120:(mPFC), has an important function in the subjective suppression of and the reframing and reappraisal of negative emotions. A study assessing sleep deficit in young Japanese men over a 5-day period (during which they slept only 4 hours per day) showed that there was greater left amygdala activation to fearful faces but not happy faces, and an overall subjective mood deterioration. As a result, even short-term continuous sleep debt, or deprivation, has been shown to reduce this functional relationship between the amygdala and mPFC, inducing negative mood changes through increased fear and anxiety to unpleasant emotional stimuli and events. Thus, a full and uninterrupted 7-hour sleep is crucial for the proper functioning of the amygdala in modulating an individual's mood states—by reducing negative emotional intensities and increasing reactivity to positive emotional stimuli.
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lowered glucose and insulin responses indicated a clear impairment of carbohydrate tolerance, a 30% decrease than in the well-rested sleep condition. Males who were sleep-restricted also showed significantly elevated concentrations of evening cortisol (the "stress" hormone) and elevated sympathetic nervous system activity in comparison to those who enjoyed a full sleep, throughout 6 nights. Losing so much sleep could lead to many chronic health problems that could include: heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, obesity, and depression. As stated by the
22:
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weekends correlated with a 52% higher mortality rate—as compared to a control group who slept for 7 hours. Consistent weekday sleep debt exhibited a detrimental association with mortality and morbidity, but this effect was negated when compensated with long sleep during weekends. However, the harmful consequences of sleep debt over weekdays and weekends were not seen in individuals aged 65 years and older.
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sedentary lifestyles and habits, as well as higher food consumption. Moreover, work-related behaviors such as long working and commuting hours and irregular work timings such as during shift work also function as contributing factors to being overweight or obese as a result of shorter sleeping periods. In comparison to adults, children exhibit a more consistent association between sleep debt and obesity.
195:. Each day, they were tested for the number of lapses on the PVT. The results showed that, as time went by, each group's performance worsened, with no sign of any stopping point. Moderate sleep deprivation was found to be detrimental; people who slept 6 hours a night for 10 days had similar results to those who were completely sleep deprived for 1 day.
159:
Several studies have shown that sleep duration, specifically sleep deficit or shorter sleep duration, predicts mortality, whether it be on weekdays or weekends. In people aged 65 years and younger, daily sleep duration of 5 hours or less (amounting to a sleep deficit of 2 hours per day) during
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activity, as well as the carbohydrate metabolism of 11 young adult males whose sleep period for six nights was either restricted to four hours per night or extended to 12 hours in bed per night. Results revealed that in the sleep-debt condition, thyrotropin concentrations were decreased, while
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that regulate appetite, higher food consumption and poor diets, and a decrease in overall calorie burning. However, in recent years, multimedia usages such as
Internet and television consumption that play an active role in sleep deficit have also been linked to obesity by provoking unhealthy,
935:
Wang Z, Ma J, Miyoshi C, Li Y, Sato M, Ogawa Y, Lou T, Ma C, Gao X, Lee C, Fujiyama T, Yang X, Zhou S, Hotta-Hirashima N, Klewe-Nebenius D, Ikkyu A, Kakizaki M, Kanno S, Cao L, Takahashi S, Peng J, Yu Y, Funato H, Yanagisawa M, Liu Q (June 2018).
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Dinges DF, Pack F, Williams K, Gillen KA, Powell JW, Ott GE, Aptowicz C, Pack AI (April 1997). "Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night".
104:, chronic sleep debt has a detrimental impact on human neurophysiological functioning and can disrupt immune, endocrine, and metabolic function, while increasing the severity of cardiovascular and age-related illnesses over a period of time.
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sleeps too little for several days or weeks. Total sleep deprivation, on the other hand, occurs when the subject is kept awake for at least 24 hours. There is debate in the scientific community over the specifics of sleep debt (see
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The effects of chronic sleep debt on the human body's metabolic and endocrine processes are significant, particularly for those individuals who are overweight. An analysis of the physiological impacts of sleep debt, published in
749:
Walker, M.P. (2009, October 21). *Sleep
Deprivation III: Brain consequences – Attention, concentration and real life.* Lecture given in Psychology 133 at the University of California, Berkeley, CA.
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activity during non-REM sleep—a reliable indicator that more sleep is met. Inhibition of the Sik3 gene decreases phosphorylation and slow-wave activity in both normal and modified mice.
257:(named Sleepy) possesses an altered version of this protein, which is called SLEEPY, where the protein is more active than the regular version. This results in the mice showing more
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Accumulated and continuous short-term sleep deficit has been shown to increase and intensify psychophysiological reactions in humans to emotional stimuli. The
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suggested that cumulative nocturnal sleep debt affects daytime sleepiness, particularly on the first, second, sixth, and seventh days of sleep restriction.
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could be used to indicate sleep debt, as the enzyme increases its activity in correlation with the length of time a subject has been deprived of sleep.
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There is debate among researchers as to whether the concept of sleep debt describes a measurable phenomenon. The
September 2004 issue of the journal
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test. This test attempts to measure how easily a person can fall asleep. When this test is done several times during the day, it is called a
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plays a strong functional role in the expression of negative emotions such as fear, and, through its anatomical connections with the
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215:(ESS), an eight-item questionnaire with scores ranging from 0 to 24, is another tool used to screen for potential sleep debt.
233:. A 2009 study from Washington University in St. Louis has illuminated important connections between sleep debt, orexin, and
191:(PVT). Different groups of people were tested with different sleep times for two weeks: 8 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, and total
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In mice, there are 80 proteins in the brain, called "sleep need index phosphoproteins" (SNIPPs), which become more and more
211:(MSLT). The subject is told to go to sleep and is awakened after determining the amount of time it took to fall asleep. The
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511:"Sleep deprivation and stressors: evidence for elevated negative affect in response to mild stressors when sleep deprived"
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452:"Sleep debt elicits negative emotional reaction through diminished amygdala-anterior cingulate functional connectivity"
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during waking hours, and are dephosphorylated during sleep. The phosphorylation is aided by the gene Sik3. A type of
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Motomura Y, Kitamura S, Oba K, Terasawa Y, Enomoto M, Katayose Y, Hida A, Moriguchi Y, Higuchi S, Mishima K (2013).
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91:, investigated the physiological effects of sleep debt by assessing the sympathovagal balance (an indicator of the
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Kang JE, Lim MM, Bateman RJ, Lee JJ, Smyth LP, Cirrito JR, Fujiki N, Nishino S, Holtzman DM (November 2009).
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618:"Mortality associated with short sleep duration: The evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future"
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Minkel JD, Banks S, Htaik O, Moreta MC, Jones CW, McGlinchey EL, Simpson NS, Dinges DF (October 2012).
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565:Ă…kerstedt T, Ghilotti F, Grotta A, Zhao H, Adami HO, Trolle-Lagerros Y, Bellocco R (February 2019).
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813:"Interindividual variation in sleep duration and its association with sleep debt in young adults"
430:"Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency - What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency? | NHLBI, NIH"
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Epidemiological research has solidified the association between sleep debt or deprivation and
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could hypothetically be a result of chronic sleep debt or excessive periods of wakefulness.
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The control of wakefulness has been found to be strongly influenced by the protein
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Bayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, Vecchierini MF, Chennaoui M (August 2014).
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880:"Amyloid-beta dynamics are regulated by orexin and the sleep-wake cycle"
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Sleep debt has been tested in a number of studies through the use of a
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contains dueling editorials from two leading sleep researchers,
142:(BMI) through various ways, such as disruptions in the hormones
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567:"Sleep duration and mortality - Does weekend sleep matter?"
326:"Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function"
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There are two kinds of sleep debt: the result of partial
668:(September 2004). "Sleep debt and scientific evidence".
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Commons:File:Effects of sleep deprivation.svg#References
180:. A 1997 experiment conducted by psychiatrists at the
29:, indicating impairment of normal maintenance by sleep
695:
Horne J (September 2004). "Is there a sleep debt?".
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Grandner MA, Hale L, Moore M, Patel NP (June 2010).
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Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E (October 1999).
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Neuropsychological effects of sleep debt on emotions
44:. A large sleep debt may lead to mental or physical
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861:"First Biomarker for Human Sleepiness Identified"
764:"The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation"
762:, Spiegel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E (June 2007).
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40:is the cumulative effect of not getting enough
1001:. New York: Delacorte Press, Random House Inc.
237:, with the suggestion that the development of
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187:In one study, subjects were tested using the
182:University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
16:Cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep
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1021:Lost Sleep Can't Be Made Up, Study Suggests
1367:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
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299:Reference list is found on image page on
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811:Klerman EB, Dijk DJ (October 2005).
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72:), and it is not considered to be a
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80:Physiological effects of sleep debt
865:Washington University in St. Louis
220:Washington University in St. Louis
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95:activity), thyrotropic function,
48:, and can adversely affect one's
1207:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1202:Central hypoventilation syndrome
1362:Periodic limb movement disorder
1329:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
1:
1634:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1442:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1304:Advanced sleep phase disorder
342:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8
102:National Institutes of Health
1314:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1242:Excessive daytime sleepiness
477:10.1371/journal.pone.0056578
399:10.3109/07853890.2014.931103
271:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1447:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1319:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
245:Phosphorylation of proteins
209:multiple sleep latency test
138:as a result of an elevated
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1309:Cyclic alternating pattern
1016:article, "Deep into Sleep"
780:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002
634:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.07.006
218:A January 2007 study from
189:psychomotor vigilance task
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93:sympathetic nervous system
1525:Behavioral sleep medicine
1334:Shift work sleep disorder
1282:Sleep state misperception
962:10.1038/s41586-018-0218-8
571:Journal of Sleep Research
52:, energy, and ability to
1082:Rapid eye movement (REM)
829:10.1093/sleep/28.10.1253
382:"Sleep debt and obesity"
213:Epworth Sleepiness Scale
155:Sleep debt and mortality
118:medial prefrontal cortex
70:§ Scientific debate
1403:Exploding head syndrome
1212:Obstructive sleep apnea
904:10.1126/science.1180962
25:Main health effects of
1718:Sleeping while on duty
1267:Idiopathic hypersomnia
768:Sleep Medicine Reviews
622:Sleep Medicine Reviews
124:Sleep debt and obesity
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1540:Neuroscience of sleep
1272:Night eating syndrome
1257:Kleine–Levin syndrome
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1694:Sleep and creativity
999:The Promise of Sleep
1689:Sleep and breathing
1145:Sensorimotor rhythm
954:2018Natur.558..435W
896:2009Sci...326.1005K
867:. January 25, 2007.
468:2013PLoSO...856578M
239:Alzheimer's disease
205:sleep onset latency
1699:Sleep and learning
1452:Nocturnal emission
1352:Nightmare disorder
1217:Periodic breathing
997:Dement WC (1999).
386:Annals of Medicine
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1709:Sleep deprivation
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948:(7710): 435–439.
584:10.1111/jsr.12712
301:Wikimedia Commons
193:sleep deprivation
164:Scientific debate
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1079:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1000:
995:
994:
990:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
931:
928:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
871:
866:
862:
856:
853:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
804:
799:
795:
790:
785:
781:
777:
774:(3): 163–78.
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
752:
746:
743:
738:
734:
731:(4): 267–77.
730:
726:
718:
715:
710:
706:
703:(6): 1047–9.
702:
698:
691:
688:
683:
679:
676:(6): 1050–2.
675:
671:
667:
661:
658:
653:
649:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
609:
604:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
577:(1): e12712.
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
551:
546:
542:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
502:
497:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
469:
465:
462:(2): e56578.
461:
457:
453:
446:
444:
442:
440:
436:
431:
425:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
395:
392:(5): 264–72.
391:
387:
383:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
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296:
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79:
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71:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:sleep deficit
35:
28:
23:
19:
1712:
1595:Sleeping bag
1372:Sleepwalking
1357:Night terror
1074:sleep cycles
1013:
998:
945:
941:
930:
887:
883:
873:
855:
820:
816:
806:
771:
767:
754:
745:
728:
724:
717:
700:
696:
690:
673:
669:
660:
625:
621:
611:
574:
570:
518:
514:
504:
459:
455:
424:
389:
385:
333:
329:
295:
248:
235:amyloid beta
228:
217:
202:
186:
169:
167:
158:
133:
111:
86:
83:
58:
37:
33:
32:
18:
1679:Second wind
1654:Dream diary
1530:Sleep study
1470:Sleep diary
1422:Hypnopompia
1417:Sleep onset
1408:Hypnic jerk
1247:Hypersomnia
1197:Catathrenia
1192:Sleep apnea
1102:Brain waves
1072:Stages of
1025:LiveScience
276:Hypersomnia
1738:Categories
1713:Sleep debt
1659:Microsleep
1639:Chronotype
1553:Daily life
1437:Somnolence
1413:Hypnagogia
1344:Parasomnia
1262:Narcolepsy
1174:Anatomical
1155:Theta wave
1125:Gamma wave
1120:Delta wave
1110:Alpha wave
760:Knutson KL
287:References
199:Evaluation
88:The Lancet
65:lab animal
34:Sleep debt
1723:Sleepover
1674:Power nap
1669:Nightwear
1535:Melatonin
1497:Somnology
1462:Treatment
1295:disorders
1234:Dyssomnia
1140:PGO waves
1135:Mu rhythm
1130:K-complex
1115:Beta wave
1092:Slow-wave
666:Dinges DF
178:Jim Horne
56:clearly.
1590:Mattress
1565:Bunk bed
1485:Hypnosis
1277:Nocturia
1252:Insomnia
980:29899451
922:19779148
847:16295210
798:17442599
709:15532195
682:15532196
652:19932976
603:29790200
545:22309720
496:23418586
456:PLOS ONE
416:36653608
408:25012962
350:10543671
281:Insomnia
265:See also
114:amygdala
97:HPA axis
74:disorder
1617:Bedtime
1612:Bedroom
1607:Bedding
1602:Bed bug
1585:Hammock
1490:Lullaby
1324:Jet lag
1224:Snoring
1182:Bruxism
971:6350790
950:Bibcode
913:2789838
892:Bibcode
884:Science
838:1351048
789:1991337
737:9231952
643:2856739
594:7003477
536:3964364
515:Emotion
487:3572063
464:Bibcode
358:3854642
224:amylase
148:ghrelin
136:obesity
46:fatigue
1684:Siesta
1570:Daybed
1398:Dreams
978:
968:
942:Nature
920:
910:
845:
835:
796:
786:
735:
707:
680:
650:
640:
601:
591:
543:
533:
494:
484:
414:
406:
356:
348:
330:Lancet
231:orexin
144:leptin
1627:Story
1580:Futon
1513:Other
1061:Sleep
817:Sleep
725:Sleep
697:Sleep
670:Sleep
412:S2CID
354:S2CID
170:Sleep
54:think
42:sleep
1063:and
976:PMID
918:PMID
843:PMID
794:PMID
733:PMID
705:PMID
678:PMID
648:PMID
599:PMID
541:PMID
492:PMID
404:PMID
346:PMID
176:and
146:and
50:mood
1664:Nap
1560:Bed
966:PMC
958:doi
946:558
908:PMC
900:doi
888:326
833:PMC
825:doi
784:PMC
776:doi
638:PMC
630:doi
589:PMC
579:doi
531:PMC
523:doi
482:PMC
472:doi
394:doi
338:doi
334:354
36:or
1740::
1711:/
1415:/
1023:–
974:.
964:.
956:.
944:.
940:.
916:.
906:.
898:.
886:.
882:.
863:.
841:.
831:.
821:28
819:.
815:.
792:.
782:.
772:11
770:.
766:.
729:20
727:.
701:27
699:.
674:27
672:.
646:.
636:.
626:14
624:.
620:.
597:.
587:.
575:28
573:.
569:.
553:^
539:.
529:.
519:12
517:.
513:.
490:.
480:.
470:.
458:.
454:.
438:^
410:.
402:.
390:46
388:.
384:.
366:^
352:.
344:.
332:.
328:.
312:^
303::
76:.
1053:e
1046:t
1039:v
982:.
960::
952::
924:.
902::
894::
849:.
827::
800:.
778::
739:.
711:.
684:.
654:.
632::
605:.
581::
547:.
525::
498:.
474::
466::
460:8
418:.
396::
360:.
340::
307:.
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