Solid nitrogen - Knowledge (XXG)

92: 3624: 180: 653: 1848: 875: 388: 5445: 36: 657: 1897: 648:{\displaystyle \ln {\left({\frac {P_{\text{subl}}}{1{\text{ bar}}}}\right)}=12.40-{\frac {807.4{\text{ K}}}{T}}-{\frac {3926{\text{ K}}^{2}}{T^{2}}}+{\frac {6.297\cdot 10^{4}{\text{ K}}^{3}}{T^{3}}}-{\frac {4.633\cdot 10^{5}{\text{ K}}^{4}}{T^{4}}}+{\frac {1.325\cdot 10^{6}{\text{ K}}^{5}}{T^{5}}}\quad \quad \quad (\alpha )} 2207:

in solid nitrogen is 1452 m/s at 20 K and 1222 m/s at 44 K. The longitudinal velocity ranges from 1850 m/s at 5 K to 1700 m/s at 35 K. With temperature rise the nitrogen changes phase and the longitudinal velocity drops rapidly over a small temperature range to

224:

to spew from the subpolar regions around Triton's southern polar ice cap. A possible explanation of this observed phenomenon is that the Sun shines through the transparent layer of nitrogen ice, heating the layers beneath. Nitrogen sublimes and eventually erupts through holes in the upper layer,

2283:

crystalline van der Waals compound. The unit cell contains 22 nitrogen atoms and 2 helium atoms. It has a volume of 580 Å for a pressure of 11 GPa decreasing to 515 Å at 14 GPa. It resembles the ε-phase. At 14.5 GPa and 295 K the unit cell has space group

3646:

Laniel, Dominique; Trybel, Florian; Aslandukov, Andrey; Spender, James; Ranieri, Umbertoluca; Fedotenko, Timofey; Glazyrin, Konstantin; Bright, Eleanor Lawrence; Chariton, Stella; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Abrikosov, Igor A.; Dubrovinsky, Leonid; Dubrovinskaia, Natalia (2023-10-05).

2068:, so that relaxation to the gaseous form involves tremendous energy release: more than any other non-nuclear reaction. For this reason, cubic-gauche nitrogen is being investigated for use in explosives and rocket fuel. Estimates of its energy density vary: simulations predict 870:{\displaystyle \ln {\left({\frac {P_{\text{subl}}}{1{\text{ bar}}}}\right)}=8.514-{\frac {458.4{\text{ K}}}{T}}-{\frac {19870{\text{ K}}^{2}}{T^{2}}}+{\frac {4.800\cdot 10^{5}{\text{ K}}^{3}}{T^{3}}}-{\frac {4.524\cdot 10^{6}{\text{ K}}^{4}}{T^{4}}}\quad \quad \quad (\beta )} 3877:

Laniel, Dominique; Winkler, Bjoern; Fedotenko, Timofey; Pakhomova, Anna; Chariton, Stella; Milman, Victor; Prakapenka, Vitali; Dubrovinsky, Leonid; Dubrovinskaia, Natalia (2020-05-28). "High-Pressure Polymeric Nitrogen Allotrope with the Black Phosphorus Structure".

2012:, and contains eight nitrogen atoms. As a network, cg-N consists of fused rings of nitrogen atoms; at each atom, the bond angles are very close to tetrahedral. The position of the lone pairs of electrons is ranged so that their overlap is minimised. 2808:

Cohen, E. G. D. (1 January 1977). "Toward Absolute Zero: During the past three centuries attempts to approach the absolute zero of temperature have led to the discovery of many important phenomena, including superconductivity and superfluidity".

2324:, and at 40 K only 5%. In the complementary situation, solid methane can include some nitrogen in its crystals, up to 17.31% nitrogen. As the temperature drops, less methane can dissolve in solid nitrogen, and in α-N 2652:. This corresponds to molecules lined up in rows end to end diagonally on the ab plane. These rows stack side by side with molecules offset by half their length to form layers in the (001) plane, perpendicular to the 3320:

Yamashita, Yasuyuki; Kato, Manabu; Arakawa, Masahiko (June 2010). "Experimental study on the rheological properties of polycrystalline solid nitrogen and methane: Implications for tectonic processes on Triton".

942:. Nitrogen and oxygen are miscible in liquid phase but separate in solid phase. Thus excess nitrogen (melting at 63 K) or oxygen (melting at 55 K) freeze out first, and the eutectic liquid air freezes at 50 K. 3746:

Gregoryanz, E.; Goncharov, A. F.; Hemley, R. J.; Mao, H. K.; Somayazulu, M.; Shen, G. (13 December 2002). "Raman, infrared, and x-ray evidence for new phases of nitrogen at high pressures and temperatures".

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molecule (CO) is very similar to dinitrogen in size, and it can mix in all proportions with solid nitrogen without changing crystal structure. Carbon monoxide is also found on the surfaces of Pluto and

2278:

Solid nitrogen can dissolve 2 mole % helium under pressure in its disordered phases such as the γ-phase. Under higher pressure 9 mol% helium, He can react with ε-nitrogen to form a hexagonal

2033:. The dihedral angle Φ is related to the bond angle θ by sec(Φ) = sec(θ) − 1. The coordinate of one atom in the unit cell at x,x,x also determines the bond angle by cos(θ) = x(x-1/4)/(x+(x-1/4)). 2177:

Nitrogen frost has a density of 0.85 g cm. As a bulk material the crystals are pressed together and density is near that of water. It is temperature dependent and given by ρ = 0.0134

2208:

below 1600 m/s and then it slowly drops to 1400 m/s near the melting point. The transverse velocity is much lower ranging from 900 to 800 m/s over the same temperature range.

110:, first observed in 1884. Solid nitrogen is mainly the subject of academic research, but low-temperature, low-pressure solid nitrogen is a substantial component of bodies in the 2115:

and cell dimensions a = 5.49 Å, β = 87.68°. Other higher pressure polymeric forms are predicted in theory, and a metallic form is expected if the pressure is high enough.

140:

Modern techniques usually take a similar approach: solid nitrogen is normally made in a laboratory by evaporating liquid nitrogen in a vacuum. The solid produced is porous.

3443:

Vos, W. L.; Finger, L. W.; Hemley, R. J.; Hu, J. Z.; Mao, H. K.; Schouten, J. A. (2 July 1992). "A high-pressure van der Waals compound in solid nitrogen-helium mixtures".

1940:

an amorphous form is produced. This is a narrow gap semiconductor, and designated the μ-phase. The μ-phase has been brought to atmospheric pressure by first cooling it to

187:

is covered in the hexagonal form of solid nitrogen (the β crystal phase), which can be seen as a bluish green band around the equator in this synthetic color photomosaic.

5708: 133:, and then allowing the liquid hydrogen to freeze the nitrogen. By evaporating vapour from the solid nitrogen, Olszewski also generated the extremely low temperature of 4914:

Protopapa, S.; Grundy, W.M.; Tegler, S.C.; Bergonio, J.M. (June 2015). "Absorption coefficients of the methane–nitrogen binary ice system: Implications for Pluto".

4606:"Problems Involved in Determining the Mechanical Properties of Solid Nitrogen and a Composite of Solid Nitrogen and Aluminum Foam (40 K – 61 K)" 1374:

Within the lattice cells, the molecules themselves have disordered orientation, but increases in pressure causes a phase transition to a slightly different phase, δ

2786: 2495:

When solid nitrogen is irradiated by high speed protons or electrons, several reactive radicals are formed, including atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen cations (N),

4788:

Choukroun, Mathieu; Kieffer, Susan W.; Lu, Xinli; Tobie, Gabriel (2013). "Clathrate Hydrates: Implications for Exchange Processes in the Outer Solar System".

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Eremets, Mikhail I.; Gavriliuk, Alexander G.; Trojan, Ivan A.; Dzivenko, Dymitro A.; Boehler, Reinhard (4 July 2004). "Single-bonded cubic form of nitrogen".

5503: 3149:"Some supplementary measurements on the vapour-liquid equilibrium of the system hydrogen-nitrogen at temperatures higher than the triple point of nitrogen" 2376:

is also very miscible in solid nitrogen. For compositions of argon and nitrogen with 60% to 70% nitrogen, the hexagonal form remains stable to 0 K. A

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Trowbridge, A. J.; Melosh, H. J.; Steckloff, J. K.; Freed, A. M. (1 June 2016). "Vigorous convection as the explanation for Pluto's polygonal terrain".

5241:"Comparison of heat transfer in liquid and slush nitrogen by numerical simulation of cooling rates for French straws used for sperm cryopreservation" 5158:

Kim, Minseob; Yoo, Choong-Shik (2011). "Highly repulsive interaction in novel inclusion D2–N2 compound at high pressure: Raman and x-ray evidence".

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Plašienka, Dušan; Martoňák, Roman (7 March 2015). "Transformation pathways in high-pressure solid nitrogen: From molecular N2 to polymeric cg-N".

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Laniel, D.; Geneste, G.; Weck, G.; Mezouar, M.; Loubeyre, P. (2019-02-11). "Hexagonal Layered Polymeric Nitrogen Phase Synthesized near 250 GPa".

4211: 3649:"Title: Structure determination of ζ-N2 from single-crystal X-ray diffraction and theoretical suggestion for the formation of amorphous nitrogen" 4561:

Ma, Yanming; Oganov, Artem R.; Li, Zhenwei; Xie, Yu; Kotakoski, Jani (9 February 2009). "Novel High Pressure Structures of Polymeric Nitrogen".

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Mukherjee, Goutam Dev; Boehler, Reinhard (30 November 2007). "High-Pressure Melting Curve of Nitrogen and the Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition".

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and high-temperature, high-pressure solid nitrogen is a powerful explosive, with higher energy density than any other non-nuclear material.

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Sihachakr, D.; Loubeyre, P. (15 October 2004). "O2 / N2 mixtures under pressure: A structural study of the binary phase diagram at 295 K".

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Kotakoski, J.; Albe, K. (10 April 2008). "First-principles calculations on solid nitrogen: A comparative study of high-pressure phases".

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atoms can also be included in solid nitrogen in the β and δ phases. Inclusion of neon pushes the β−δ phase boundary to higher pressures.

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Eremets, M. I.; Gavriliuk, A. G.; Serebryanaya, N. R.; Trojan, I. A.; Dzivenko, D. A.; Boehler, R.; Mao, H. K.; Hemley, R. J. (2004).

2396:. It has a hexagonal structure, with a=14.400 c=8.0940 at a pressure of 8 GPa. A van der Waals compound with argon is not known. 1960:. In reflected light it appears black, but does transmit some red or yellow light. In the infrared there is an absorption band around 1784:

space group). Like black phosphorus, bp-N is an electrical conductor. The existence of bp-N structure matches the behavior of heavier

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Schuch, A. F.; Mills, R. L. (1970). "Crystal Structures of the Three Modifications of Nitrogen 14 and Nitrogen 15 at High Pressure".

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Mikhal'chenko, R. S.; Getmanets, V. F.; Arkhipov, V. T. (September 1972). "Peculiarities of heat transfer in porous solid nitrogen".

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Gregoryanz, Eugene; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Hemley, Russell J.; Mao, Ho-kwang (13 July 2001). "High-pressure amorphous nitrogen".

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Turnbull, R.; Hanfland, M.; Binns, J.; Martinez-Canales, M.; Frost, M.; Marqués, M.; Howie, R.; Gregoryanz, E. (9 November 2018).

1386:) and low temperature, the dinitrogen molecule orientations fully order into the rhombohedral ε phase, which follows space group R 5694: 5123:

Lotz, H. T.; Schouten, J. A. (19 June 2001). "Phase behavior of the N2-Ar system at high pressures: A Raman spectroscopy study".

1037: 4996:

Quirico, Eric; Schmitt, Bernard (July 1997). "A Spectroscopic Study of CO Diluted in N2Ice: Applications for Triton and Pluto".

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Omar, M.H.; Dokoupil, Z. (May 1962). "Solubility of nitrogen and oxygen in liquid hydrogen at temperatures between 27 and 33K".

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The ε-δ phase transition temperature varies substantially with pressure. At 2 GPa, the transition occurs around 50 K.

60: 4482: 363: 192: 5332:

Becker, Edwin D.; Pimentel, George C. (1956). "Spectroscopic Studies of Reactive Molecules by the Matrix Isolation Method".

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Solid nitrogen can crystallise with some solid methane included. At 55 K the molar percentage can range up to 16.35% CH

91: 3864: 3721: 2219:

is 2.16 GPa at 20 K, and 1.47 GPa at 44 K. At temperatures below 30 K solid nitrogen will undergo

4514:"Super high-energy density single-bonded trigonal nitrogen allotrope—a chemical twin of the cubic gauche form of nitrogen" 3399:

Cromer, D. T.; Mills, R. L.; Schiferi, D.; Schwalbe, L. A. (15 January 1981). "The structure of N2 at 49 kbar and 299 K".

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Olijnyk, H; Jephcoat, A P (15 December 1997). "High-pressure Raman studies of a nitrogen – helium mixture up to 40 GPa".

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of solid nitrogen is 0.7 W m K. Thermal conductivity varies with temperature and the relation is given by

1001:

molecules are located on the body diagonals of the unit cell cube. At low temperatures the α-phase can be compressed to

51: 7014: 2357:

at levels below 1%. Variations in the infrared linewidth of carbon monoxide absorption can reveal the concentration.

5459:. On: BusinessInsider. Jan 28, 2015 - Videos of nitrogen boiling, freezing, and spontaneously changing crystal form. 4139:

Duwal, Sakun; Ryu, Young-Jay; Kim, Minseob; Yoo, Choong-Shik; Bang, Sora; Kim, Kyungtae; Hur, Nam Hwi (2018-04-07).

2015:

The cubic-gauche structure for nitrogen is predicted to have bond lengths of 1.40 Å, bond angles of 114.0° and

5489: 5456: 4005: 3948: 5449: 4735: 3194:

Seidel, G. M.; Maris, H. J.; Williams, F. I. B.; Cardon, J. G. (2 June 1986). "Supercooling of Liquid Hydrogen".

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Fray, N.; Schmitt, B. (December 2009). "Sublimation of ices of astrophysical interest: A bibliographic review".

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there is a major drop in methane solubility. These mixtures are prevalent in outer Solar System objects such as

1185:, the isotope N converts to the γ form at a pressure 400 atm (0.041 GPa) lower than natural nitrogen. 2380:

of xenon and nitrogen exists above 5.3 GPa. A van der Waals compound of neon and nitrogen was shown using

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to form an atmosphere, or condense back into nitrogen frost. Compared to other materials, solid nitrogen loses

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Cook, T.; Davey, G. (June 1976). "The density and thermal conductivity of solid nitrogen and carbon dioxide".

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exceeds 135 GPa the substance changes from clear to black, and takes on an amorphous form similar to η-N

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at high pressure and low temperature produces a molecular solid made of linear chains of 8 nitrogen atoms (

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Further compression and heating produces two crystalline phases of nitrogen with surprising metastability.

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directly to gas. At these low pressures, nitrogen exists in only two known allotropes: α-nitrogen (below

215: 179: 4968: 4764: 4608:. In Balachandran, U. B.; Gubser, D. G.; Hartwig, K. T.; Reed, R.; Warnes, W. H.; Bardos, V. A. (eds.). 2670: 5088:

Nosé, Shuichi; Klein, Michael L. (October 1985). "Molecular dynamics study of the alloy (N2)67(Ar)29".

2496: 915:. At the boiling point of hydrogen with excess solid nitrogen, the dissolved molar fraction is 10. At 5737: 5413: 5341: 5213: 5167: 5132: 5097: 5054: 5005: 4933: 4888: 4830: 4688: 4646: 4570: 4527: 4439: 4360: 4313: 4252: 4152: 4097: 4028: 3897: 3795: 3756: 3596: 3554: 3499: 3452: 3408: 3370: 3330: 3285: 3246: 3203: 3160: 3121: 3075: 2853: 2818: 2743: 2159: 1916:

predicted in 2016 that an analogous allotrope with six nitrogens should exist at ambient conditions.

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and a=7.936 Å c=9.360 Å. At 28 GPa a transition happens in which the orientation of N

249:

Like most substances, nitrogen melts at a higher temperature with increasing ambient pressure until

46: 7009: 2729:"Structural transformation of molecular nitrogen to a single-bonded atomic state at high pressures" 2267: 2197: 2479:

Solid nitrogen is used as a matrix on which to store and study reactive chemical species, such as

1997: 1378:, in which the molecular orientations progressively order, a distinction that is only visible via 5070: 5040:"High-pressure Raman investigation of mutual solubility and compound formation in Xe-N2 and NeN2" 4949: 4923: 4846: 4712: 4463: 4329: 4303: 4276: 4242: 4060: 3999: 3929: 3887: 3468: 2890: 2869: 2826: 2767: 2484: 2381: 2259: 1658:

crystal structure is characterised by primitive monoclinic lattice with unit-cell dimensions of:

1379: 1289:

At high pressure (but ambient temperature), dinitrogen adopts the cubic δ form, with space group

111: 2982: 2787:"Nouveaux essais de liquéfaction de l'hydrogène. Solidification et pression critique de l'azote" 5402:"Far Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of N3 AND N2+ Generated by Electrons Impacting Gaseous N 2" 3976:. Hemley, Russell J. (Russell Julian). Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America. 1998. 1893:

decomposes to the ε allotrope below 25 GPa but a residue remains at pressure as low as 3 GPa.

6999: 6588: 5512: 5312: 5285: 5260: 5183: 4801: 4704: 4617: 4605: 4586: 4543: 4455: 4376: 4268: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4121: 4113: 4052: 4044: 3987: 3977: 3921: 3913: 3821: 3686: 3668: 3523: 3515: 3219: 3176: 3091: 3041: 3035: 2954: 2942: 2759: 1872: 5369:"Binary Dinitrogen Complexes of Rhodium, Rh(N2)n (where n= 1–4), in Low Temperature Matrices" 5306: 6652: 6357: 6186: 6015: 5934: 5853: 5826: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5515: 5421: 5380: 5349: 5279: 5252: 5221: 5175: 5140: 5105: 5062: 5013: 4941: 4896: 4838: 4793: 4696: 4654: 4578: 4535: 4447: 4410: 4368: 4321: 4260: 4160: 4105: 4036: 3905: 3811: 3803: 3764: 3676: 3660: 3623: 3604: 3562: 3507: 3460: 3416: 3378: 3338: 3293: 3254: 3211: 3168: 3129: 3125: 3083: 2861: 2751: 2681: 1924:

Non-molecular forms of solid nitrogen exhibit the highest known non-nuclear energy density.

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On Triton, solid nitrogen takes the form of frost crystals and a transparent sheet layer of

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in order to cool faster than with liquid nitrogen alone, useful for applications such as

218:

nitrogen ice, often referred to as a "glaze". Eruptions of nitrogen gas were observed by

5417: 5345: 5217: 5171: 5136: 5101: 5058: 5009: 4937: 4892: 4834: 4692: 4650: 4574: 4531: 4443: 4364: 4317: 4256: 4156: 4101: 4032: 3901: 3799: 3760: 3681: 3648: 3600: 3558: 3503: 3456: 3412: 3374: 3334: 3289: 3250: 3207: 3164: 3079: 2857: 2822: 2747: 2223:, particularly if strain is applied quickly. Above this temperature the failure mode is 5717: 5240: 5039: 4865: 3974:

Ultrahigh-pressure mineralogy : physics and chemistry of the earth's deep interior

3816: 3783: 2204: 254: 4415: 4398: 3487: 3148: 1847: 1788:, and reaffirms the trend that elements at high pressure adopt the same structures as 6993: 6811: 5426: 5401: 5400:

Wu, Yu-Jong; Chen, Hui-Fen; Chuang, Shiang-Jiun; Huang, Tzu-Ping (10 December 2013).

5074: 4850: 4842: 4658: 4333: 4280: 3933: 3488:"High temperature structures and orientational disorder in compressed solid nitrogen" 3258: 3172: 2873: 2480: 2354: 2167: 1993: 1989: 1886:

is stable at low temperatures and pressures (< 20 GPa); in practice, the reported

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Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry

3087: 2680:

have infinite extent. The quoted dimensions correspond to an arbitrary cutoff at

2151:. Strength increases as temperature lowers becoming 0.54 MPa at 40.6 K. 4945: 4797: 4604:

Pederson, R. C.; Miller, C. D.; Arvidson, J. M.; Blount, K.; Schulze, M. (1998).

3342: 2913:"Flowing nitrogen ice glaciers seen on surface of Pluto after New Horizons flyby" 1952:η-N is a semiconducting amorphous form of nitrogen. It forms at pressures around 203:

when amassed. Yet its density is higher than that of water ice, so the forces of

6919: 6883: 6874: 6784: 6766: 6757: 5794: 3298: 3274:"Evaluation of a Two-stage Mixed Refrigerant Cascade for HTS Cooling Below 60 K" 3273: 3215: 2504: 2405: 2057: 2049: 988: 5225: 5144: 4900: 4325: 3807: 3768: 3664: 3608: 2170:

is given by 926.91×e joules per kilogram per kelvin. Its appearance at 50

1805:

Hexagonal layered polymeric nitrogen (HLP-N) was experimentally synthesized at

6928: 6856: 6829: 6802: 6462: 6444: 6417: 6248: 6239: 5978: 5671: 5066: 4372: 3420: 3133: 2045: 1824:) in which the single-bonded nitrogen atoms form two layers of interconnected 1078: 956: 281: 17: 5481: 5475: 4174: 4117: 4048: 3917: 3672: 3519: 3180: 191:

Even at the low temperatures of solid nitrogen it is fairly volatile and can

6937: 6910: 6901: 6748: 6730: 6721: 6712: 6498: 6408: 6381: 6329: 6275: 6257: 6221: 6201: 6140: 6077: 6021: 5960: 5949: 5868: 5819: 5809: 5804: 5661: 5467: 3991: 2340:

of methane and nitrogen in 1:1 ratio formed at pressures over 5.6 GPa.

2337: 1785: 1509:. There is no measurable discontinuity in the volume per molecule between ε- 220: 172: 5264: 5187: 5017: 4792:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 356. pp. 409–454. 4708: 4590: 4547: 4459: 4380: 4308: 4272: 4190: 4125: 4056: 3925: 3825: 3690: 3543:"Structures and phase diagrams of N2 and CO to 13 GPa by x-ray diffraction" 3527: 3223: 3095: 2763: 164:. On Pluto it was directly observed for the first time in July 2015 by the 5444: 207:

will naturally transport blocks of water ice towards the surface. Indeed,

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Solid nitrogen admits two phases at ambient pressure: α- and β-nitrogen.

257:. Within that region, melting point increases at a rate of approximately 211:

observed "floating" water ice atop nitrogen ice on the surface of Pluto.

204: 107: 4969:"Novel van der Waals Solid Phases in the Methane-Nitrogen Binary System" 4765:"Novel van der Waals Solid Phases in the Methane-Nitrogen Binary System" 4734:

Satorre, M. A.; Domingo, M.; Luna, R.; Santonja, C. (30 November 2004).

4700: 3272:

Kochenburger, Thomas M.; Grohmann, Steffen; Oellrich, Lothar R. (2015).

2830: 2185:+ 1038.1 kg/m. The volume coefficient of expansion is given by 2×10 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6847: 6838: 6820: 6775: 6703: 6685: 6615: 6561: 6543: 6516: 6489: 6471: 6453: 6363: 6293: 6266: 6230: 6212: 6176: 6167: 6149: 6131: 6030: 5969: 5859: 5814: 5621: 5580: 4866:"Structural and vibrational properties of the van der Waals compound (N 4539: 4109: 2865: 2333: 2243: 2236: 200: 157: 5353: 5179: 4264: 4182: 4165: 4140: 3511: 3382: 2755: 2000:

structure, abbreviated as cg-N. The cubic-gauche form has space group

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Solid Nitrogen at Extreme Conditions of High Pressure and Temperature

3567: 3464: 2433: 2171: 1537:, with only small differences in the orientation of the molecules. ζ- 288: 5385: 5368: 5305:

Porcu, Eleonora; Ciotti, Patrizia; Venturoli, Stefano (2012-12-06).

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Hirshberg, Barak; Krylov, Anna I.; Gerber, R. Benny (January 2014).

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refers to the odd dihedral angles, if it were 0° it would be called

1776:, nitrogen adopts a crystal structure ("bp-N") identical to that of 4928: 3892: 3840:"Never-before-seen "black nitrogen" plugs puzzle in periodic table" 3486:

Tassini, Leonardo; Gorelli, Federico; Ulivi, Lorenzo (2005-02-04).

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Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences

2656:-axis. The layers then stack on top of each other, each rotated by 1472:

at higher temperatures or lower pressures from transforming into δ-

6642: 6347: 6005: 5879: 4247: 3865:“Black Nitrogen” – Scientists Solve a Puzzle of the Periodic Table 2516: 2373: 2369: 2329: 1895: 1846: 178: 149: 90: 5686: 3784:"Unusually complex phase of dense nitrogen at extreme conditions" 2227:. Dropping 10 K makes the solid nitrogen 10 times as stiff. 6606: 6579: 6122: 6086: 5924: 2978: 2365: 5690: 5485: 5278:

Schutte, Eliane; Picciolo, Grace Lee; Kaplan, David S. (2004).

4141:"Transformation of hydrazinium azide to molecular N8 at 40 GPa" 6311: 5239:

Sansinena, M; Santos, MV; Zaritzky, N; Chirife, J (May 2012).

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produces a uniformly translucent structure called θ-nitrogen.

29: 4347:

Mailhiot, C.; Yang, L. H.; McMahan, A. K. (1 December 1992).

2945:. In Spohn, Tilman; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, Torrence (eds.). 2242:

with other molecules. It can form an orthorhombic phase with

2099:

Another network solid nitrogen called poly-N and abbreviated

1073:. The nitrogen molecules are randomly tipped at an angle of 1005:

before it changes (to γ), and as the temperature rises above

5367:

Ozin, Geoffrey A.; Voet, Anthony Vander (15 October 1973).

4736:"Density of Methane and Nitrogen at Different Temperatures" 4212:

A New Allotrope of Nitrogen as High-Energy Density Material

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at 6328 Å is 1.25 and hardly varies with temperature.

5474:. In: Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 16677. 2432:

Solid nitrogen can take up to a one fifth substitution by

170:

space probe and on Triton it was directly observed by the

5726: 2300:

molecules becomes more ordered. When the pressure on He(N

4483:"Novel Functional Extended Solids at Extreme Conditions" 1297:

and eight molecules per unit cell. This phase admits a

238:

At standard atmospheric pressure, the melting point of N

4083:"Calculations predict a stable molecular crystal of N8" 1157:

The tetragonal γ form exists at low temperatures below

225:

carrying dust along with it and creating dark streaks.

1621:

The ι phase can be accessed by isobarically heating ε-

3037:

Phase Transformations of Elements Under High Pressure

3034:

Tonkov, E. Yu; Ponyatovsky, E.G. (15 November 2004).

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Within the unit cell, atoms are located at positions

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varies from 161 to 225 MPa over the same range.

660: 391: 2123:

Yet other phases of solid dinitrogen are termed ζ'-N

1502:

transforms to an orthorhombic phase designated by ζ-

148:

Solid nitrogen forms a large part of the surface of

5603: 5522: 3541:Mills, R. L.; Olinger, Bart; Cromer, D. T. (1986). 1177:. Formation of γ-dinitrogen exhibits a substantial 5457:Freezing Liquid Nitrogen Creates Something Amazing 2336:on their surfaces. At room temperature there is a 1831:hexagons. HPL-N is metastable to at least 66 GPa. 1231:The nitrogen molecules themselves are arranged in 955:At ambient and moderate pressures, nitrogen forms 896:, Seidal et al. estimated that liquid hydrogen at 869: 647: 4076: 4074: 2452:can only have a solid solution of 5% or less of N 5038:Kooi, M. E.; Schouten, J. A. (1 November 1999). 4512:Bondarchuk, Sergey V.; Minaev, Boris F. (2017). 4214:". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 120(18). 4202: 4200: 2941:McKinnon, William B.; Kirk, Randolph L. (2014). 2174:is transparent, while at 20 K it is white. 930:, the maximum molar concentration of dissolved N 125:first observed solid nitrogen in 1884, by first 3709:Goncharov, A.; Gregoryanz, E. (15 April 2004). 2464:Solid nitrogen is used in a slush mixture with 1334:, liquid) triple point occurs somewhere around 4763:Aldous, Catherine; Desgreniers, Serge (2008). 3582: 3580: 3578: 2440:and still keep the same crystal structure. δ-N 2044:. This suggests that all bonds have the same 1964:. Under even higher pressure of approximately 5702: 5497: 4610:Advances in Cryogenic Engineering (Materials) 2487:of metals in isolation from other molecules. 1936:phase is compressed at room temperature over 1721:molecules arranged into a layered structure. 374:). Measurements of the vapour pressure from 8: 2472:. The semi-solid mixture can also be called 1702:and ambient temperature. The space group is 4550:– via The Royal Society of Chemistry. 3720:(Report). Chemistry at Extreme Conditions. 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 5709: 5695: 5687: 5504: 5490: 5482: 5311:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 5281:Tissue Engineered Medical Products (TEMPs) 4392: 4390: 199:at low pressures and flows in the form of 106:is a number of solid forms of the element 5425: 5384: 5308:Handbook of Human Oocyte Cryopreservation 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 4927: 4729: 4727: 4414: 4307: 4246: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4164: 3891: 3815: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3680: 3566: 3297: 3061: 3059: 3057: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 847: 836: 831: 824: 811: 800: 789: 784: 777: 764: 753: 742: 737: 730: 716: 710: 688: 678: 672: 667: 659: 625: 614: 609: 602: 589: 578: 567: 562: 555: 542: 531: 520: 515: 508: 495: 484: 473: 468: 461: 447: 441: 419: 409: 403: 398: 390: 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 5673: 5663: 5653: 5643: 5633: 5623: 5613: 5592: 5582: 5572: 5562: 5552: 5542: 5532: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 3949:"Scientists Have Created Black Nitrogen" 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3147:Omar, M. H.; Dokoupil, Z. (1962-01-01). 2936: 2934: 2676: 2036:All bonds in cg-N have the same length: 1889: 1882: 1827: 1752: 1745: 1734: 1727: 1717: 1654: 1639: 1624: 1606: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1475: 1468: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1330: 1323: 1316: 997: 959: 922: 909: 272: 267: 6809: 5199: 5197: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3107: 3105: 2885: 2883: 2708: 2532: 2483:or isolated atoms. One use is to study 1768:When compressing nitrogen to pressures 1592:with sixteen molecules per unit cell. 1480: 253:, when liquid nitrogen is predicted to 6863: 6692: 6397: 3997: 2640:= (molecular interatomic distance) / ( 2448:and retain the same structure. Solid O 1208:, the unit cell has lattice constants 885:Solid nitrogen is slightly soluble in 362:; below this pressure, solid nitrogen 6917: 6881: 6872: 6782: 6764: 6755: 4614:Springer Science & Business Media 3394: 3392: 3006:CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry 968:suffice to solidify these molecules. 7: 6926: 6854: 6827: 6800: 6460: 6442: 6415: 6246: 6237: 5257:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.044 4823:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 3727:from the original on 28 January 2017 1813:. It adopts a tetragonal unit cell ( 1801:Hexagonal layered polymeric nitrogen 1036:(until it melts), nitrogen adopts a 99:on Pluto next to water ice mountains 56:Formatting of mathematical formulas. 6935: 6908: 6899: 6746: 6728: 6719: 6710: 6496: 6406: 6379: 6327: 6273: 6255: 6219: 6199: 6138: 6075: 5976: 5958: 5947: 5866: 4519:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 4397:Boehler, Reinhard (November 2005). 2949:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: 2891:"Pluto's mysterious floating hills" 2008:3. Each unit cell has edge length 1259:. The molecules can vibrate up to 1149:displays practically no variation. 6953: 6890: 6791: 6674: 6656: 6631: 6622: 6595: 6568: 6523: 6505: 6433: 6424: 6318: 6190: 6156: 6066: 6048: 6039: 6019: 5994: 4481:Yoo, Choong-Shik (February 2003). 2246:above 5 GPa. With helium He(N 2166:= 0.1802×T W m K. 1972:closes and η-nitrogen metallizes. 1544:adopts the monoclinic space group 1320:admits two triple points. The (δ- 1188:The space group of the γ phase is 25: 6845: 6836: 6818: 6773: 6683: 6613: 6586: 6559: 6541: 6532: 6514: 6487: 6469: 6451: 6361: 6291: 6264: 6228: 6174: 6165: 6147: 6129: 6057: 6028: 5967: 5913: 5895: 5857: 5830: 5468:Layered polymeric nitrogen in RbN 5284:. ASTM International. p. 8. 4399:"Diamond cells and new materials" 3947:Delbert, Caroline (4 June 2020). 2673:, the electron wavefunctions for 2444:can be substituted by up to 95% O 2235:Under pressure nitrogen can form 2029:, and if 180° it would be called 1636:or isothermal decompression of θ- 919:(just below the boiling point of 6737: 6701: 6665: 6550: 6478: 6388: 6370: 6300: 6282: 6210: 6111: 6102: 6093: 5938: 5841: 5443: 4790:The Science of Solar System ICES 3867:. On: SciTechDaily. June 6, 2020 2947:Encyclopedia of the Solar System 1920:Amorphous and network allotropes 1038:hexagonal close packed structure 95:Solid nitrogen on the plains of 34: 6640: 6345: 6336: 6003: 5985: 5904: 5886: 5334:The Journal of Chemical Physics 5160:The Journal of Chemical Physics 4235:The Journal of Chemical Physics 4145:The Journal of Chemical Physics 3716:Lawrence Livermore National Lab 3547:The Journal of Chemical Physics 3492:The Journal of Chemical Physics 3363:The Journal of Chemical Physics 3040:. CRC Press. pp. 126–132. 2736:The Journal of Chemical Physics 2083:cg-N is also very stiff with a 1552:, and has lattice constants of 1009:, this pressure rises to about 857: 856: 855: 635: 634: 633: 229:Transitions to fluid allotropes 6604: 6577: 6120: 6084: 5922: 5877: 4583:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.065501 4041:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.066001 3910:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.216001 3625:"Atom Work Materials Database" 2846:Journal of Engineering Physics 2262:and in a mixture with oxygen O 1859:; EZE isomer – not shown – is 1714:and the unit cell contains 48 964:molecules; at low temperature 864: 858: 642: 636: 137:, at the time a world record. 1: 6309: 5373:Canadian Journal of Chemistry 4416:10.1016/S1369-7021(05)71158-5 3088:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.225701 2384:. The compound has formula (N 2145:ultimate compressive strength 1879:). Simulations suggest that 1530:is very similar to that of ε- 1017:, the unit cell dimension is 881:Solubility in common cryogens 27:Solid form of the 7th element 4946:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.027 4864:Ninet, S. (1 January 2011). 4798:10.1007/978-1-4614-3076-6_12 4659:10.1016/0011-2275(76)90217-4 4489:. p. 11. Archived from 4216:doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01655 3343:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.11.032 3259:10.1016/0031-8914(62)90033-2 3173:10.1016/0031-8914(62)90089-7 3004:Lide, David R. (1990–1991). 2660:compared to the plane below. 2332:that have both nitrogen and 1382:. At high pressure (roughly 1081:-quadrupole interaction. At 176:space probe in August 1989. 5090:Canadian Journal of Physics 3299:10.1016/j.phpro.2015.06.039 3216:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.2380 3114:Planetary and Space Science 2258:crystallizes with water in 1764:"Black phosphorus" nitrogen 1133:. At higher pressures, the 269:Observed melting points of 265:, the melting point drops. 152:(where it mixes with solid 54:. The specific problem is: 7036: 6208: 6037: 5956: 5875: 5839: 5741: 5462:Xiaoli Wang, J. Li, N. Xu 5427:10.1088/0004-637X/779/1/40 5226:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.134105 5145:10.1103/PhysRevB.64.024103 4901:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.134107 4843:10.1088/0953-8984/9/50/022 4326:10.1103/PhysRevB.64.052103 3808:10.1038/s41467-018-07074-4 3769:10.1103/physrevb.66.224108 3665:10.1038/s41467-023-41968-2 3609:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.144109 889:. Based on solubility in 50:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 6951: 6651: 6356: 6185: 6014: 5933: 5852: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5406:The Astrophysical Journal 5067:10.1103/PhysRevB.60.12635 4373:10.1103/PhysRevB.46.14419 3421:10.1107/S0567740881002070 3134:10.1016/j.pss.2009.09.011 2103:N was predicted in 2006. 1980:At pressures higher than 1724:Upon pressure release, θ- 1481:§ Related substances 1363:) triple point occurs at 160:) and the Neptunian moon 2975:"Neptune: Moons: Triton" 1984:and temperatures around 1614:and then heated to over 1273:in the direction of the 1247:and take the shape of a 966:London dispersion forces 4563:Physical Review Letters 4021:Physical Review Letters 3880:Physical Review Letters 3196:Physical Review Letters 3126:2009P&SS...57.2053F 3068:Physical Review Letters 2240:van der Waals compounds 2072:is predicted, which is 1772:and temperatures above 1169:triple point occurs at 1040:, with unit cell ratio 183:Much of the surface of 7005:Allotropes of nitrogen 5018:10.1006/icar.1997.5710 4004:: CS1 maint: others ( 2470:sperm cryopreservation 2378:van der Waals compound 2091:, similar to diamond. 2076:the energy density of 1909: 1868: 1393:. Cell dimensions are 1105:, but these shrink at 878: 871: 649: 378:suggest the following 188: 100: 5476:doi:10.1038/srep16677 4206:Michael J. Greschner 3788:Nature Communications 3653:Nature Communications 2785:Olszewski, K (1884). 2671:uncertainty principle 2420:exits around 70 2019:of −106.8°. The term 1899: 1871:The decomposition of 1850: 1731:does not return to ε- 1523:. The structure of ζ- 1161:and pressures around 872: 650: 384: 182: 94: 5452:at Wikimedia Commons 4616:. pp. 339–347. 4349:"Polymeric nitrogen" 3120:(14–15): 2053–2080. 2953:. pp. 861–882. 2485:dinitrogen complexes 2160:thermal conductivity 2056:. In contrast, the 1792:at lower pressures. 1610:phase compressed to 1251:with long dimension 983:, nitrogen adopts a 658: 389: 144:Occurrence in nature 61:improve this article 5418:2013ApJ...779...40W 5346:1956JChPh..25..224B 5218:2004PhRvB..70m4105S 5172:2011JChPh.134d4519K 5137:2001PhRvB..64b4103L 5102:1985CaJPh..63.1270N 5059:1999PhRvB..6012635K 5053:(18): 12635–12643. 5010:1997Icar..128..181Q 4967:Aldous, Catherine. 4938:2015Icar..253..179P 4893:2011PhRvB..83m4107N 4835:1997JPCM....911219O 4829:(50): 11219–11226. 4701:10.1038/nature18016 4693:2016Natur.534...79T 4651:1976Cryo...16..363C 4575:2009PhRvL.102f5501M 4532:2017PCCP...19.6698B 4444:2004NatMa...3..558E 4365:1992PhRvB..4614419M 4359:(22): 14419–14435. 4318:2001PhRvB..64e2103G 4257:2015JChPh.142i4505P 4157:2018JChPh.148m4310D 4102:2014NatCh...6...52H 4033:2019PhRvL.122f6001L 3902:2020PhRvL.124u6001L 3800:2018NatCo...9.4717T 3761:2002PhRvB..66v4108G 3718:Special Collections 3601:2008PhRvB..77n4109K 3559:1986JChPh..84.2837M 3504:2005JChPh.122g4701T 3457:1992Natur.358...46V 3413:1981AcCrB..37....8C 3375:1970JChPh..52.6000S 3335:2010Icar..207..972Y 3290:2015PhPro..67..227K 3251:1962Phy....28..461O 3208:1986PhRvL..56.2380S 3165:1962Phy....28...33O 3080:2007PhRvL..99v5701M 2985:on October 15, 2011 2858:1972JEP....23.1075M 2823:1977AmSci..65..752C 2748:2004JChPh.12111296E 2198:index of refraction 1988:, nitrogen forms a 1863:) after Hirschberg 951:Dinitrogen crystals 276: 127:liquefying hydrogen 7015:Diatomic nonmetals 4976:www.lightsource.ca 4540:10.1039/C6CP08723J 4309:cond-mat/0105101v1 4110:10.1038/nchem.1818 2893:. NASA. 2016-02-04 2866:10.1007/BF00832213 2811:American Scientist 2382:Raman spectroscopy 2260:nitrogen clathrate 2231:Related substances 2107:N has space group 1910: 1869: 1380:Raman spectroscopy 1085:the unit cell has 906:10 (molecule 867: 645: 380:empirical formulae 370:) and β-nitrogen ( 268: 189: 112:outer Solar System 101: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6946: 6945: 5684: 5683: 5516:chemical elements 5472:at high pressures 5448:Media related to 5379:(20): 3332–3343. 5354:10.1063/1.1742860 5206:Physical Review B 5180:10.1063/1.3533957 5125:Physical Review B 5096:(10): 1270–1273. 5047:Physical Review B 4881:Physical Review B 4874:He up to 135 GPa" 4807:978-1-4614-3075-9 4353:Physical Review B 4296:Physical Review B 4265:10.1063/1.4908161 4166:10.1063/1.5021976 3953:Popular Mechanics 3589:Physical Review B 3512:10.1063/1.1849154 3383:10.1063/1.1672899 3369:(12): 6000–6008. 3202:(22): 2380–2382. 3047:978-0-8493-3367-5 2960:978-0-12-416034-7 2756:10.1063/1.1814074 2742:(22): 11296–300. 2685:0.0135 (e)/Å 2497:dinitrogen cation 2066:0.83 eV/atom 2054:4.94 eV/atom 1956:and temperatures 1914: et al. 1904:after Hirschberg 1873:hydrazinium azide 1796:Oligomer crystals 1790:heavier congeners 1269:plane, and up to 946:Crystal structure 853: 834: 806: 787: 759: 740: 725: 719: 694: 691: 681: 631: 612: 584: 565: 537: 518: 490: 471: 456: 450: 425: 422: 412: 335: 334: 129:with evaporating 89: 88: 81: 52:quality standards 43:This article may 16:(Redirected from 7027: 6956: 6955: 6942: 6940: 6933: 6931: 6924: 6922: 6915: 6913: 6906: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6861: 6859: 6852: 6850: 6843: 6841: 6834: 6832: 6825: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6807: 6805: 6798: 6796: 6789: 6787: 6780: 6778: 6771: 6769: 6762: 6760: 6753: 6751: 6744: 6742: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6724: 6717: 6715: 6708: 6706: 6699: 6697: 6690: 6688: 6681: 6679: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6661: 6647: 6645: 6638: 6636: 6629: 6627: 6620: 6618: 6611: 6609: 6602: 6600: 6593: 6591: 6584: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6566: 6564: 6557: 6555: 6548: 6546: 6539: 6537: 6530: 6528: 6521: 6519: 6512: 6510: 6503: 6501: 6494: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6476: 6474: 6467: 6465: 6458: 6456: 6449: 6447: 6440: 6438: 6431: 6429: 6422: 6420: 6413: 6411: 6404: 6402: 6395: 6393: 6386: 6384: 6377: 6375: 6368: 6366: 6352: 6350: 6343: 6341: 6334: 6332: 6325: 6323: 6316: 6314: 6307: 6305: 6298: 6296: 6289: 6287: 6280: 6278: 6271: 6269: 6262: 6260: 6253: 6251: 6244: 6242: 6235: 6233: 6226: 6224: 6217: 6215: 6206: 6204: 6197: 6195: 6181: 6179: 6172: 6170: 6163: 6161: 6154: 6152: 6145: 6143: 6136: 6134: 6127: 6125: 6118: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6100: 6098: 6091: 6089: 6082: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6064: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6046: 6044: 6035: 6033: 6026: 6024: 6010: 6008: 6001: 5999: 5992: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5965: 5963: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5943: 5929: 5927: 5920: 5918: 5911: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5893: 5891: 5884: 5882: 5873: 5871: 5864: 5862: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5835: 5727: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5677: 5667: 5657: 5647: 5637: 5627: 5617: 5596: 5586: 5576: 5566: 5556: 5546: 5536: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5483: 5447: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5251:(8): 1717–1721. 5236: 5230: 5229: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5044: 5035: 5022: 5021: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4931: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4878: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4676: 4663: 4662: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4612:. Vol. 44. 4601: 4595: 4594: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4526:(9): 6698–6706. 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4493:on March 4, 2016 4478: 4472: 4471: 4452:10.1038/nmat1146 4432:Nature Materials 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4311: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4250: 4230: 4219: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4168: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4090:Nature Chemistry 4087: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4003: 3995: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3895: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3819: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3706: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3584: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568:10.1063/1.450310 3538: 3532: 3531: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3465:10.1038/358046a0 3440: 3425: 3424: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3358: 3347: 3346: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3278:Physics Procedia 3269: 3263: 3262: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3063: 3052: 3051: 3031: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2981:. Archived from 2971: 2965: 2964: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2852:(3): 1075–1081. 2841: 2835: 2834: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2733: 2724: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2682:electron density 2679: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2537: 2408:, a clathrate (N 2142: 2090: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062:gaseous nitrogen 2055: 2043: 2039: 2011: 1987: 1983: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1943: 1939: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1830: 1812: 1808: 1778:black phosphorus 1775: 1771: 1770:120–180 GPa 1759: 1755: 1749:transforms to ε- 1748: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1720: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1571: 1570: 1561: 1560: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1478: 1471: 1465:can stabilize ε- 1464: 1457: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1436: 1435: 1422: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1402: 1401: 1389: 1385: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299:lattice constant 1276: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249:prolate spheroid 1227: 1226: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1160: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1132: 1131: 1122: 1121: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1094: 1093: 1084: 1077:, due to strong 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1021:, decreasing to 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 982: 962: 941: 939: 929: 925: 918: 914: 912: 905: 899: 894:gaseous hydrogen 892: 876: 874: 873: 868: 854: 852: 851: 842: 841: 840: 835: 832: 829: 828: 812: 807: 805: 804: 795: 794: 793: 788: 785: 782: 781: 765: 760: 758: 757: 748: 747: 746: 741: 738: 731: 726: 721: 720: 717: 711: 700: 699: 695: 693: 692: 689: 683: 682: 679: 673: 654: 652: 651: 646: 632: 630: 629: 620: 619: 618: 613: 610: 607: 606: 590: 585: 583: 582: 573: 572: 571: 566: 563: 560: 559: 543: 538: 536: 535: 526: 525: 524: 519: 516: 513: 512: 496: 491: 489: 488: 479: 478: 477: 472: 469: 462: 457: 452: 451: 448: 442: 431: 430: 426: 424: 423: 420: 414: 413: 410: 404: 377: 373: 369: 361: 359: 353: 351: 277: 275: 264: 260: 252: 245: 136: 97:Sputnik Planitia 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7024: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6947: 6938: 6936: 6929: 6927: 6920: 6918: 6911: 6909: 6902: 6900: 6893: 6891: 6884: 6882: 6875: 6873: 6866: 6864: 6857: 6855: 6848: 6846: 6839: 6837: 6830: 6828: 6821: 6819: 6812: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6794: 6792: 6785: 6783: 6776: 6774: 6767: 6765: 6758: 6756: 6749: 6747: 6740: 6738: 6731: 6729: 6722: 6720: 6713: 6711: 6704: 6702: 6695: 6693: 6686: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6668: 6666: 6659: 6657: 6643: 6641: 6634: 6632: 6625: 6623: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6605: 6598: 6596: 6589: 6587: 6580: 6578: 6571: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6553: 6551: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6517: 6515: 6508: 6506: 6499: 6497: 6490: 6488: 6481: 6479: 6472: 6470: 6463: 6461: 6454: 6452: 6445: 6443: 6436: 6434: 6427: 6425: 6418: 6416: 6409: 6407: 6400: 6398: 6391: 6389: 6382: 6380: 6373: 6371: 6364: 6362: 6348: 6346: 6339: 6337: 6330: 6328: 6321: 6319: 6312: 6310: 6303: 6301: 6294: 6292: 6285: 6283: 6276: 6274: 6267: 6265: 6258: 6256: 6249: 6247: 6240: 6238: 6231: 6229: 6222: 6220: 6213: 6211: 6202: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6177: 6175: 6168: 6166: 6159: 6157: 6150: 6148: 6141: 6139: 6132: 6130: 6123: 6121: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6103: 6096: 6094: 6087: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6069: 6067: 6060: 6058: 6051: 6049: 6042: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6022: 6020: 6006: 6004: 5997: 5995: 5988: 5986: 5979: 5977: 5970: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5941: 5939: 5925: 5923: 5916: 5914: 5907: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5867: 5860: 5858: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5831: 5720: 5715: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5518: 5510: 5471: 5455:Jessica Orwig: 5440: 5435: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5386:10.1139/v73-498 5366: 5365: 5361: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5110:10.1139/p85-209 5087: 5086: 5082: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5025: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4721:Methods section 4687:(7605): 79–81. 4678: 4677: 4666: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4403:Materials Today 4396: 4395: 4388: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4232: 4231: 4222: 4210:(April 2016). " 4205: 4198: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3708: 3707: 3698: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3586: 3585: 3576: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3451:(6381): 46–48. 3442: 3441: 3428: 3398: 3397: 3390: 3360: 3359: 3350: 3319: 3318: 3307: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3065: 3064: 3055: 3048: 3033: 3032: 3013: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2669:Because of the 2668: 2664: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2493: 2466:liquid nitrogen 2462: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2363: 2350:carbon monoxide 2346: 2344:Carbon monoxide 2327: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2276: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2233: 2225:ductile failure 2221:brittle failure 2218: 2153:Elastic modulus 2140: 2137: 2135:Bulk properties 2130: 2126: 2121: 2097: 2088: 2073: 2070:10–33 kJ/g 2069: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2037: 2017:dihedral angles 2009: 2007: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1954:80–270 GPa 1953: 1950: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1922: 1903: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877:N≡N−N−N=N−N−N≡N 1876: 1854: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835:Linear forms (N 1829: 1825: 1820: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1780:(orthorhombic, 1773: 1769: 1766: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1685:8.726(2) Å 1684: 1679: 1675:8.863(2) Å 1674: 1669: 1665:9.899(2) Å 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1287: 1284: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1238: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 999: 995: 985:cubic structure 980: 974: 961: 957: 953: 948: 937: 935: 933: 927: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 903: 901: 897: 890: 887:liquid hydrogen 883: 843: 830: 820: 813: 796: 783: 773: 766: 749: 736: 732: 712: 684: 674: 668: 656: 655: 621: 608: 598: 591: 574: 561: 551: 544: 527: 514: 504: 497: 480: 467: 463: 443: 415: 405: 399: 387: 386: 375: 371: 367: 360:0.0005 bar 357: 355: 349: 347: 342:Nitrogen has a 340: 274: 270: 262: 258: 250: 243: 241: 236: 231: 154:carbon monoxide 146: 134: 131:liquid nitrogen 123:Karol Olszewski 120: 85: 74: 68: 65: 58: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7033: 7031: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6992: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6934: 6925: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6889: 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6808: 6799: 6790: 6781: 6772: 6763: 6754: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6700: 6691: 6682: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6639: 6630: 6621: 6612: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6576: 6567: 6558: 6549: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6450: 6441: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6396: 6387: 6378: 6369: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6326: 6317: 6308: 6299: 6290: 6281: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6207: 6198: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6047: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5894: 5885: 5876: 5874: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5840: 5838: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5718:Periodic table 5716: 5714: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5668: 5658: 5648: 5638: 5628: 5618: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5567: 5557: 5547: 5537: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5469: 5460: 5453: 5450:Solid nitrogen 5439: 5438:External links 5436: 5434: 5433: 5392: 5359: 5324: 5317: 5297: 5290: 5270: 5245:Theriogenology 5231: 5212:(13): 134105. 5193: 5150: 5115: 5080: 5023: 5004:(1): 181–188. 4988: 4959: 4906: 4887:(13): 134107. 4871: 4867: 4856: 4813: 4806: 4780: 4755: 4723: 4664: 4645:(6): 363–369. 4629: 4622: 4596: 4553: 4504: 4473: 4438:(8): 558–563. 4422: 4386: 4339: 4286: 4220: 4196: 4151:(13): 134310. 4131: 4070: 4011: 3982: 3965: 3939: 3886:(21): 216001. 3869: 3857: 3831: 3774: 3755:(22): 224108. 3738: 3696: 3638: 3614: 3595:(14): 144109. 3574: 3533: 3478: 3426: 3388: 3348: 3329:(2): 972–977. 3305: 3264: 3245:(5): 461–471. 3229: 3186: 3139: 3101: 3074:(22): 225701. 3053: 3046: 3011: 2996: 2966: 2959: 2930: 2919:. 25 July 2015 2904: 2879: 2836: 2817:(6): 752–758. 2800: 2777: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2689: 2662: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2492: 2489: 2474:slush nitrogen 2461: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2426: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2362: 2359: 2345: 2342: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2275: 2272: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2232: 2229: 2216: 2205:speed of sound 2136: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2096: 2093: 2005: 1994:covalent bonds 1977: 1974: 1949: 1946: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1901: 1855:, EEE isomer ( 1852: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1818: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1765: 1762: 1707: 1597: 1594: 1488: 1485: 1375: 1340:555–578 K 1286: 1282: 1279: 1236: 1193: 1179:isotope effect 1166: 1163:0.3–3 GPa 1154: 1151: 973: 970: 952: 949: 947: 944: 931: 882: 879: 866: 863: 860: 850: 846: 839: 827: 823: 819: 816: 810: 803: 799: 792: 780: 776: 772: 769: 763: 756: 752: 745: 735: 729: 724: 715: 709: 706: 703: 698: 687: 677: 671: 666: 663: 644: 641: 638: 628: 624: 617: 605: 601: 597: 594: 588: 581: 577: 570: 558: 554: 550: 547: 541: 534: 530: 523: 511: 507: 503: 500: 494: 487: 483: 476: 466: 460: 455: 446: 440: 437: 434: 429: 418: 408: 402: 397: 394: 339: 336: 333: 332: 329: 325: 324: 321: 317: 316: 313: 309: 308: 305: 301: 300: 297: 293: 292: 285: 259:190 K/GPa 239: 235: 232: 230: 227: 145: 142: 119: 116: 104:Solid nitrogen 87: 86: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 18:Slush nitrogen 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7032: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6950: 6941: 6932: 6923: 6914: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6878: 6869: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6824: 6815: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6671: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6637: 6628: 6619: 6610: 6601: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6565: 6556: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6511: 6502: 6493: 6484: 6475: 6466: 6457: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6205: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6034: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5953: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5919: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5872: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5676: 5669: 5666: 5659: 5656: 5649: 5646: 5639: 5636: 5629: 5626: 5619: 5616: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5585: 5578: 5575: 5568: 5565: 5558: 5555: 5548: 5545: 5538: 5535: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5318:9781139851022 5314: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5291:9780803134713 5287: 5283: 5282: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5166:(4): 044519. 5165: 5161: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131:(2): 024103. 5130: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4989: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4860: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4781: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4623:9781475790566 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569:(6): 065501. 4568: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4505: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4412: 4409:(11): 34–42. 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4302:(5): 052103. 4301: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4241:(9): 094505. 4240: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4027:(6): 066001. 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3983:0-939950-48-0 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3846:. 2 June 2020 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3639: 3626: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3498:(7): 074701. 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2989:September 21, 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2793:(in French). 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2693: 2690: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2649: 2639: 2622: 2608: 2584: 2570: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2518: 2506: 2498: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2481:free radicals 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2435: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2407: 2399: 2397: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2315: 2313: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2268:air clathrate 2266:and water in 2261: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2168:Specific heat 2165: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2147:is 0.24 2146: 2134: 2132: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2064:carries only 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990:network solid 1975: 1973: 1971: 1958:10–510 K 1947: 1945: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1907: 1898: 1894: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1849: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1816: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1763: 1761: 1756:until around 1738:until around 1722: 1713: 1705: 1692: 1682: 1672: 1662: 1619: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1586: 1576: 1566: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1459: 1455: 1441: 1431: 1427: 1420:11.104 Å 1417: 1407: 1397: 1392: 1384:2–13 GPa 1381: 1372: 1336:8–10 GPa 1300: 1296: 1292: 1280: 1278: 1267: 1255:and diameter 1250: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1229: 1222: 1212: 1206:4000 bar 1199: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1171:0.47 GPa 1152: 1150: 1145: 1139: 1127: 1117: 1107:4125 atm 1099: 1089: 1080: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1039: 1030: 1027:3785 bar 1011:4500 atm 1003:3500 atm 993: 990: 986: 977: 971: 969: 967: 963: 950: 945: 943: 900:can dissolve 895: 888: 880: 877: 861: 848: 844: 837: 825: 821: 817: 814: 808: 801: 797: 790: 778: 774: 770: 767: 761: 754: 750: 743: 733: 727: 722: 713: 707: 704: 701: 696: 685: 675: 669: 664: 661: 639: 626: 622: 615: 603: 599: 595: 592: 586: 579: 575: 568: 556: 552: 548: 545: 539: 532: 528: 521: 509: 505: 501: 498: 492: 485: 481: 474: 464: 458: 453: 444: 438: 435: 432: 427: 416: 406: 400: 395: 392: 383: 381: 365: 345: 337: 330: 327: 326: 322: 319: 318: 314: 311: 310: 306: 303: 302: 298: 295: 294: 290: 287:Temperature ( 286: 283: 279: 278: 266: 256: 247: 233: 228: 226: 223: 222: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 186: 181: 177: 175: 174: 169: 168: 163: 159: 155: 151: 143: 141: 138: 132: 128: 124: 117: 115: 113: 109: 105: 98: 93: 83: 80: 72: 62: 57: 53: 49: 48: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5463: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5307: 5300: 5280: 5273: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5209: 5205: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5050: 5046: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4981:22 September 4979:. Retrieved 4975: 4962: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4884: 4880: 4859: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4789: 4783: 4773:21 September 4771:. Retrieved 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4742: 4684: 4680: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4609: 4599: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4523: 4517: 4507: 4495:. Retrieved 4491:the original 4486: 4476: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4406: 4402: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4238: 4234: 4207: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4096:(1): 52–56. 4093: 4089: 4024: 4020: 4014: 3973: 3968: 3956:. Retrieved 3952: 3942: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3860: 3848:. Retrieved 3843: 3834: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3752: 3749:Phys. Rev. B 3748: 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3714: 3656: 3652: 3641: 3629:. Retrieved 3617: 3592: 3588: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3448: 3444: 3404: 3400: 3366: 3362: 3326: 3322: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3159:(1): 33–43. 3156: 3152: 3142: 3117: 3113: 3071: 3067: 3036: 3005: 2999: 2987:. Retrieved 2983:the original 2969: 2946: 2921:. Retrieved 2916: 2907: 2895:. Retrieved 2849: 2845: 2839: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2739: 2735: 2692: 2665: 2647: 2637: 2620: 2606: 2582: 2568: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2494: 2478: 2473: 2463: 2431: 2403: 2364: 2347: 2319: 2293: 2285: 2281:birefringent 2277: 2254:is formed. N 2234: 2213:bulk modulus 2210: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2163: 2157: 2138: 2122: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2089:298 GPa 2085:bulk modulus 2082: 2042:115 GPa 2038:1.346 Å 2035: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2010:3.805 Å 2001: 1998:cubic-gauche 1982:110 GPa 1979: 1976:Cubic gauche 1966:280 GPa 1962:1700 cm 1951: 1938:150 GPa 1932:When the ζ-N 1931: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1821: 1814: 1807:244 GPa 1804: 1781: 1774:4000 °C 1767: 1723: 1711: 1703: 1690: 1680: 1670: 1660: 1620: 1602: 1599: 1584: 1579:5.018 Å 1574: 1569:6.635 Å 1564: 1559:7.580 Å 1554: 1549: 1545: 1490: 1460: 1453: 1449:618.5 Å 1439: 1429: 1425: 1415: 1405: 1395: 1390: 1373: 1365:2.3 GPa 1311:4.9 GPa 1303:6.164 Å 1294: 1290: 1288: 1265: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1225:5.109 Å 1220: 1215:3.957 Å 1210: 1197: 1189: 1187: 1165:. The α/β/γ 1156: 1143: 1137: 1130:6.265 Å 1125: 1120:3.861 Å 1115: 1102:6.604 Å 1097: 1092:4.050 Å 1087: 1051: 1045: 1031: 1023:5.433 Å 1019:5.667 Å 991: 978: 975: 954: 891:60–75 K 884: 385: 376:20–63 K 372:35–63 K 344:triple point 341: 248: 244:63.23 K 237: 219: 213: 209:New Horizons 208: 190: 171: 167:New Horizons 165: 147: 139: 121: 103: 102: 75: 66: 59:Please help 55: 44: 5464:et al. 4922:: 179–188. 4208:et al. 3794:(1): 4717. 3659:(1): 6207. 3553:(5): 2837. 3407:(1): 8–11. 3284:: 227–232. 2507:radicals (N 2505:trinitrogen 2406:dideuterium 2361:Noble gases 2237:crystalline 2193:+ 0.006 K. 2058:triple bond 2050:single bond 1992:, bound by 1986:2000 K 1906:et al. 1865:et al. 1811:3300 K 1758:23 GPa 1740:30 GPa 1700:56 GPa 1645:69 GPa 1634:65 GPa 1612:95 GPa 1493:60 GPa 1410:8.02 Å 1400:8.02 Å 1257:3.39 Å 1253:4.34 Å 1175:44.5 K 1159:44.5 K 1034:35.6 K 989:space group 981:35.6 K 928:15 atm 917:32.5 K 352:0.06 K 338:Sublimation 263:50 GPa 251:50 GPa 63:if you can. 7010:Pnictogens 6994:Categories 5340:(2): 224. 4929:1503.00703 4639:Cryogenics 3893:2003.02758 3731:6 December 2797:: 913–915. 2704:References 1942:100 K 1786:pnictogens 1649:850 K 1630:750 K 1616:600 K 1461:Dissolved 1369:150 K 1342:. The (δ- 1307:300 K 1079:quadrupole 1057:≈ 1.633 = 280:Pressure ( 255:polymerize 118:Generation 69:March 2018 5412:(1): 40. 5075:122473674 4851:250867438 4748:1 October 4497:5 October 4334:119343638 4281:119112608 4248:1412.1246 4175:0021-9606 4118:1755-4349 4049:0031-9007 4000:cite book 3934:212414928 3918:0031-9007 3844:New Atlas 3673:2041-1723 3631:3 October 3520:0021-9606 3181:0031-8914 2923:6 October 2874:121585322 2491:Reactions 2338:clathrate 2141:58 K 2074:160%–300% 2052:carrying 1695:91.64(3)° 1651:. The ι- 1447:, volume 1202:20 K 1183:20 K 1111:49 K 1083:45 K 1015:21 K 1007:20 K 898:15 K 862:β 818:⋅ 809:− 771:⋅ 728:− 708:− 690: bar 665:⁡ 640:α 596:⋅ 549:⋅ 540:− 502:⋅ 459:− 439:− 421: bar 396:⁡ 368:35 K 261:. 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