182:, who stated that houses condemned or demolished had gone up from 20,000 in 1954 to 35,000 by 1956, while rehousing over 200,000 people during the mid-1950s. In 1960, 50 local authority clearance figures suggested long-term problems in addressing slums. Through the period 1955–1960, of the estimated 416,706 dwellings deemed unfit, only 62,372 had been cleared by 1960. The authority with the highest number of unfit homes was Liverpool with around 88,000, closely followed by Manchester. By March 1963, Liverpool had only cleared around 10% of the houses deemed unfit in 1955 and was one of 38 local authorities classed as having clearance problems requiring special attention. From 1964 to 1969, 385,270 houses in England were demolished or condemned during slum-clearance schemes. Slum clearance accelerated during the 1960s: 10,000 more slum houses were demolished during 1968 than in 1963.
83:
replaced by social housing, while many of the newer houses had priority allocation given to those who had lost their previous home through demolition. Throughout
Britain and other developed countries, historical housing literature suggests that slum clearance and housing renewal policies have had the opposite effect on the poorest people, whom they aimed to support, from that intended: new housing built to replace demolished slum dwellings was often too costly to rent for poorer families, who had lost their homes to make way for newer developments; these typically became occupied instead by the upper working class.
239:, who in 1538 described the town of Manchester as "the fairest, best builded" town he had seen. Morris considered that Manchester had shown "more vigour courage and compassion" than other cities in tackling the slum housing problem, with 4,000 houses demolished both in 1963 and in 1964, in line with set targets. When comparing slum clearances undertaken by Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Liverpool, Sheffield and Bristol, figures suggested that for the five years ending June 1965, Manchester was ahead of the other cities in the number of houses either demolished or compulsory purchased with a view to demolition.
96:
281:
1581:
31:
200:
62:
other areas. Towards the end of the decade, a housing act in 1969 provided financial encouragement for authorities and landlords to improve existing housing stock and extend the life of many older properties. By 1985, England and Wales had seen over 1.5 million houses declared unfit or demolished over a 30-year period, displacing over 3.6 million people.
292:
suggests that clearances between 1955 and 1985 resulted in around 1.5 million properties demolished and affected about 3.7 million people, although this does not account for people who left the area of their own choice. Few comprehensive studies were conducted at the time on the effect on communities
309:
scheme, aiming to demolish, refurbish or construct new housing, which ran until 2011. Known as the
Pathfinder programme, areas of housing were demolished and replaced with new houses that were aimed towards aspirational tenants, rather than for residents that had formerly lived in the area. Areas in
259:
commenting that the housing problem was of the most importance to his constituents. In
September 1971, the National House Condition Survey estimated that there were around 1.2 million unfit properties in England and Wales, of which 700,000 (58%) fell within existing or proposed areas for clearance.
250:
The criteria to determine the type of house that could be defined as a slum were amended in the 1969 housing act, typically being applied to houses unfit for habitation and those beyond reasonable repair cost. In some cases, a slum clearance area could be declared without swift action, such as in
86:
In the period following the 1970s, opinions started to change towards the view that clearance was less than effective and too costly, both fiscally and in terms of the break-up of communities. Demolition programmes throughout the 20th century were successful in removing the worst of the country's
234:
region. In
Manchester, many dwellings were considered uninhabitable, with an estimated 54,700 dwellings, representing 27.1% of the total, being unfit for habitation. Around three-quarters of the region's poorest residences were located in a belt of land dominated by Manchester and Liverpool. The
61:
where it was reported around 27% 'may' have been unfit for human habitation, although the majority were well built solid structures that could have been renovated or repurposed. Housing, churches, schools and pubs that formed close-knit communities were devastated, with families dispersed across
82:
From the late 19th century up to the 1970s, clearance of slum housing was seen as an expensive undertaking with numerous problems, although generally considered a necessity to achieve a higher standard of living. In the years following World War II, areas affected by slum clearance were usually
161:
Toward the end of 1936 throughout the United
Kingdom, around 25,000 people living in slum housing were being rehoused each month, which had totalled around 450,000 by August 1936. Upon the outbreak of World War II, there were around 1,300 proposed slum clearance orders, of which 103 had been
246:
was introduced to help authorities overcome problems with slum clearances by introducing the concept of general improvement areas, where improvement grants were available. It was estimated in 1970 that around 5 million people lived in condemned houses.
45:
strategy to transform low-income settlements with poor reputation into another type of development or housing. Early mass clearances took place in the country's northern cities. Starting from 1930, councils were expected to prepare plans to
73:
scheme, with the primary objective to demolish housing considered undesirable and replace with new developments. Also known as the
Pathfinder programme, the scheme ended in 2011, due to the Conservative austerity program.
260:
By the early 1970s, new housing estates were mostly occupied by residents who had been displaced by slum clearance or those who were deemed in greatest need. However that was not always the case. The construction of the
134:
had been built, little had been done to resolve the problem of inner-city slums. Clearance strategies were used predominantly during the early 20th century for redeveloping urban communities, such as in relation to the
119:. New housing was intended for tenants displaced by demolition of their old home, although not everyone displaced was re-homed, and only those who could pay the rent were offered a new home. In
87:
housing stock and helped improve the quality of homes available for the poor and working class. Generally, no account of the incident or impact of housing clearance was taken before the 2000s.
1109:
1488:
272:, an area of run-down back-to-back housing. Although the new development won many awards, fewer than 20% of the original 1,700 Byker residents were eventually housed there by 1976.
1363:
901:
57:
Clearance of slum areas resumed and increased after the war, while the 1960s saw the largest number of house renewal schemes pursued by local authorities, particularly in
1038:'Breaking up communities'? The social impact of housing demolition in the late twentieth century: Record of a study and information sharing day November 2nd 2012, York
151:
suggested that nearly 62,000 new homes needed to be built to replace demolished slum housing, of which around 90% were expected to be built within a five-year period.
1192:
104:
1304:
919:
1443:
127:, the land they occupied was very small and usually incapable of supporting any new profitable developments; this impacted upon site-value compensation.
1037:
289:
179:
1222:
1562:
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1552:
1418:
147:. Up to February 1932, 394 clearance areas were declared in England and Wales, affecting 64,000 people. Estimates in 1933 by local authorities in
1526:
1521:
1067:
284:
Beaconsfield Street in
Liverpool, pictured in 2012, originally to be demolished as part of housing renewal. The houses have since been restored.
1610:
1584:
1095:
562:
1353:
1057:
1026:
1505:
1251:
1197:
175:
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Towards the end of the 1960s, slum clearances and the consequent destruction of communities were causing concerns for the government. The
1202:
1500:
1007:
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70:
804:
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100:
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832:
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646:
162:
confirmed by
January 1940, but virtually no slum housing was cleared during the 15 years following the outbreak of war.
938:
387:
Pooley, Colin G. (January 1985). "Housing for the poorest poor: slum-clerance and rehousing in
Liverpool, 1890–1918".
962:
From slums to slums in three generations; housing policy and the political economy of the welfare state, 1945-2005
318:, were threatened with demolition under the scheme but were saved and have since been regenerated and modernised.
143:
Act), which required councils to prepare slum clearance plans, and some progress was made before the start of the
95:
1380:
923:
860:
736:
708:
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1207:
302:
66:
1458:
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1413:
255:
where 342 unfit houses were identified in 1965 yet only 22 had been demolished by 1970, with local MP
1050:
Slums And
Redevelopment: Policy And Practice In England, 1918-45, With Particular Reference To London
212:
17:
1385:
1239:
1129:
315:
265:
902:"Byker Wall: Newcastle's noble failure of an estate – a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 41"
280:
1390:
1341:
1336:
1282:
1171:
986:
231:
124:
174:
where 68,000 were deemed to be unfit. By 1957, slum clearances were well under way according to
115:
engaged in wide-scale slum clearances, and constructed more homes than any authority outside of
1053:
1022:
1003:
969:
Yelling, Jim (August 2000). "The incidence of slum clearance in England and Wales, 1955–85".
1495:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
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1433:
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978:
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243:
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140:
136:
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131:
47:
400:
1599:
1234:
990:
256:
252:
42:
30:
1256:
144:
51:
208:
158:
believed that one could visualise the end of Scottish slums by the end of 1938.
1331:
1087:
1321:
1316:
1294:
982:
261:
227:
171:
58:
235:
decline of the region was noted in comparison to comments made by antiquary
112:
148:
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837:
809:
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682:
651:
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595:
567:
539:
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207:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
116:
268:
was intended to provide modern social housing for the residents of
279:
269:
120:
94:
29:
186:
Houses unfit in 1955 (blue) and demolished by March 1963 (orange)
170:
The drive to clear slum houses resumed in 1955, particularly in
1091:
230:
noted that 20% of the country's poorest dwellings were in the
193:
920:"Research: The impact of post-war slum clearance in the UK"
334:
332:
330:
672:
670:
1043:(Report). Centre for Housing Policy, University of York.
103:, surveying slum clearance areas during a visit by the
939:"Pathfinder was slum clearances without the socialism"
535:"Slum clearance orders at the outbreak of World War I"
34:
Boundary Street in London, part of the Old Nichol slum
922:. University of York. 1 November 2012. Archived from
190:
Regions with over 10,000 houses deemed unfit in 1955
1545:
1514:
1406:
1399:
1275:
1185:
1164:
1143:
425:
678:"Local authorities with clearance problems (1963)"
703:
701:
571:. House of Commons. 28 March 1956. col. 2162
437:
1036:Tunstall, Becky; Lowe, Stuart Geoffrey (2012).
50:, although progress stalled upon the onset of
1103:
8:
479:"Slum clearance progress in Scotland (1935)"
338:
1002:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1403:
1110:
1096:
1088:
451:"Slum clearance areas as of February 1932"
563:"Slum Clearance Compensation Bill (1956)"
290:Ministry of Housing and Local Government
180:Minister of Housing and Local Government
413:
326:
887:
791:
374:
362:
350:
1489:Grants, Construction and Regeneration
123:, where many slum clearances were of
7:
1000:Manchester: an Architectural History
937:Hatherley, Owen (19 November 2010).
773:. House of Commons. 22 November 1965
599:. House of Commons. 22 November 1965
487:. House of Commons. 10 December 1935
39:Slum clearance in the United Kingdom
18:Slum Clearance in the United Kingdom
869:. House of Commons. 24 January 1973
655:. Written Answers. 22 November 1960
543:. House of Commons. 25 January 1940
515:. House of Commons. 29 October 1936
998:Parkinson-Bailey, John J. (2000).
805:"Slum Statutory Definition (1971)"
765:"Slum Clearance Manchester (1965)"
591:"Slum Clearance Manchester (1965)"
25:
841:. House of Commons. 19 March 1970
833:"Slum Clearance Willesden (1970)"
745:. House of Commons. 25 March 1969
459:. House of Commons. 10 March 1932
307:Housing Market Renewal Initiative
71:Housing Market Renewal Initiative
1580:
1579:
198:
1072:Living Heritage-Improving towns
866:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
838:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
810:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
770:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
742:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
714:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
686:. Written Answers. 31 July 1963
683:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
652:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
627:. House of Commons. 9 July 1957
624:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
596:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
568:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
540:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
512:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
484:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
456:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
389:Journal of Historical Geography
293:being broken up and resettled.
153:Secretary of State for Scotland
717:. House of Commons. 5 May 1970
619:"Slum Clearance Update (1957)"
1:
1611:Housing in the United Kingdom
1247:Minister of State for Housing
1119:Housing in the United Kingdom
813:. Written Answers. 4 May 1971
401:10.1016/S0305-7488(85)80036-0
900:Minton, Anna (21 May 2015).
1627:
1575:
1515:Housing and town planning
1125:
983:10.1017/S0963926800000249
1288:Birmingham Back to Backs
426:UK Parliament- Acts 2015
339:Tunstall & Lowe 2012
1048:Yelling, J. A. (2004).
1017:Towers, Graham (2003).
861:"Slum Clearance (1973)"
737:"Slum Clearance (1969)"
709:"Slum Clearance (1970)"
647:"Slum Clearance (1960)"
507:"Slum Clearance (1936)"
310:Liverpool, such as the
111:Between 1895 and 1918,
1223:Reduction Bill 2016–17
285:
108:
35:
27:Urban renewal strategy
926:on 21 September 2013.
438:Parkinson-Bailey 2000
283:
98:
69:in 2002 launched the
33:
297:Pathfinder programme
101:Sheriff of Newcastle
48:clear slum dwellings
41:has been used as an
1240:Housing Corporation
1130:Housing in Scotland
960:Carter, H. (2012).
266:Newcastle upon Tyne
222:In a speech in the
139:(also known as the
125:back-to-back houses
1400:Parliamentary acts
1342:Reema construction
1019:Building Democracy
286:
109:
105:Minister of Health
91:Early 20th century
36:
1593:
1592:
1571:
1570:
1198:Energy efficiency
1068:"Council Housing"
1059:978-1-135-37228-6
1028:978-1-135-37074-9
303:Labour government
220:
219:
107:, 16 October 1925
67:Labour government
16:(Redirected from
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166:Mid-20th century
137:Housing Act 1930
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1594:
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1546:Working classes
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1395:
1369:Two-up two-down
1347:Wimpey no-fines
1300:English country
1271:
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1074:. UK Parliament
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257:Laurence Pavitt
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156:Godfrey Collins
132:council housing
99:John Grantham,
93:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1624:
1622:
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1608:
1606:Slum clearance
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1393:
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1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:Pre-regulation
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1334:
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1308:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1291:
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1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:Slum clearance
1259:
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1252:Public Housing
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1174:
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1100:
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1084:
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1027:
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1008:
995:
977:(2): 234–254.
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440:, p. 155.
430:
418:
416:, p. 133.
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316:Granby Streets
298:
295:
288:Data from the
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1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
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1412:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
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1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:Prefabricated
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:Homes England
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Affordability
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:Architectures
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:. Routledge.
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:. Routledge.
1020:
1015:
1011:
1009:0-7190-5606-3
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:Urban History
967:
963:
958:
957:
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1376:Tower blocks
1337:Atholl steel
1283:Back-to-back
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1257:Right to Buy
1203:Homelessness
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1218:Gatekeeping
888:Carter 2012
792:Towers 2003
375:Carter 2012
363:Carter 2012
351:Carter 2012
237:John Leland
209:Phabricator
1600:Categories
1078:9 December
953:References
262:Byker Wall
232:North West
228:Alf Morris
172:Manchester
130:While new
78:Background
59:Manchester
1381:Townhouse
1267:Squatting
1177:Liverpool
1156:Edwardian
1151:Victorian
991:145359275
964:(Report).
276:Aftermath
226:in 1965,
141:Greenwood
113:Liverpool
1585:Category
1354:Terraced
1276:Variants
1228:Scotland
1208:Act 2002
873:27 April
817:27 April
777:27 April
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659:27 April
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519:27 April
314:and the
149:Scotland
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1172:Glasgow
211:and on
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1312:Estate
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178:, the
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1332:Airey
1041:(PDF)
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690:1 May
491:1 May
463:1 May
322:Notes
270:Byker
121:Leeds
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