174:, Hungarian Minister for National Minorities, explaining that the Slovjaks are ethnically, linguistically, culturally and geographically differing from Slovaks. He requested Hungary to recognize the new state, not intervene in its land reform, let the majority of local schools be under their jurisdiction and ensure the rights of all minorities. He also asked for the creation of a Slovak section in the ministry and the arrangement him to be represent of the Slovak nation. The
254:, telling him that if the support would stop, the Slovjaks would be forcefully assimilated. Kuhl denied that the Hungarian government turned away from the movement, only intended to move its center from Hungary to Slovakia, proving that it doesn't depend on foreign help. He also suggested that Dvorčák should withdraw from public life, viewing his personality not sympathetic to the people. This didn't happen.
124:
17:
116:—dangerous for the national consciousness of the local people. He stated that they should have writings in their own language and should be able to write as they speak. Similar views were held by another man, Š. Lessko, who stated "we don't need Slovak grammar, every man in Šariš is the grammar himself". He professed in the newspaper
71:) was the first who proposed the use of Slovjak in the local education. Répánszky requested the Ministry of Religion and the Ministry of Education to publish school books in the local dialect because students didn't understand the literary Slovak language. In the next decade, the use of Slovjak in the regional education and in the
237:, he was tasked by the Hungarian government to reignite the Slovjak movement by smuggling flyers through the border with the help of secret service. In 1939, the Naša Zastava was published again from Hungarian funds, becoming self-sufficient after the partition of Czechoslovakia in 1940. Despite that, the
209:
began forming the so-called Slovak
National Guard to defend the city. This was cut short by the quick arrival of the Czechoslovak army, which is why Dvorčák decided to take the train to Budapest as his people's republic disintegrated. Many of his associates followed him, many retired and many adopted
269:
person speaking either can't understand a sentence from the other, only some words here and there. Sándor Vájlok also commented on the debate, noticing the big differences between
Eastern and Western Slovaks not just in language but also in mentality, as the Slovaks are much more self-conscious and
264:
asking his opinion about the
Slovjak question, Bishop of Košice István Madarász said that Slovjak is not a language but a foolish dialect and supporting it only raises linguistic tensions. Ferenc Kászonyi thought that the two had enough strong differences for Slovjak to be considered a separate
241:
continued to ban it. In 1941, Dvorčák founded the Ojčizma ("paternal legacy"), which published
Slovjak dictionaries and textbooks. The association was accused by Czechoslovak newspapers of serving Polish interests and planning to connect Poland with Hungary by land through
286:
and not discuss the question anymore. Naša
Zastava was last published in 1944 by Emil Timkó. From this time on, the movement was unable to influence the cultural identity of the Slovaks anymore.
282:
led to the
Slovjak movement losing all foreign support. Viktor Dvorčák died in 1943, and without a good leader to take his place, Budapest chose to cool down the tense
246:. Hungarian support, however started to shrink. Lead by the Slovjak cause, Alfréd Mertens, representative of the United Hungarian Party (Hungarian minority party) in
503:
513:
493:
483:
441:
508:
478:
31:
was a cultural and political movement in the 19th and 20th centuries supporting the
Slovjak culture's recognition as different from the
21:
120:"the main aspiration of my whole life was neglection of grammar in the Šariš dialect and the sustainance of the clean Šariš dialect".
68:
146:, the use of the Slovjak language was banned. Due to being denied the slightest autonomy, most of their intellectuals (many being of
349:
226:. After the restoration of order, he moved back to Budapest. Publishing under the name Dvortsák Győző, he wrote papers supporting
238:
178:
didn't accept the memorandum with the reason that this matter can't be discussed until the upcoming peace conference consents.
283:
498:
473:
488:
421:
206:
159:
158:(Eperjes) in 1918, which demanded independence for the Slovjak-speaking territory. On 11 December, he proclaimed the
175:
109:, and an independent newspaper titled Naša Zastava ("Our Flag") was published in 1907, edited by István Dessewffy.
86:
258:
215:
468:
463:
167:
243:
381:
186:
223:
219:
47:
in the 19th and 20th centuries. Their language or dialect is now considered archaic by modern linguists.
227:
151:
127:
352:[The Eastern Slovak Republic, or the Slovjak question and the Hungarian foreign policy].
198:
82:
44:
182:
171:
437:
202:
112:
Gejza Zsebránczky, one of the
Eastern Slovjak thinkers deemed the literary Slovak works—even
97:
of trying to "cut them to a hundred pieces". However, the following decades represtented the
386:
40:
36:
211:
123:
72:
266:
234:
194:
76:
457:
261:
143:
106:
102:
354:
302:
270:
nationalistic, while the
Slovjak youth is not anymore professing to be Slovjak.
89:
was the first to speak against the new movement. He called it dangerous for the
402:
279:
251:
247:
147:
98:
94:
16:
113:
163:
155:
433:
350:"A Kelet-Tót Köztársaság, avagy a szlovjákkérdés és a magyar külpolitika"
190:
85:
heavily opposed the support of the government from the beginning. Pastor
60:
The first literary work to be written in
Slovjak was published in 1844.
90:
32:
35:'. The Slovjak (also known as Eastern Slovak) people lived in today's
306:
139:
64:
424:[Slovak press and nation-building in the period of dualism]
278:
The impatience and distraction of the Hungarian leadership to the
122:
15:
166:(Kassa) with the capital of Prešov, to be a cultural autonomy in
185:
blamed the Hungarians for starting the movement. Karol Bulissa,
193:
tried to prove this was untrue, and even sent telegraph to
181:
The Czech leadership found Dvorčák's ideas outrageous, and
170:
with an independent council. Dvorčák sent a memorandum to
150:
descent) were at this time Hungarophiles. Their leader,
101:
of the language. Many Slovjak books were published in
201:, though in America, he didn't find support. As the
422:"Szlovák sajtó és nemzetépítés a dualizmus korában"
250:, contacted to Lajos Kuhl, Hungarian ambassador in
154:founded the Eastern Slovak National Council at
436:: MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont: 62.
8:
430:A sajtó kultúraközvetítő szerepe 1867-1945
222:and criticized the establishment of the
321:
295:
405:[Hungarian Catholic lexicon].
401:Diós, István; Viczián, János (eds.).
7:
384:[A long forgotten country].
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
365:
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
305:is the Magyarized form of the name
14:
504:Stateless nationalists in Europe
63:In the 1860s, József Répánszky,
1:
382:"Egy régen elfeledett ország"
494:Slovak independence movement
484:Social movements in Slovakia
509:Identity politics in Europe
479:Social movements in Hungary
189:of the Slovjak movement in
530:
514:Hungary–Slovakia relations
403:"Magyar katolikus lexikon"
284:Hungarian-Slovak relations
257:Replying to the letter of
176:Hungarian National Council
79:churches became standard.
310:
407:Magyar Katolikus Lexikon
233:During the partition of
207:Slovak People's Republic
420:Ábrahám, Barna (2014).
205:approached Košice, the
160:Eastern Slovak Republic
20:Slovak dialects in the
380:Janek, István (2021).
348:Janek, István (2018).
224:Slovak Soviet Republic
130:
24:
239:First Slovak Republic
126:
19:
499:Separatism in Europe
474:Vulnerable languages
290:References and notes
83:Slovak nationalists
56:Rise and golden age
489:Language movements
228:Hungarian revision
216:communist takeover
131:
45:Zakarpattia Oblast
25:
22:Kingdom of Hungary
443:978-963-9627-69-7
187:charge d'affaires
521:
448:
447:
427:
417:
411:
410:
398:
392:
391:
377:
360:
359:
345:
314:
312:
300:
244:Eastern Slovakia
134:Attempts to save
93:and accused the
29:Slovjak movement
529:
528:
524:
523:
522:
520:
519:
518:
469:Slovak dialects
464:Slovak language
454:
453:
452:
451:
444:
425:
419:
418:
414:
400:
399:
395:
390:(in Hungarian).
379:
378:
363:
358:(in Hungarian).
347:
346:
323:
318:
317:
301:
297:
292:
276:
265:language, as a
212:Czechoslovakism
136:
58:
53:
12:
11:
5:
527:
525:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
456:
455:
450:
449:
442:
412:
393:
361:
320:
319:
316:
315:
294:
293:
291:
288:
275:
272:
259:Prime Minister
235:Czechoslovakia
195:Woodrow Wilson
152:Viktor Dvorčák
142:occupation of
135:
132:
128:Viktor Dvorčák
118:Eperjesi Lapok
87:Jonáš Záborský
73:Roman Catholic
57:
54:
52:
49:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
526:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
459:
445:
439:
435:
431:
423:
416:
413:
408:
404:
397:
394:
389:
388:
387:Magyar Hírlap
383:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
366:
362:
357:
356:
351:
344:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
326:
322:
308:
304:
299:
296:
289:
287:
285:
281:
274:Final decline
273:
271:
268:
263:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
218:, he fled to
217:
213:
210:the views of
208:
204:
203:Czechoslovaks
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:Upper Hungary
141:
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
103:Upper Hungary
100:
96:
92:
91:Slovak people
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
55:
50:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
429:
415:
406:
396:
385:
353:
298:
277:
256:
232:
214:. After the
183:Karel Kramář
180:
172:Oszkár Jászi
137:
117:
111:
81:
67:of Enyicke (
62:
59:
43:regions and
28:
26:
267:monolingual
199:Fernand Vix
138:During the
114:cathechisms
77:Evangelical
458:Categories
280:war effort
262:Pál Teleki
252:Bratislava
248:Michalovce
99:golden age
95:Hungarians
309:(Slovak:
148:Hungarian
434:Budapest
197:through
191:Budapest
105:and the
168:Hungary
69:Haniska
51:History
33:Slovaks
440:
355:Új Szó
311:Viktor
307:Victor
220:Poland
164:Košice
156:Prešov
65:pastor
41:Košice
37:Prešov
426:(PDF)
303:Győző
140:Czech
438:ISBN
75:and
39:and
27:The
162:at
107:USA
460::
432:.
428:.
364:^
324:^
230:.
446:.
409:.
313:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
