
2951:Mauritania
2936:Madagascar
2891:The Gambia
2826:Cape Verde
2701:2738485561
2686:9973716248
2656:287495084X
2333:References
2277:Tunisia337
2202:endogamous
2194:segregated
2176:See also:
2120:Circassian
2053:Government
2010:See also:
1987:irrigation
1819:Afro-Arabs
1701:J.Q. Adams
1691:Washington
1661:Slave name
1610:convention
1585:Common law
958:Encomienda
754:Seychelles
739:Mauritania
662:Slave ship
529:Panyarring
524:New France
173:Historical
2956:Mauritius
2671:0008-0055
2138:from the
2096:Abolition
2030:Umm Walad
1996:chouchane
1958:Functions
1833:Lake Chad
1696:Jefferson
1353:Mormonism
1288:Palestine
1102:Australia
1032:Indonesia
923:Lei Áurea
906:Code Noir
886:Caribbean
859:Treatment
598:Treatment
571:Devshirme
433:Odalisque
251:In Russia
192:Babylonia
180:Antiquity
35:Abolition
3147: /
3143: /
3136:(France)
3130: /
3108: /
3104: /
3056:Zimbabwe
3031:Tanzania
2881:Ethiopia
2876:Eswatini
2856:Djibouti
2821:Cameroon
2806:Botswana
2516:Al Ithaf
2327:Stambali
2295:See also
2289:Marché 2
2190:Maghrebi
2166:second.
2156:Bedouins
2079:Istanbul
2075:corsairs
2067:Corsican
2043:Husainid
2006:Domestic
1992:couscous
1891:censuses
1846:Timbuktu
1792:Ghadamès
1728:Iron bit
1718:40 acres
1681:breeding
1496:Freedman
1331:Religion
1191:Portugal
1076:Thailand
1066:Maldives
1061:Malaysia
1054:Kwalliso
998:Booi Aha
950:Restavek
930:Colombia
901:Trinidad
891:Barbados
781:Zanzibar
729:Ethiopia
610:Saqaliba
504:Database
455:Saqaliba
216:Ancillae
46:a series
44:Part of
3132:Réunion
3128:Mayotte
3119:Madeira
3114:(Spain)
3110:Melilla
3041:Tunisia
3011:Somalia
2996:Senegal
2981:Nigeria
2971:Namibia
2961:Morocco
2926:Liberia
2921:Lesotho
2871:Eritrea
2841:Comoros
2816:Burundi
2791:Algeria
2216:Gallery
2198:ghettos
2186:Haratin
2178:Haratin
2060:Muradid
2000:khammès
1978:chéchia
1946:of the
1885:Numbers
1870:razzias
1858:Bambara
1842:Morzouk
1805:Origins
1706:Lincoln
1579:Related
1479:Liberia
1365:Judaism
1303:Tunisia
1278:Morocco
1268:Lebanon
1233:Bahrain
1228:Algeria
1196:Romania
1161:Denmark
1154:Slavery
1088:Vietnam
759:Somalia
749:Nigeria
724:Comoros
652:Pirates
561:Ghilman
494:Bristol
384:history
357:pirates
246:History
135:Peonage
58:slavery
3151:
3134:
3121:
3051:Zambia
3046:Uganda
2986:Rwanda
2941:Malawi
2901:Guinea
2796:Angola
2699:
2684:
2669:
2654:
2599:216736
2597:
2559:
2206:slaves
2152:Djerba
2136:fatwas
2122:origin
2039:Hafsid
2018:, and
1944:eunuch
1908:consul
1875:harems
1862:Djenne
1854:Djerid
1817:, and
1799:Levant
1788:Fezzan
1627:owners
1263:Kuwait
1258:Jordan
1211:Sweden
1201:Russia
1186:Poland
1181:Norway
1003:Laogai
988:Brunei
983:Bhutan
945:revolt
918:Brazil
881:Canada
844:partus
829:female
714:Angola
583:Coolie
566:Mamluk
519:Nantes
499:Brazil
428:Cariye
263:Thrall
231:Kholop
197:Greece
3106:Ceuta
3026:Sudan
2976:Niger
2931:Libya
2916:Kenya
2896:Ghana
2886:Gabon
2861:Egypt
2801:Benin
2595:JSTOR
2150:- at
2140:ulama
2047:harem
1924:Sahel
1920:Gabès
1916:oases
1900:mejba
1879:Islam
1850:M'zab
1837:Bornu
1654:songs
1649:films
1567:]
1523:songs
1360:Islam
1338:Bible
1313:Yemen
1308:Qatar
1298:Syria
1273:Libya
1238:Egypt
1206:Spain
1176:Malta
1049:Korea
1037:Japan
1015:India
993:China
940:Haiti
800:Aztec
776:Sudan
744:Niger
636:Naval
509:Dutch
438:Qiyan
424:Jarya
399:Harem
241:Serfs
187:Egypt
3036:Togo
2946:Mali
2836:Chad
2697:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2667:ISSN
2652:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2085:and
2063:Beys
1940:agha
1852:and
1790:and
1605:laws
1467:U.S.
1462:U.K.
1400:U.S.
1395:U.K.
1283:Oman
1253:Iraq
1248:Iran
935:Cuba
839:maps
734:Mali
719:Chad
305:Baqt
202:Rome
98:Debt
56:and
2587:doi
1948:Bey
3171::
2593:.
2583:10
2581:.
2541:^
2358:,
2354:,
2341:^
2014:,
1881:.
1813:,
1801:.
1565:fa
48:on
2769:e
2762:t
2755:v
2703:.
2688:.
2673:.
2658:.
2601:.
2589::
2565:.
1764:e
1757:t
1750:v
960:)
956:(
426:/
301:
20:)
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