361:, failed city planning, and racial inferiority. Urban developments initiatives have prioritised large-scale commercial expansion while failing to provide adequate housing options for the working class. The current economic market of metropolitan Manila requires a large workforce with minimal compensation who can only afford squatting in slums. Despite these less-than-ideal living conditions, Metro Manila - which contributes 89% of the Philippines' national gross domestic product - continues to draw large swathes of migrants from other parts of the Philippines which are often vulnerable to natural disasters and other social issues. This has further contributed to the overcrowding problem - from 2000 to 2010, Metro Manila's population increased by 1.93 million, and a further 1.02 million from 2010 to 2015. The city of Taguig in particular had the highest growth rate of 4.5% with a population of 804,915. Yet, there has not been any formal tracking of migration, given that there was no national registration system up till 2018, where the Republic Act No. 11055 "Philippine Identification System Act" was established.
365:
service delivery and organisation. The patron-client relationship and short electoral cycles has also limited the government's ability to offer long-term solutions to the slum issue, evinced by short-lived examples of poverty alleviation programmes such as Joseph
Estrada's 1998 "Lingap Para Sa Mahirap" (Caring for the Poor) and Gloria Arroyo's 2001 "Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan" (KALAHI) which could not be sustained given the constant change in political leadership. Despite decentralisation providing the local government greater self-reliance, autonomy and ability to be responsive to citizens' needs through a more "equitable and systematic distribution of government powers and resources, there was a lack of strategic planning and reliable central data bank to ensure quality basic services and policies across the various cities. Hence, many initiatives and programmes aimed at addressing the slum issue were often ad hoc and fragmented.
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349:, which were composed of multiple local associations throughout the slums. While mobilizations and organized actions throughout the years have won campaigns, some critics say that urban poor movements have mainly been reactionary and defensive, with minimal effect on the larger economic structure and political authority over the slums. Initiatives have mostly been reactionary responses to the policies and actions of the state and not necessarily pro-active.
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through an informal and private economy of vendors. A measurement of the average cost of household expenses within Metro Manila slums shows that residents pay significantly more for basic utilitiesâsuch as clean water and electricityâin comparison to households within officially serviced areas. A cost-comparison study showed that in some cases, slum residents paid up to 4200% the amount for vended water versus piped water.
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The
Philippine government has faced significant challenges in reversing this trend thus far. Eviction attempts such as Marcos' Presidential Decree 772 in 1975 created serious human rights issues, while physical resettlement and social housing programmes such as the Community Mortgage Program saw poor
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has been pursued, although legal judgements rarely benefit those living in the slums. Some have argued that while technically illegal, the forced demolitions of homes is a waste of housing property since residents have made significant investments in their homesâsome worth more than several thousands
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In 1975, Ferdinand Marcos signed a presidential decree that made squatting on private and government-owned land illegal. Thus, resident of slums are also referred to as "informal settlers" and usually do not hold legal claim over the land they are living on. There are certain cases where the right of
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and dumped one month's rainfall in less than 24 hours, causing the
Marikina River system, including the Manggahan Floodway, to burst its banks very rapidly. It is thought that blocked pipes and a poorly maintained sewer system, along with uncollected domestic waste, were major contributory factors in
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Illegal settlers were especially blamed for flooding since their houses reduce the effective width and blocked the flow of the floodway. During the height of the storm, the
Marikina River had a flow of about 3000 m/s (106,000 ft/s), and the head of the UP National Hydraulic Research Center
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San Andres is the most densely populated district in Manila. San Andres shares the Estero Tripa de
Gallina as its western and northern border with the districts of Malate and Paco, respectively and Pedro Giland Tejeron streets to the east with the district of Santa Ana. It borders the city of Makati
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suffers from re-occurring brownouts and is vulnerable to severe weather catastrophes. The dwellings are titled and rented out for between 1,000 and 100,0000 pesos a month. Unlike the more precarious settlements, residents here have access to basic healthcare and free education up to tertiary level.
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The informal structure of utilities within slums also contributes to the poverty of their residents. Because of the unofficial status of slum dwellings, public utilities and social services do not reach these slum communities. Residents have to find alternative forms of acquiring utilitiesâusually
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While a large number of slum residents would be considered poor according to the international poverty line of $ 1.25/day, not all who live in slums fall into this category. A measurement in 2010 states that around 50% of slum residents earn wages of $ 2-$ 4 USD a day, landing above the federal
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Bagong Silang is infamous as a squatters' area after street dwellers from India and China were relocated here from the 1970s onwards. The name of the barangay came from bagong silang, the
Tagalog word for "newborn". The namesake of the barangay was meant to signify "a new hope" for most of its
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Local groups and community-based organizations have lobbied for the rights of residents within slums and squatter settlements throughout the decades. In 1956, local associations successfully lobbied for
Republic Act No 1597, which allowed squatter communities to purchase land they were
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are traditionally described as dense urban settlements, usually displaying characteristics such as crowded and compact housing units, informal delivery of utilities, and unofficial recognition by local government. In the
Philippines, residents of slum areas are commonly referred to as
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poverty line. One reason for this is that while some residents are employed in formal wage labor outside of the slums, there are no alternative housing options for them within a reasonable distance of their employment, thus forcing them to live in the highly impacted urban slums.
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dump site, where another large scavenging community arose. The population of
Payatas is notoriously difficult to estimate. The official 2010 census states the population at almost 120,000 people, but an academic source suggests that the real population is closer to 500,000.
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Students from West Rembo can even go to the
University of Makati (UMAK) for free. But not just West Rembo students, all students from any barangays in Makati can enroll in UMAK. This is one of the benefits residents of Makati are getting from their city Government.
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died before fully implementing the law. Another prominent squatter organization was the Zone One Tondo Organization (ZOTO)âthey were very active in the 1970s. ZOTO had numerous successful initiatives: they obtained funding and material resources for
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Because of the lack of sanitation and unstable supply of clean water, the recorded health ailments in slums are significantly higher than other areas of the city. Disproportionate levels of respiratory problems and diarrhea have been recorded.
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victims, they pushed back the land expansion of an industrial firm, they obtained relocation sites for people displaced by business development, and they were recognized by the World Bank at the community's representative in negotiations.
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A common characteristic of slums is their close proximity to commercial hubs due to employment opportunities close by. Materials used to build housing units within slums can range from wood, bamboo, and steel, to concrete blocks.
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revoked Proclamation 160 that reserved 20 parcels of land along the floodway for 6,700 urban poor families, and ordered the forcible relocation of the illegal settlers whose houses were blocking the waterway to Laguna de Bay.
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Additionally, the reported poverty statistics may not be accurate due to political desires to maintain lower rates of poverty. Researchers suggest that up to an eighth of the slum population in Manila remains unaccounted for.
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in the south. The area is under the jurisdiction of the Fifth Congressional District of Manila, and includes the Manila South Cemetery, an exclave of the city surrounded by land administered by Makati. :)
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is subject to a densifying population of slum dwellersâa 2014 article states that Manila has an estimated 4 million people living in slums, out of a total population of 21.3 million.
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killed over three hundred scavengers. This official figure, though, is also likely highly underestimated with eyewitnesses suggesting the real death toll is closer to 1,000.
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is the largest of the 16 districts of the City of Manila in terms of population and land area. It is also the second most densely populated district in the city.
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The growth of local associations within slums continued throughout the decades. By 1990, there were eight major urban poor alliances within
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From Marginality to Further Marginalization: Experiences from the Victims of the July 2000 Payatas Trashslide in the Philippines
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residents who were originally relocated from slum areas in Tondo in Manila, Commonwealth in Quezon City, and San Juan.
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apartments were built to rehouse slum residents after the closure of the landfill in 1995 that once occupied the area.
24:" and have historically been subject to relocation or forced demolition. With a steadily growing metropolitan area,
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stated that the floodway could have handled this flow without overflowing if there were no settlers on its banks.
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847:
Ballesteros, Marife M. (2010). "Linking Poverty and the Environment: Evidence from Slums in Philippine Cities".
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was originally planned as the National Government Center of the Philippines, and it is the home of the
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544:"A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development"
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708:"Poverty Alleviation and the Eviction of the Poorest: Towards Urban Land Reform in the Philippinesâ"
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rubbish dump in Tondo was closed by the government in 1995, many rubbish scavengers migrated to the
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773:"Developing a National Informal Settlements Upgrading Strategy for the Philippines - Final Report"
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683:
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674:
Karaos, Anna Marie A. (1993). "Manila's Squatter Movement: a Struggle for Place and Identity".
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400:"In the slums of Manila, inequality is so bad that the worst off have no chance to protest"
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The world's scavengers : salvaging for sustainable consumption and production
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the speed with which the flood waters were able to engulf the surrounding area.
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The Environments of the Poor in Southeast Asia, East Asia and the Pacific
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494:"Largest barangay in PH can't live up to 'new hope' image; split pushed"
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467:"Caloocan councilor pushes for the division of Barangay Bagong Silang"
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Scholars have argued that the development of slums is a byproduct of
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115:. It is also the home to a large concentration of informal settlers.
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with shanty towns on either side. During the 2009 flooding of
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Slums in Manila can be found in four main types of locations:
630:"Blamed for disaster, floodway settlers are immovable force"
771:
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council, HUDCC.
520:"Manila's tale of two cities: Where rich and poor coexist"
456:. JAMBA: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 2, 197-215.
565:
Ananta, Aris; Bauer, Armin; Thant, Myo (2013-11-19).
712:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
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452:Gaillard, J. C., & Cadag, J. R. D. (2009).
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849:Philippine Institute for Development Studies
432:. Lanham, MD : AltaMira Press. p. 189.
1448:Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
113:House of Representatives of the Philippines
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899:National Capital Region of the Philippines
881:
867:
859:
1128:Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
723:
632:. GMANews.TV. 2009-11-10. Archived from
571:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
492:Melican, Nathaniel (16 September 2014).
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796:Philippines Statistics Authority, PSA.
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1468:Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission
655:Lupang Arenda off limits to squatters
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542:High Level Panel of Eminent Persons.
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560:
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1630:Department of Transportation (DOTr)
653:Joyce Pangco Pañares (2010-03-10).
14:
1473:Laguna Lake Development Authority
1443:Manila Electric Company (Meralco)
1270:Rehabilitation of the Pasig River
238:by road corners and intersections
206:Physical location and composition
1816:Populated places in Metro Manila
1785:
1784:
301:Consequently, in February 2010,
225:by a river or near coastal areas
1303:Oldest buildings and structures
706:Berner, ErhardJ. (2000-09-01).
518:Calderon, Justin (2015-09-15).
676:Philippine Sociological Review
1:
1499:Primary and secondary schools
1426:Public services and utilities
1203:Battles of La Naval de Manila
1057:La Mesa Watershed Reservation
471:Philippine Information Agency
332:occupyingâalthough President
155:landslide at the Payatas dump
1821:Squatting in the Philippines
1208:British occupation of Manila
1062:Marikina Valley Fault System
823:"PRRD signs national ID law"
380:Squatting in the Philippines
1377:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
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1587:Theaters and concert halls
375:Poverty in the Philippines
235:by heavily travelled roads
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111:, the headquarters of the
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1762:Frost Plan of Quezon City
1704:Pasig River Ferry Service
1489:Colleges and universities
1372:Manila Commodity Exchange
1367:Philippine Stock Exchange
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498:Philippine Daily Inquirer
109:Batasang Pambansa Complex
1811:Slums in the Philippines
916:Administrative divisions
1752:Metro Manila Dream Plan
1555:Roman Catholic churches
1463:Maynilad Water Services
1260:People Power Revolution
1243:Battle of Manila (1945)
1228:Battle of Manila (1899)
1198:ManilaâAcapulco Galleon
748:"REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1597"
725:10.1111/1468-2427.00265
657:, Manila Standard Today
546:, United Nations. 2013.
426:Medina, Martin (2007).
327:Activism and organizing
306:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
188:Conditions within slums
1757:Burnham Plan of Manila
1412:Mixed-use developments
1238:City of Greater Manila
1213:1880 Luzon earthquakes
827:Philippine News Agency
798:"Annual Yearbook 2018"
287:Tropical Storm Ketsana
282:
273:An aerial view of the
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1504:International schools
1350:Bonifacio Global City
1014:Legislative districts
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1672:Intermodal terminals
1458:Manila Water Company
1265:World Youth Day 1995
1223:Battle of Manila Bay
597:Davis, Mike (2006).
404:www.newstatesman.com
265:Environmental impact
153:In the year 2000, a
1737:Nicknames of Manila
1604:Television stations
1550:Religious buildings
1453:Water privatization
1308:Cultural properties
1107:Greater Manila Area
473:. 19 September 2013
359:economic inequality
247:Access to utilities
1565:Songs about Manila
1407:Entertainment City
1313:Historical markers
1275:Rizal Day bombings
1218:Cry of Pugad Lawin
1193:Province of Manila
1102:Manggahan Floodway
1067:Rivers and esteros
285:In September 2009
283:
275:Manggahan floodway
256:Health disparities
219:
139:
133:Scavengers at the
80:San Andres, Manila
65:
59:in 2011. Mid-rise
32:Locations of slums
1798:
1797:
1742:Notable Manileños
1592:Art Deco theaters
1321:
1320:
1285:COVID-19 pandemic
1233:Province of Rizal
603:. London: Verso.
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1494:University Belt
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1280:Typhoon Ketsana
1248:Manila massacre
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279:Typhoon Ketsana
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143:Smokey Mountain
137:dumpsite, 2007.
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57:Smokey Mountain
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718:(3): 554â566.
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682:(1/4): 71â91.
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610:978-1844670222
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165:Main article:
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141:When the home
123:Main article:
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98:Main article:
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78:Main article:
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61:social housing
46:Main article:
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37:City of Manila
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1747:Sister cities
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1525:Annual events
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176:Taguig-Makati
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167:Bagong Silang
161:Bagong Silang
160:
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105:Batasan Hills
101:
100:Batasan Hills
94:Batasan Hills
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48:Tondo, Manila
41:
36:
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1725:Other topics
1570:Manila sound
1338:Ayala Avenue
1086:
1052:Sierra Madre
907:capital city
890:Metro Manila
848:
842:
830:. Retrieved
826:
816:
804:. Retrieved
791:
779:. Retrieved
766:
755:. Retrieved
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638:. Retrieved
634:the original
599:
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527:. Retrieved
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503:16 September
501:. Retrieved
497:
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477:16 September
475:. Retrieved
470:
461:
448:
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407:. Retrieved
403:
394:
363:
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347:Metro Manila
344:
330:
316:
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296:
291:Metro Manila
284:
259:
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241:
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179:
170:
152:
140:
103:
83:
66:
26:Metro Manila
15:
1626:Government
1417:Skyscrapers
1392:Attractions
1382:Manila Mint
1255:City of Man
1133:Chairperson
1112:Mega Manila
1037:Pasig River
989:Quezon City
944:Mandaluyong
821:Musico, J.
353:Root causes
89:Quezon City
1805:Categories
1667:P2P routes
1662:Bus routes
1599:Newspapers
1545:Public art
1530:Cemeteries
1333:Makati CBD
1188:Intramuros
1168:Prehistory
1121:Government
1032:Manila Bay
1004:Valenzuela
959:Muntinlupa
757:2018-03-20
752:www.lgu.ph
640:2010-04-04
529:2018-10-03
524:Investvine
409:2018-03-20
386:References
193:Population
181:West Rembo
74:San Andres
1509:Libraries
1482:Education
1433:Hospitals
1147:(defunct)
1024:Geography
1009:Barangays
969:Parañaque
929:Las Piñas
734:1468-2427
303:President
22:squatters
1790:Category
1711:Aviation
1402:Gambling
1298:Timeline
1145:Governor
1097:Bay City
994:San Juan
954:Marikina
924:Caloocan
688:23898158
369:See also
313:Legality
214:Slum in
1775:Outline
1716:Traffic
1540:Museums
1535:Cinemas
1518:Culture
1387:Tourism
1355:Binondo
1326:Economy
1183:Namayan
1173:Maynila
1156:History
1082:Beaches
1072:Islands
984:Pateros
964:Navotas
939:Malabon
147:Payatas
135:Payatas
125:Payatas
119:Payatas
1695:Water
1438:Police
1397:Hotels
1138:Mayors
999:Taguig
949:Manila
934:Makati
903:Manila
832:29 Mar
781:11 Mar
732:
686:
607:
575:
436:
230:infill
228:by an
1780:Index
1178:Tondo
1087:Slums
1077:Parks
979:Pasig
974:Pasay
806:9 Mar
801:(PDF)
776:(PDF)
684:JSTOR
68:Tondo
42:Tondo
17:Slums
1679:Rail
1657:Road
1650:MIAA
1640:LRTA
1635:MMDA
834:2019
808:2019
783:2019
730:ISSN
605:ISBN
573:ISBN
505:2014
479:2014
434:ISBN
289:hit
1689:MRT
1684:LRT
1645:PNR
720:doi
1807::
825:.
750:.
728:.
716:24
714:.
710:.
696:^
680:41
678:.
662:^
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905:(
882:e
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20:"
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