52:
2432:. Islamic law prohibited a man from having sexual intercourse with any woman except his wife or his female slave. Female slaves were used for both prostitution as well as private concubines. Islamic Law formally prohibited prostitution. However, since Islamic Law allowed a man to have sexual intercourse with his female slave, prostitution was practiced by a pimp selling his female slave on the slave market to a client, who returned his ownership of her to her former owner (the pimp) on the pretext of discontent after having had intercourse with her, which was a legal and accepted method for prostitution in the Islamic world.
2425:: "the singing-girl is hardly ever honest in her passion or sincere in her affection, for she, by training and by disposition, sets traps and snares for her admirers in order that they may plung into her toils ", and "for the most part singing-girls are insicere and given to employing deciet and treachery in squeezing out the property of the deluded victim and then abandoning him", and that their enslaver used them to assemble gifts from male guests who came to him to see and hear his qiyan slave-girl.
1762:
2469:
status and privileges reserved for ethnic Arabs, such as tax reduction, many
Andalusians forged their genealogy to appear pure blood Arab. The fact that the rulers of al-Andalus preferred and could afford to buy white European female sex slaves had the unwanted consequence that many Caliphs, who were sons of European slave concubines, became lighter in color for each generation; many Caliphs had fair complexion and blue eyes, and dyed their hair black in order to appear more stereotypically Arab.
2060:
between
Christian and Muslim commercial markets. While Christians were not allowed to enslave Christians and Muslims not allowed to enslave Muslims, Jews were able to sell Christian slaves to Muslim buyers and Muslim slaves to Christian buyers, as well as Pagan slaves to both. In the same fashion, both Christians and Muslims were prohibited from performing castrations, but there was no such ban for Jews, which made it possible for them to meet the demand for eunuchs in the Muslim world.
1793:
2448:
smile, honey-colored and very red lips with a dark shade, and wrists whose beauty is perfected by mirrors and the indigo drawing of the tattoo. The
Christians, of diaphanous whiteness, movable breasts, thin bodies, balanced fat, superb flesh in a narrow build of brocades, bodies and backs embellished with beautiful jewels and gorgeous beads; they stand out for the peculiarity of being foreign and for how they blandish ."
1971:
was the most commercially successful venture for maximizing capital. This major change in the form of numismatics serves as a paradigm shift from the previous
Visigothic economic arrangement. Additionally, it demonstrates profound change from one regional entity to another, the direct transfer of people and pure coinage from one religiously similar semi-autonomous province to another.
1782:
1770:
2453:
appear lighter, and how they instructed slave girls to flirt to attract buyers. al-Saqati noted how slave traders dressed slave-girls in transparent clothing on public display in order to attract customers and adjusted the color of their clothing, and that white slave-girls, for example, where dressed in rose color (pink).
2591:
normally married their cousins, (al-hurra), who became their legal wives (zawĆ·), but additionally bought enslaved concubines (Ć·awÄrÄ«, mamlĆ«kÄt); the concubines were normally
Christian girls (rƫmiyyas) kidnapped in slave raids to the Christian lands in the North. A concubine who gave birth to a child
1970:
The archaeological evidence of human trafficking and proliferation of early trade in this case follows numismatics and materiality of text. This monetary structure of consistent gold influx proved to be a tenet in the development of
Islamic commerce. In this regard, the slave trade outperformed and
2563:
However, concubines were always slaves subjected the will of their master. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III is known to have executed two concubines for reciting what he saw as inappropriate verses, and tortured another concubine with a burning candle in her face while she was hold be two eunuchs after she
2522:
slaves trafficked from
Northern or Eastern Europe. While male saqaliba could be given work in a number offices such as: in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), but female saqaliba were placed in the
2404:
noted that originally slave girls with dark complexion had been selected to be trained as qiyan, because they were viewed as unattractive, but that this custom had changed and white slave-girls, who were considered more beautiful and were therefore more expensive, had started to be trained as qiyan
2261:
The
Vikings did provide slaves to al-Andalus via the Norse Kingdom of Dublin. Slaves captured primarily in the British islands and put on sale in Dublin, which was one of the biggest slave markets in Europe in the 9th- and 11th-centuries, are known to have been sold all over Europe; one of the most
2175:
or La Garde-Freinet-Les Mautes (888â972), from which they made slave raids in to France; the population fled in fear of the slave raids, which made it difficult for the
Frankish to secure their Southern coast, and the Saracens of Fraxinetum exported the Frankisk prisoners they captured as slaves to
2063:
The slaves were transported to Al-Andalus via France. While the church discouraged the sale of
Christian slaves to Muslims, the sale of Pagans to Muslims was not met with such opposition. White European slaves were viewed as luxury goods in Al-Andalus, where they could be sold for as much as 1,000
2059:
merchants. How dominating the Jewish merchants were is unknown, but Jewish slave traders did have an advantage toward their non-Jewish colleagues, because they were able to move across the Christian-Muslim lands, which was not always to case for Christian and Muslim merchants, and act as mediators
2004:
When Tlemcen was taken by the Almohad army, Ibn al-Athir stated that "The children and womenfolk were taken as captives.... Those who were not slain were sold at minimal prices". When the capital Marrakesh was conquered in 1147, al-Baydhaq described how "Everything that was in he city was taken to
1867:
exported Christian slaves captured in Christian Europe to the Muslims in al-Andalus. Muslim Saracen pirates captured and sold Christian Europeans captured in slave raids along the shores of the Mediterranean to the slave markets of al-Andalus. African slaves were trafficked to al-Andalus from the
2624:
In the Islamic world, male slaves could be used for a number of chores, but the main tasks were two. Either they were targeted for military slavery as slave soldiers; or they were subjected to castration and selected to serve in administration in our outside of the harem, tasks for which they were
2568:(d. 1065) were reportedly so badly treated that they conspired to murder him; women of the harem were also known to have been subjected to rape when rivaling factions conquered different palaces. Several concubines were known to have had great influence through their masters or their sons, notably
2447:
of paradise with red colors, thin and slim waists, adorned necks, honey-colored lips, big eyes, characteristic perfume suitable for all natures, gentle movements, courteous spirits, kind meanings, dry vulvas, soft kisses, and a straight nose. The Maghribī women, with black hair, a kind face, sweet
2085:
Al-Andalus was described in the Muslim world as the "land of jihad", a religious border land in a state of constant war with the infidels, which by Islamic Law was a legitimate zone for enslavement, and slaves were termed as coming from three different zones in Christian Iberia: Galicians from the
2690:
Male children could be trained to fill numerous domestic and other tasks, such as being in charge of offices of the Palace kitchen, the falconry, mint, and textile workshops, and in the libraries; the brother of the slave concubine Subh are known to have been placed in the Royal workshop. Male
2417:
as free women or slave concubines, but in contrast performed for male guests - sometimes from behind a screen and sometimes visible - and are the perhaps most well documented of all female slaves. While trained qiyan-slaves were sexually available to their enslaver, they were not categorized or
2131:
These raiding expeditions also included the Saâifa (summer) incursions, a tradition produced during the Amir reign of Cordoba. In addition to acquiring wealth, some of these Saâifa raids sought to bring mostly male captives, often eunuchs, back to Al-Andalus. They were generically referred to as
2468:
The use of female sex slaves of foreign ethnicity had unwanted consequences in the racialized society of al-Andalus, where Arab Muslims were considered to be the most high status ethnicity in the racial hierarchy, followed by Berber Muslims, Christians, Jews and slaves. In order to achieve the
1850:
was regulated in accordance with Islamic law. Non-Muslims foreigners were viewed as legitimate targets of enslavement. Since al-Andalus was a situated in the religious border zone, it had the conditions necessary to become a center of slave trade between Christian and Pagan Europe and the Muslim
2452:
The slave traders were known to prepare their slave girls in order to acquire the highest price for them at the slave market. A 12th-century document described how slave traders smeared female slaves of dark complexion with ointments and dyed the hair of brunettes "golden" (blonde) in order to
2658:
was the first monarch of this family who surrounded his throne with a certain splendour and magnificence. He increased the number of mamelukes (slave soldiers) until they amounted to 5,000 horse and 1,000 foot. ... he increased the number of his slaves, eunuchs and servants; had a bodyguard of
2640:'s reign; as slaves, they were seen as more trustworthy, being dependent on the protective patronage of the ruler. The Caliph al-Hakam (r. 796â822) are known to have had a personal guard of "mutes" slave soldiers, called mute because they were not taught Arabic and thus unable to communicate.
1884:
Slavery existed in Muslim al-Andalus as well as in the Christian kingdoms, and both sides of the religious border followed the custom of not enslaving people of their own religion. Consequently, Muslims were enslaved in Christian lands, while Christians and other non-Muslims were enslaved in
2245:
in the slave trade in Iberia remains largely hypothetical, their depredations are clearly recorded. Raids on Al-Andalus by Vikings are reported in the years 844, 859, 966 and 971, conforming to the general pattern of such activity concentrating in the mid ninth and late tenth centuries.
1979:
The Almohads broke Islamic law by taking Muslim women and children as slaves during the conquest of the Almoravid Emirate in the 12th-century. Islamic law allowed Muslims to take non-Muslims as slaves, but not Muslims. However, the Almohads defined Muslims who were not followers of
2335:
In the Islamic world, female slaves were targeted for either use as domestic house slave maidservants, or for sexual slavery in the form of concubinage. In certain Islamic periods such as Al-Andalus, female slaves could also be selected for training as slave artists, known as
1942:
being a form of piety under Islamic law, slavery in Muslim Spain couldn't maintain the same level of auto-reproduction as societies with older slave populations. Therefore, Al-Andalus relied on trade systems as an external means of replenishing the supply of enslaved people.
1871:
Slaves in al-Andalus were used in a similar manner as in other Muslim states. Female slaves were used primarily as domestic servants, prostitution and private harem concubines (sex slaves). Male slaves were used for a number of different tasks, but primarily divided in to
2659:
cavalry always stationed at the gate of his palace and surrounded his person with a guard of mamelukes .... these mamelukes were called Al-haras (the Guard) owing to their all being Christians or foreigners. They occupied two large barracks, with stables for their horses.
2070:, a substantial price. The slaves were not always destined for the al-Andalus market; similar to Bohemia in Europe, al-Andalus was a religious border state for the Muslim world, and saqaliba slaves were exported from there further to the Muslim world in the Middle East.
2635:
Non-castrated male children could be selected for military slavery: slave soldiers were an important part of Andalusian military. Free Arab soldiers were distrusted by the Islamic rulers and the custom of having a slave army is known in al-Andalus from at least Caliph
2409:"People did not use to teach beautiful slave-girls to sing, but instead only taught light brown and black . The first person to teach expensive slave-girls to sing was my father. He achieved the highest level of female singers, and thereby raised their value".
1876:, who could be given prestigious tasks; laborers; or as slave soldiers. al-Andalus functioned as both a destination as well as a place of transit of the slave trade of European slaves from the North to the rest of the Muslim world in the South and the East.
2937:
Gaiser, A. (2014) "Slaves and Silver across the Strait of Gibraltar: Politics and Trade between Umayyad Iberia and KhÄrijite North Africa" in Liang, Y.G. et al. (eds.) Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean, Leiden: Brill, pp.
2918:
Gaiser, A. (2014) "Slaves and Silver across the Strait of Gibraltar: Politics and Trade between Umayyad Iberia and KhÄrijite North Africa" in Liang, Y.G. et al. (eds.) Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean, Leiden: Brill, pp.
2908:
Gaiser, A. (2014) "Slaves and Silver across the Strait of Gibraltar: Politics and Trade between Umayyad Iberia and KhÄrijite North Africa" in Liang, Y.G. et al. (eds.) Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean, Leiden: Brill, pp.
2456:
Female slaves were visible in public; while free Muslim women were expected to veil in public to signal their modesty and status as free women, slave women were expected to appear unveiled in public to differentiate them from free and modest women.
1550:
2891:
The slave trade of European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved.
1946:
Islamic law prohibited Muslims from enslaving other Muslims, and there was thus a big market for non-Muslim slaves in Islamic territory. The Vikings sold both Christian and Pagan European captives to the Muslims, who referred to them as
2305:, although they were sometimes privately owned. While male saqaliba could be given work in a number of tasks, such as offices in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of
3530:
GALLARDO, BARBARA BOLOIX. âBeyond the Haram: Ibn Al-Khatib and His Privileged Knowledge of Royal Nasrid Women .â Praising the âTongue of Religionâ: Essays in Honor of the 700th Anniversary of Ibn al-KhaáčÄ«bâs Birth (2014): n. pag.
3372:
GALLARDO, BARBARA BOLOIX. âBeyond the Haram: Ibn Al-Khatib and His Privileged Knowledge of Royal Nasrid Women .â Praising the âTongue of Religionâ: Essays in Honor of the 700th Anniversary of Ibn al-KhaáčÄ«bâs Birth (2014): n. pag.
2249:
The Vikings performed slave raids toward the Christian parts of Iberia as well. It is known that the Vikings sold people they captured in their raids in Christian Europe to the Islamic world via Arab merchants in Russia along the
1858:
between Muslim and Christian Iberia resulted in numerous Christian slaves captured during the constant warfare and slave raids across Iberian borders. Christian Europe exported Pagan Europeans as slaves to al-Andalus via the
2385:, slave-girls dressed as boys, who were trained to perform as singers and musicians and who attended the drinking parties of the sovereign and his male guests, and this custom is known in al-Andalus in the reign of Caliph
2041:("land of the slaves"). Bohemia were in an ideal position to become a supply source for Pagan saqaliba slaves to al-Andalus. The slaves were acquired through slave raids toward the Pagan Slavic lands North of Prague.
2005:
the treasury. The women were sold and everything went back to the treasury", and Ibn Sahib al-Sala that " distribyted the houses to . The families of Marrakesh were sold and their children were somd into slavery"
3559:
Boloix Gallardo, BĂĄrbara (2013). Las sultanas de La Alhambra: las grandes desconocidas del reino nazarĂ de Granada (siglos XIII-XV). Patronato de la Alhambra y del Generalife. ISBN 978-84-9045-045-1.
2465:
claimed that Muslim women wore transparent tunics, which has been interpreted as the supposed freedom of Andalusian women, but such clothing was likely worn by slave women rather than Muslim women.
3519:
Barton, S. (2015). Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia. USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 38
2538:) were educated in accomplishments to make them attractive and useful for their master, and many became known and respected for their knowledge in a variety of subjects from music to medicine. A
2282:, laborers and slave soldiers. Children were the preferred category on the slave market because they could be trained and raised to fill the function selected for them from childhood. Common
1931:(711â1492) imported a large number of slaves to its own domestic market, as well as served as a staging point for Muslim and Jewish merchants to market slaves to the rest of the Islamic world.
1902:, where white female slaves constituted a big part of the slave concubines of the royal harem, and white male slaves constituted most of the administrative personnel in the courts and palaces.
1671:
3363:
Translated into Spanish by Concepción Våzquez de Benito, Libro del cuidado de la saluddurante las estaciones del año o Libro de higiene (Salamanca: University of Salamanca,1984), 154.
2008:
The enslavement of Muslim war captives however soon stopped since during the Almohad conquests, Muslims stated to rapidly adopt the Almohadist version of Islam to avoid enslavement.
1535:
1066:
3057:
Brodman, J. (1986). Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier. USA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2928:
Gutierrez, J. and Valor, M. (2014) "Trade, Transport and Travel" in Valor, M. and Gutierrez, A. (eds.) The Archaeology of Medieval Spain 1100â1500, Sheffield: Equinox, pp. 124.
1420:
792:
529:
1156:
797:
3217:
Loveluck, C. (2013). Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, C.AD 600â1150: A Comparative Archaeology. USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 321
2309:
guards, they were castrated), female saqaliba were placed in the harem. The Sub-Saharan African Pagans were often given more laborious chores than the saqaliba-slaves.
489:
2055:
Traditionally, the slave traders acquiring the slaves in Prague and transporting them to the slave market of al-Andalus are said to have been dominated by the Jewish
2358:. The female qiyan slave entertainer, often referred to as "singing slave girls", were instructed in a number of accomplishments, such as poetry, music, recitating
3686:
2882:
Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900â1600. NederlĂ€nderna: Brill. p. 33-35
2347:
seclusion in as high degree as possible, they generally did not work as maidservants, which created a high demand for domestic female slaves in the Muslim world.
844:
2073:
The saqaliba slave trade from Prague to al-Andalus via France became defunct in the 11th-century, when the Pagan Slavs of the North started to gradually adopt
1390:
3387:
Gerber, J. S. (2020). Cities of Splendour in the Shaping of Sephardi History. Storbritannien: Liverpool University Press. p. 27
1540:
871:
2461:
noted how Free Muslim women were prohibited from wearing revealing and transparent clothing, but that such clothing were worn in an intimate context; the
2435:
While slaves could be of different ethnicities, this did not exclude enslavers from categorizing slaves by their ethnic origin in to racial stereotypes.
2373:(r. 796â822). However, qiyan soon started to be trained in Cordoba and from 1013 in Seville; it is however unknown if the tradition was preserved in the
2198:(1121â1269) approved of the slave raiding of Saracen pirates toward non-Muslim ships in Gibraltar and the Mediterranean for the purpose of slave raiding.
3245:
Scales, P. C. (1993). The Fall of the Caliphate of CĂłrdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict. Tyskland: E.J. Brill. p. 134
2742:
2687:
note that the Jewish merchants of Verdun specialized in castrating slaves, to be sold as eunuch saqaliba, which were enormously popular in Muslim Spain.
2318:
2294:('fighter') for slave soldiers; or Anbar ('amber'), Zuhayr ('radiant'), Kharyan ('blessing'), wathiq ('trusthworthy') or jumn ('pearl') for bureaucrats.
1951:; these slaves were likely both Pagan Slavic, Finnic and Baltic Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. Forming relations between the
1617:
369:
2044:
The Prague slave trade adjusted to the al-Andalus market, with females required for sexual slavery and males required for either military slavery or as
3528:
2136:, the Arab word for Slavs. Slavsâ status as the most common group in the slave trade by the tenth century led to the development of the word âslave.â
819:
3354:
B. Belli, "Registered female prostitution in the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)," Ph.D. - Doctoral Program, Middle East Technical University, 2020. p 56
1590:
1410:
583:
2377:. Qiyan-slaves were selected to be trained for this function as children, and underwent a long training to fit the demands. During reign of the
2747:
1748:
2518:. Except for the female relatives of the Caliph, the harem women consisted of his slave concubines. The slaves of the Caliph were often European
2592:
who was recognized by her enslaver as his, was given the status of ummahÄt al-awlÄd, which meant she could no longer be sold and would be free (
2737:
2206:
Along with Christians and Slavs, Sub-Saharan Africans were also held as slaves, brought back from the caravan trade in the Sahara. The Ancient
854:
272:
3599:
3546:
3336:
Textiles of Medieval Iberia: Cloth and Clothing in a Multi-cultural Context. (2022). Storbritannien: Boydell Press. p. 180-181
3202:
2778:
2001:
took the fortress Dai, two women were taken as captives who became his concubines, one of whom became the mother of his son Abu Said Uthman.
1432:
1109:
881:
1624:
1585:
1228:
1892:
in the late 15th century. European slaves were exported from the Christian section of Spain as well as Eastern Europe and referred to as
2979:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p150-53
2190:
While the Saracen bases in France was eliminated in 972, this did not prevent the Saracen piracy slave trade of the Mediterranean; both
1666:
1303:
963:
814:
610:
519:
3396:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 125
3345:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 103
3320:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 104
3311:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 102
3295:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 100
3066:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 139
3031:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p. 126
3576:
3022:
Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900â1600. NederlĂ€nderna: Brill. p. 37
3013:
Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900â1600. NederlĂ€nderna: Brill. p. 92
2997:
Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900â1600. NederlĂ€nderna: Brill. p. 36
1686:
1380:
1134:
2970:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p150
2961:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p146
2952:
Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. (2017). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p153
3501:
3474:
3444:
3417:
3275:
1508:
1385:
809:
578:
445:
1355:
51:
2030:
was a state in a religious border zone, in the case of Bohemia bordering to Pagan Slavic lands to the North, East and South East.
3657:
2722:
2717:
2177:
1639:
849:
834:
780:
465:
455:
450:
279:
135:
2258:. However, it is not confirmed if the Vikings sold the captives from their raids in Christian Iberia directly to Muslim Iberia.
3163:
Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press.
1634:
1405:
211:
1545:
3671:
2988:
Rollason, D. (2018). Early Medieval Europe 300â1050: A Guide for Studying and Teaching. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis.
2813:
1104:
1092:
672:
484:
130:
2301:
slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. The Saqaliba were mostly assigned to palaces as guards, concubines, and
3588:
Valante, Mary A. (2013). "Castrating Monks: Vikings, the Slave Trade, and the Value of Eunuchs". In Tracy, Larissa (ed.).
2343:
Domestic slavery was a common enslavement for women in the Muslim world. Since free Muslim women were expected to live in
2118:
1676:
1459:
320:
2350:
Female slaves in al-Andalus could also be used as slave artists. The Caliphate of Cordoba continued the tradition of the
3681:
2548:, and a favorite concubine was given great luxury and honorary titles such as in the case of Marjan, who gave birth to
2322:
1994:
1681:
1525:
1395:
1056:
824:
804:
364:
332:
1741:
1691:
1415:
1333:
460:
241:
61:
3623:
2503:, was reproduced by the Islamic realms developing from them, such as in the Emirates and Caliphates in Muslim Spain,
3652:
3172:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500âAD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. p. 37
2074:
1600:
1452:
1437:
1328:
524:
194:
3676:
2254:, slaves who were trafficked to the Middle East via Central Asia and was an important slave supply source to the
2207:
1696:
1595:
1126:
1114:
704:
677:
182:
3154:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages. (1986). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 408
2037:
referred to the forrests of Central and Eastern Europe, which came to function as a slave source supply, as the
1476:
1345:
898:
687:
172:
73:
2187:
in 903, and made slave raids also from this base toward the coasts of the Christian Mediterranean and Sicily.
352:
2691:
children could also be selected to be trained to serve the diwan as administrative state bureaucrat offices.
2140:
2034:
1899:
1825:
1798:
1661:
1400:
1350:
1278:
1051:
829:
773:
756:
187:
3656:
Simon Barton, Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines, Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia.
949:
2712:
2494:
2330:
1734:
1703:
1208:
861:
709:
433:
399:
394:
2565:
2026:
The slave market of Prague was one route for saqaliba slaves to al-Andalus. Similarly to al-Andalus, the
2601:
1570:
1425:
1338:
1323:
1005:
993:
739:
724:
509:
206:
2672:
2128:
in Portugal in 1181â82, 400 women were taken captives and put for sale in the slave market of Seville.
1993:
While adult men were killed, women and children were taken captive and sold as slaves and even kept as
1821:
1761:
2436:
2684:
2613:
2326:
2275:
1708:
1612:
1575:
1503:
1447:
1316:
1273:
1087:
1017:
692:
472:
374:
258:
165:
2101:
to ravage the Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back booty and people. For example, in a raid on
2732:
2727:
2255:
2086:
North West, Basques or Vascones from the Central North, and Franks from the North East and France.
1911:
1196:
1176:
1061:
1046:
915:
886:
876:
766:
714:
682:
479:
337:
305:
300:
253:
110:
3647:
3605:
3105:
2865:
2609:
2597:
2584:
2577:
2542:
concubine who gave birth to a child acknowledge by her enslaver as his attained the status of an
2508:
2401:
2374:
2263:
2017:
1919:
1860:
1841:
1442:
1288:
1263:
1253:
1218:
1213:
1181:
1146:
1139:
1080:
1073:
930:
749:
744:
734:
504:
357:
315:
310:
263:
231:
221:
158:
17:
2805:
Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900â1500
2605:
2573:
379:
325:
2369:. Qiyan slave-girls are noted to have been first imported to al-Andalus during the reign of
3595:
3572:
3497:
3470:
3440:
3413:
3271:
3265:
3198:
3097:
2857:
2809:
2804:
2774:
2676:
2664:
2637:
2553:
2515:
2351:
2251:
2222:
2214:
2195:
2191:
2114:
2090:
1960:
1952:
1928:
1837:
1833:
1813:
1792:
1530:
1248:
1243:
1186:
1171:
1151:
973:
968:
903:
866:
699:
665:
494:
347:
236:
115:
3464:
3434:
3407:
2768:
1820:
and Portugal) between the 8th-century and the 15th century. This includes the periods of the
3493:
Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia
3491:
3190:
3089:
2847:
2274:
The slave market in the Muslim world prioritized women for the use of domestic servants and
2027:
1998:
1785:
1720:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1258:
1223:
1191:
1161:
1034:
1022:
1000:
978:
925:
761:
729:
31:
3571:
ed. Strayer, Joseph R. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Volume 11. New York: Scribner, 1982.
1854:
Slaves were trafficked to al-Andalus via a number of different routes. The centuries long
2569:
2527:
2397:
2344:
2110:
1629:
1520:
1515:
1268:
1238:
1233:
956:
920:
719:
637:
342:
88:
2499:
The harem system that developed in the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate, illustrated by the
2893:
2588:
2429:
2378:
1713:
1607:
499:
177:
140:
98:
3665:
3109:
2869:
2644:
2500:
2482:
2478:
2418:
sold as concubines and, with their training, were the most expensive female slaves.
2238:
2147:, the entire garrison was slain, and the inhabitants were either killed or enslaved.
1651:
1580:
1027:
1010:
785:
615:
605:
389:
39:
3646:
Muhammad Abdullah Enan, The State of Islam in Andalusia, Vol. I: The 'Amarite state.
2694:
Castrated children could be selected to serve as guards or other functions inside a
2587:(1238â1492) was modelled after the former Royal Harem of Cordoba. The rulers of the
1888:
The Moors imported white Christian slaves from the 8th century until the end of the
3609:
3589:
2486:
2184:
1656:
1493:
1469:
1375:
1368:
1099:
627:
600:
563:
541:
428:
145:
125:
103:
93:
83:
78:
68:
908:
2262:
lucrative trades for Vikings as well as other traders operating from Irish ports
2836:"What Does the Slave Trade in the Saqaliba Tell Us about Early Islamic Slavery?"
2549:
2507:, which attracted a lot of attention in Europe during the Middle Ages until the
2490:
2393:
2386:
1939:
1889:
1855:
1498:
1486:
839:
642:
632:
590:
404:
3651:
Carlos Dominguez, Leader of the Jihad: Almanzor against the Christian Kingdoms.
3077:
2077:, which prohibited Christian Bohemia to enslave and sell to Muslim al-Andalus.
3194:
3093:
2852:
2835:
2680:
2655:
2504:
2370:
2283:
2226:
2218:
2172:
2156:
2098:
1981:
1964:
1956:
1935:
1924:
1809:
1646:
943:
647:
514:
3101:
2861:
2048:. Male slaves selected to be sold as eunuchs were subjected to castration in
2707:
2648:
2544:
2458:
2160:
2056:
1915:
1774:
891:
556:
418:
2225:, the flow of trafficked people from the main routes of the Sahara towards
1963:, the flow of trafficked people from the main routes of the Sahara towards
573:
2210:
trafficked slaves to Al-Andalus from non-Muslim Pagan Sub-Saharan Africa.
2097:
among Muslims and Christians. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from
1781:
2668:
2531:
2519:
2422:
2298:
2168:
2144:
2133:
2125:
2021:
1948:
1894:
1481:
1039:
983:
935:
595:
440:
295:
201:
2632:, and then selected to be trained in a future function chosen for them.
3409:
The Fall of the Caliphate of CĂłrdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict
3267:
The Fall of the Caliphate of CĂłrdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict
2539:
2535:
2242:
2106:
2094:
1864:
1805:
1769:
1464:
546:
226:
43:
2643:
A ready market, especially for men of fighting age, could be found in
2514:
The most famous of the Andalusian harems was perhaps the harem of the
2667:(912â961), there were at first 3,750, then 6,087, and finally 13,750
2366:
2302:
2279:
2102:
2049:
2045:
1986:
1873:
1829:
1166:
988:
568:
551:
413:
248:
216:
2526:
The harem could contain thousands of slave concubines; the harem of
2286:
were adjusted to the tasks selected for the slave children, such as
3041:
2534:
concubines were appreciated for their light skin. The concubines (
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
2695:
2629:
2444:
2414:
2355:
2337:
2306:
2164:
2066:
1898:. Saqaliba slavery in al-Andalus was especially prominent in the
1868:
South across the Sahara desert via the Trans-Saharan slave trade.
1817:
1791:
1780:
1768:
1760:
423:
409:
384:
2628:
Male slave children were normally taught Arabic and converted to
2354:
to instruct a category of female slaves to become entertainers;
290:
120:
1997:, something normally only allowed for non-Muslim women. When
2365:
Qiyan-slave-girls were initially imported to al-Andalus from
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3150:
3148:
3146:
2362:(accounts or anecdotes), calligraphy and shadow puppetry.
2113:
took 3,000 female and child captives, and his governor of
1934:
An early economic pillar of the Islamic empire in Iberia (
1796:
Slavic and Black slaves in CĂłrdoba; illustration from the
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2443:"The Arabic women from the desert well experienced, the
3515:
3513:
2904:
2902:
2596:) after the death of her enslaver. The mothers of both
2117:
took 3,000 Christian slaves in a subsequent attack upon
1938:) during the eighth century was the slave trade. Due to
2948:
2946:
2944:
2381:(r. 809â813) in Bahgdad, there was a category known as
3466:
Vibrant Andalusia: The Spice of Life in Southern Spain
1990:) and therefore viewed them as legitimate to enslave.
3078:"The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe"
2894:
https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7
2773:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 58â59.
2439:
classified female sex slaves by racial stereotypes:
1421:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2229:served as a highly lucrative trade configuration.
1967:served as a highly lucrative trade configuration.
1536:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3496:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1.
2413:The qiyan-slaves were not secluded from men in
2564:refused sexual intercourse. The concubines of
3458:
3456:
2297:The slaves of the Caliph were often European
1742:
8:
3082:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2840:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1541:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2808:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 203â204.
2770:Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia
2405:to increase their market value even more:
2743:History of concubinage in the Muslim world
2604:had been captured Christian women, as had
2319:History of concubinage in the Muslim world
1749:
1735:
26:
3591:Castration and Culture in the Middle Ages
2851:
3439:. Harvard University Press. p. 72.
3180:
3178:
2266:were the slave trade to Islamic Iberia.
1546:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1411:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1391:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889â90
3545:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSarr2020 (
2759:
2748:Medieval Arab attitudes to Black people
2075:Christianity from the late 10th-century
38:
2738:History of slavery in the Muslim world
2178:slave market of the Muslim Middle East
3687:Slavery in the medieval Islamic world
2572:during the Caliphate of Cordoba, and
1433:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1110:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
3540:
3264:Peter C. Scales (31 December 1993).
2647:, with its need for supplies of new
1625:Slave marriages in the United States
1229:Human trafficking in the Middle East
964:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
1618:last survivors of American slavery
25:
3469:. Algora Publishing. p. 35.
3042:"Ransoming Captives, Chapter One"
2793:Fernandez-Morera 2016 pp. 163â164
1863:through Christian France. Pagan
579:Field slaves in the United States
446:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
18:Slavery in the Emirate of Granada
2723:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
2718:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
2683:, Ibrahim al-Qarawi, and Bishop
456:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
451:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
280:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
50:
3187:Early Medieval Spain â Springer
2834:Jankowiak, Marek (2017-01-20).
2802:Olivia Remie Constable (1996).
2081:Slave raids to Christian Iberia
1927:, the Muslim-ruled area of the
1406:Committee of Experts on Slavery
957:East, Southeast, and South Asia
3131:Muhammad Abdullah Enan, p. 544
2583:The Royal Nasrid Harem of the
2530:consisted of 6,300 women. The
2213:Forming relations between the
1105:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2428:Another category was that of
2155:Moorish Saracen pirates from
1765:Califato de CĂłrdoba - 1000-en
2767:William D. Phillips (2014).
2323:Islamic views on concubinage
1396:Temporary Slavery Commission
1057:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
3076:Wenner, Manfred W. (1980).
2241:, although the role of the
1416:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
461:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
3703:
2476:
2316:
2167:and established a base in
2093:was the scene of episodic
2015:
1909:
1840:rule (1147â1238), and the
1808:was a practice throughout
1601:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1438:Anti-Slavery International
1203:North Africa and West Asia
3406:Scales, Peter C. (1993).
3195:10.1007/978-1-349-24135-4
3094:10.1017/s0020743800027136
2853:10.1017/s0020743816001240
2208:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2202:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2143:by the CĂłrdoban general,
1697:Emancipation Proclamation
1369:Opposition and resistance
1127:Sex trafficking in Europe
1115:Blackbirding in Polynesia
678:Trans-Saharan slave trade
3594:. Boydell & Brewer.
2625:expected to be eunuchs.
1477:Compensated emancipation
688:Indian Ocean slave trade
3185:Collins, Roger (1995).
3140:Carlos Dominguez, p. 26
2671:, or Slavic slaves, at
2511:was conquered in 1492.
2276:concubines (sex slaves)
2141:Sack of Barcelona (985)
2124:In the Almohad raid to
1799:Cantigas de Santa Maria
1401:1926 Slavery Convention
1157:Germany in World War II
774:North and South America
296:Contract of manumission
3490:Barton, Simon (2015).
3436:Atlas of the Year 1000
3270:. BRILL. p. 134.
2713:Tribute of 100 virgins
2661:
2495:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2331:Circassian slave trade
2183:The Saracens captured
1802:
1789:
1778:
1766:
882:British Virgin Islands
434:Circassian slave trade
400:Safavid imperial harem
395:Ottoman Imperial Harem
3672:Slavery in al-Andalus
3569:Slavery, Slave Trade.
3412:. Brill. p. 66.
2653:
1848:Slavery in al-Andalus
1795:
1784:
1772:
1764:
1121:Europe and North Asia
1081:Australia and Oceania
781:Pre-Columbian America
353:Slave raid of SuĂ°uroy
285:Slavery in al-Andalus
207:Black Sea slave trade
136:21st-century jihadism
2685:Liutprand of Cremona
2663:During the reign of
2614:Ismail II of Granada
2327:Ma malakat aymanukum
2194:(1040â1147) and the
2035:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
1900:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
1826:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
1576:Indentured servitude
1504:Underground Railroad
1304:United Arab Emirates
693:Zanzibar slave trade
660:By country or region
473:Atlantic slave trade
375:Ma malakat aymanukum
259:Venetian slave trade
3682:Slavery in Portugal
3610:10.7722/j.ctt2tt1pr
3543:, pp. 186â188.
2733:Barbary slave trade
2728:Crimean slave trade
2566:Abu Marwan al-Tubni
2558:al-sayyida al-kubra
2463:Libro de los juegos
2256:Bukhara slave trade
1912:Bukhara slave trade
1662:Slave Route Project
793:Americas indigenous
683:Red Sea slave trade
673:Contemporary Africa
536:Topics and practice
306:Crimean slave trade
301:Bukhara slave trade
254:Genoese slave trade
131:Contemporary Africa
111:Forced prostitution
3624:"BREPOLiS â Login"
3463:Ruiz, Ana (2007).
3433:Man, John (1999).
3254:Jankowiak, p. 169.
2610:Yusuf I of Granada
2585:Emirate of Granada
2578:Emirate of Granada
2509:Emirate of Granada
2402:Ibrahim al-Mawsili
2375:Emirate of Granada
2233:Viking slave trade
2018:Prague slave trade
2012:Prague slave trade
1920:Prague slave trade
1861:Prague slave trade
1842:Emirate of Granada
1836:rule (1085â1145),
1822:Emirate of CĂłrdoba
1803:
1790:
1779:
1767:
1443:Blockade of Africa
750:Somali slave trade
666:Sub-Saharan Africa
358:Turkish Abductions
316:Khivan slave trade
311:Khazar slave trade
264:Balkan slave trade
222:Prague slave trade
3628:apps.brepolis.net
3601:978-1-84384-351-1
3204:978-0-333-64171-2
2824:Fynn-Paul, p. 26.
2780:978-0-8122-4491-5
2677:Umayyad Caliphate
2675:, capital of the
2665:Abd-ar-Rahman III
2638:Abd al-Rahman III
2554:Abd al-Rahman III
2516:Caliph of Cordoba
2352:Umayyad Caliphate
2345:gender segregated
2252:Volga trade route
2196:Almohad Caliphate
2192:Almoravid dynasty
2091:Iberian Peninsula
2039:Bilad as-Saqaliba
1929:Iberian Peninsula
1814:Iberian Peninsula
1759:
1758:
1709:Freedmen's Bureau
1531:Third Servile War
1526:International law
1093:Human trafficking
855:Human trafficking
530:Thirteen colonies
348:Sack of Baltimore
116:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
3694:
3677:Slavery in Spain
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3585:
3579:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3296:
3293:
3282:
3281:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3182:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3122:Phillips, p. 17.
3120:
3114:
3113:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3011:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2855:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2764:
2612:, and mother of
2556:; he called her
2028:Duchy of Bohemia
1975:Almohad conquest
1832:(11th century),
1828:(929â1031), the
1786:Madinat al-Zahra
1751:
1744:
1737:
1721:Emancipation Day
1554:
1521:Slave Trade Acts
212:Byzantine Empire
54:
27:
21:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3662:
3661:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3602:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3299:
3294:
3285:
3278:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2704:
2622:
2574:Isabel de SolĂs
2528:Abd al-Rahman I
2497:
2475:
2398:Kitab al-Aghani
2333:
2315:
2272:
2235:
2204:
2153:
2111:Yaqub al-Mansur
2083:
2024:
2014:
1984:as unbelivers (
1977:
1922:
1908:
1882:
1824:(756â929), the
1755:
1726:
1725:
1630:Slave narrative
1586:Fugitive slaves
1566:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1516:Slave rebellion
1371:
1361:
1360:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1131:United Kingdom
1067:Yankee princess
661:
653:
652:
380:Avret Pazarları
326:Avret Pazarları
195:Medieval Europe
161:
151:
150:
89:Forced marriage
64:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3615:
3600:
3580:
3577:978-0684190730
3561:
3552:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3502:
3482:
3475:
3452:
3445:
3425:
3418:
3398:
3389:
3375:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3322:
3313:
3297:
3283:
3276:
3256:
3247:
3219:
3210:
3203:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3068:
3059:
3033:
3024:
3015:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2940:
2930:
2921:
2911:
2898:
2884:
2875:
2826:
2817:
2795:
2786:
2779:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2621:
2618:
2608:, enslaved by
2589:Nasrid dynasty
2560:(great lady).
2552:, the heir of
2474:
2471:
2450:
2449:
2430:sexual slavery
2411:
2410:
2389:(r. 961â976).
2379:Caliph al-Amin
2314:
2311:
2271:
2268:
2264:such as Dublin
2234:
2231:
2203:
2200:
2152:
2151:Saracen piracy
2149:
2082:
2079:
2013:
2010:
1976:
1973:
1907:
1904:
1881:
1878:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1608:List of slaves
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Dutch Republic
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1008:
998:
997:
996:
991:
986:
976:
971:
966:
960:
959:
953:
952:
947:
940:
939:
938:
933:
923:
918:
913:
912:
911:
901:
896:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
869:
864:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
802:
801:
800:
790:
789:
788:
777:
776:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
753:
752:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
696:
695:
685:
680:
675:
669:
668:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
623:
619:
618:
613:
611:Child soldiers
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
587:
586:
576:
571:
566:
561:
560:
559:
554:
549:
538:
537:
533:
532:
527:
522:
520:Spanish Empire
517:
512:
507:
502:
500:Middle Passage
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
475:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
362:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
330:
329:
328:
321:Ottoman Empire
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
276:
275:
269:
268:
267:
266:
256:
251:
246:
245:
244:
239:
234:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
198:
197:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
169:
168:
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
141:Sexual slavery
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
107:
106:
101:
99:Child marriage
96:
86:
81:
76:
74:Child soldiers
71:
65:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3699:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3503:9780812292114
3499:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3476:9780875865416
3472:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3446:9780674541870
3442:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3419:9789004098688
3415:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3277:90-04-09868-2
3273:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:(1): 62, 63.
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3047:
3046:libro.uca.edu
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:Umayyad Spain
2641:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:Abbasid harem
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:Safavid harem
2480:
2479:Abbasid harem
2472:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:Ibn al-KhaáčÄ«b
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:Female slaves
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2290:('warrior'),
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:Roger Collins
2237:According to
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:The medieval
2087:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:Abd al-Mu'min
1996:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:Middle East.
1849:
1845:
1844:(1232â1492).
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:(present-day
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1777:trade routes.
1776:
1771:
1763:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Slave catcher
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Forced labour
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:Abolitionists
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:comfort women
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:Chukri System
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
958:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
900:
899:Latin America
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
856:
853:
851:
850:interregional
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:prison labour
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
805:United States
803:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
772:
771:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
667:
664:
663:
657:
656:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
620:
617:
616:White slavery
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:Slave raiding
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
575:
574:Corvée labour
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
474:
471:
470:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Abbasid harem
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:Barbary Coast
331:
327:
324:
323:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
270:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
155:
154:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
63:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:Forced labour
37:
33:
29:
28:
19:
3631:. Retrieved
3627:
3618:
3590:
3583:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3536:
3524:
3492:
3485:
3465:
3435:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3316:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3213:
3186:
3168:
3159:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3062:
3049:. Retrieved
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2933:
2924:
2914:
2896:. p. 256-257
2887:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2820:
2803:
2798:
2789:
2769:
2762:
2693:
2689:
2662:
2654:
2642:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2593:
2582:
2562:
2557:
2543:
2525:
2513:
2498:
2487:Mughal Harem
2467:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2391:
2382:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2273:
2270:Slave market
2260:
2248:
2236:
2212:
2205:
2189:
2185:the Baleares
2182:
2154:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2105:in 1189 the
2088:
2084:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2054:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1945:
1933:
1923:
1893:
1887:
1885:al-Andalus.
1883:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1804:
1797:
1657:Slave patrol
1494:Freedom suit
1470:Sierra Leone
1460:Colonization
1376:Abolitionism
1356:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
1329:Christianity
1279:Saudi Arabia
1135:Penal Labour
1100:Blackbirding
1006:Debt bondage
994:penal system
820:Contemporary
810:Field slaves
798:U.S. Natives
757:South Africa
628:Galley slave
601:Slave market
591:House slaves
564:Blackbirding
542:Conscription
466:21st century
429:Umm al-walad
284:
273:Muslim world
242:Emancipation
146:Wage slavery
126:Penal labour
104:Wife selling
94:Bride buying
79:Conscription
69:Child Labour
62:Contemporary
3633:24 December
3051:24 December
2620:Male slaves
2576:during the
2550:al-Hakam II
2491:Qajar harem
2473:Royal harem
2421:The writer
2394:al-Isbahani
2387:al-Hakam II
2284:slave names
2278:and men as
2139:During the
2033:The Arabic
1940:manumission
1906:Slave trade
1890:Reconquista
1856:reconquista
1672:court cases
1549: [
1499:Slave Power
1487:Manumission
1334:Catholicism
1209:Afghanistan
950:Puerto Rico
862:The Bahamas
840:Slave codes
643:Shanghaiing
633:Impressment
525:Slave Coast
405:Qajar harem
365:Concubinage
338:slave trade
3666:Categories
2846:(1): 171.
2814:0521565030
2754:References
2681:Ibn Hawqal
2602:Muhammad V
2505:Al-Andalus
2477:See also:
2383:ghulamyyat
2371:al-Hakam I
2317:See also:
2227:Al-Andalus
2219:KhÄrijites
2173:Fraxinetum
2157:al-Andalus
2099:Al-Andalus
2016:See also:
1995:concubines
1982:Almohadism
1965:Al-Andalus
1957:KhÄrijites
1936:Al-Andalus
1925:Al-Andalus
1910:See also:
1880:Background
1810:Al-Andalus
1687:J.Q. Adams
1677:Washington
1647:Slave name
1596:convention
1571:Common law
944:Encomienda
740:Seychelles
725:Mauritania
648:Slave ship
515:Panyarring
510:New France
159:Historical
3541:Sarr 2020
3110:162537404
3102:0020-7438
2870:165127852
2862:0020-7438
2708:Radhanite
2649:mamelukes
2545:umm walad
2459:Ibn Habib
2223:'AbbÄsids
2161:Marseille
2159:attacked
2121:in 1191.
2057:Radhanite
1961:'AbbÄsids
1916:Radhanite
1834:Almoravid
1775:Radhanite
1682:Jefferson
1339:Mormonism
1274:Palestine
1088:Australia
1018:Indonesia
909:Lei Ăurea
892:Code Noir
872:Caribbean
845:Treatment
584:Treatment
557:Devshirme
419:Odalisque
237:In Russia
178:Babylonia
166:Antiquity
2702:See also
2669:Saqaliba
2656:Al-Hakam
2532:saqaliba
2520:saqaliba
2423:Al-Jahiz
2299:saqaliba
2215:Umayyads
2169:Camargue
2145:Almanzor
2134:Saqaliba
2022:Saqaliba
1953:Umayyads
1949:saqaliba
1895:Saqaliba
1812:and the
1714:Iron bit
1704:40 acres
1667:breeding
1482:Freedman
1317:Religion
1177:Portugal
1062:Thailand
1052:Maldives
1047:Malaysia
1040:Kwalliso
984:Booi Aha
936:Restavek
916:Colombia
887:Trinidad
877:Barbados
767:Zanzibar
715:Ethiopia
596:Saqaliba
490:Database
441:Saqaliba
202:Ancillae
32:a series
30:Part of
2673:CĂłrdoba
2598:Yusuf I
2540:jawaris
2536:jawaris
2523:harem.
2303:eunuchs
2292:Muqatil
2288:Mujahid
2280:eunuchs
2243:Vikings
2115:CĂłrdoba
2109:caliph
2107:Almohad
2095:warfare
2046:eunuchs
1874:eunuchs
1865:Vikings
1838:Almohad
1806:Slavery
1692:Lincoln
1565:Related
1465:Liberia
1351:Judaism
1289:Tunisia
1264:Morocco
1254:Lebanon
1219:Bahrain
1214:Algeria
1182:Romania
1147:Denmark
1140:Slavery
1074:Vietnam
745:Somalia
735:Nigeria
710:Comoros
638:Pirates
547:Ghilman
480:Bristol
370:history
343:pirates
232:History
121:Peonage
44:slavery
3608:
3598:
3575:
3531:Print.
3500:
3473:
3443:
3416:
3373:Print.
3274:
3201:
3108:
3100:
2868:
2860:
2812:
2777:
2493:, and
2445:houris
2367:Medina
2360:akhbar
2329:, and
2119:Silves
2103:Lisbon
2067:dinars
2050:Verdun
1987:takfir
1918:, and
1830:Taifas
1613:owners
1249:Kuwait
1244:Jordan
1197:Sweden
1187:Russia
1172:Poland
1167:Norway
989:Laogai
974:Brunei
969:Bhutan
931:revolt
904:Brazil
867:Canada
830:partus
815:female
700:Angola
569:Coolie
552:Mamluk
505:Nantes
485:Brazil
414:Cariye
249:Thrall
217:Kholop
183:Greece
3606:JSTOR
3106:S2CID
2866:S2CID
2696:harem
2630:Islam
2594:hurra
2415:harem
2356:qiyan
2338:qiyan
2307:harem
2165:Arles
2126:Evora
1818:Spain
1640:songs
1635:films
1553:]
1509:songs
1346:Islam
1324:Bible
1299:Yemen
1294:Qatar
1284:Syria
1259:Libya
1224:Egypt
1192:Spain
1162:Malta
1035:Korea
1023:Japan
1001:India
979:China
926:Haiti
786:Aztec
762:Sudan
730:Niger
622:Naval
495:Dutch
424:Qiyan
410:Jarya
385:Harem
227:Serfs
173:Egypt
3635:2019
3596:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3547:help
3498:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3272:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3098:ISSN
3053:2019
2858:ISSN
2810:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2600:and
2570:Subh
2221:and
2176:the
2163:and
2020:and
1959:and
1773:The
1591:laws
1453:U.S.
1448:U.K.
1386:U.S.
1381:U.K.
1269:Oman
1239:Iraq
1234:Iran
921:Cuba
825:maps
720:Mali
705:Chad
291:Baqt
188:Rome
84:Debt
42:and
3191:doi
3090:doi
2938:45.
2919:44.
2909:42.
2848:doi
2606:RÄ«m
2396:'s
2392:In
3668::
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2864:.
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