441:), so that slow worms crawl much more stiffly and clumsily than snakes. The scaling of the head is similar to that of snakes. The ear openings are mostly completely hidden under the scales. The relatively small eyes have movable, closable eyelids (these are fused in snakes) and round pupils. The rather short tongue is broad, bilobed and does not end in fine tips. To lick, i.e. to absorb odorous substances, slow worms have to open their mouths slightly, as they lack the gap in the upper lip that snakes possess. The pointed, sometimes loosely fixed teeth are curved backwards; there are 7 to 9 teeth in the premaxilla, 10 to 12 in the maxilla and 14 to 16 in the lower jaw.
474:
217:
690:
666:
445:
421:
93:
68:
678:
332:
293:, and can be encouraged to enter and help remove pest insects by placing black plastic or providing places to shelter such as piles of logs, corrugated iron sheets or under tiles. On warm days, one or more slow worms can often be found underneath these heat collectors. One of the biggest causes of mortality in slow worms in suburban areas is the domestic cat, against which it has no defence.
458:
702:
486:; at birth, the 7 to 10 cm long young animals are in a very thin, transparent egg shell, which they pierce immediately afterwards. They initially weigh less than a gram and still have a remnant of the yolk. Juvenile slow worms have a contrasting color scheme and pattern. The top of the body is silvery-white to golden yellow, while the sides and underside are black.
1639:
49:
436:
The skin surface consists of smooth, round-to-hexagonal scales which overlap like roof tiles and are roughly the same shape on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body. There are several longitudinal rows running along the underside. In total, the trunk has 125 to 150 transverse scale rows and the
465:
In
Central Europe, the mating season of the species is usually between late April and June. The males often wrestle violently around the females, although in most populations they are in the majority. The opponents try to push each other to the ground, bite each other and wrap themselves tightly
428:
Slow worms have an elongated body with a circular cross-section without limbs and reach a maximum length of up to 57.5 cm. Most adult animals are between 40 and 45 cm long, with up to 22 cm on the head and trunk section and the rest on the tail. There is no visible neck. The tail,
494:
Adult slow worms grow to be about 50 cm (20") long, and are known for their exceptionally long lives; the slow worm may be the longest-living lizard, living about 30 years in the wild and up to at least 54 years in captivity (this record is held by a male slow worm that lived at the
481:
Sometimes females mate with other males later. The gestation period of the females lasts 11 to 14 weeks, and subsequently, between mid-July and the end of August, and sometimes even later, they usually give birth to between eight and twelve young (extreme values: 2 to 28). Slow worms are
433:, the severing of the tail when it is pulled by predators. When regrown, the tail grows back only to a short stub, probably because loss of the tail does not sufficiently affect the species' locomotion, foraging and defence abilities to necessitate full and rapid regeneration.
499:
from 1892 until 1946, the age when first obtained is unknown). The female often has a stripe along the spine and dark sides, while the male may have blue spots dorsally. Juveniles of both sexes are gold with dark brown bellies and sides with a dark stripe along the spine.
730:
556:
These reptiles are largely nocturnal and do not bask in the sun like other reptiles, but choose to warm themselves indirectly underneath objects, such as rocks, which have been warmed by the sun. They can often be found in long
711:
733:
737:
736:
732:
731:
738:
735:
717:
715:
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915:
609:
The slow worm is assumed to be non-native in
Ireland, possibly arriving in the 1900s. Due to their secretive habits they are difficult to observe and have been sighted only in parts of
289:, meaning that they have the ability to shed their tails to escape predators. While the tail regrows, it does not reach its original length. In the UK, they are common in gardens and
1899:
714:
1025:
1474:
1173:
285:, spending much of their time hiding underneath objects. The skin of slow worms is smooth with scales that do not overlap one another. Like many other lizards, they
1803:
1855:
1922:
1206:
1108:
Barr JI, Boisvert CA, Bateman PW. 2021. At what cost? Trade-offs and influences on energetic investment in tail regeneration in lizards following autotomy.
1505:
734:
1777:
1816:
713:
689:
1159:
1075:
1947:
1355:"A method of obtaining dietary data for slow worms (Anguis fragilis) by means of nonâharmful cooling and results from a Danish population"
1942:
1400:
1134:
598:
207:
1821:
817:
1842:
1481:
1177:
665:
473:
931:
216:
1756:
1937:
1860:
561:
and other damp environments In a 2009 study of a Danish population, the diet of the slow-worm was found to include
466:
around each other. When mating, the female is bitten in the head or neck region, while the male introduces his two
1769:
1302:
981:"Slow worm, Anguis fragilis (Reptilia: Anguidae) as a species complex: Geneticstructure reveals deep divergences"
1038:
1932:
92:
1595:"Fossil lizards and worm lizards (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Neogene and Quaternary of Europe: an overview"
1230:
594:
1655:
1254:
444:
1278:
548:. Slow worms detect the presence of predators with their tongues by flicking them in and out to 'smell'.
429:
which ends in a horny tip, is continuous with the trunk and is often slightly longer. Slow worms exhibit
1019:
857:
677:
632:
290:
187:
1520:
885:
723:
A slow worm moving through grass. This individual is a juvenile, as evinced by its golden colouration.
1725:
1693:
406:
795:
590:
57:
955:
420:
1643:
1575:
1382:
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87:
1054:
1808:
307:
the word "slow". In Middle
English it was written "slowurm", from Old English "slÄwyrm", where
1881:
1834:
1712:
1616:
1567:
1499:
1374:
1155:
1130:
1071:
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1000:
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979:
VĂĄclav GvozË dĂk, David
Jandzik, Petros Lymberakis, Daniel Jablonski, JirË Ă Moravec (2010).
1894:
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77:
72:
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316:
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513:
331:
832:
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996:
574:
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1611:
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1425:
1370:
701:
614:
271:
1678:
1620:
1571:
1448:
1378:
1327:
601:, to intentionally kill, injure, sell, or advertise to sell them is illegal.
320:
1738:
1354:
1353:
Pedersen, Iben
Lindegaard; Jensen, Jan KjĂŠrgaard; Toft, SĂžren (2009-04-01).
570:
467:
438:
372:(found in eastern and northern Europe, eastern Balkans and in western Asia).
278:
104:
1004:
30:"Slow-worm", "Slowworm", and "blindworm" redirect here. For the genus, see
1638:
437:
tail has another 130 to 160 rows. Under the scales there are bony plates (
1672:
1548:"Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us?"
636:
537:
286:
270:
The "blind" in blindworm refers to the lizard's small eyes, similar to a
154:
144:
124:
17:
1873:
1782:
1704:
651:
533:
248:
134:
1795:
956:"Ćœiva â PĆehlĂĆŸenĂĄ rozmanitost slepĂœĆĄĆŻ (JiĆĂ Moravec, VĂĄclav GvoĆŸdĂk)"
631:, to which the slow worm belongs, first appeared in Europe during the
640:
627:
525:
282:
164:
114:
31:
1649:
48:
1743:
1043:
A record-sized specimen of the western slow worm (Anguis fragilis).
980:
635:
14, between 43.5 and 41.2 million years ago, corresponding to the
566:
558:
472:
456:
443:
419:
362:(found in western Europe, northern Europe and western Balkans) and
330:
1087:
Bryant SV, Bellairs ADA. 1967. Tail regeneration in the lizards
562:
1730:
1653:
818:"Feeding state and selected body temperatures in the slow worm"
597:. The slow worm population has been decreasing, and under the
529:
470:
into the female's cloaca. Copulation can take several hours.
1068:
Die
Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Alle Arten im PortrÀt.
315:
means "serpent, reptile". It is related to the
Norwegian
916:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
775:
Agasyan, A.; Avci, A.; Tuniyev, B.; et al. (2021).
589:
In the United
Kingdom, the slow worm has been granted
1401:"BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Slow worm"
350:), but they are now classified as separate species:
1662:
1593:Villa, Andrea; Delfino, Massimo (November 2019).
461:Juvenile slow worm, paperclip for size comparison
376:Three more species were later distinguished from
1123:Blindschleiche â Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758.
300:, consisting of 5 distinct but similar species.
1152:Die Amphibien und Reptilien Baden-WĂŒrttembergs.
1150:In: Hubert Laufer, Klemens Fritz, Peter Sowig:
1148:Blindschleiche, Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758.
796:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T47113126A744263.en
342:was traditionally divided into two subspecies (
274:(although the slowworm's eyes are functional).
477:Evening mating of slow worms (Anguis fragilis)
335:Distribution of species of European slow worms
1205:Ornithology, British Trust for (2010-11-24).
1070:Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2015,
8:
1303:"Slow worms: Britain's most unusual lizards"
1024:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1650:
880:
878:
215:
66:
47:
38:
1610:
1552:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
1127:Die Amphibien und Reptilien Deutschlands.
1097:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
794:
767:
661:
1504:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1497:
1017:
1174:"The British Amphibians and Reptiles"
985:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
411:(native to the Peloponnese Peninsula)
7:
1770:68effafe-82b2-4725-af2e-5193dfff081c
1279:"Smooth snake | The Wildlife Trusts"
311:means 'earthworm' or 'slowworm' and
1923:IUCN Red List least concern species
1546:Rage, Jean-Claude (December 2012).
1426:"Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981"
1211:BTO - British Trust for Ornithology
858:"How can I help garden slow worms?"
782:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
448:Close-up of the head of a slow worm
296:Slow worms have been shown to be a
1146:Heribert Wolfbeck, Klemens Fritz:
919:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2017.
401:(found on the Apennine Peninsula).
25:
1129:Gustav Fischer, Jena u. a. 1996,
1047:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Feldherpetologie.
886:"Slow worm | The Wildlife Trusts"
599:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
1637:
1447:Grace Bettayeb (16 March 2022).
1326:Grace Bettayeb (16 March 2022).
1121:Rainer GĂŒnther, Wolfgang Völkl:
1110:Journal of Developmental Biology
728:
709:
700:
688:
676:
664:
91:
391:(found in southern Balkans) and
1599:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
1521:"Slow worm makes its entrance"
1:
1519:Dick Warner (18 March 2013).
1449:"Species in Focus: Slow Worm"
1328:"Species in Focus: Slow Worm"
856:Vernon, Jean (24 July 2019).
831:: 59â62. 2008. Archived from
744:A slow worm seeks protection.
593:, alongside all other native
1125:In: Rainer GĂŒnther (Hrsg.):
695:Slow worm in turquoise color
303:The name "slowworm" is only
1948:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
997:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.007
1966:
1943:Reptiles described in 1758
1359:Journal of Natural History
643:. Remains assigned to the
585:Protected status in the UK
29:
1612:10.1007/s13358-018-0172-y
1564:10.1007/s12549-012-0087-3
1371:10.1080/00222930802702464
223:
214:
193:
186:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
41:
27:Species of legless lizard
650:are known from the late
1172:Smith, Malcolm (1951).
1154:Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007,
595:British reptile species
1455:. Irish Wildlife Trust
1334:. Irish Wildlife Trust
1283:www.wildlifetrusts.org
890:www.wildlifetrusts.org
862:Richard Jackson Garden
825:Herpetological Journal
789:: e.T47113126A744263.
478:
462:
449:
425:
336:
251:. It is also called a
1403:. BBC. Archived from
1049:Bd. 19, Nr. 1, 2012,
633:Mammal Paleogene zone
625:Members of the genus
476:
460:
447:
423:
334:
1765:Fauna Europaea (new)
1646:at Wikimedia Commons
1428:. Legislation.gov.uk
1365:(15â16): 1011â1025.
936:The Reptile Database
621:Evolutionary history
424:Slow worm in Germany
323:, of same meaning.
262:, or regionally, a
58:Conservation status
1099:46 (310): 297-305.
490:Size and longevity
479:
463:
450:
426:
407:Anguis cephalonica
337:
247:native to western
1938:Lizards of Europe
1910:
1909:
1882:Open Tree of Life
1656:Taxon identifiers
1642:Media related to
1525:irishexaminer.com
1235:surrey-arg.org.uk
1160:978-3-8001-4385-6
1076:978-3-494-01581-1
932:"Anguis fragilis"
777:"Anguis fragilis"
739:
718:
683:A slow worm close
397:Anguis veronensis
231:
230:
81:
16:(Redirected from
1955:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1851:
1850:
1848:NBNSYS0000005072
1838:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1812:
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1799:
1798:
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1773:
1772:
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1708:
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1641:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1527:. Irish Examiner
1516:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1480:. Archived from
1479:
1471:
1465:
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1416:
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1259:www.froglife.org
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1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1196:
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1188:
1182:
1181:
1176:. Archived from
1169:
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1119:
1113:
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1100:
1085:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1036:
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772:
741:
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719:
704:
692:
680:
668:
591:protected status
219:
199:
179:A. fragilis
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
51:
39:
21:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1933:Lizards of Asia
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1869:Observation.org
1867:
1859:
1854:
1846:
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1815:
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1794:
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1763:
1755:
1750:
1742:
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1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1694:Anguis fragilis
1692:
1691:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1664:Anguis fragilis
1658:
1644:Anguis fragilis
1634:
1629:
1628:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:"Archived copy"
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
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1446:
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1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1419:
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1229:
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1215:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1145:
1141:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1093:Lacerta dugesii
1089:Anguis fragilis
1086:
1082:
1066:Dieter Glandt:
1065:
1061:
1037:
1033:
1016:
1009:
1007:
978:
977:
973:
964:
962:
954:
953:
949:
940:
938:
930:
929:
925:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
884:
883:
876:
866:
864:
855:
854:
850:
841:
839:
838:on 17 June 2009
835:
820:
816:
815:
811:
801:
799:
774:
773:
769:
764:
752:
745:
742:
729:
724:
721:
710:
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696:
693:
684:
681:
672:
669:
660:
648:species complex
645:Anguis fragilis
623:
607:
587:
579:pill millipedes
554:
506:
492:
455:
431:caudal autotomy
418:
416:Physical traits
368:Anguis colchica
356:Anguis fragilis
340:Anguis fragilis
329:
305:contaminated by
298:species complex
277:Slow worms are
240:Anguis fragilis
210:
201:
197:Anguis fragilis
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182:
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82:
71:
67:
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35:
28:
23:
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1878:
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1839:
1826:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1752:Fauna Europaea
1748:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1699:
1684:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1633:
1632:External links
1630:
1627:
1626:
1605:(2): 177â211.
1585:
1558:(4): 445â457.
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1511:
1466:
1439:
1417:
1392:
1345:
1318:
1294:
1270:
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1222:
1197:
1183:
1180:on 2017-09-16.
1164:
1139:
1114:
1101:
1080:
1059:
1039:Wolfgang Böhme
1031:
991:(2): 460â472.
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497:Copenhagen Zoo
491:
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348:A. f. colchica
344:A. f. fragilis
328:
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245:legless lizard
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611:County Clare
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1791:iNaturalist
1688:Wikispecies
1255:"Slow-Worm"
1231:"Slow Worm"
1207:"Slow-worm"
1192:"Slow Worm"
756:Glass snake
671:A slow worm
510:A. fragilis
378:A. fragilis
319:or Swedish
253:deaf adder,
226:A. fragilis
1917:Categories
1491:2014-01-25
1411:2007-05-16
1312:2024-03-19
1288:2022-09-10
1264:2022-09-10
1240:2022-09-10
1216:2022-09-10
965:2021-03-24
941:2021-04-07
911:"Slowworm"
842:2009-06-03
762:References
615:the Burren
571:earthworms
439:osteoderms
291:allotments
287:autotomize
272:blindsnake
268:hazelworm.
42:Slow worm
1621:1664-2384
1580:128651937
1572:1867-1594
1379:0022-2933
1112:9(4): 53.
1055:0946-7998
654:onwards.
542:pheasants
538:hedgehogs
504:Predators
468:hemipenes
260:blindworm
256:slow worm
224:Range of
173:Species:
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
1900:fragilis
1835:47113126
1809:11238828
1702:BioLib:
1673:Wikidata
1531:31 March
1500:cite web
1387:84703263
1005:20079858
750:See also
637:Lutetian
617:region.
512:include
327:Taxonomy
235:slowworm
204:Linnaeus
155:Anguidae
151:Family:
145:Squamata
135:Reptilia
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
78:IUCN 3.1
18:Slowworm
1822:1146449
1783:2468095
1679:Q183660
1459:1 April
1338:1 April
1010:1 April
895:26 July
867:26 July
658:Gallery
652:Miocene
605:Ireland
552:Ecology
518:badgers
283:lizards
249:Eurasia
243:) is a
161:Genus:
141:Order:
131:Class:
76: (
1928:Anguis
1887:449663
1861:102178
1796:343021
1757:214587
1744:ANGSFR
1731:453239
1619:
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1453:iwt.ie
1385:
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1332:iwt.ie
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802:9 June
641:Eocene
628:Anguis
567:snails
514:adders
321:ormslÄ
166:Anguis
32:Anguis
1804:IRMNG
1718:672H4
1576:S2CID
1485:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1383:S2CID
836:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
563:slugs
559:grass
534:foxes
526:crows
1856:NCBI
1830:IUCN
1817:ITIS
1778:GBIF
1739:EPPO
1617:ISSN
1568:ISSN
1533:2022
1506:link
1461:2022
1434:2015
1375:ISSN
1340:2022
1156:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1091:and
1072:ISBN
1051:ISSN
1045:In:
1026:link
1012:2022
1001:PMID
897:2022
869:2022
804:2022
787:2021
577:and
544:and
346:and
313:wyrm
309:slÄ-
266:and
233:The
208:1758
1874:445
1843:NBN
1726:EoL
1713:CoL
1705:364
1607:doi
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1367:doi
993:doi
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317:slo
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