1773:
1040:
903:
716:
484:
microvascular changes using OCTA or other methods such as fluorescein angiography may reflect the systemic microvascular functions as in patients with coronary microvascular disease, cerebral small vessel diseases or systemic sclerosis (The potential of retinal microvascularopathy as a biomarker for assessing microvascular status of other circulations).
455:
120:
94:
463:
483:
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is another imaging modality that offers high-resolution visualization of the retinal capillary network and can be used to evaluate microcirculation in conditions such as diabetic retinopathy. Many studies have demonstrated that evaluation of the retinal
397:
The vascular anatomy of the heart and brain is similar in that conduit arteries are distributed on the surface of these organs with tissue perfusion achieved through deep penetrating arteries. Both coronary and cerebral microvascular diseases do share some common risk factors such as hypertension.
495:
Similarly, CSVD is typically recognized on both brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, but MRI has greater sensitivity and specificity. Neuroimaging of CSVD primarily involves visualizing radiological phenotypes of CSVD such as recent subcortical infarcts or
487:
Unlike the retinal microcirculation, the coronary microvasculature cannot be directly imaged. Instead, a number of different tests can be used to measure how much blood is flowing through the coronary microvasculature. These tests can be used to assess how well the coronary microvasculature is
398:
Why some patients with microvascular angina subsequently develop vascular cognitive impairment and others do not is an unanswered question. Potential underpinning mechanisms include premature vascular aging and clustering of vascular risk factors leading to an accelerated cardiovascular risk.
354:
Some researchers have suggested that SVD may be a multisystem disorder, meaning that it can affect multiple organs in the body, including the heart and brain. This is supported by multiple studies stating that cardiac pathologies are more prevalent in patients with pathological evidence of
446:
NVC has been largely used not only for investigating peripheral microangiopathy, but also as a sort of "window" to systemic microvascular dysfunction. Although its main application is within the connective tissue diseases such as systemic scleroderma and
1825:
Sideri, Anna-Maria; Kanakis, Menelaos; Katsimpris, Andreas; Karamaounas, Aristotelis; Brouzas, Dimitrios; Petrou, Petros; Papakonstaninou, Evangelia; Droutsas, Konstantinos; Kandarakis, Stylianos; Giannopoulos, Georgios; Georgalas, Ilias (5 May 2023).
2195:
287:
since glucose transport in these sites isnât regulated by insulin and these tissues cannot stop glucose from entering cells when blood sugar levels are high. Among all biochemical mechanisms involved in diabetic vascular damage such as the
584:
A better understanding of the mechanisms leading to damage of small blood vessels may be associated with novel therapeutic approaches, the safety and efficacy of some of which will need to be further investigated. Examples include
1232:
Martinelli, Anthony W.; Dunn, William; McClure, Mark E.; Walker, Ieuan; Stewart, Andrew; Karia, Sumit; Preston, Stephen D.; Thiru, Sathia; Torpey, Nicholas; Ojha, Sanjay; Symington, Emily; Nathan, James A. (November 2022).
1526:
Mengstie, Misganaw
Asmamaw; Chekol Abebe, Endeshaw; Behaile Teklemariam, Awgichew; Tilahun Mulu, Anemut; Agidew, Melaku Mekonnen; Teshome Azezew, Muluken; Zewde, Edgeit Abebe; Agegnehu Teshome, Assefa (15 September 2022).
1058:
Prommer, Hans-Ulrich; Maurer, Johannes; von Websky, Karoline; Freise, Christian; Sommer, Kerstin; Nasser, Hamoud; Samapati, Rudi; Reglin, Bettina; GuimarĂŁes, Pedro; Pries, Axel
Radlach; Querfeld, Uwe (28 March 2018).
570:
Young people with extensive CSVD and few or no conventional vascular risk factors may benefit from genetic testing to identify any underlying genetic disorders that may be contributing to their condition (For
272:, which plays a key role in vascular homeostasis. The pathogenesis of SVDs in various organs is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, capillary rarefaction, microthrombi and microvascular remodeling.
1349:
Cesarone, M. R.; Belcaro, G.; Geroulakos, G.; Griffin, M.; Ricci, A.; Brandolini, R.; Pellegrini, L.; Dugall, M.; Ippolito, E.; Candiani, C.; Simeone, E.; Errichi, B. M.; Di Renzo, A. (April 2003).
617:
987:
Gualtierotti, Roberta; Fox, Sharon E.; Da Silva
Lameira, Fernanda; Giachi, Andrea; Valenti, Luca; Borghi, Maria Orietta; Meroni, Pier Luigi; Cugno, Massimo; Peyvandi, Flora (28 May 2023).
315:, creates advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs formation cross-links these proteins, making them resistant to degradation. This leads to accumulation of AGEs, thickening of the
736:"Cutaneous microangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: Impaired vascular endothelial growth factor expression and its correlation with neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy"
186:. Nevertheless, diabetic microvascular dysfunction is not limited to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, but can also affect other organs such as the skin, muscles, heart, and brain.
439:
For assessment of the morphological and functional aspects of microcirculation, nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) can be used, in which videocapillaroscopy is performed at the
560:
Intensive management of coexisting conditions and risk factors (e.g. adequate control of blood pressure, diabetes and related metabolic abnormalities and lipid management).
394:
causes stenosis of the lumen of the arterioles and amyloid-related CSVD, characterized by the build-up of β-amyloid deposits in small- and medium-caliber cerebral vessels.
2119:"Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies in Diabetic Nephropathy: New Avenues for Calcium DobesilateâFree Radical Scavenger and Growth Factor Inhibition"
488:
functioning and to diagnose coronary microvascular disease. They include non-invasive measures such as cardiac MRI and invasive measures such as intracoronary
2238:
451:, it has been employed in non-rheumatic diseases with microvascular involvement such as diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension and COVID-19 infection.
2811:
342:
in the retina and the kidneys respectively leading to capillary wall fragility and increased vascular leakage. This results in local swelling (e.g.
1722:
Berry, Colin; Sidik, Novalia; Pereira, Anthony C.; Ford, Thomas J.; Touyz, Rhian M.; Kaski, Juan-Carlos; Hainsworth, Atticus H. (2 February 2019).
734:
Sugimoto, Kazuhiro; Murakami, Hiroshi; Deguchi, Takahisa; Arimura, Aiko; Daimon, Makoto; Suzuki, Susumu; Shimbo, Takuro; Yagihashi, Soroku (2019).
443:, where capillaries are arranged with the longitudinal axis parallel to the skin surface, so that they can be examined along their entire length.
2583:
1595:
644:
2588:
850:
Litak, Jakub; Mazurek, Marek; Kulesza, BartĹomiej; Szmygin, PaweĹ; Litak, Joanna; Kamieniak, Piotr; Grochowski, Cezary (20 December 2020).
622:
1885:"Study on the Interaction between the Characteristics of Retinal Microangiopathy and Risk Factors for Cerebral Small Vessel Disease"
1409:
Feuer, Daniel S.; Handberg, Eileen M.; Mehrad, Borna; Wei, Janet; Merz, C. Noel Bairey; Pepine, Carl J.; Keeley, Ellen C. (2022).
2738:
2355:
189:
Coronary microvascular diseases (CMDs), which are a group of conditions affecting the microvasculature in the heart and include
2370:
2231:
2689:
594:
297:
390:
On the other hand, Cerebral SVD encompasses a range of vascular pathologies including arteriosclerosis-related CSVD, where
2501:
420:
The diagnosis of microangiopathies can be based on direct visualization of the microcirculation, imaging modalities (e.g.
2726:
1883:
Tang, Qian; Zhang, Yanli; Yang, Zhengfang; Li, Siou; Wu, Meini; Guo, Yongming; Zhao, Weina; Yin, Changhao (9 June 2022).
293:
2806:
2431:
378:
235:
2821:
2816:
2543:
2533:
590:
364:
209:
363:
Structural changes, such as vascular remodeling and increased thickness and hypertrophy of arterial walls present in
133:
Small vessel diseases (SVDs) affect primarily organs that receive significant portions of cardiac output such as the
300:(AGEs) pathway appears to be the most important in the pathogenesis and progression of microvascular complications.
2922:
2573:
2548:
2365:
2294:
2224:
421:
219:
1351:"Flight microangiopathy on long-haul flights: prevention of edema and microcirculation alterations with Venoruton"
2947:
2890:
2538:
2491:
2341:
2304:
524:
243:
2699:
2694:
2932:
2745:
2518:
2496:
1724:"Small-Vessel Disease in the Heart and Brain: Current Knowledge, Unmet Therapeutic Need, and Future Directions"
635:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C.; Perkins, James A.; Robbins, Stanley L.; Cotran, Ramzi S. (2015).
3012:
2987:
2969:
2451:
2446:
2410:
2380:
1951:"Coronary Microvascular Disease Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Options: JACC State-of-the-Art Review"
489:
2959:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2768:
2704:
2346:
2247:
1480:
1061:"Chronic kidney disease induces a systemic microangiopathy, tissue hypoxia and dysfunctional angiogenesis"
598:
231:
213:
303:
Chronic high blood sugar levels lead to the attachment of sugar molecules to various proteins, including
2964:
2709:
2568:
2560:
2528:
2415:
1611:
Somboonwong, Juraiporn; Yusuksawad, Mariem; Keelawat, Somboon; Thongruay, Sirima; Poumsuk, Ubon (2016).
71:
275:
Diabetic microangiopathy, which is the most common cause of microangiopathy, is more prevalent in the
2878:
2873:
2677:
2469:
1072:
543:
411:
407:
239:
190:
179:
175:
1126:"Microangiopathy of cutaneous blood and lymphatic capillaries in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)"
2954:
2721:
2199:
1670:
Madonna, Rosalinda; Balistreri, Carmela Rita; Geng, Yong-Jian; De
Caterina, Raffaele (March 2017).
557:
in diabetic nephropathy, smoking cessation, weight loss, improved nutrition, and regular exercise).
513:
415:
183:
2011:
Chojdak-Ĺukasiewicz, Justyna; Dziadkowiak, Edyta; Zimny, Anna; Paradowski, BogusĹaw (March 2021).
1529:"Endogenous advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetic complications"
2868:
2778:
2360:
2050:
1388:
586:
1410:
2068:
Zhang, XinYuan; Liu, Wei; Wu, ShanShan; Jin, JingLong; Li, WeiHong; Wang, NingLi (2014-12-20).
2659:
2608:
2508:
2158:
2140:
2099:
2091:
2042:
2034:
1988:
1970:
1924:
1906:
1865:
1847:
1800:
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1743:
1699:
1691:
1652:
1634:
1591:
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1500:
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1372:
1331:
1313:
1272:
1254:
1214:
1196:
1155:
1137:
1106:
1088:
1028:
1010:
989:"Nailfold Videocapillaroscopic Alterations as Markers of Microangiopathy in COVID-19 Patients"
962:
944:
891:
873:
825:
817:
773:
755:
704:
686:
640:
564:
316:
150:
75:
2664:
2313:
2148:
2130:
2081:
2024:
1978:
1962:
1914:
1896:
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1735:
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1642:
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763:
747:
694:
676:
554:
327:
201:
55:
1292:"Ultrastructure in Transthyretin Amyloidosis: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Insights"
2851:
2763:
2486:
2441:
2321:
1777:
1772:
1044:
1039:
907:
902:
720:
715:
448:
382:
63:
1860:
1827:
1076:
1023:
988:
113:(orange arrow), vessel dilatation (blue arrows), and vascular tortuosity (yellow arrow).
2905:
2755:
2618:
2578:
2513:
2474:
2385:
2153:
2118:
1983:
1950:
1919:
1884:
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1612:
1563:
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1234:
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922:
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735:
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664:
425:
391:
289:
154:
146:
2204:
3006:
2773:
2436:
2054:
1728:
Journal of the
American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease
576:
572:
535:
370:
Functional changes, such as endothelial dysfunction caused by oxidative damage as in
343:
312:
255:
2070:"Calcium dobesilate for diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
17:
2914:
2826:
2641:
2331:
2274:
2216:
1392:
433:
205:
51:
1672:"Diabetic microangiopathy: Pathogenetic insights and novel therapeutic approaches"
1828:"Correlation Between Coronary and Retinal Microangiopathy in Patients With STEMI"
1426:
923:"Pseudothrombotic Microangiopathy as a Rare Presentation of Cobalamin Deficiency"
2979:
2375:
1792:
1613:"Minimization of the Risk of Diabetic Microangiopathy in Rats by Nigella sativa"
1308:
1250:
517:
429:
284:
269:
251:
247:
102:
47:
1966:
1545:
1367:
1350:
1084:
2895:
2885:
2846:
2790:
2783:
2613:
2086:
2069:
1687:
1496:
528:
440:
319:, narrowing the blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the tissues and causing
2144:
2117:
Haller, Hermann; Ji, Linong; Stahl, Klaus; Bertram, Anna; Menne, Jan (2017).
2095:
2038:
1974:
1910:
1851:
1747:
1695:
1638:
1629:
1554:
1504:
1434:
1376:
1317:
1258:
1200:
1141:
1092:
1014:
948:
877:
821:
759:
690:
681:
169:
Microangiopathies are involved in a variety of different diseases including:
2649:
2390:
2326:
2282:
2265:
2260:
1739:
797:
339:
335:
331:
145:. Thus, SVDs are a major etiologic cause in debilitating conditions such as
2162:
2135:
2103:
2046:
2029:
2012:
1992:
1928:
1901:
1869:
1804:
1765:
1703:
1656:
1572:
1512:
1452:
1411:"Microvascular dysfunction as a systemic disease: A review of the evidence"
1384:
1335:
1276:
1218:
1110:
1032:
966:
895:
829:
777:
708:
1159:
2863:
2465:
2402:
2336:
2287:
1191:
939:
868:
813:
320:
304:
227:
158:
110:
106:
2187:
1843:
1005:
547:
539:
371:
308:
751:
2256:
1671:
280:
276:
142:
138:
1586:
Cecil, Russell La
Fayette; Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (2012).
1124:
Franzeck, U. K.; Haselbach, P.; Speiser, D.; Bollinger, A. (1993).
216:
and other genetic, inflammatory-mediated and immune-mediated CSVDs.
2600:
462:
461:
454:
453:
134:
119:
93:
67:
2632:
523:
Controlling symptoms and preventing further deterioration (e.g.
2220:
1949:
Taqueti, Viviany R.; Di Carli, Marcelo F. (27 November 2018).
428:
for diabetic retinopathy) or other diagnostic measures (e.g.
1235:"A Case of Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Acute Sarcoidosis"
567:
in patients with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy).
226:
and microangiopathies in a wide range of diseases including
516:, screening for retinopathy and neuropathy and testing for
1776: This article incorporates text available under the
1043: This article incorporates text available under the
906: This article incorporates text available under the
719: This article incorporates text available under the
505:
Treatment options of microangiopathies can be directed at
358:
Coronary microvascular diseases (CMDs) can be caused by:
1481:"Diabetes microvascular complications-A clinical update"
639:(Ninth ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; Saunders.
466:
Capillaroscopic findings in patients with mild COVID-19
408:
Diabetic retinopathy § Diagnosis and classification
311:, and peripheral nerve proteins. This process, called
200:
Cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs), which include
246:(CTDs) associated with peripheral vascular syndrome,
2177:
1290:
Koike, Haruki; Katsuno, Masahisa (5 February 2019).
796:
Camici, Paolo G.; Crea, Filippo (22 February 2007).
2978:
2913:
2904:
2839:
2799:
2754:
2658:
2640:
2631:
2599:
2559:
2464:
2424:
2401:
2312:
2303:
2273:
2255:
2181:
86:
1590:(24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders.
381:and high left ventricular pressure as a result of
105:microangiopathy (red dashed-square) secondary to
1173:Lambova, Sevdalina Nikolova (10 February 2023).
350:Microvascular diseases as a multisystem disorder
330:, caused by AGEs and the other pathways, causes
268:The main target of small vessel diseases is the
921:Pereira Fontes, Carla; Fonseca, Samuel (2021).
66:, where large and medium-sized arteries (e.g.,
2017:Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine
637:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
2232:
1955:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1832:Translational Vision Science & Technology
8:
1791:Le, Patrick H.; Patel, Bhupendra C. (2023).
856:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2910:
2812:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
2637:
2309:
2270:
2239:
2225:
2217:
2178:
1793:"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography"
1355:Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis
83:
2152:
2134:
2085:
2028:
2013:"Cerebral small vessel disease: A review"
1982:
1918:
1900:
1859:
1755:
1646:
1628:
1562:
1544:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1442:
1366:
1325:
1307:
1266:
1208:
1190:
1149:
1100:
1022:
1004:
956:
938:
885:
867:
767:
698:
680:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1130:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
791:
789:
787:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1175:"Microangiopathy in Rheumatic Diseases"
663:Hakim, Antoine M. (24 September 2019).
610:
553:Diet and lifestyle modification (e.g.
1889:Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
1404:
1402:
845:
843:
841:
839:
2584:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1717:
1715:
1713:
982:
980:
978:
976:
658:
656:
412:Diabetic nephropathy § Diagnosis
7:
2589:Generalized essential telangiectasia
798:"Coronary microvascular dysfunction"
416:Diabetic neuropathy § Diagnosis
355:cerebrovascular SVD and vice versa.
174:Diabetic microangiopathy, mainly as
802:The New England Journal of Medicine
127:Examples of microvascular diseases.
1533:Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
593:in diabetic microangiopathies and
512:Prevention (e.g. maintaining good
436:in thrombotic microangiopathies).
25:
1485:Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome
740:Journal of Diabetes Investigation
224:pseudo-thrombotic microangiopathy
2739:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
1771:
1415:The American Journal of Medicine
1038:
901:
714:
346:) and impaired tissue function.
118:
92:
852:"Cerebral Small Vessel Disease"
595:endothelin receptor antagonists
424:), conventional testings (e.g.
377:Extravascular changes, such as
298:advanced glycation end products
2690:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1:
2502:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
2356:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
2123:BioMed Research International
496:cerebral microbleeds (CMBs).
476:Microthrombosis (Green arrow)
2807:Chronic venous insufficiency
2432:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
1479:Khalil, H. (November 2017).
1427:10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.04.006
993:Journal of Clinical Medicine
623:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
473:Microhemorrhages (Red arrow)
470:Enlarged loops (Black arrow)
379:left ventricular hypertrophy
236:chronic venous insufficiency
220:Thrombotic microangiopathies
2822:Inferior vena cava syndrome
2817:Superior vena cava syndrome
2544:Vertebral artery dissection
2534:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2074:Science China Life Sciences
1309:10.3390/biomedicines7010011
1251:10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.023
591:aldose reductase inhibitors
365:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
3029:
2923:Hypertensive heart disease
2574:Arteriovenous malformation
2549:Familial aortic dissection
1967:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.042
1546:10.3389/fmolb.2022.1002710
1368:10.1177/107602960300900203
1085:10.1038/s41598-018-23663-1
577:enzyme replacement therapy
550:) for management of CMDs).
405:
244:connective tissue diseases
78:) are primarily affected.
58:. It can be contrasted to
2948:Renovascular hypertension
2891:Hepatic artery thrombosis
2539:Carotid artery dissection
2492:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
2342:Intermittent claudication
2305:Peripheral artery disease
2087:10.1007/s11427-014-4792-1
1799:. StatPearls Publishing.
1688:10.1016/j.vph.2017.01.004
1497:10.1016/j.dsx.2016.12.022
531:for diabetic neuropathy).
525:tricyclic antidepressants
126:
117:
100:
91:
44:microvascular dysfunction
2933:Hypertensive nephropathy
2746:Post-thrombotic syndrome
2727:PagetâSchroetter disease
2519:Coronary artery aneurysm
2497:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
1630:10.4103/0973-1296.182169
1588:Goldman's Cecil medicine
682:10.3389/fneur.2019.01020
294:reninâangiotensin system
2988:Orthostatic hypotension
2970:White coat hypertension
2447:Fibromuscular dysplasia
2411:Carotid artery stenosis
1740:10.1161/JAHA.118.011104
458:Nailfold capillaroscopy
2960:Pulmonary hypertension
2943:Secondary hypertension
2938:Essential hypertension
2928:Hypertensive emergency
2769:Portacaval anastomosis
2705:Portal vein thrombosis
2347:Critical limb ischemia
2248:Cardiovascular disease
1623:(Suppl 2): S175âS180.
1617:Pharmacognosy Magazine
1491:(Suppl 1): S133âS139.
669:Frontiers in Neurology
665:"Small Vessel Disease"
599:pulmonary hypertension
544:lipid-lowering therapy
480:
459:
232:chronic kidney disease
193:, previously known as
46:) is a disease of the
2965:Systolic hypertension
2710:Renal vein thrombosis
2569:Arteriovenous fistula
2561:Vascular malformation
2529:Intracranial aneurysm
2416:Renal artery stenosis
1676:Vascular Pharmacology
563:Other measures (e.g.
465:
457:
32:microvascular disease
2879:Paradoxical embolism
2874:Cholesterol embolism
2700:MayâThurner syndrome
2695:BuddâChiari syndrome
2678:Deep vein thrombosis
2673:primarily lower limb
2452:Raynaud's phenomenon
2136:10.1155/2017/1909258
2030:10.17219/acem/131216
1902:10.1155/2022/9505945
1192:10.3390/life13020491
940:10.7759/cureus.17184
869:10.3390/ijms21249729
814:10.1056/NEJMra061889
285:vascular endothelium
240:systemic scleroderma
212:-related CSVD as in
204:-related CSVD as in
191:microvascular angina
176:diabetic retinopathy
36:small vessel disease
18:Small vessel disease
2955:Benign hypertension
1844:10.1167/tvst.12.5.8
1077:2018NatSR...8.5317P
1006:10.3390/jcm12113727
534:Drug therapy (e.g.
214:Alzheimer's disease
2869:Pulmonary embolism
2779:Esophageal varices
2717:upper limb / torso
2361:Arteriolosclerosis
1065:Scientific Reports
587:calcium dobesilate
481:
460:
228:COVID-19 infection
195:cardiac syndrome X
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2840:Arteries or veins
2835:
2834:
2660:Venous thrombosis
2627:
2626:
2609:Cherry hemangioma
2509:Aortic dissection
2460:
2459:
2295:Buerger's disease
2214:
2213:
1961:(21): 2625â2641.
1597:978-1-4377-1604-7
752:10.1111/jdi.13020
646:978-1-4557-2613-4
618:"microangiopathy"
514:glycaemic control
317:basement membrane
131:
130:
81:Medical condition
76:coronary arteries
60:macroangiopathies
16:(Redirected from
3020:
2911:
2722:Mondor's disease
2665:Thrombophlebitis
2638:
2314:Arteriosclerosis
2310:
2271:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2179:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2089:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2032:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1904:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1632:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1548:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1476:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1421:(9): 1059â1068.
1406:
1397:
1396:
1370:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1311:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1245:(5): e245âe248.
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1194:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1055:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1008:
984:
971:
970:
960:
942:
918:
912:
905:
899:
889:
871:
847:
834:
833:
793:
782:
781:
771:
746:(5): 1318â1331.
731:
725:
718:
712:
702:
684:
660:
651:
650:
632:
626:
615:
565:photocoagulation
555:low-protein diet
540:low-dose aspirin
328:oxidative stress
202:arteriosclerosis
155:lacunar infarcts
122:
109:demonstrating a
96:
84:
56:microcirculation
21:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2974:
2900:
2857:Microangiopathy
2852:Macroangiopathy
2831:
2795:
2764:Gastric varices
2750:
2663:
2654:
2623:
2595:
2555:
2487:Aortic aneurysm
2473:
2456:
2442:Erythromelalgia
2420:
2397:
2322:Atherosclerosis
2299:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2190:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1948:
1947:
1936:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1478:
1477:
1460:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1057:
1056:
1052:
986:
985:
974:
920:
919:
915:
849:
848:
837:
795:
794:
785:
733:
732:
728:
662:
661:
654:
647:
634:
633:
629:
616:
612:
607:
582:
502:
479:
449:dermatomyositis
418:
404:
388:
383:aortic stenosis
352:
266:
264:Pathophysiology
261:
167:
87:Microangiopathy
82:
64:atherosclerosis
30:(also known as
28:Microangiopathy
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3013:Histopathology
3005:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2906:Blood pressure
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:Varicose veins
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2667:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2619:Spider angioma
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2601:Vascular nevus
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2579:Telangiectasia
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2514:Aortic rupture
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2479:
2477:
2475:pseudoaneurysm
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2386:Oxycholesterol
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:Classification
2175:
2174:External links
2172:
2169:
2168:
2109:
2080:(1): 101â107.
2060:
2023:(3): 349â356.
1998:
1934:
1875:
1817:
1783:
1734:(3): e011104.
1709:
1662:
1603:
1596:
1578:
1518:
1458:
1398:
1361:(2): 109â114.
1341:
1282:
1224:
1165:
1116:
1050:
972:
913:
835:
808:(8): 830â840.
783:
726:
652:
645:
627:
609:
608:
606:
603:
581:
580:
575:, there is an
568:
561:
558:
551:
532:
521:
509:
501:
498:
478:
477:
474:
471:
467:
426:ophthalmoscopy
403:
400:
392:lipohyalinosis
387:
386:
375:
368:
360:
351:
348:
290:polyol pathway
265:
262:
260:
259:
254:and even with
217:
198:
187:
171:
166:
163:
129:
128:
124:
123:
115:
114:
98:
97:
89:
88:
80:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3025:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Caput medusae
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Degos disease
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
968:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
941:
936:
933:(8): e17184.
932:
928:
924:
917:
914:
911:
909:
904:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
790:
788:
784:
779:
775:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
727:
724:
722:
717:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
657:
653:
648:
642:
638:
631:
628:
625:
624:
619:
614:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
578:
574:
573:Fabry disease
569:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:antiplatelets
533:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
511:
510:
508:
506:
499:
497:
493:
491:
485:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
456:
452:
450:
444:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
417:
413:
409:
401:
399:
395:
393:
384:
380:
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
361:
359:
356:
349:
347:
345:
344:macular edema
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:In addition,
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:glycosylation
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
263:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
170:
164:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:renal failure
144:
140:
136:
125:
121:
116:
112:
111:microaneurysm
108:
104:
99:
95:
90:
85:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:blood vessels
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
2915:Hypertension
2856:
2827:Venous ulcer
2733:
2716:
2684:
2672:
2642:Inflammation
2523:
2482:
2371:Hyperplastic
2332:Fatty streak
2275:Inflammation
2194:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2020:
2016:
1958:
1954:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1835:
1831:
1820:
1810:29 September
1808:. Retrieved
1796:
1786:
1770:
1731:
1727:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1587:
1581:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1488:
1484:
1418:
1414:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1299:
1296:Biomedicines
1295:
1285:
1242:
1238:
1227:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1136:(1): 37â46.
1133:
1129:
1119:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1037:
999:(11): 3727.
996:
992:
930:
926:
916:
900:
862:(24): 9729.
859:
855:
805:
801:
743:
739:
729:
713:
672:
668:
636:
630:
621:
613:
583:
504:
503:
494:
486:
482:
445:
438:
434:schistocytes
419:
396:
389:
357:
353:
325:
302:
274:
267:
223:
206:hypertension
194:
168:
132:
103:conjunctival
59:
48:microvessels
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:
2980:Hypotension
2524:head / neck
2376:Cholesterol
2266:capillaries
2129:: 1909258.
1895:: 9505945.
1539:: 1002710.
1071:(1): 5317.
518:albuminuria
430:blood smear
296:(RAS), the
270:endothelium
252:amyloidosis
248:sarcoidosis
180:nephropathy
2896:Vasculitis
2886:Thrombosis
2847:Angiopathy
2791:Varicocele
2784:Hemorrhoid
2614:Halo nevus
2470:dissection
2261:arterioles
1797:StatPearls
1185:(2): 491.
605:References
529:gabapentin
406:See also:
242:and other
184:neuropathy
141:, and the
101:A case of
2650:Phlebitis
2391:Trans fat
2327:Foam cell
2283:Arteritis
2250:(vessels)
2145:2314-6133
2096:1674-7305
2055:232365709
2039:1899-5276
1975:0735-1097
1911:1555-4309
1852:2164-2591
1778:CC BY 4.0
1748:2047-9980
1696:1879-3649
1639:0973-1296
1555:2296-889X
1505:1878-0334
1435:0002-9343
1377:1076-0296
1318:2227-9059
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