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with one another, which may boost one's mood. Similarly, many organizations such as fraternities and sororities on college campuses hold events and fundraisers that often occur late and/or throughout the night, and are often mandatory obligations. Having to work or attend an event in the middle of the night can cause someone's sleep schedule to be disrupted for the entire day and possibly into the next day. Some students may have to go to class most of the day then work most of the night, or vice versa. Even beyond that, students have to find a way to balance scheduling time for normal friends, family, and any other relationships. On top of this, many students live with roommates and/or near neighbors that might not adhere to the same sleep schedule, thus disrupting theirs. All of this doesn't even include extra activities like appointments, meetings, etc. that take up even more of the day.
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This imbalance in circadian rhythm can lead to extremely harmful affects on students' learning and memory processes as well. This is largely in part because circadian rhythm has a "master clock" that is located in the same part of the brain that is responsible for forming memories, learning, and emotions. There has been a push in many educational systems for a later start time to help increase the available time for sleep in adolescents due to these biological changes. Additionally, many college students have jobs that increase the length of time they spend awake. Some may have class most of the day then work most of the night, or vice versa. Either one of these would be enough to change their already-established circadian rhythm, resulting in feeling sleepy when they should be awake and wide-awake when they should be asleep.
126:. This reduction of the amount of melatonin produced makes it harder to fall and stay asleep. The National Sleep Foundation conducted a poll in 2011 and reported that approximately 90% of Americans used technology in the hour before bed. The poll noted that young adults and teenagers, such as college students, were more likely to use cell phones, computers, and video game consoles than other adults. Furthermore, 22% of participants reported going to sleep with cell phone ringers on in their bedroom and 10% reported awakenings in at least a few nights per week due to their cell phones' ringers. Among those with the cell phone ringers on, being awakened by their cell phone was directly correlated to difficulty sustaining sleep.
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Intrapersonal distress and self-reported loneliness have been linked to worse sleep quality. Over 64% of students in a 2017 study surveying 48,000 college students stated that they had felt lonely in the past year. Loss of sleep leads to a neural behavioral phenotype of social withdrawal and loneliness that can be easily perceived by others, in turn making one more lonely. The lack of social interaction has also been linked to higher levels of anxiety and depression, which can negatively affect students. Social withdrawal also negatively affects college students’ social lives because when they feel drowsy they are less likely to seek out new experiences, which is an integral part of a student's time in higher education.
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complete cognitive tasks. Research has shown that individuals with excessive technology use in the bedroom have later bedtimes and tend to sleep later in the morning. The reliance on technology in the bedroom, which should be associated only with sleep, creates difficulty separating waking and sleeping activities. When measuring the amount of sleep during the week compared to the weekend, students with four or more technological devices in their bedroom had significantly less sleep compared to those with three or fewer devices. Since many students do not utilize the do not disturb mode or silence their phones at night, each notification and alert from their phones disrupts their sleep in terms of quality and duration.
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a consistent time and having a consistent routine can also be just as important as sleeping the same number of hours each night. Avoiding excess daytime napping, especially in the afternoon, is also a big part of a schedule that can help maintain regular circadian rhythm. Students with consistent sleeping schedules had better grades on average than students with irregular sleep schedules according to a study conducted by
Brigham and Women's Hospital. Since circadian rhythm is a full 24-hour rhythm, it can also be beneficial to keep a regular meal and exercise schedule throughout the day. These schedule changes may impact circadian rhythm, and will take time for your body to adjust to.
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drinks are also a widely used form of caffeine due to their wide availability and evolving promises to meet all kinds of needs, such as improved academic or mental performance. The caffeine in energy drinks are what is primarily responsible for the increase of energy. Each drink varies widely between 45–500 mg of caffeine. 34% of 18-24-year-olds consume energy drinks regularly. 67% of users consume energy drinks to compensate for the lack of sleep. Additionally, energy drinks are associated with the higher risk of alcohol, drug, and stimulant usage, as well as increased insomnia symptoms, specifically in people with higher levels of baseline anxiety.
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greater sleep schedule irregularity, bedtime delay, weekend oversleeping, and sleep-related impairment." Furthermore, increasing alcohol consumption may lead to the student falling asleep faster, but facing significant sleep disturbance. Alcohol use decreases REM sleep, so a student who consumes alcohol may sleep for the normal 7–8 hours, but the sleep quality will be lower than an individual who was sober. Additionally, consumption of alcohol can increase the chances of developing obstructive sleep apnea. Roughly 4 out 5 college students drink alcohol. 40% of men and women reported
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large amounts of caffeine (versus consuming light or no caffeine) is associated with higher insomnia symptoms and daytime sleepiness. In a study from the Henry Ford
Hospital's Sleep and Research Center and Wayne State College of Medicine, they discovered that caffeine consumed within six hours of bedtime can significantly disrupt sleep. Participants in this study who consumed caffeine right before bedtime, three hours before bedtime, and six hours before bedtime all experienced a shorter night's sleep, lower sleep quality, and spent more time awake at night.
164:(rapid eye movement) sleep states. Those who use stimulants report worse sleep qualities, like increased sleep onset latency and reduced sleep efficiency due to stimulants' ability to block dopamine reuptake, stimulate dopamine release, or both. Through a study conducted within 119 colleges and universities across the US, 6.9% of stimulants used present a lifetime prevalence for students, potentially meaning a lifetime prevalence of sleep disruption. Men are more likely to use stimulants, caffeine, and
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students, their GPA decreases by 0.115-0.132 for every hour that their sleep schedule is shortened. The effects of poor sleep are similar to that of binge drinking or abusive relationships on students' GPA along with their likeliness to drop one or more classes. The previously mentioned symptoms of inadequate sleep contribute to the drop in GPA. Consequences span from lack of focus to decreased motivation which leads to less hours of studying.
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presence of outside light, which tricks our brain into thinking it is nearing daytime. It is possible for students to control these factors by changing the thermostat, blocking out sound, and darkening the bedroom. Harvard
Medical School recommends keeping the bedroom between 60 and 75 °F (24 °C), using a white noise maker or earplugs, and using heavy "black-out" curtains or an eye mask to create the ideal environment.
20:
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improved mood, enhanced immune system function, and decreased stress. With college students, consistency is often hard; this idea is very prevalently shown in regard to sleep hygiene. Late night studying, meetings, roommates, socializing/social events, etc. all can cause a student's sleep schedule and environment to be inconsistent on a day-to-day basis and allow an opportunity for disruptions such as alcohol before bed.
285:, close to 30% of students commute. Individuals with less than 6 hours of sleep are the most likely to fall asleep at the wheel and with the average university students getting that amount of sleep, the dangers are a real factor for students. Once a student makes it to class, sleep deprivation will affect their ability to stay awake throughout the class. Over 50% of students have fallen asleep in class.
256:(Non-Rem) states. REM sleep deprivation can reduce sleep-induced improvement such as visual perception, thus influencing how one learns. REM sleep occurs every 90–120 minutes, which is roughly 4-5 times a night. REM periods of sleep increase in time with every cycle. Thus, when college students sleep less, they do not attain the last 1-2 REM cycles and in turn that affects their procedural memory.
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sleep deprivation which can be immensely harmful, especially during an exam when memory is crucial. Without adequate sleep, the neurons "can no longer function to coordinate information properly, and students lose the ability to access previously learned information." A study of graduate pharmacy students showed 81.7% of students failed to get 7 hours of sleep on the night before an examination.
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and concentration, resulting in becoming confused more easily. Because of this, the ability to perform tasks requiring complex thought or logical reasoning is diminished. Not being able to concentrate or think logically in class may cause the student to struggle on learning the material, which can in turn lead to increased sleep deprivation from spending more time on homework.
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from the irritability and impaired decision-making exhibited by students with sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation also has been shown to reduce feelings of gratitude, which is an integral part of a healthy relationship. Similarly, it can also increase feelings of loneliness and rejection, even if it is not the reality of the relationship.
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Students can improve their bedroom environments to enhance how fast they fall asleep and better their sleep quality. Studies have shown that outside noise from traffic, students in dorms near them, or warmer temperatures within the bedroom negatively affect sleep. Another negative factor is the
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Sleep deprivation may lead to social withdrawal due to increased feelings of loneliness and social isolation. The less sleep we get, the less we want to socially interact. However, social interaction is an important part of the lives of students in higher education to remain emotionally stable.
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Students with sleep disorders are more likely to not perform well academically. Students with a GPA of 2.0 or lower were at a higher risk for sleep disorders. 30% of those who received positive results for obstructive sleep apnea were at risk for academic failure. Obstructive sleep apnea has shown to
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According to
Elizabeth B. Dowdell and Brianne Q. Clayton, sleep-deprived college students performed significantly worse on cognitive skills than peers who had adequate. Furthermore, the sleep-deprived students were not aware of the extent to which sleep deprivation negatively affects their ability to
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From student reports, 70.65% of students are sleep deprived and 50% of college students exhibit daytime sleepiness. Additionally, only 4% of students obtain 7 hours of sleep or more. The average was 5.7 hours of sleep and students on average pull 2.7 "all-nighters" per month. Note that "all-nighters"
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Most modern technology with screens emit blue light, which has the ability to impact and shift circadian rhythms by tricking the body's response to normal changes in light. As stated previously, exposure to blue light has the ability to suppress melatonin, a hormone that helps prepare our body
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Circadian rhythm is our bodies’ system that internally monitors and regulates sleep and waking hours in a 24-hour period. Sleeping a consistent number of hours will reduce feelings of drowsiness throughout the day, especially due to the large amount of sleep necessary for students. Going to sleep at
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Even if a student is staying awake in class, their ability to truly pay attention is severely diminished. 23.2% of students who do not get enough sleep every night report that they have trouble being able to concentrate on things. Scientists have found that sleep deprivation leads to lower alertness
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of dopamine, allowing college students to stay up all day or night and remain alert. The effects of recreational use are exhaustion and an accumulation of "sleep debt." When you sleep fewer hours than your body needs, you acquire this "sleep debt," which adds up over time and negatively impacts your
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College students often drink coffee as their source of caffeine. 2-4 cups of coffee at night can increase the time it takes to fall asleep to nearly twice the normal amount. The average time takes to fall asleep is roughly 6.3 minutes, but with caffeine this time is increased to 12.1 minutes. Energy
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Many college students have variable day-to-day class schedules that change one's daily routine. Additionally, many college campuses offer late night social activities that can begin as late as 10 pm. These activities are crucial for college students because they allow socialization and bonding
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showed that participants performed similarly on an exam after a 90-minute nap compared to a full eight hours of sleep. Similarly, NASA conducted a study involving its pilots, where even a minimal 30 to 40-minute nap improved pilot's "performance by 34% and their alertness by 54%". In another study
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Napping can be an emergency measure used to help improve performance in the short term as well as supplement missing hours of sleep. Naps can have several purposes, most commonly to either prevent sleepiness or recover from sleepiness when working on a task. Naps should be 60 to 90 minutes for the
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Inadequate sleep has been shown to affect student's GPA by up to a .02 drop for every night of the week a student sleeps poorly. Students who obtained 9 hours or more of sleep received a GPA of 3.24. Meanwhile those who had 6 hours or more of sleep received a 2.74 GPA. Among first-year university
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The effects of sleeplessness also affect relationships among college students. An Ohio State
University study showed that couples that obtained less than 7 hours of sleep interacted in a more hostile way. They also are less successful at resolving conflicts when they do come up. This is an effect
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showed that more than 78% of college freshmen consume above the recommended amount of caffeine each day. One-tenth of the US population already suffers from insomnia, and in turn caffeine is often used as a countermeasure for the side effects associated with this lack of sleep. However, consuming
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which shifts sleep times later into the night. This change seems to occur during puberty, extending well into adulthood. The delay in sleep cycles clashes with the structured early morning schedules of students due to early classes or work; thus, the total amount of sleep time is greatly reduced.
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Lack of sleep also affects the formation of memories. Studies show REM sleep is involved in creating memories related to complex information and "students not getting enough sleep will have trouble committing their classes material to memory and learn slower". Forgetfulness is another symptom of
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The term sleep deprivation can be defined as having a lack of sleep that does not support daytime awareness. In most literature, sleep deprivation is further categorized into either acute sleep deprivation or chronic partial sleep deprivation. Chronic partial sleep deprivation is a form of sleep
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Sleep deprivation has been found to affect mood as well. This effect is most pronounced in those that are consistently partially sleep deprived, which is the case for many college students. A meta-analysis of several studies regarding sleep deprivation suggests that the effects of partial sleep
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College students who consume moderate to severe amounts of alcohol are increasingly likely to face lower quality of sleep. However, 11.6% of students use alcohol as a sleep aid. A study published in
Behavioral Sleep Medicine showed that significant alcohol use can lead to "lower sleep duration,
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to rise instead and rather appetite is increased. Combining this with the already inadequate diets of college students due to time and monetary constraints can combine to result in weight gain in college students. Weight gain in first year college students is a well known phenomenon called the
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consumption before bed. A study published in 2018 on the
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine found that over the course of 8 weeks, college students that partook in sleep hygiene education had improved sleep quality. Being consistent in these habits can lead to increased daytime energy level,
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has also been linked to sleeplessness. In a study of 1,000 young adults those with sleep issues were four times more likely to develop depression. These symptoms are two-directional. Anxiety and depression have been shown to cause sleeplessness, meaning these symptoms can be compound.
204:. This drug is commonly misused by college students as a "study drug," although research suggests that stimulants are more efficient at correcting shortfalls than enhancing performance. Adderall is a highly abused substance among students in higher education because it prevents the
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influence cognitive function in both children and adults. Other sleep disorders also present a higher risk for academic failure: 22% of those with insomnia, 21% with restless leg syndrome/periodic limb movement disorder, 26% with circadian rhythm sleep disorder, and 21% with
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deprivation are underestimated. Sleep problems and/or sleep deprivation have been shown to decrease functional emotional regulation and impair emotion generation. It can also decrease our levels of empathy and ability to react, making us more prejudiced when tired.
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health. The effects of this debt can be loss of focus, difficulty processing and storing new information, and eventually as debt accumulates, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, frequent use of
281:, which can affect students in higher education. Drowsiness can affect students in their classes and poses a risk for those who commute by car to their college campuses. Many students commute by car to their classes from their homes; at the
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is another symptom of sleep loss experienced by students. Lack of sleep amplifies anxiety in people who already experience increased levels of worry. A survey of college students in 2018 showed 63% of students felt "overwhelming anxiety."
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and melatonin supplements available that can be used to help establish a routine and get quality sleep. Additionally, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and medication with certain non-drowsy ingredients should be limited, especially near bedtime.
61:, and difficulty maintaining their relationships in a healthy manner. There are many possible solutions to combat sleep deprivation including improving bedroom environment, reducing exposure to blue light, and taking naps during the day.
100:
is defined as habits or practices that allow for healthy amounts of sleep on a daily basis. Good sleep hygiene habits include keeping a consistent sleep schedule, having a quiet sleep environment, avoiding the consumption of
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done by Lau, Alger and
Fishbein showed that students who took a nap after studying were more likely to retain and recall what was learned. Both longer and short naps aided in memory retention of material.
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Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for the amount of sleep needed decrease with age. While sleep quantity is important, good sleep quality is also essential to avoid sleep
252:
Irregular sleep schedules can cause negative impacts on learning, memory, and performance. The dual process theory determines that certain types of memory depend on specific sleep states, like REM and
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activity which is linked to negative emotions like anger and rage. This can make coping with even minor stressors more difficult and negatively impact our ability to accurately perceive the world.
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Alchanatis M, Zias N, Deligiorgis N, Amfilochiou A, Dionellis G, Orphanidou D (March 2005). "Sleep apnea-related cognitive deficits and intelligence: an implication of cognitive reserve theory".
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Using technology before falling asleep can affect a student's sleep pattern. The blue light that is emitted from the screens of cell phones, computers, and other devices stops the production of
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students get 6 to 6.9 hours of sleep every night. Based on the
Treatment for Sleep Disorders, the recommended amount of sleep needed for college students is around 8 hours. According to
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levels rise, telling the brain that our body's energy reserves are adequate and we do not need to eat more (i.e suppresses appetite). Without sleep, this level cannot rise, allowing
2171:
Trockel MT, Barnes MD, Egget DL (November 2000). "Health-related variables and academic performance among first-year college students: implications for sleep and other behaviors".
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Walsh JK, Muehlbach MJ, Humm TM, Dickins QS, Sugerman JL, Schweitzer PK (1990). "Effect of caffeine on physiological sleep tendency and ability to sustain wakefulness at night".
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for sleep. Exposure in the early evening causes a delay to release that melatonin and therefore impacts our bodies' circadian rhythm by shifting it back. However, there are
168:, though women are more likely to use stimulants solely for the purpose of energy. Non-prescribed use of stimulants can increase the use of alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana.
2004:
Peltz JS, Rogge RD, Pugach CP, Strang K (2017-06-01). "Bidirectional Associations Between Sleep and Anxiety Symptoms in Emerging Adults in a Residential College Setting".
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deprivation caused when one obtains some but inadequate sleep. Acute sleep deprivation is more widely known as the scenario in which one is awake for 24 hours or longer.
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Corkum, Penny; Begum, Esmot Ara; Rusak, Benjamin; Rajda, Malgorzata; Shea, Sarah; MacPherson, Marilyn; Williams, Tracey; Spurr, Kathleen; Davidson, Fiona (March 2020).
34:. This issue has several underlying and negative consequences, but there are a few helpful improvements that students can make to reduce its frequency and severity.
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Typical example of a sleep deprived college student who is unable to concentrate on her studies, leading to impaired learning and decreased academic performance
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Insufficient sleep affects students mood by increasing irritability and negatively affecting their emotions. Research shows that sleep deprivation increases
1444:"Increased alcohol consumption, nonmedical prescription drug use, and illicit drug use are associated with energy drink consumption among college students"
2437:"Irregular sleeping patterns linked to poorer academic performance in college students: Timing of sleep found to be as important as number of hours slept"
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4-5 drinks in a row within the past 2 weeks. Even binge drinking once can actually alter the gene that regulates sleep, resulting in sleep disturbance.
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45:'s Department for the Diagnosis, 68% of college students aren't getting the sleep they need. The main causes of sleep deprivation include poor
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Last Reviewed: September 14, 2022. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health.
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1352:"Caffeinated cocktails: energy drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related consequences among college students"
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greatest benefits but any longer may result in affecting a person's circadian rhythm. After napping, a person can wake with
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2259:"An e-mail delivered CBT for sleep-health program for college students: effects on sleep quality and depression symptoms"
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Naps have positive short term effects, especially in improving performance and attention. A study conducted at the
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Gaultney JF (2010). "The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: impact on academic performance".
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Dowdell EB, Clayton BQ (October 2019). "Interrupted sleep: College students sleeping with technology".
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due to decreases in the body's energy expenditure and ability to stop eating once full. When sleeping,
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Inadequate sleep hygiene is one reason why college students specifically experience sleep deprivation.
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Hogenkamp PS, Nilsson E, Nilsson VC, Chapman CD, Vogel H, Lundberg LS, et al. (September 2013).
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919:"Annual Sleep in America Poll Exploring Connections with Communications Technology Use and Sleep"
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Chaudhary, Ninad S.; Grandner, Michael A.; Jackson, Nicholas J.; Chakravorty, Subhajit (2016).
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1617:"Perceptions of Heavy-Drinking College Students About a Sleep and Alcohol Health Intervention"
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1058:"Importance of Circadian Clocks: How the Circadian Clock affects a student's sleep schedule"
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556:"Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students"
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Zeek ML, Savoie MJ, Song M, Kennemur LM, Qian J, Jungnickel PW, Westrick SC (June 2015).
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is a drug that affects the central nervous system and is prescribed to individuals with
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1818:"Improving rural access to care: Recommendations for Georgia's health care safety net"
53:, relationships, focus and memory, and emotional and mental health. Students may face
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1887:"Acute sleep deprivation increases portion size and affects food choice in young men"
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1087:"The Effects of Extended-Release Stimulant Medication on Sleep in Children with ADHD"
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49:, biology, use of technology, and use of drugs. The effects can damage the student's
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1501:"The More You Adderall, the Less You Sleep | Student Health and Counseling Services"
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2622:"Relational memory: a daytime nap facilitates the abstraction of general concepts"
1861:"New survey reveals over 50% of college students admit to falling asleep in class"
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778:"The Impact of a Randomized Sleep Education Intervention for College Students"
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2681:"Relative and combined effects of heat and noise exposure on sleep in humans"
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Several recent studies have shown that adolescents undergo a change in their
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Stimulants increase the time it takes to fall asleep as well as suppress
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606:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 14 September 2022.
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1393:"A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students"
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1246:"Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed"
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is the term used when one does not sleep throughout the entire night.
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864:"The Sneaky Ways That Blue Light Can Interfere With Your Kids' Sleep"
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1162:"Caffeine Consumption Patterns and Beliefs of College Freshmen"
310:" in the US or the "Fresher Five" in Australia or New Zealand.
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2104:"Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis"
1790:"Commuting brings different experience to Ohio State students"
667:"Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students"
458:"What are the effects of sleep deprivation on the human body?"
2148:"Sleep may impact college grades more than drinking or drugs"
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422:, where a person feels groggy or disoriented after waking.
2465:"Q&A: Why Is Blue Light before Bedtime Bad for Sleep?"
1956:"Sleep Loss Increases Anxiety – Especially Among Worriers"
629:"Twelve Simple Tips to Improve Your Sleep | Healthy Sleep"
2513:"Napping Benefits & Tips – National Sleep Foundation"
30:– the condition of not having enough sleep – is a common
1244:
Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T (November 2013).
2079:"Why Your Relationship Depends on a Good Night's Sleep"
1557:"Alcohol, Sleep, and Learning | Academic Skills Center"
543:. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2008.
122:, a hormone that controls the sleep-wake cycle of the
1671:"23 Sleep Deprivation Statistics in College Students"
2408:"Body Clock & Sleep – National Sleep Foundation"
1136:"The Differences in Addiction Between Men and Women"
776:
Hershner, Shelley; O'Brien, Louise M. (2018-03-15).
3239:
3199:
3147:
3077:
3029:
2977:
2919:
2859:
2850:
2787:
2758:
1931:"How Sleep Deprivation Hurts Your Emotional Health"
1822:Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association
2054:"The Effects Of Lack Of Sleep On Relationships"
1190:Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
456:Maas JB, Robbins RS, Driscoll SR (2015-11-20).
718:Journal of Architectural and Planning Research
213:during the day and night can lead to extended
2732:
1702:"Sleep, Learning, and Memory | Healthy Sleep"
1166:University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations
753:"Healthy Sleep Habits and Good Sleep Hygiene"
32:health issue for students in higher education
8:
1731:American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
2602:(7). American Psychological Association: 48
1816:Minyard K, Parker C, Butts J (2016-06-15).
1335:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
594:
592:
3054:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
2856:
2739:
2725:
2717:
2696:
2655:
2645:
2282:
2119:
1902:
1833:
1750:
1640:
1583:Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Supplement
1467:
1418:
1408:
1367:
1269:
1217:
1110:
1029:
1006:"Sleep in adolescents: the perfect storm"
809:
692:
682:
2384:"What is Circadian Rhythm / Body Clock?"
198:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
448:
2560:
2558:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2458:
2456:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2141:
2139:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1924:
1922:
1855:
1853:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1610:
1608:
1522:
1520:
1328:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1051:
1049:
888:"How Technology Impacts Sleep Quality"
862:Fry A (24 June 2021). Rehman A (ed.).
665:Hershner SD, Chervin RD (2014-06-23).
610:from the original on 2 November 2023.
1811:
1809:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1239:
1237:
999:
997:
995:
993:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
913:
911:
909:
907:
857:
855:
853:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
622:
620:
462:Cornell Center for Materials Research
7:
2102:Pilcher JJ, Huffcutt AI (May 1996).
751:Hershner S, Shaikh I (August 2020).
532:
530:
528:
526:
3431:Sleeplessness and sleep deprivation
1012:. Pediatric Sleep Medicine Update.
627:Rehman, Anis (September 13, 2023).
427:University of California, Riverside
295:can lead to weight gain and obesity
2308:Journal of American College Health
2263:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
2173:Journal of American College Health
1777:. Ohio State University--Columbus.
1250:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
1010:Pediatric Clinics of North America
956:Journal of American College Health
782:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
14:
2567:"America, It's Time for Your Nap"
2463:Schmerler J (September 1, 2015).
834:"Why Is Sleep Hygiene Important?"
2894:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2889:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2228:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00436.x
2146:Rapaport L (11 September 2018).
1369:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00085.x
1065:University of California, Merced
575:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016
563:The Journal of Adolescent Health
3049:Periodic limb movement disorder
3016:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
2359:"Campus Loneliness Fact Sheet"
1904:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.012
1:
3321:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
3129:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
2991:Advanced sleep phase disorder
2077:DiDonato TE (25 April 2014).
1448:Journal of Addiction Medicine
968:10.1080/07448481.2018.1499655
434:Improving bedroom environment
395:Establishing circadian rhythm
3001:Delayed sleep phase disorder
2929:Excessive daytime sleepiness
2647:10.1371/journal.pone.0027139
2483:"Blue light has a dark side"
2320:10.1080/07448481.2010.483708
1706:healthysleep.med.harvard.edu
1633:10.1080/15402002.2014.919919
1460:10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181aa8dd4
633:healthysleep.med.harvard.edu
105:after lunch, and minimizing
3134:Nocturnal penile tumescence
3006:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
2052:Curtis G (2 January 2018).
1788:Eshun D (7 February 2019).
1356:Academic Emergency Medicine
1160:McIlvain G (January 2008).
671:Nature and Science of Sleep
600:"How Much Sleep Do I Need?"
406:melatonin receptor agonists
3452:
2996:Cyclic alternating pattern
2538:"Repaying your sleep debt"
1935:Your Guide to Better Sleep
1004:Carskadon MA (June 2011).
3212:Behavioral sleep medicine
3021:Shift work sleep disorder
2969:Sleep state misperception
2216:Journal of Sleep Research
2185:10.1080/07448480009596294
1980:"Sleep and mental health"
1621:Behavioral Sleep Medicine
1591:10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.23
1202:10.1016/j.nut.2016.04.005
1022:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.003
923:National Sleep Foundation
277:Sleep deprivation causes
2769:Rapid eye movement (REM)
2018:10.1177/2167696816674551
1891:Psychoneuroendocrinology
486:University Health Center
16:Health issue in students
3090:Exploding head syndrome
2899:Obstructive sleep apnea
2517:www.sleepfoundation.org
2412:www.sleepfoundation.org
1954:Nauert R (2013-06-27).
1669:Gaille B (2017-05-20).
1309:(inactive 2024-05-03).
868:www.sleepfoundation.org
507:"Sleepless at Stanford"
488:. University of Georgia
3405:Sleeping while on duty
2954:Idiopathic hypersomnia
2121:10.1093/sleep/19.4.318
2058:The Sleep Matters Club
1929:Breus M (2018-05-01).
1561:students.dartmouth.edu
1410:10.1186/1475-2891-6-35
178:University of Kentucky
75:
24:
3227:Neuroscience of sleep
2959:Night eating syndrome
2944:Kleine–Levin syndrome
2698:10.1093/sleep/14.1.24
2596:Monitor on Psychology
2592:"The science of naps"
1528:"What Is Sleep Debt?"
1134:Bezrutcyzk, Destiny.
390:Possible improvements
283:Ohio State University
72:
22:
3381:Sleep and creativity
2363:The UnLonely Project
1835:10.21633/jgpha.5.412
1196:(11–12): 1193–1199.
1056:Takhar, Manpreet K.
260:Attention and memory
3376:Sleep and breathing
2832:Sensorimotor rhythm
2638:2011PLoSO...627139L
2544:. 24 September 2019
2469:Scientific American
538:"Sleep Deprivation"
511:Stanford University
43:Stanford University
3386:Sleep and learning
3139:Nocturnal emission
3039:Nightmare disorder
2904:Periodic breathing
2006:Emerging Adulthood
1307:10.1007/BF02244139
1295:Psychopharmacology
757:sleepeducation.org
684:10.2147/NSS.S62907
76:
25:
3418:
3417:
3396:Sleep deprivation
3235:
3234:
2275:10.5664/JCSM.1072
1743:10.5688/ajpe79563
1675:BrandonGaille.com
1563:. 12 October 2017
1397:Nutrition Journal
1262:10.5664/jcsm.3170
1256:(11): 1195–1200.
925:. 19 October 2018
794:10.5664/jcsm.6974
482:"Managing Stress"
381:Social withdrawal
215:sleep deprivation
176:A study from the
28:Sleep deprivation
3443:
3391:Sleep and memory
3331:Circadian rhythm
3078:Benign phenomena
2980:Circadian rhythm
2857:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2700:
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2168:
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2161:
2159:
2158:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2083:Psychology Today
2074:
2068:
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2064:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1969:
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1966:
1960:psychcentral.com
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1897:(9): 1668–1674.
1882:
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1505:shcs.ucdavis.edu
1497:
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453:
140:circadian rhythm
134:Circadian rhythm
124:circadian rhythm
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3309:Procrastination
3262:Four-poster bed
3231:
3195:
3189:Polysomnography
3167:Sleep induction
3143:
3114:Sleep paralysis
3073:
3025:
2984:
2981:
2973:
2915:
2874:Mouth breathing
2852:Sleep disorders
2846:
2783:
2774:Quiescent sleep
2754:
2752:sleep disorders
2745:
2715:
2714:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2590:Weir K (2016).
2589:
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2584:
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2573:
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2547:
2545:
2536:
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2522:
2520:
2519:. 17 April 2009
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1140:AddictionCenter
1133:
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1128:
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136:
116:
94:
89:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3436:Student health
3433:
3423:
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3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
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3368:
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3358:
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3348:
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3338:
3336:Comfort object
3333:
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3241:
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3209:
3207:Sleep medicine
3203:
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3141:
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2746:
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2743:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2671:
2632:(11): e27139.
2612:
2582:
2554:
2542:Harvard Health
2529:
2499:
2487:Harvard Health
2474:
2452:
2423:
2399:
2375:
2341:
2298:
2269:(3): 276–281.
2249:
2206:
2179:(3): 125–131.
2163:
2135:
2114:(4): 318–326.
2094:
2069:
2039:
2012:(3): 204–215.
1996:
1986:. 15 June 2011
1984:Harvard Health
1971:
1946:
1918:
1877:
1849:
1828:(4): 387–396.
1805:
1780:
1775:"Student Life"
1766:
1717:
1686:
1656:
1627:(5): 395–411.
1604:
1573:
1543:
1516:
1483:
1434:
1383:
1362:(5): 453–460.
1342:
1301:(2): 271–273.
1285:
1233:
1171:
1152:
1126:
1077:
1045:
1016:(3): 637–647.
989:
962:(7): 640–646.
935:
903:
879:
849:
838:Baptist Health
825:
788:(3): 337–347.
768:
743:
724:(4): 271–304.
708:
644:
616:
588:
569:(2): 124–132.
546:
522:
498:
473:
447:
446:
444:
441:
435:
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411:
396:
393:
391:
388:
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365:
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315:
312:
290:
287:
274:
271:
261:
258:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
232:binge drinking
226:
223:
200:(ADHD) and/or
190:
187:
173:
170:
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145:
135:
132:
115:
112:
93:
90:
88:
85:
66:
63:
15:
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9:
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4:
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3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Sleep hygiene
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
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92:Sleep hygiene
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47:sleep hygiene
44:
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3282:Sleeping bag
3059:Sleepwalking
3044:Night terror
2761:sleep cycles
2691:(1): 24–31.
2688:
2684:
2674:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2599:
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2570:
2546:. Retrieved
2541:
2532:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2491:. Retrieved
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2468:
2444:. Retrieved
2441:ScienceDaily
2440:
2415:. Retrieved
2411:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2367:. Retrieved
2365:. 2018-03-23
2362:
2314:(2): 91–97.
2311:
2307:
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2266:
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2252:
2222:(1): 69–75.
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2176:
2172:
2166:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:
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2097:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1988:. Retrieved
1983:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1959:
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1867:. 2017-02-25
1864:
1825:
1821:
1797:. Retrieved
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1730:
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
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1560:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1454:(2): 74–80.
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1331:cite journal
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1165:
1155:
1145:November 13,
1143:. Retrieved
1139:
1129:
1097:(1): 33–43.
1094:
1090:
1080:
1070:November 13,
1068:. Retrieved
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1013:
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955:
927:. Retrieved
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248:Sleep cycles
228:
192:
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137:
128:
117:
95:
81:
77:
37:On average,
36:
26:
3366:Second wind
3341:Dream diary
3217:Sleep study
3157:Sleep diary
3109:Hypnopompia
3104:Sleep onset
3095:Hypnic jerk
2934:Hypersomnia
2884:Catathrenia
2879:Sleep apnea
2789:Brain waves
2759:Stages of
1794:The Lantern
375:hypersomnia
308:Freshman 15
293:Less sleep
3425:Categories
3400:Sleep debt
3346:Microsleep
3326:Chronotype
3240:Daily life
3124:Somnolence
3100:Hypnagogia
3031:Parasomnia
2949:Narcolepsy
2861:Anatomical
2842:Theta wave
2812:Gamma wave
2807:Delta wave
2797:Alpha wave
2606:2019-11-09
2576:2019-11-09
2565:Davis JL.
2548:2019-11-13
2523:2019-11-09
2493:2019-11-09
2489:. May 2012
2446:2019-11-09
2417:2019-11-09
2393:2019-11-09
2369:2019-11-09
2157:2019-11-09
2088:2019-11-09
2063:2019-11-09
1990:2019-11-09
1965:2019-11-09
1940:2019-11-09
1871:2019-11-09
1865:The Tab US
1799:2019-11-09
1711:2019-11-09
1680:2019-11-09
1567:2019-11-08
1537:2023-11-14
1510:2019-11-08
929:2019-11-08
897:2019-11-08
873:2019-11-08
843:2023-11-14
762:2019-11-08
638:2019-11-09
516:2019-11-08
492:2019-11-08
467:2019-11-08
443:References
334:Depression
279:drowsiness
273:Drowsiness
202:narcolepsy
156:Stimulants
147:Scheduling
114:Technology
74:disorders.
65:Background
55:depression
39:university
3410:Sleepover
3361:Power nap
3356:Nightwear
3222:Melatonin
3184:Somnology
3149:Treatment
2982:disorders
2921:Dyssomnia
2827:PGO waves
2822:Mu rhythm
2817:K-complex
2802:Beta wave
2779:Slow-wave
2388:Sleep.org
2034:151324492
2026:2167-6968
1844:2471-9773
1737:(5): 63.
1210:0899-9007
1103:1719-8429
892:Sleep.org
802:1550-9389
730:0738-0895
677:: 73–84.
314:Emotional
120:melatonin
3277:Mattress
3252:Bunk bed
3172:Hypnosis
2964:Nocturia
2939:Insomnia
2666:22110606
2626:PLOS ONE
2336:15039384
2328:20864434
2293:21677898
2244:21827731
2236:15743336
2201:19134354
2193:11125640
1913:23428257
1761:26396272
1651:24924956
1599:12022728
1478:20729975
1429:17974021
1378:18439201
1323:24981594
1280:24235903
1228:27377580
1121:32194650
1040:21600346
984:53103998
976:30365360
820:29510791
738:43030781
703:25018659
608:Archived
583:20113918
359:Academic
325:amygdala
243:Physical
219:insomnia
211:adderall
206:reuptake
194:Adderall
189:Adderall
172:Caffeine
103:caffeine
3304:Bedtime
3299:Bedroom
3294:Bedding
3289:Bed bug
3272:Hammock
3177:Lullaby
3011:Jet lag
2911:Snoring
2869:Bruxism
2707:1811316
2657:3217953
2634:Bibcode
2284:3113967
2152:Reuters
2130:8776790
1752:4571043
1642:4265000
1469:2923814
1420:2206048
1315:2349369
1271:3805807
1219:6230475
1112:7065567
1031:3130594
811:5837835
694:4075951
604:CDC.gov
329:Anxiety
303:ghrelin
238:Effects
225:Alcohol
107:alcohol
59:anxiety
3371:Siesta
3257:Daybed
3085:Dreams
2705:
2664:
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2334:
2326:
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299:leptin
289:Eating
87:Causes
3314:Story
3267:Futon
3200:Other
2748:Sleep
2685:Sleep
2571:WebMD
2332:S2CID
2240:S2CID
2197:S2CID
2108:Sleep
2030:S2CID
1532:WebMD
1319:S2CID
1061:(PDF)
980:S2CID
734:JSTOR
559:(PDF)
541:(PDF)
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2662:PMID
2324:PMID
2289:PMID
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2126:PMID
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1909:PMID
1840:ISSN
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1374:PMID
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726:ISSN
699:PMID
579:PMID
413:Naps
350:Mood
254:NREM
217:and
3351:Nap
3247:Bed
2693:doi
2652:PMC
2642:doi
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2116:doi
2014:doi
1899:doi
1830:doi
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571:doi
364:GPA
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