2198:, the Chief Justice, rendered a series of decisions in the late 1790s that undermined the ability to compel slaves to serve their masters; while "not technically abolishing slavery, rendered it innocuous. The slave could not be compelled to serve longer than he would, and ... might leave his master at will." After declaring from the bench that slavery had 'unsupported in law,' he thereafter 'systematically dismissed all suits by owners against runaway slaves.' Although the legislature was petitioned several times to enact legislation clarifying the property rights of slaveholders and their protection (i.e. imprisonment of slaves), there was insufficient appetite to either abolish slavery outright or enforce slavery. "As Lower Canada passed no legislation on the matter, the extradition of fugitives was made impossible and Canada became therefore an asylum for the oppressed." As a result, slaves began to flee their masters within the province, but also from other provinces and from the United States. This occurred several years before the legislature acted in Upper Canada to limit slavery. While the decision was founded upon a technicality (the extant law allowing committal of slaves not to jails, but only to houses of correction, of which there were none in the province), Monk went on to say that "slavery did not exist in the province and to warn owners that he would apply this interpretation of the law to all subsequent cases." In subsequent decisions, and in the absence of specific legislation, Monk's interpretation held (even once there had been houses of correction established). In a later test of this interpretation, the administrator of Lower Canada, Sir
62:
30:
2421:
5035:
2221:
1997:
2078:
2340:
1981:, this was due to the relative ease with which New France could acquire First Nations slaves. She noted that the mortality of slaves was high, with the average age of First Nations slaves only 17, and the average age of slaves of African descent, 25. One of the first recorded Black slaves in Canada was brought by a British convoy to New France in 1628. Olivier le Jeune was the name given to the boy, originally from
5022:
2202:, refused in 1829 a request from the U.S. government to return an escaped slave, informing that fugitives might be given up only when the crime in question was also a crime in Lower Canada: "The state of slavery is not recognized by the Law of Canada. ... Every Slave therefore who comes into the Province is immediately free whether he has been brought in by violence or has entered it of his own accord."
5239:
2326:
was established to relocate groups of formerly enslaved
Africans, nearly 1,200 black Nova Scotians, most of whom had escaped enslavement in the United States. Given the coastal environment of Nova Scotia, many had died from the harsh winters. They created a settlement in the existing colony in Sierra
2167:
The system of gang labour, and its consequent institutions of control and brutality, did not develop in Canada as it did in the US. Because they did not appear to pose a threat to their masters, slaves were permitted to learn to read and write, Christian conversion was encouraged, and their marriages
2018:
set the pattern for policing slavery in the West Indies. It required that all slaves be instructed as
Catholics and not as Protestants. It concentrated on defining the condition of slavery, and established harsh controls. Slaves had virtually no rights, though the Code did enjoin masters to take care
1948:
and sold to traders bound for southern areas of the
Americas. Those in what is now called Canada typically came from the American colonies, as no shiploads of human chattel went to Canada directly from Africa. There were no large plantations in Canada, and therefore no demand for a large slave work
2386:
stands as the only attempt by any
Ontario legislature to act against slavery. This legal rule ensured the eventual end of slavery in Upper Canada, although as it diminished the sale value of slaves within the province it also resulted in slaves being sold to the United States. In 1798 there was an
2038:
was held in slavery by a rich widow in that city. In 1734, after learning that she was going to be sold and separated from her lover, Angélique set fire to her owner's house and escaped. The fire raged out of control, destroying forty-six buildings. Captured two months later, Angélique was paraded
2469:
The time will come when slavery will be just one of our many travails. Our children and their children’s children will mature to become indifferent toward climate and indifferent toward race. Then we will desire ... Nay!, we will demand and we will be able to obtain our fair share of wealth,
1988:
By 1688, New France's population was 11,562 people, made up primarily of fur traders, missionaries, and farmers settled in the St. Lawrence Valley. To help overcome its severe shortage of servants and labourers, King Louis XIV granted New France's petition to import Black slaves from West Africa.
2254:
from Pictou published the first anti-slavery literature in Canada and began purchasing slaves' freedom and chastising his colleagues in the
Presbyterian church who owned slaves. Historian Alan Wilson describes the document as "a landmark on the road to personal freedom in province and country".
2179:
For sale, a robust
Negress, active and with good hearing, about 18 years old, who has had small-pox, has been accustomed to household duties, understands the kitchen, knows how to wash, iron, sew, and very used to caring for children. She can adapt itself equally to an English, French or German
2377:
that legislated the gradual abolition of slavery: no slaves could be imported; slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada, and children born to female slaves would be slaves but must be freed at age 25. To discourage
2331:) at Freetown in 1792. Many of the "black poor" included other African and Asian inhabitants of London. The Freetown settlement was joined, particularly after 1834, by other groups of freed Africans and became the first African American haven in Africa for formerly enslaved Africans.
1876:, freed slaves on their appeal to him during his trips to the west coast of Vancouver Island. Slavery had virtually ended by the 1880s and 1890s. Some nations in British Columbia continued to segregate and ostracize the descendants of slaves as late as the 1970s. Among a few
2514:
by Canada in 1953 began the country's international commitments to address modern slavery. Human trafficking in Canada is a legal and political issue, and
Canadian legislators have been criticized for having failed to deal with the problem in a more systematic way.
2109:
First
Nations owned or traded in slaves, an institution that had existed for centuries or longer among certain groups. Shawnee, Potawatomi, and other western tribes imported slaves from Ohio and Kentucky and sold or gifted them to allies and Canadian settlers.
2145:). In Ontario, the Imperial Act of 1790 assured prospective immigrants that their slaves would remain their property. As under French rule, Loyalist slaves were held in small numbers and were used as domestic servants, farm hands, and skilled artisans.
2011:
While slavery was prohibited in France, it was permitted in its colonies as a means of providing the massive labour force needed to clear land, construct buildings and (in the
Caribbean colonies) work on sugar, indigo and tobacco plantations. The 1685
1989:
Though no shipments ever arrived from Africa, colonists did acquire some Black slaves from other French and
British colonies. From the late 1600s, they also acquired Indigenous slaves, mostly from what is now the U.S. Midwestern states, through their
1560:
2356:, in an act of defiance yelled out screams of resistance. The abuse committed by her slave owner and her violent resistance was witnessed by Peter Martin and William Grisely. Peter Martin, a former slave, brought the incident to the attention of
2351:
By 1790, the abolition movement was gaining credence in Canada and the ill intent of slavery was evidenced by an incident involving a slave woman being violently abused by her slave owner on her way to being sold in the United States. In 1793,
2394:, Attorney General of Upper Canada, issue a legal opinion that all persons of African descent entering Upper Canada should be guaranteed freedom, even if they had been enslaved in another country. Slavery remained legal, however, until the
1993:. Slaves of Indigenous origin were called "Panis", but few came from the Pawnee tribe. More commonly, they were of Fox, Dakota, Iowa, and Apache origin, captives taken in war by Indigenous allies and trading partners of the French.
1871:
and their descendants were slaves. In what became British Columbia, slavery was flourishing in the 1830s, gradually declining throughout the century. In the 1870s, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
2039:
through the city, then tortured until she confessed her crime. In the afternoon of the day of execution, Angélique was taken through the streets of Montreal and, after the stop at the church for her
1785:
The practice of slavery in Canada by colonists effectively ended early in the 19th century, through local statutes and court decisions resulting from litigation on behalf of enslaved people seeking
1949:
force of the sort that existed in most European colonies in the Americas. Nevertheless, slaves in Canada were subjected to the same physical, psychological, and sexual violence and abuse as their
5501:
4378:
2390:
By 1800, the other provinces of British North America had effectively limited slavery through court decisions requiring the strictest proof of ownership, which was rarely available. In 1819,
5545:
1681:
2548:
2118:) used black people he had captured during the American Revolution to build Brant House at Burlington Beach and a second home near Brantford. In all, Brant owned about forty black slaves.
2045:, made to climb a scaffold facing the ruins of the buildings destroyed by the fire. There she was hanged until dead, with her body flung into the fire and the ashes scattered in the wind.
2369:
of 1793 was legislated. The elected members of the executive council, many of whom were merchants or farmers who depended on slave labour, saw no need for emancipation. Attorney-General
1929:) and one third were of African descent (1,443). They were house servants and farm workers. The number of Black slaves increased during British rule, especially with the arrival of
5378:
1821:
1545:
1076:
1797:. In Lower Canada, for example, after court decisions in the late 1790s, the "slave could not be compelled to serve longer than he would, and ... might leave his master at will."
2475:
2259:
writes it is "the sharpest attack to come from a Canadian pen even into the 1840s; he had also brought about a public debate which soon reached the courts". (Abolitionist lawyer
4854:
1430:
802:
539:
4677:
1166:
807:
2558:
One current and highly publicized instance is the vast disappearances of Aboriginal women which has been linked to human trafficking by some sources. Former Prime Minister
2387:
attempt by lobby groups to rectify the legislation and import more slaves. Slaves discovered they could gain freedom by escaping to Ohio and Michigan in the United States.
5518:
5511:
4578:
5529:
4697:
1856:
3367:
5277:
4033:
2540:
1873:
499:
4175:
4923:
2236:
While many black people who arrived in Nova Scotia during the American Revolution were free, others were not. Some blacks arrived in Nova Scotia as the property of
5506:
5073:
854:
2465:
passed by the British Parliament in 1833. When Preston returned to Nova Scotia, he became the president of the Abolitionist movement in Halifax. Preston stated:
5644:
5265:
2562:
had been reluctant to tackle the issue on the grounds that it is not a "sociological issue" and declined to create a national inquiry into the issue counter to
2121:
Black slaves lived in the British regions of Canada in the 18th century—104 were listed in a 1767 census of Nova Scotia, but their numbers were small until the
1400:
4232:
5488:
4629:
2056:
by the British, slave ownership remained dominated by the French. Trudel identified 1,509 slave owners, of which only 181 were English. Trudel also noted 31
1843:
was comparatively limited, the history of Black slavery in Canada is often overshadowed by the more tumultuous slavery practised elsewhere in the Americas.
1550:
5260:
881:
1805:
in 1793, one of the earliest anti-slavery acts in the world. These developments in Canada preceded Britain's decision to ban slavery through most of the
5933:
5928:
2582:
2391:
2328:
2125:
influx after 1783. As white Loyalists fled the new American Republic, they took with them more than 2,000 black slaves: at least 1,500 to the Maritimes (
1937:
saw 1,200 to 2,000 slaves arrive prior to abolition, with 300 accounted for in Lower Canada, and between 500 and 700 in Upper Canada. A small portion of
1899:, and other slights inflicted against their people by other American and European captains. Jewitt's memoir provides a detailed look at life as a slave.
1627:
379:
4624:
4619:
1855:, that lived along the Pacific coast from Alaska to California, on what is sometimes described as the Pacific or Northern Northwest Coast. Some of the
4702:
4666:
2567:
829:
4526:
Nelson, Charmaine A. Slavery, Geography and Empire in Nineteenth-Century Marine Landscapes of Montreal and Jamaica. N.p., Taylor & Francis, 2017.
4145:
4090:
4724:
4119:
1950:
1600:
1420:
593:
2438:
network was established in the United States to free slaves, by bringing them to locations where the slaves would be free from being re-captured.
5247:
5098:
2520:
1758:
3757:
5938:
5410:
5347:
4741:
4571:
3917:
2532:
1968:
1921:
864:
282:
4480:(Print) (First ed.). Montréal, Québec Chicago, Ill: Véhicule Press Distributed in the U.S. by Independent Publishers Group. p. 398.
4003:
5817:
5593:
4366:
4355:
3901:
3319:
3289:
3244:
3188:
3099:
2974:
2940:
2906:
2857:
2830:
2786:
2738:
2711:
2505:
2052:
recorded approximately 4,000 slaves by the end of New France in 1759, of which 2,472 were Indigenous people, and 1,132 were Black. After the
1779:
1442:
1119:
891:
4644:
5422:
5163:
5108:
5090:
4974:
4938:
4818:
4813:
4736:
1634:
1595:
1238:
4204:
Visit to Canada: Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Tomoya Obokata
5918:
5308:
4778:
4374:
4210:
2574:
2524:
2474:
There are slave cemeteries in parts of Canada, in various states of condition, some neglected and abandoned. They include cemeteries in
2357:
2283:(1797–1832), were instrumental in freeing slaves from their owners in Nova Scotia. They were held in high regard in the colony. Justice
1867:, were traditionally known as fierce warriors and slave-traders, raiding as far as California. Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being
1676:
1313:
973:
824:
620:
529:
5523:
5439:
5255:
5066:
4074:
3959:
3475:
3150:
2458:
1696:
1390:
1144:
4639:
4634:
5637:
5561:
5464:
5395:
4948:
4714:
4564:
4466:
4149:
4123:
3483:
3381:
3072:
3047:
3022:
2684:
1518:
1395:
819:
588:
455:
4034:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography"
1365:
61:
3893:
The Slavery Conventions: The Travaux Préparatoires of the 1926 League of Nations Convention and the 1956 United Nations Convention
5923:
5892:
5862:
5767:
5493:
5006:
4991:
4893:
4719:
4672:
4536:
2152:
and the British conquest of New France, the subject of slavery in Canada is unmentioned—neither banned nor permitted—in both the
1649:
859:
844:
790:
475:
465:
460:
289:
145:
5469:
5272:
4943:
4838:
4763:
2639:
2149:
1644:
1415:
221:
3827:
3421:
1555:
5887:
4485:
4319:
4272:
2276:
1114:
1102:
682:
494:
140:
5360:
4040:
2343:
An Act to Prevent the further Introduction of Slaves and to limit the Term of Contracts for Servitude within this Province,
2806:
An Act to prevent the further introduction of Slaves, and to limit the Term of contracts for Servitude within this Province
2168:
were recognized by law. Death rates among slaves were nevertheless high, confirming the brutal nature of the slave regime.
5867:
5059:
4748:
3918:"Falling Short of the Mark: An International Study on the Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims. Future Group March 2006"
2594:
2370:
2272:
1686:
1469:
330:
2446:, was a major destination of the Underground Railroad after 1850, with between 30,000 and 100,000 slaves finding refuge.
2382:, the Act required the master to provide security that the former slave would not become a public charge. The compromise
5777:
5630:
5608:
5444:
4898:
4609:
4600:
4551:
4397:
4370:
1817:
1691:
1535:
1405:
1066:
834:
814:
374:
342:
5707:
4541:
2453:
established the African Abolition Society in the fight to end slavery in America. Preston was trained as a minister in
5757:
5001:
4908:
4865:
4793:
4311:
3443:
2499:
2450:
2304:
2215:
1751:
1701:
1425:
1343:
470:
251:
71:
5772:
5667:
5913:
5822:
5569:
5432:
5293:
5188:
5025:
4758:
4731:
4687:
2344:
2316:
1973:
Under French rule, enslaved First Nations people outnumbered enslaved individuals of African descent. According to
1810:
1610:
1462:
1447:
1338:
534:
204:
2470:
status and prestige, including political power. Our time will have come, and we will be ready ... we must be.
2250:
decision in Scotland in 1778. This decision, in turn, influenced the colony of Nova Scotia. In 1788, abolitionist
5857:
5103:
4768:
3876:
2650:
2614:
2373:
later wrote that there was "much opposition but little argument" to his measure. Finally the Assembly passed the
2035:
1706:
1605:
1136:
1124:
714:
687:
192:
3204:
2220:
5877:
5653:
4996:
4878:
4808:
2644:
2598:
2251:
2225:
2028:
1990:
1486:
1355:
908:
697:
182:
83:
5872:
2757:
1919:
between 1671 and 1831. Around two-thirds of these slaves were of Indigenous ancestry (2,700 typically called
362:
29:
5882:
3811:
3698:"Biography – STRANGE, Sir THOMAS ANDREW LUMISDEN – Volume VII (1836-1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
2099:
in 1793. Her acts of resistance in the face of violence led to Canada’s first legislation limiting slavery.–
5762:
5712:
5577:
4843:
4595:
2578:
2511:
1930:
1775:
1671:
1410:
1360:
1288:
1061:
839:
783:
766:
197:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5692:
3742:
Opinions of several gentlemen of the law, on the subject of negro servitude, in the province of Nova-Scotia
959:
5852:
5832:
5747:
5722:
5672:
5158:
4933:
4888:
4823:
2634:
2479:
2280:
2161:
2153:
2122:
1744:
1713:
1218:
871:
719:
443:
409:
404:
5797:
5732:
5702:
5677:
5827:
5812:
5807:
5717:
5553:
5405:
5218:
5213:
5178:
4903:
4439:
3981:
3715:
2487:
2462:
2439:
2399:
2246:
2053:
1962:
1580:
1435:
1348:
1333:
1015:
1003:
749:
734:
519:
294:
216:
5752:
2420:
1824:
in 1865, black people (free and enslaved) began immigrating to Canada from the United States after the
5802:
3850:
Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom
3754:
3507:
3335:
3260:
5537:
5333:
5153:
5082:
4963:
4953:
4753:
4203:
4007:
3373:
2619:
2536:
2435:
2415:
2323:
2312:
2268:
2134:
1840:
1833:
1718:
1622:
1585:
1513:
1457:
1326:
1283:
1097:
1027:
702:
482:
384:
268:
175:
3924:
3621:
2605:
saying that the program was "in need of reform" and that the low-wage stream needed to be examined.
5427:
5173:
4968:
4918:
4883:
4873:
4798:
4331:
3732:
Barry Cahill. Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia. UNB Law Journal, 43 (1994) pp. 73–135
2730:
A Plea for Emigration; or Notes of Canada West: A Broadview Anthology of British Literature Edition
2483:
2365:
2211:
1912:
1825:
1802:
1206:
1186:
1071:
1056:
925:
896:
886:
776:
724:
692:
489:
347:
315:
310:
263:
120:
4011:
3640:"Biography – MacGREGOR, JAMES DRUMMOND – Volume VI (1821–1835) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
3639:
2082:
5737:
5208:
5128:
5123:
4958:
4913:
4828:
4803:
4788:
4495:
4422:
4414:
4300:
Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada / Cahiers De La Société Bibliographique du Canada
3798:
Afua Cooper, "Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803"
2629:
2395:
2360:
2241:
2229:
1452:
1298:
1273:
1263:
1228:
1223:
1191:
1156:
1149:
1090:
1083:
940:
759:
754:
744:
514:
367:
325:
320:
273:
241:
231:
168:
4546:
4458:
389:
335:
1851:
Slave-owning people of what became Canada were, for example, the fishing societies such as the
33:
Advertisement for the sale of two enslaved people in the Upper Canada Gazette, 10 February 1806
5742:
5682:
5372:
4928:
4833:
4682:
4654:
4587:
4481:
4462:
4362:
4351:
4315:
4308:
The Hanging of Angelique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montreal
4287:
4268:
4176:"Canada's foreign worker program a 'breeding ground for contemporary slavery,' says UN report"
4070:
3955:
3897:
3832:
3479:
3377:
3369:
The Hanging Of Angelique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montreal
3315:
3285:
3279:
3240:
3234:
3184:
3123:
3095:
3068:
3043:
3018:
2970:
2936:
2930:
2902:
2853:
2847:
2826:
2782:
2776:
2734:
2707:
2680:
2544:
2528:
2307:, Winniett would later also work to end the slave trade in Western Africa.) By the end of the
1979:
The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal
1877:
1540:
1258:
1253:
1196:
1181:
1161:
983:
978:
913:
709:
675:
504:
357:
246:
125:
3891:
3545:
3309:
3089:
2964:
2820:
2728:
2701:
5727:
4848:
4708:
4406:
3946:
2896:
2516:
2428:
2296:
2292:
2100:
2041:
1730:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1268:
1233:
1201:
1171:
1044:
1032:
1010:
988:
935:
771:
739:
41:
4039:. Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children. October 5, 2012. p. 2. Archived from
3976:
3863:"Biography – PRESTON, RICHARD – Volume VIII (1851–1860) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
1996:
5697:
5320:
5133:
4516:
4507:
4004:"The Harper Government Launches Canada's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking"
3941:
3761:
2585:
as a "breeding ground for contemporary slavery". Obokata's report found many instances of
2284:
2088:
1938:
1884:
1868:
1639:
1530:
1525:
1278:
1248:
1243:
966:
930:
729:
647:
352:
98:
3862:
3741:
5585:
5299:
5223:
5193:
5148:
5143:
5138:
4692:
4451:
3667:
Highland Shepherd: James MacGregor, Father of the Scottish Enlightenment in Nova Scotia
3654:
Highland Shepherd: James MacGregor, Father of the Scottish Enlightenment in Nova Scotia
2873:
2563:
2559:
2527:
to address human trafficking in a formal manner. The biggest human trafficking case in
2403:
2339:
2311:
and the arrival of the Black Refugees, there were few slaves left in Nova Scotia. (The
2237:
2024:
1945:
1892:
1888:
1806:
1723:
1617:
509:
187:
150:
108:
4298:
Clarke, George Elliott."'This Is No Hearsay': Reading the Canadian Slave Narratives,"
5907:
5459:
5340:
5314:
5228:
5203:
5183:
5113:
5039:
4426:
3951:
3599:
W.H. Kesterton, A history of journalism in Canada. (McClelland and Stewart, 1967) p 7
2624:
2552:
2264:
2260:
2130:
2111:
2049:
1934:
1926:
1908:
1661:
1590:
1037:
1020:
795:
625:
615:
399:
49:
4344:
Frost, Karolyn Smardz; Osei, Kwasi (Cover design); South, Sunny (Cover art) (2007).
4091:"First Nations Women Are Being Sold into the Sex Trade On Ships Along Lake Superior"
2805:
5415:
5400:
5366:
5326:
5198:
3837:
3569:
2586:
2353:
2115:
2096:
2092:
1860:
1798:
1790:
1666:
1503:
1479:
1385:
1378:
1109:
637:
610:
573:
551:
438:
155:
135:
113:
103:
93:
88:
78:
2703:
Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-contact to the Present [4 volumes]
2031:; slavery existed before that date, but only as of 1709 was it instituted in law.
918:
4345:
3697:
3609:
3469:
1778:
until the latter half of the 19th century, and by colonists during the period of
17:
5452:
5354:
5168:
5118:
3363:
2379:
2308:
2300:
2256:
2199:
2126:
1974:
1916:
1852:
1829:
1794:
1786:
1508:
1496:
849:
652:
642:
600:
414:
4395:
Riddell, William Renwick (January 1924). "Further Notes on Slavery in Canada".
5238:
4614:
4284:
Blood and Daring: How Canada Fought the American Civil War and Forged a Nation
2996:
Kenneth M. Ames, "Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast,"
2590:
2547:. The Human Trafficking Taskforce was established in June 2012 to replace the
2288:
2195:
2157:
1982:
1944:
People of African descent were forcibly captured by local chiefs and kings as
1656:
953:
657:
524:
4662:
4094:
2014:
901:
566:
428:
5622:
2935:. War and Society - ISSN 1069-8043 Series. Gordon and Breach. p. 289.
583:
4514:
Whitfield, Harvey. "Black Loyalists and Black Slaves in Maritime Canada,"
4233:"Canadian immigration minister says temporary worker program needs reform"
4146:"UN report on Canada's treatment of aboriginal people in spotlight Monday"
4120:"Murdered and missing aboriginal women deserve inquiry, rights group says"
3678:
Bridglal Pachai & Henry Bishop. Historic Black Nova Scotia. 2006. p. 8
1789:. The courts, to varying degrees, rendered slavery unenforceable in both
4180:
3236:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
2057:
1896:
1491:
1049:
993:
945:
605:
450:
305:
211:
2570:' opinions that the issue is significant and in need of higher inquiry.
5051:
4418:
4291:
4237:
3716:"Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia"
2454:
2142:
2023:
does not seem to have applied to Canada and so, in 1709, the intendant
1864:
1474:
556:
236:
53:
4457:(in French) (2nd ed.). Editions Hurtubise H M H Limitee. p.
4347:
I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad
3001:
3877:"Hidden cemeteries of Essex County hold Underground Railroad history"
2443:
2138:
2004:
1176:
998:
578:
561:
423:
258:
226:
4556:
4410:
1891:. He had been taken alive when his ship was captured in 1802 by the
2303:
in the effort to free slaves from America. (As the Governor of the
2058:
marriages took place between French colonists and Indigenous slaves
1774:
includes historical practices of enslavement practised by both the
4432:
3399:
Bonds of Alliance: Indigenous and Atlantic Slaveries in New France
3000:
Vol. 33, No. 1, The Archaeology of Slavery (June, 2001), pp. 1–17
2419:
2338:
2219:
1995:
433:
419:
394:
28:
4384:
Hajda, Yvonne P. "Slavery in the Greater Lower Columbia Region,"
1911:
estimates that there were fewer than 4,200 slaves in the area of
4302:
2005 43(1): 7–32, original narratives written by Canadian slaves
2778:
Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World
300:
130:
5626:
5055:
4560:
4391:
Henry, Natasha, Emancipation Day: Celebrating Freedom in Canada
2315:
outlawed the slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 and the
3261:"Black Enslavement in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
2581:
on contemporary forms of slavery Tomoya Obokata described the
2240:
Loyalists. In 1772, prior to the American Revolution, Britain
1895:
people due to the ship's captain having insulted their chief,
3091:
The Forgotten Slave Trade: The White European Slaves of Islam
5502:
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park
3772:
Patrick Bode, "Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves".
3444:"Report on the execution, 3 in the afternoon, 21 June 1734"
3065:
Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America
3040:
Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America
3015:
Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America
2898:
Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America
2700:
Russell M. Lawson; Benjamin A. Lawson (October 11, 2019).
2677:
Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America
4379:
Governor General's Award for English language non-fiction
3336:"Black Enslavement in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
2549:
Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons
2029:
an ordinance officially recognizing slavery in New France
4265:
Last Steps to Freedom: The Evolution of Racism in Canada
4478:
Canada's Forgotten Slaves: Two Hundred Years of Bondage
2034:
One slave is well-recorded in the history of Montreal:
1880:
nations about a quarter of the population were slaves.
3570:"An Act To Prevent The Further Introduction Of Slaves"
3401:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
2670:
2668:
2597:, abuse, and sexual misconduct. Immigration minister
2679:. University of California Press. pp. 238–239.
1431:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
5786:
5660:
5481:
5388:
5286:
5246:
5089:
4984:
4864:
4777:
4653:
4594:
3181:
Canada's Forgotten Slaves: Two Centuries of Bondage
2291:during this time period (the most famous being the
2070:
5519:Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center
4450:
4329:Derreck, Tom (February–March 2003). "In Bondage".
4067:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008
3228:
3226:
2523:formed in 2007, making British Columbia the first
5530:The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War
3463:
3461:
2966:The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741-1867
2275:refused to legalize slavery. Two chief justices,
2271:, in 1787, 1789 and again on 11 January 1808 the
1857:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
5278:British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel
4371:Governor General's Literary Award for Nonfiction
3303:
3301:
2932:Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past
2541:National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking
1546:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3183:. Independent Publishing Group. p. Intro.
3067:. University of California Press. p. 249.
3042:. University of California Press. p. 244.
3017:. University of California Press. p. 238.
2551:as the body responsible for the development of
2467:
2402:finally abolished slavery in most parts of the
2177:
5507:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park
4476:Trudel, Marcel; Tombs, George (May 20, 2013).
3610:http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=3034
2327:Leone (already established to make a home for
5638:
5067:
4572:
4542:Runaway Slave advertisement 1772, Nova Scotia
3977:"Head of human trafficking ring gets 9 years"
3896:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 16–.
2901:. University of California Press. p. 7.
2752:
2750:
2242:outlawed the slave trade in the British Isles
1752:
8:
5489:National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
3468:Robin W. Winks; Robin William Winks (1997).
3179:Marcel Trudel; Micheline d' Allaire (2013).
2969:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 60.
2819:Robin W. Winks; Robin William Winks (1997).
1551:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3314:. University of Toronto Press. p. 87.
2852:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 146.
2825:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 96.
2425:International Underground Railroad Memorial
5645:
5631:
5623:
5074:
5060:
5052:
4579:
4565:
4557:
4547:Slavery in Canada, (C) 1899, AcrossCan.com
3669:. University of Toronto Press, 2015, p. 79
3656:. University of Toronto Press, 2015, p. 75
3284:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. p. 259.
3233:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2005).
2457:and met many of the leading voices in the
2434:During the early to mid-19th century, the
1759:
1745:
36:
4438:Smith, The Revd Dr Thomas Watson (1899).
4114:
4112:
3812:"Chloe Cooley National Historic Person",
3358:
3356:
3174:
3172:
2849:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition
2568:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
5373:Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children
4231:Paperny, Anna Mehler (August 13, 2024).
3546:"Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes"
3239:. Oxford University Press. p. 722.
2800:
2798:
2555:related to human trafficking in Canada.
2263:was buried in Halifax in 1788.) In 1790
1556:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1421:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1401:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
4537:Black Canada and the Journey to Freedom
4350:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
4267:. Winnipeg: Shillingford Publications.
3785:Patrick Bode, "Simcoe and the Slaves",
2664:
2521:Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons
2180:family, she speaks all three languages.
1941:today are descended from these slaves.
48:
5348:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
4503:
4493:
3828:"Settling Canada Underground Railroad"
2775:Peter S. Onuf; Eliga H. Gould (2005).
2533:Domotor-Kolompar criminal organization
2175:of 12 July 1787 had an advertisement:
2067:
1969:Panis (slaves of First Nation descent)
4174:Caruso-Moro, Luca (August 13, 2024).
4169:
4167:
3665:Robin Winks as cited by Alan Wilson.
3540:
3538:
3094:. Pen & Sword Books. p. 26.
2506:Missing and murdered Indigenous women
1443:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1120:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
4924:Northwest Territories capital cities
3151:"Under Attack at Nootka Sound, 1803"
2758:"Full text of "The slave in Canada""
2363:. Under the auspices of Simcoe, the
2295:). During the war, Nova Scotian Sir
2287:(1801–1815) also impounded American
1635:Slave marriages in the United States
1239:Human trafficking in the Middle East
4552:History of Slavery in Canada Portal
4375:National Books Critics Circle Award
4211:United Nations Human Rights Council
3755:"Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada"
3622:"Slavery in the Maritime Provinces"
2929:Martin, D.L.; Frayer, D.W. (1997).
2575:United Nations Human Rights Council
1820:continued until the passage of the
974:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
5524:Underground Railroad Bicycle Route
5315:The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case
5256:List of Underground Railroad sites
4453:Deux Siècles d'Esclavage au Québec
4069:. Diane Publishing. p. 2610.
3608:Dictionary of Canadian Biography,
2531:surrounded the dismantling of the
1628:last survivors of American slavery
25:
5934:History of human rights in Canada
5929:History of Black people in Canada
5562:Freedom: The Underground Railroad
5465:Songs of the Underground Railroad
5396:Abolitionism in the United States
4202:Obokata, Tomoya (July 22, 2024).
3687:John Grant. Black Refugees. p. 31
589:Field slaves in the United States
456:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
5768:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5471:The Underground Railroad Records
5237:
5033:
5021:
5020:
4065:Jeffrey T. Bergner, ed. (2008).
3550:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
3128:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2583:temporary foreign worker program
2461:movement that helped to get the
2076:
466:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
461:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
290:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
60:
5273:Underground Railroad in Indiana
4703:Former colonies and territories
3975:Ian Robertson (April 3, 2012).
3476:McGill-Queen's University Press
3471:The Blacks in Canada: A History
2822:The Blacks in Canada: A History
2733:. Broadview Press. p. 11.
2640:History of slavery in Louisiana
2573:In July 2024, a report for the
2150:Battle of the Plains of Abraham
1887:was composed by an Englishman,
1832:, and later many by way of the
1416:Committee of Experts on Slavery
967:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4010:. June 6, 2012. Archived from
3340:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
3265:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
2319:outlawed slavery altogether.)
2277:Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange
1115:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
5939:Slavery in the British Empire
3508:"Black Enslavement in Canada"
2595:personal protective equipment
2449:In Nova Scotia, former slave
2317:Slavery Abolition Act of 1833
2095:, an enslaved Black woman in
1839:Because Canada's role in the
5893:United States Virgin Islands
5609:Slavery in the United States
5445:Reverse Underground Railroad
5309:Kentucky raid in Cass County
4678:Crown and Indigenous peoples
4398:The Journal of Negro History
3211:. Canadian Museum of History
3209:Virtual Museum of New France
2141:), and 500 to Upper Canada (
1818:slavery in the United States
1406:Temporary Slavery Commission
1067:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
4312:University of Georgia Press
4306:Cooper, Afua (April 2007).
3802:(Spring 2007) 99#1 pp 5-17.
3157:. Oregon Historical Society
2500:Human trafficking in Canada
2329:the "poor blacks" of London
2216:Black Refugee (War of 1812)
1925:, from the French term for
1903:Under European colonization
1426:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
471:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
5955:
5919:Economic history of Canada
5654:Slavery in North America
5606:
5411:African-American opponents
5294:Emeline and Samuel Hawkins
2874:"Slavery in the New World"
2781:. JHU Press. p. 298.
2706:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 16–.
2503:
2497:
2413:
2345:Parliament of Upper Canada
2299:served as a crew on board
2209:
1991:western fur-trade networks
1966:
1960:
1811:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
1611:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1448:Anti-Slavery International
1213:North Africa and West Asia
5868:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5604:
5361:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
5235:
5015:
4814:Newfoundland and Labrador
4286:. Toronto: Knopf Canada.
3512:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3397:Rushforth, Brett (2012).
3281:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2647:, Oakville's Black church
2406:effective 1 August 1834.
2267:freed his slaves. Led by
2224:Monument to abolitionist
2075:
2019:of the sick and old. The
1707:Emancipation Proclamation
1379:Opposition and resistance
1137:Sex trafficking in Europe
1125:Blackbirding in Polynesia
688:Trans-Saharan slave trade
5888:Turks and Caicos Islands
5594:The Underground Railroad
4373:; Nominee (Nonfiction),
3760:January 4, 2013, at the
3311:The People of New France
2273:Nova Scotian legislature
2252:James Drummond MacGregor
2226:James Drummond MacGregor
2137:), 300 to Lower Canada (
1487:Compensated emancipation
698:Indian Ocean slave trade
5924:Legal history of Canada
5495:Harriet Tubman Memorial
4667:Persons of significance
4449:Trudel, Marcel (2004).
3572:. Uppercanadahistory.ca
3278:James H. Marsh (1999).
3149:Jette, Melinda (2003).
3130:. University of Toronto
3122:Woodcock, John (1987).
3063:Donald, Leland (1997).
3038:Donald, Leland (1997).
3013:Donald, Leland (1997).
2846:Peter P. Hinks (2007).
2727:Mary Ann Shadd (2016).
2675:Donald, Leland (1997).
2535:. On June 6, 2012, the
2162:Treaty of Paris of 1783
2154:Treaty of Paris of 1763
1931:United Empire Loyalists
1411:1926 Slavery Convention
1167:Germany in World War II
784:North and South America
306:Contract of manumission
5818:British Virgin Islands
4698:Events of significance
3446:. Canadianmysteries.ca
3424:. Canadianmysteries.ca
3155:Oregon History Project
3124:"Jewitt, John Rodgers"
2635:Human rights in Canada
2615:Marie-Joseph Angélique
2472:
2431:
2348:
2335:Upper Canada (Ontario)
2281:Sampson Salter Blowers
2233:
2182:
2123:United Empire Loyalist
2054:Conquest of New France
2036:Marie-Joseph Angélique
2008:
892:British Virgin Islands
444:Circassian slave trade
410:Safavid imperial harem
405:Ottoman Imperial Harem
34:
5758:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5554:The Quest for Freedom
5219:Charles Turner Torrey
5214:Harriet Beecher Stowe
5179:Harriet Forten Purvis
4819:Northwest Territories
4764:Territorial evolution
4520:2007 5(6): 1980-1997,
3982:The London Free Press
2963:Grinev, A.V. (2005).
2510:The ratifying of the
2463:Slavery Abolition Act
2440:British North America
2423:
2400:Slavery Abolition Act
2342:
2223:
2210:Further information:
2194:In Lower Canada, Sir
2190:Lower Canada (Quebec)
1999:
1967:Further information:
1963:Slavery in New France
1951:American counterparts
1847:Under Indigenous rule
1780:European colonization
1131:Europe and North Asia
1091:Australia and Oceania
791:Pre-Columbian America
363:Slave raid of Suðuroy
295:Slavery in al-Andalus
217:Black Sea slave trade
146:21st-century jihadism
32:
5538:A Woman Called Moses
5406:opponents of slavery
5379:Thirteenth Amendment
5341:Joshua Glover rescue
5154:Laura Smith Haviland
5083:Underground Railroad
4839:Prince Edward Island
4388:2005 52(3): 563–588,
4282:Boyko, John (2013).
4263:Boyko, John (1998).
4008:Public Safety Canada
3890:Jean Allain (2008).
3789:. 3 (June–July 1993)
3753:Archives of Ontario,
3374:HarperCollins Canada
3308:Allan Greer (1997).
2620:Marguerite Duplessis
2601:gave a statement to
2537:Government of Canada
2436:Underground Railroad
2416:Underground Railroad
2410:Underground Railroad
2324:Sierra Leone Company
2269:Richard John Uniacke
2247:Knight v. Wedderburn
2135:Prince Edward Island
2114:Chief Thayendenaga (
1841:Atlantic slave trade
1834:Underground Railroad
1828:and again after the
1822:Thirteenth Amendment
1586:Indentured servitude
1514:Underground Railroad
1314:United Arab Emirates
703:Zanzibar slave trade
670:By country or region
483:Atlantic slave trade
385:Ma malakat aymanukum
269:Venetian slave trade
5773:Trinidad and Tobago
5668:Antigua and Barbuda
5546:Roots of Resistance
5428:Fugitive slave laws
5174:William Cooper Nell
4754:Population history
4725:Chinese immigration
4441:The Slave in Canada
4046:on October 22, 2013
3879:. February 1, 2018.
2895:Donald, L. (1997).
2543:in order to oppose
2482:, Nova Scotia; and
2384:Act Against Slavery
2375:Act Against Slavery
2366:Act Against Slavery
2358:Lieutenant Governor
2212:Black Nova Scotians
1913:Canada (New France)
1826:American Revolution
1803:Act Against Slavery
1672:Slave Route Project
803:Americas indigenous
693:Red Sea slave trade
683:Contemporary Africa
546:Topics and practice
316:Crimean slave trade
311:Bukhara slave trade
264:Genoese slave trade
141:Contemporary Africa
121:Forced prostitution
5708:Dominican Republic
5549:(1989 documentary)
5209:Calvin Ellis Stowe
5129:Frederick Douglass
5124:Richard Dillingham
4126:. January 12, 2015
3840:on January 6, 2010
3514:. Histoirca Canada
3376:. pp. 74–76.
2998:World Archaeology,
2630:History of slavery
2579:Special Rapporteur
2525:province of Canada
2512:Slavery Convention
2432:
2396:British Parliament
2361:John Graves Simcoe
2349:
2234:
2230:Black Nova Scotian
2185:Abolition movement
2064:Under British rule
2009:
1874:Israel Wood Powell
1453:Blockade of Africa
760:Somali slave trade
676:Sub-Saharan Africa
368:Turkish Abductions
326:Khivan slave trade
321:Khazar slave trade
274:Balkan slave trade
232:Prague slave trade
35:
5914:Slavery in Canada
5901:
5900:
5790:other territories
5620:
5619:
5613:Slavery in Canada
5597:(2021 miniseries)
5565:(2013 board game)
5541:(1978 miniseries)
5334:Uncle Tom's Cabin
5049:
5048:
5040:Canada portal
4610:18000 BCE–1500 CE
4588:History of Canada
4367:978-0-374-53125-6
4357:978-0-374-16481-2
4097:. August 23, 2013
3903:978-90-04-15861-0
3833:Historica Minutes
3776:1993 73(3): 17–19
3422:"Claude Thibault"
3321:978-0-8020-7816-2
3291:978-0-7710-2099-5
3246:978-0-19-517055-9
3190:978-1-55065-327-4
3101:978-1-5267-6927-5
3088:Webb, S. (2020).
2976:978-0-8032-0538-3
2942:978-90-5699-534-8
2908:978-0-520-20616-8
2859:978-0-313-33143-5
2832:978-0-7735-1632-8
2809:, SUC 1793, c. 7
2788:978-1-4214-1842-1
2740:978-1-55481-321-6
2713:978-1-4408-5097-4
2545:human trafficking
2107:
2106:
1957:Under French rule
1878:Pacific Northwest
1772:Slavery in Canada
1769:
1768:
1719:Freedmen's Bureau
1541:Third Servile War
1536:International law
1103:Human trafficking
865:Human trafficking
540:Thirteen colonies
358:Sack of Baltimore
126:Human trafficking
18:Slavery in canada
16:(Redirected from
5946:
5858:Saint Barthélemy
5788:Dependencies and
5661:Sovereign states
5647:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5581:(2016 TV series)
5241:
5099:William Brinkley
5076:
5069:
5062:
5053:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5024:
5023:
4975:Name etymologies
4855:Name etymologies
4794:British Columbia
4709:Heritage Minutes
4581:
4574:
4567:
4558:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4491:
4472:
4456:
4445:
4430:
4361:
4340:
4325:
4295:
4278:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4171:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3947:Invisible Chains
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3923:. Archived from
3922:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3836:. Archived from
3824:
3818:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3790:
3783:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3702:www.biographi.ca
3694:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3542:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3506:Henry, Natasha.
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3010:
3004:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2876:. Britannica.com
2870:
2864:
2863:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2672:
2539:established the
2529:Canadian history
2517:British Columbia
2429:Windsor, Ontario
2297:William Winniett
2293:Liverpool Packet
2279:(1790–1796) and
2244:followed by the
2101:Historica Canada
2080:
2079:
2068:
2042:amende honorable
1869:prisoners of war
1761:
1754:
1747:
1731:Emancipation Day
1564:
1531:Slave Trade Acts
222:Byzantine Empire
64:
37:
21:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5791:
5789:
5782:
5656:
5651:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5600:
5477:
5423:Fugitive slaves
5384:
5321:Christiana Riot
5282:
5242:
5233:
5134:Calvin Fairbank
5085:
5080:
5050:
5045:
5034:
5032:
5011:
4980:
4860:
4781:and territories
4780:
4773:
4649:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4533:
4523:
4517:History Compass
4502:
4492:
4488:
4475:
4469:
4448:
4437:
4411:10.2307/2713434
4394:
4369:. Winner, 2007
4358:
4343:
4328:
4322:
4305:
4281:
4275:
4262:
4258:
4256:Further reading
4253:
4243:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4014:on July 3, 2013
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3942:Benjamin Perrin
3940:
3939:
3935:
3930:on May 3, 2011.
3927:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3843:
3841:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3810:
3806:
3800:Ontario History
3797:
3793:
3784:
3780:
3771:
3767:
3762:Wayback Machine
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2654:(New Brunswick)
2611:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2451:Richard Preston
2442:, now known as
2418:
2412:
2337:
2313:Slave Trade Act
2285:Alexander Croke
2218:
2208:
2192:
2187:
2160:of 1774 or the
2089:Heritage Minute
2086:
2077:
2071:External videos
2066:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1939:Black Canadians
1905:
1885:slave narrative
1849:
1809:by passing the
1765:
1736:
1735:
1640:Slave narrative
1596:Fugitive slaves
1576:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1526:Slave rebellion
1381:
1371:
1370:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1141:United Kingdom
1077:Yankee princess
671:
663:
662:
390:Avret Pazarları
336:Avret Pazarları
205:Medieval Europe
171:
161:
160:
99:Forced marriage
74:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5952:
5950:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:Sint Eustatius
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5823:Cayman Islands
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5627:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5590:
5582:
5574:
5570:The North Star
5566:
5558:
5550:
5542:
5534:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5512:visitor center
5504:
5499:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5297:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5224:Harriet Tubman
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5194:Hetty Reckless
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Frances Harper
5146:
5144:Thomas Garrett
5141:
5139:Isaac S. Flint
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5029:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:Historiography
4994:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4715:Historic Sites
4712:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Constitutional
4670:
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4531:External links
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4512:
4486:
4473:
4467:
4446:
4435:
4392:
4389:
4382:
4356:
4341:
4326:
4320:
4303:
4296:
4279:
4273:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4223:
4194:
4163:
4152:. May 11, 2014
4137:
4108:
4082:
4076:978-1437905229
4075:
4057:
4025:
3995:
3967:
3961:978-0143178972
3960:
3933:
3909:
3902:
3882:
3868:
3854:
3819:
3804:
3791:
3778:
3765:
3746:
3734:
3725:
3707:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3658:
3645:
3631:
3613:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3561:
3534:
3532:Derreck (2003)
3525:
3498:
3484:
3457:
3435:
3413:
3404:
3389:
3382:
3352:
3327:
3320:
3297:
3290:
3270:
3252:
3245:
3222:
3196:
3189:
3168:
3141:
3114:
3100:
3080:
3073:
3055:
3048:
3030:
3023:
3005:
2989:
2975:
2955:
2941:
2921:
2907:
2887:
2865:
2858:
2838:
2831:
2811:
2794:
2787:
2767:
2746:
2739:
2719:
2712:
2692:
2685:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2564:United Nations
2560:Stephen Harper
2498:Main article:
2495:
2494:Modern slavery
2492:
2414:Main article:
2411:
2408:
2404:British Empire
2336:
2333:
2238:white American
2228:– helped free
2207:
2204:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2173:Quebec Gazette
2148:Following the
2105:
2104:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2025:Jacques Raudot
2007:history museum
1961:Main article:
1958:
1955:
1946:chattel slaves
1907:The historian
1904:
1901:
1893:Nuu-chah-nulth
1889:John R. Jewitt
1859:, such as the
1848:
1845:
1807:British Empire
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1618:List of slaves
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:Dutch Republic
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
986:
981:
976:
970:
969:
963:
962:
957:
950:
949:
948:
943:
933:
928:
923:
922:
921:
911:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
879:
874:
869:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
812:
811:
810:
800:
799:
798:
787:
786:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
763:
762:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
706:
705:
695:
690:
685:
679:
678:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
634:
633:
629:
628:
623:
621:Child soldiers
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
597:
596:
586:
581:
576:
571:
570:
569:
564:
559:
548:
547:
543:
542:
537:
532:
530:Spanish Empire
527:
522:
517:
512:
510:Middle Passage
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
485:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
340:
339:
338:
331:Ottoman Empire
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
286:
285:
279:
278:
277:
276:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
207:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
179:
178:
172:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
151:Sexual slavery
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
117:
116:
111:
109:Child marriage
106:
96:
91:
86:
84:Child soldiers
81:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
57:
56:
46:
45:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5951:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5785:
5779:
5778:United States
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5643:
5641:
5636:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:Slave catcher
5458:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5296:flight (1845)
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5230:
5229:Delia Webster
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:William Still
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Robert Purvis
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:Daniel Hughes
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:Samuel Burris
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5042:
5041:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Richmond Hill
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Charlottetown
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:New Brunswick
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4468:9782894287422
4464:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3952:Penguin Books
3949:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3787:The Beaver 73
3782:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:Alan Wilson.
3649:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3590:Trudel (2004)
3587:
3584:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3499:
3487:
3485:9780773516328
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3411:Cooper (2006)
3408:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3383:9780820329406
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3074:0-520-20616-9
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3049:0-520-20616-9
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3024:0-520-20616-9
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2888:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2686:0-520-20616-9
2682:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:Turner Chapel
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Sophia Pooley
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2553:public policy
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:John Robinson
2388:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:John Burbidge
2262:
2261:Benjamin Kent
2258:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:New Brunswick
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:that follows
2090:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:Marcel Trudel
2046:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:The Maritimes
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Marcel Trudel
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:First Nations
1773:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Slave catcher
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Forced labour
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:Abolitionists
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:comfort women
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:Chukri System
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
909:Latin America
907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
866:
863:
861:
860:interregional
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:prison labour
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
815:United States
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
782:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
673:
667:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
626:White slavery
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:Slave raiding
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
584:Corvée labour
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:Abbasid harem
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:Barbary Coast
341:
337:
334:
333:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
165:
164:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:Forced labour
47:
43:
39:
38:
31:
27:
19:
5883:Sint Maarten
5863:Saint Martin
5687:
5612:
5592:
5584:
5576:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5544:
5536:
5528:
5494:
5470:
5416:publications
5401:Abolitionism
5367:Tilly Escape
5346:
5332:
5327:Jerry Rescue
5300:
5199:Gerrit Smith
5159:David Hudson
5031:
5019:
4992:Bibliography
4844:Saskatchewan
4742:Peacekeeping
4707:
4645:1982–present
4515:
4477:
4452:
4440:
4405:(1): 26–33.
4402:
4396:
4386:Ethnohistory
4385:
4346:
4336:
4330:
4307:
4299:
4283:
4264:
4242:. Retrieved
4236:
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4179:
4154:. Retrieved
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4099:. Retrieved
4085:
4066:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4041:the original
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4012:the original
3998:
3988:November 19,
3986:. Retrieved
3980:
3970:
3945:
3936:
3925:the original
3912:
3892:
3885:
3871:
3857:
3849:
3842:. Retrieved
3838:the original
3831:
3822:
3814:Parks Canada
3813:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3749:
3737:
3728:
3720:courts.ns.ca
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3634:
3628:. July 1920.
3625:
3616:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3576:February 25,
3574:. Retrieved
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:
3528:
3516:. Retrieved
3511:
3501:
3491:December 25,
3489:. Retrieved
3470:
3450:February 25,
3448:. Retrieved
3438:
3428:February 25,
3426:. Retrieved
3416:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3368:
3343:. Retrieved
3339:
3330:
3310:
3280:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3235:
3213:. Retrieved
3208:
3199:
3180:
3159:. Retrieved
3154:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3127:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3090:
3083:
3064:
3058:
3039:
3033:
3014:
3008:
2997:
2992:
2980:. Retrieved
2965:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2931:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2897:
2890:
2880:February 25,
2878:. Retrieved
2868:
2848:
2841:
2821:
2814:
2804:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2729:
2722:
2702:
2695:
2676:
2651:
2602:
2587:debt bondage
2572:
2557:
2509:
2490:in Ontario.
2473:
2468:
2459:abolitionist
2448:
2433:
2424:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2364:
2354:Chloe Cooley
2350:
2321:
2245:
2235:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2147:
2120:
2116:Joseph Brant
2108:
2097:Upper Canada
2093:Chloe Cooley
2083:Chloe Cooley
2081:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2000:
1987:
1978:
1977:, author of
1972:
1943:
1933:after 1783.
1920:
1906:
1882:
1850:
1838:
1815:
1799:Upper Canada
1791:Lower Canada
1784:
1771:
1770:
1667:Slave patrol
1504:Freedom suit
1480:Sierra Leone
1470:Colonization
1386:Abolitionism
1366:Baháʼí Faith
1339:Christianity
1289:Saudi Arabia
1145:Penal Labour
1110:Blackbirding
1016:Debt bondage
1004:penal system
876:
830:Contemporary
820:Field slaves
808:U.S. Natives
767:South Africa
638:Galley slave
611:Slave market
601:House slaves
574:Blackbirding
552:Conscription
476:21st century
439:Umm al-walad
283:Muslim world
252:Emancipation
156:Wage slavery
136:Penal labour
114:Wife selling
104:Bride buying
89:Conscription
79:Child Labour
72:Contemporary
26:
5853:Puerto Rico
5763:Saint Lucia
5713:El Salvador
5589:(2019 film)
5578:Underground
5573:(2016 film)
5557:(1992 film)
5533:(1932 book)
5474:(1872 book)
5453:lawn jockey
5355:Dover Eight
5351:(1856 book)
5337:(1852 book)
5189:John Rankin
5169:Peg Leg Joe
5119:Levi Coffin
4934:Quebec City
4889:Fredericton
4824:Nova Scotia
4749:Monarchical
4720:Immigration
4504:|work=
4377:2007. See,
4339:(1): 14–19.
4156:January 18,
4130:January 18,
4101:January 18,
4050:October 21,
3844:January 30,
3626:archive.org
3518:October 24,
3364:Afua Cooper
2762:archive.org
2599:Marc Miller
2380:manumission
2309:War of 1812
2301:HMS Tonnant
2289:slave ships
2257:Robin Winks
2206:Nova Scotia
2200:James Kempt
2127:Nova Scotia
2087:A Canadian
1975:Afua Cooper
1917:the Canadas
1830:War of 1812
1801:passed the
1795:Nova Scotia
1787:manumission
1682:court cases
1559: [
1509:Slave Power
1497:Manumission
1344:Catholicism
1219:Afghanistan
960:Puerto Rico
872:The Bahamas
850:Slave codes
653:Shanghaiing
643:Impressment
535:Slave Coast
415:Qajar harem
375:Concubinage
348:slave trade
5908:Categories
5848:Montserrat
5843:Martinique
5838:Guadeloupe
5693:Costa Rica
5607:See also:
5109:Owen Brown
5104:John Brown
5002:Historians
4939:Saint John
4904:Lethbridge
4737:Operations
4487:155065327X
4444:. Halifax.
4332:The Beaver
4321:0820329401
4310:. Athens:
4292:B00AGVNFZK
4274:1896239404
4244:August 14,
4216:August 14,
4209:(Report).
4187:August 14,
3555:2024-07-29
2660:References
2593:, lack of
2591:wage theft
2504:See also:
2484:Priceville
2478:, Quebec;
2371:John White
2305:Gold Coast
2255:Historian
2196:James Monk
2158:Quebec Act
2103:(1:01 min)
2048:Historian
1983:Madagascar
1915:and later
1697:J.Q. Adams
1687:Washington
1657:Slave name
1606:convention
1581:Common law
954:Encomienda
750:Seychelles
735:Mauritania
658:Slave ship
525:Panyarring
520:New France
169:Historical
5833:Greenland
5748:Nicaragua
5723:Guatemala
4964:Vancouver
4954:Saskatoon
4779:Provinces
4693:Etymology
4663:Canadians
4640:1960–1981
4635:1945–1960
4630:1914–1945
4625:1867–1914
4620:1763–1867
4615:1534–1763
4596:Year list
4506:ignored (
4496:cite book
4427:149728649
4095:Vice News
3345:August 1,
3205:"Slavery"
3161:March 11,
3134:March 11,
3107:March 11,
2982:March 11,
2948:March 11,
2914:March 11,
2652:R v Jones
2480:Shelburne
2476:St-Armand
2021:Code noir
2015:Code Noir
2003:of 1742,
2001:Code Noir
1692:Jefferson
1349:Mormonism
1284:Palestine
1098:Australia
1028:Indonesia
919:Lei Áurea
902:Code Noir
882:Caribbean
855:Treatment
594:Treatment
567:Devshirme
429:Odalisque
247:In Russia
188:Babylonia
176:Antiquity
5798:Anguilla
5733:Honduras
5703:Dominica
5678:Barbados
5497:(Boston)
5449:Signals
5303:incident
5266:churches
5026:Category
4985:Research
4969:Winnipeg
4919:Montreal
4899:Hamilton
4884:Edmonton
4874:Brampton
4799:Manitoba
4732:Military
4688:Economic
4683:Cultural
4601:Timeline
4181:CTV News
3944:(2010).
3758:Archived
3366:(2006).
3002:in JSTOR
2609:See also
2156:and the
1897:Maquinna
1724:Iron bit
1714:40 acres
1677:breeding
1492:Freedman
1327:Religion
1187:Portugal
1072:Thailand
1062:Maldives
1057:Malaysia
1050:Kwalliso
994:Booi Aha
946:Restavek
926:Colombia
897:Trinidad
887:Barbados
777:Zanzibar
725:Ethiopia
606:Saqaliba
500:Database
451:Saqaliba
212:Ancillae
42:a series
40:Part of
5828:Curaçao
5813:Bonaire
5808:Bermuda
5738:Jamaica
5718:Grenada
5673:Bahamas
5586:Harriet
5482:Related
5007:Surveys
4959:Toronto
4914:Moncton
4909:Markham
4894:Halifax
4829:Nunavut
4804:Ontario
4789:Alberta
4419:2713434
4238:Reuters
4018:May 25,
3744:. 1802.
3215:May 15,
2764:. 1920.
2603:Reuters
2577:by UN
2488:Dresden
2455:England
2143:Ontario
2027:issued
1865:Tlingit
1702:Lincoln
1575:Related
1475:Liberia
1361:Judaism
1299:Tunisia
1274:Morocco
1264:Lebanon
1229:Bahrain
1224:Algeria
1192:Romania
1157:Denmark
1150:Slavery
1084:Vietnam
755:Somalia
745:Nigeria
720:Comoros
648:Pirates
557:Ghilman
490:Bristol
380:history
353:pirates
242:History
131:Peonage
54:slavery
5753:Panama
5743:Mexico
5688:Canada
5683:Belize
5440:Quilts
5389:Topics
5381:(1865)
5375:(1859)
5369:(1856)
5363:(1858)
5357:(1857)
5343:(1854)
5329:(1851)
5323:(1851)
5317:(1849)
5311:(1847)
5305:(1848)
5287:Events
5261:houses
5248:Places
5091:People
4944:Regina
4929:Ottawa
4866:Cities
4834:Quebec
4759:Sports
4655:Topics
4484:
4465:
4425:
4417:
4365:
4354:
4318:
4290:
4271:
4073:
3958:
3900:
3816:, 2022
3774:Beaver
3482:
3380:
3318:
3288:
3243:
3187:
3098:
3071:
3046:
3021:
2973:
2939:
2905:
2856:
2829:
2785:
2737:
2710:
2683:
2444:Canada
2347:, 1793
2232:slaves
2139:Quebec
2133:, and
2112:Mohawk
2005:Nantes
1927:Pawnee
1623:owners
1259:Kuwait
1254:Jordan
1207:Sweden
1197:Russia
1182:Poland
1177:Norway
999:Laogai
984:Brunei
979:Bhutan
941:revolt
914:Brazil
877:Canada
840:partus
825:female
710:Angola
579:Coolie
562:Mamluk
515:Nantes
495:Brazil
424:Cariye
259:Thrall
227:Kholop
193:Greece
5803:Aruba
5728:Haiti
5301:Pearl
4849:Yukon
4769:Women
4433:JSTOR
4423:S2CID
4415:JSTOR
4207:(PDF)
4044:(PDF)
4037:(PDF)
3928:(PDF)
3921:(PDF)
1922:panis
1861:Haida
1853:Yurok
1650:songs
1645:films
1563:]
1519:songs
1356:Islam
1334:Bible
1309:Yemen
1304:Qatar
1294:Syria
1269:Libya
1234:Egypt
1202:Spain
1172:Malta
1045:Korea
1033:Japan
1011:India
989:China
936:Haiti
796:Aztec
772:Sudan
740:Niger
632:Naval
505:Dutch
434:Qiyan
420:Jarya
395:Harem
237:Serfs
183:Egypt
5873:Saba
5698:Cuba
5611:and
5433:1850
4508:help
4482:ISBN
4463:ISBN
4363:ISBN
4352:ISBN
4316:ISBN
4288:ASIN
4269:ISBN
4246:2024
4218:2024
4189:2024
4158:2015
4132:2015
4103:2015
4071:ISBN
4052:2013
4020:2013
3990:2013
3956:ISBN
3898:ISBN
3846:2018
3578:2011
3520:2018
3493:2019
3480:ISBN
3452:2011
3430:2011
3378:ISBN
3347:2020
3316:ISBN
3286:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3217:2018
3185:ISBN
3163:2023
3136:2023
3109:2023
3096:ISBN
3069:ISBN
3044:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2984:2023
2971:ISBN
2950:2023
2937:ISBN
2916:2023
2903:ISBN
2882:2011
2854:ISBN
2827:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2566:and
2486:and
2322:The
2214:and
2171:The
1883:One
1863:and
1793:and
1601:laws
1463:U.S.
1458:U.K.
1396:U.S.
1391:U.K.
1279:Oman
1249:Iraq
1244:Iran
931:Cuba
835:maps
730:Mali
715:Chad
301:Baqt
198:Rome
94:Debt
52:and
4665:- (
4459:408
4431:in
4407:doi
4150:CBC
4124:CBC
2519:'s
2427:in
2398:'s
1816:As
5910::
4500::
4498:}}
4494:{{
4461:.
4421:.
4413:.
4401:.
4337:83
4335:.
4314:.
4235:.
4178:.
4166:^
4148:.
4122:.
4111:^
4093:.
4006:.
3979:.
3954:.
3950:.
3848:.
3830:.
3718:.
3700:.
3624:.
3548:.
3537:^
3510:.
3478:.
3474:.
3460:^
3372:.
3355:^
3338:.
3300:^
3263:.
3225:^
3207:.
3171:^
3153:.
3126:.
2797:^
2760:.
2749:^
2667:^
2589:,
2164:.
2129:,
2060:.
1985:.
1953:.
1836:.
1813:.
1782:.
1561:fa
44:on
5646:e
5639:t
5632:v
5075:e
5068:t
5061:v
4977:)
4973:(
4857:)
4853:(
4669:)
4603:)
4599:(
4580:e
4573:t
4566:v
4510:)
4490:.
4471:.
4429:.
4409::
4403:9
4381:.
4360:.
4324:.
4294:.
4277:.
4248:.
4220:.
4191:.
4160:.
4134:.
4105:.
4079:.
4054:.
4022:.
3992:.
3964:.
3906:.
3865:.
3722:.
3704:.
3642:.
3580:.
3558:.
3522:.
3495:.
3454:.
3432:.
3386:.
3349:.
3324:.
3294:.
3267:.
3249:.
3219:.
3193:.
3165:.
3138:.
3111:.
3077:.
3052:.
3027:.
2986:.
2952:.
2918:.
2884:.
2862:.
2835:.
2791:.
2743:.
2716:.
2689:.
1760:e
1753:t
1746:v
956:)
952:(
422:/
297:
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
