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1582:. The Mission Control Team was composed of seven engineers in the Flight Control Team FCT, a variable group between 2–5 Flight Dynamics engineers and 1–2 Data Systems engineers. Unlike most ESA missions, there were no Spacecraft Controllers (SPACONs), and all operations and mission-planning activities were done by the FCT. This concept originated overtime and night shifts during the first months of the mission but worked well during the cruise and the Moon phases. The major concern during the first three months of the mission was to leave the radiation belts as soon as possible in order to minimize the degradation of the solar arrays and the star tracker CCDs.
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shutdown of the EP. The problem was identified to be radiation induced Opto-coupler sensitivity. The recovery of such events was to restart the thruster. This was manually done during several months until an On Board
Software Patch (OBSW) was developed to detect it and initiate an autonomous thruster restart. Its impact was limited to the orbit prediction calculation used for the Ground Stations to track the spacecraft and the subsequent orbit corrections.
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during the Moon phase. This phase required a major reconfiguration of the on-board stores and its operation. This change designed by the flight control team at ESOC and implemented by the
Swedish Space Corporation in a short time required to re-write part of the Flight Control Procedures FOP for the operations at the Moon.
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The
Operations during the Moon phase become highly automated: the flight dynamics pointing was "menu driven" allowing more than 98% of commanding being generated by the Mission Planning System MPS. The extension of the MPS system with the so called MOIS Executor, became the Smart-1 automation system.
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The first and most critical problem came after the first revolution when a failure in the onboard Error
Detection and Correction (EDAC) algorithm triggered an autonomous switch to the redundant computer in every orbit causing several reboots, finding the spacecraft in SAFE mode after every pericenter
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The
Spacecraft Potential, Electron and Dust Experiment. The experiment weighed 0.8 kg and had a power consumption of 1.8 watts. Its function was to measure the properties and density of the plasma around the spacecraft, either as a Langmuir probe or as an electric field probe. SPEDE observed the
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The EP showed sensitivity to radiation inducing shutdowns. This phenomenon identified as the Opto-coupler Single Event
Transient (OSET), initially seen in LEOP during the first firing using cathode B, was characterized by a rapid drop in Anode Current triggering the alarm 'Flame Out' bit causing the
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Other anomalies during this period were a combination of environmental problems: high radiation doses, especially in the star trackers and onboard software anomalies: the Reed
Solomon encoding became corrupt after switching data rates and had to be disabled. It was overcome by procedures and changes
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network spare capacity. This concept permitted about eight times additional network coverage at no extra cost but originated unexpected overheads and conflicts. It ultimately permitted additional contacts with the spacecraft during the early stage of the mission and an important increase of science
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on that date was 6,704 × 53,208 km, with an orbital period of 129 hours, although the actual orbit was accomplished in only 89 hours. This illustrates the significant impact that the engine burns have on the orbit and marks the meaning of the osculating orbit, which is the orbit that
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The
Advanced Moon micro-Imager Experiment was a miniature colour camera for lunar imaging. The CCD camera with three filters of 750, 900 and 950 nm was able to take images with an average pixel resolution of 80 m (about 260 ft). The camera weighed 2.1 kg (about 4.5 lb) and had a
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The different kind of anomalies and the frequent interruptions in the thrust of the
Electric Propulsion led to an increase of the ground stations support and overtime of the flight operations team who had to react quickly. Their recovery was sometimes time consuming, especially when the spacecraft
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and produced a delta-v of 2,737 m/s (46.5 m/s per kg xenon, 0.75 m/s per hour on-time). It was powered on again on 15 November for a planned burn of 4.5 days to enter fully into lunar orbit. It took until
February 2005 using the electric thruster to decelerate into the final orbit
849:, when the orbit was 179,718 × 305,214 km. On that date, after the 289th engine pulse, the SEPP had accumulated a total on-time of nearly 3,648 hours out of a total flight time of 8,000 hours, hence a little less than half of its total mission. It consumed about 58.8 kg of
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The mission achieved all its objectives: getting out of the radiation belts influence 3 months after launch, spiraling out during 11 months and being captured by the Moon using resonances, the commissioning and operations of all instruments during the cruise phase and the optimization of the
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navigation and operational procedures required for Electric Propulsion operation. The efficient operations of the Electric Propulsion at the Moon allowed the reduction of the orbital radius benefiting the scientific operations and extending this mission by one extra year.
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The solar arrays made capable of 1850W at the beginning of the mission, were able to provide the maximum set of 1,190 W to the thruster, giving a nominal thrust of 68 mN, hence an acceleration of 0.2 mm/s or 0.7 m/s per hour (i.e., just under 0.00002
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The components that were developed specifically for Smart-1 were: the simulator; a mix of hardware and software derived from the Electrical Ground Support Equipment EGSE equipment, the Mission Planning System and the Automation System developed from
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were not carried out in short bursts but very gradually. The particular trajectory taken by SMART-1 to the Moon required thrusting for about one third to one half of every orbit. When spiraling away from the Earth thrusting was done on the
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on ground operations approach. The star trackers were also subject of frequent hiccups during the earth escape and caused some of the Electric Propulsion (EP) interruptions. They were all resolved with several software patches.
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of about 45 m/s. The electric propulsion subsystem weighted 29 kg with a peak power consumption of 1,200 watts. SMART-1 was the first in the program of ESA's Small Missions for Advanced Research and Technology.
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1338:, ending its mission. Moving at approximately 2,000 m/s (4,500 mph), SMART-1 created an impact visible with ground telescopes from Earth. It is hoped that not only will this provide some data simulating a
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SMART-1 was about one meter across (3.3 ft), and lightweight in comparison to other probes. Its launch mass was 367 kg or 809 pounds, of which 287 kg (633 lb) was non-propellant.
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17 June 2004: SMART-1 took a test image of Earth with the camera that would later be used for Moon closeup pictures. It shows parts of Europe and Africa. It was taken on 21 May with the AMIE camera.
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depended on the solar activity. The detection range for x-rays was 0.5 to 10 keV. The spectrometer and XSM (described below) together weighed 5.2 kg and had a power consumption of 18 watts.
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TT&C (telemetry, tracking and control) Experiment. The experiment weighed 6.2 kg and had a power consumption of 26 watts. The Ka-band transponder was designed as precursor for
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of 16.1 kN·s/kg (1,640 seconds), more than three times the maximum for chemical rockets. One kg of propellant (1/350 to 1/300 of the total mass of the spacecraft) produced a
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The Electric Propulsion Diagnostic Package was to acquire data on the new propulsion system on SMART-1. The package weighed 0.8 kg and had a power consumption of 1.8 watts.
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Moon resonances and Capture: Trajectory assists by means of Moon resonances. Moon capture on 15 November 2004 at 310,000 km from the Earth and 90,000 km from the Moon.
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It permitted to operate 70% of the passes unmanned towards the end of the mission and allowed the validation of the first operational "spacecraft automation system" at ESA.
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Basilevsky A. T.; Keller H. U.; Nathues A.; Mall J.; et al. (2004). "Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR)".
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694:(XRF) of crystal compounds created through the interaction of the electron shell with the solar wind particles to measure the abundance of the three main components:
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Josset J. L.; Beauvivre S.; Cerroni P.; De Sanctis M. C.; et al. (2006). "Science objectives and first results from the SMART-1/AMIE multicolour micro-camera".
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1574:. This last permitted the Smart-1 engineers to do anomaly investigation through internet, pioneering at ESA monitoring of spacecraft TLM using mobile phones and
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771:. Unlike most other instruments that have to be shut down to prevent damage, SPEDE could keep measuring inside radiation belts and in solar storms, such as the
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Lunar Science: Until the end of lifetime in September 2006, interrupted only by a one-month re-boost phase in September 2005 to optimize the lunar orbit.
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The ground segment of Smart-1 was a good example of infrastructure reuse at ESA: Flight Dynamics infrastructure and Data distribution System (DDS) from
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Van Allen Belt Escape: Continuous thrust strategy to raise the perigee radius. Escape phase completed by 22 December 2003, orbit 20000 x 63427 km.
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of 7,035 × 42,223 km. From there it used its Solar Electric Primary Propulsion (SEPP) to gradually spiral out during thirteen months.
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750:. It detected wavelengths from 0.93 to 2.4 μm with 256 channels. The package weighed 2.3 kg and had a power consumption of 4.1 watts.
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passage. The analysis of the spacecraft telemetry pointed directly to a radiation-triggered problem with the EDAC interrupt routine.
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The use of CCSDS TLM and TC standards permitted a cost effective tailoring of seven different terminals of the ESA Tracking network (
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by one year until August 2006. This date was later shifted to 3 September 2006 to enable further scientific observations from Earth.
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for the Science phase. The project manager at the Swedish Space Corporation was Peter Rathsman. The Principal Project Scientist was
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300–3,000 km above the Moon's surface. The end of mission performance demonstrated by the propulsion system is stated above.
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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The full mission phases from the operations perspective is documented in including the performance of the different subsystems.
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was found in SAFE mode. Overall, they impeded to run the operations as originally planned having one 8 hours pass every 4 days.
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ESA, 6th ICLCPM 2005 SMART-1 Lunar Mission – Reducing Mission Operations Costs.pdf (O.Camino et al) (22 September 2005),
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Kaydash V., Kreslavsky M., Shkuratov Yu., Gerasimenko S., Pinet P., Chevrel S., Josset J.-L., Beauvivre S., Almeida M.,
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783:, a famous Finnish movie actor, movie producer, and inventor. The algorithms developed for SPEDE were later used in the
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648:. Tests of the spacecraft were directed by Swedish Space Corporation and executed by Saab Space. The project manager at
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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to perform radio science investigations and to monitor the dynamical performance of the electric propulsion system.
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Rathsman P.; Kugelberg J.; Bodin P.; Racca G. D.; et al. (2005). "SMART-1: Development and lessons learnt".
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536:. On 3 September 2006 (05:42 UTC), SMART-1 was deliberately crashed into the Moon's surface, ending its mission.
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English: SMART-1 is the first of the European Space Agency's Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology.
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English: SMART-1 is the first of the European Space Agency's Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology.
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would be travelled by the spacecraft if at that instant all perturbations, including thrust, would cease.
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Operationally Enhanced Electric Propulsion Performance on Electrically Propelled Spacecraft (D.Milligan)
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Orbit re-boost: Phase in June/July 2006 using the attitude thrusters to adjust the impact date and time.
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ESA, SMART-1 AOCS and its relation with electric propulsion system (M.Alonso et al) (16 October 2005),
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part of the orbit. At the end of the mission, the thruster had demonstrated the following capability:
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This project has generated data and know-how that will be used for other missions, such as the ESA's
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was Giuseppe Racca until the spacecraft achieved the moon operational orbit. He was then replaced by
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27 February 2005: Reached final orbit around the Moon with an orbital period of about five hours.
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SMART-1 completes its first orbit around the Moon | Moon Today – Your Daily Source of Moon News
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Launch and Early Orbit Phase: Launch on 27 September 2003, initial orbit 7,029 x 42263 km.
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As part of the European Space Agency's strategy to build very inexpensive and relatively small
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and South America, and places in the Pacific Ocean, but not Europe, Africa, or western Asia.
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3 September 2006: Mission ends with a planned crash into the Moon during orbit number 2,890.
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Schmidt, Walter; Mälkki, Anssi (2014). "SMART-1 SPEDE: Results and Legacy after 10 Years".
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and its name was intentionally chosen so that its acronym is the same as the nickname of
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Lunar Descent: Thrust used to lower the orbit, operational orbit 2,200 x 4,600 km.
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2251:(2007). "PHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED LUNAR SITES BY SMART-1 AMIE DATA".
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SMART-1: On Course for Lunar Capture | Moon Today – Your Daily Source of Moon News
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for the identification of chemical elements on the lunar surface. It detected the
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SMART-1 impacted the Moon's surface, as planned, on 3 September 2006 at 05:42:22
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27 September 2003: SMART-1 launched from the European Spaceport in Kourou by an
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emission of the spacecraft's ion engine and the "wake" the Moon leaves to the
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Moon Impact: Operations from July 2006 until the impact on 3 September 2006.
1342:, but also that it might expose materials in the ground, like water ice, to
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Di Cara D. M.; Estublier D. (2005). "Smart-1: An analysis of flight data".
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Earth Escape Cruise: Thrust around perigee only to raise the apogee radius.
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operations were conducted from the ESA European Space Operations Center
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26 January 2005: First close up pictures of the lunar surface sent back.
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A detailed chronology of the operations events is provided in ref.
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ESA announced on 15 February 2005 an extension of the mission of
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1733:"New observations reveal a lunar orbiter's final resting place"
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in Darmstadt Germany led by the Spacecraft Operations Manager
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2132:-1 Lunar Mission Star Tracker Operations Experience (M.Alonso)
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in
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2 years, 11 months, 6 days, 6 hours, 27 minutes, 36 seconds
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on 2 November, on 11 November 2004 it passed through the
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The Demonstration of a Compact X-ray Spectrometer was an
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of acceleration). As with all ion-engine powered craft,
2005:
ESA Portal – SMART-1 manoeuvres prepare for mission end
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SMART-1 was launched 27 September 2003 together with
27:
European Space Agency satellite that orbited the Moon
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Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology-1
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English: Smart-1 Operations Report (O.Camino et al)
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English: Smart-1 Operations Report (O.Camino et al)
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361:
353:
335:
325:
315:
305:
295:
285:
275:
270:
246:
241:
223:
210:
200:
184:
179:
163:
155:
145:
140:
124:
114:
101:
80:
70:
60:
465:Spacecraft Potential, Electron and Dust Experiment
2185:SMART-1 – Europe's Lunar Mission (O.Camino et al)
1415:. At the time of impact, the Moon was visible in
1349:ESA originally estimated that impact occurred at
4219:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
1566:(this last based on a prototype implemented for
640:. Assembly of the spacecraft was carried out by
516:. It was launched on 27 September 2003 at 23:14
2048:ESA – SMART-1 – Intense final hours for SMART-1
1380:. In 2017, the impact site was identified from
845:The orbit can be seen up to 26 October 2004 at
4229:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
1536:. The generic mission control system software
5442:
4109:
4058:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
2334:
2302:SMART 1 on Serbian science portal Viva fizika
1902:
1900:
742:for the identification of mineral spectra of
632:). SMART-1 was designed and developed by the
563:tank at a pressure of 150 bar at launch. The
433:Demonstration of a Compact X-ray Spectrometer
8:
4038:List of species that have landed on the Moon
1891:"ESA Science & Technology - Instruments"
39:
2167:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2084:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5449:
5435:
5427:
4453:
4437:
4378:European Launcher Development Organisation
4132:
4116:
4102:
4094:
3759:
3493:
2662:
2515:
2341:
2327:
2319:
2275:
1726:
1724:
1570:) and a suite of engineering tools called
1107:and into the area dominated by the Moon's
838:. After 42 minutes it was released into a
411:
92:
45:
38:
1909:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
1709:. NASA's Solar System Exploration website
1701:
1699:
738:The Smart-1 Infrared Spectrometer was an
1126:
856:
1695:
571:to ionize the xenon and accelerate the
4033:List of artificial objects on the Moon
2160:
2077:
1685:List of artificial objects on the Moon
441:Electric Propulsion Diagnostic Package
4340:Space Situational Awareness Programme
2099:
2097:
2095:
1731:Klesman, Alison (22 September 2017).
1498:Smart-1 Ground Segment and Operations
1473:15 January 2005: Calcium detected in
425:Advanced Moon micro-Imager Experiment
7:
6112:2003 establishments in South America
5387:
4383:European Space Research Organisation
4199:Space Research and Technology Centre
3734:International Lunar Research Station
2297:Observation of the Impact of Smart-1
2219:Camino, Octavio (10 February 2020),
2182:Camino, Octavio (10 February 2020),
2104:Camino, Octavio (10 February 2020),
1578:and receiving spacecraft alarms via
726:The X-ray solar monitor studied the
547:It was propelled by a solar-powered
30:For the electric crossover SUV, see
5411:
1760:"Probe crashes into Moon's surface"
1609:The mission negotiated the use the
730:to complement D-CIXS measurements.
6092:European Space Agency space probes
2448:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
2025:. 3 September 2006. Archived from
1150:
25:
6107:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon
2253:Lunar Planetary Science, XXXVIII,
1141:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5375:
5374:
4204:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
4053:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1669:
1434:Important events and discoveries
1144:
1115:on 15 November passed the first
880:
777:Finnish Meteorological Institute
482:
311:4,600 kilometres (2,900 mi)
301:2,205 kilometres (1,370 mi)
3770:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
2292:NASA's Solar System Exploration
1956:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.041
1877:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.036
607:Thruster operating time: 5000 h
341:18 July 2005, 11:14:28 UTC
5223:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
2283:ESA SMART-1 scientific website
1486:15 April 2005: The search for
1437:
1133:selenocentric orbital elements
678:power consumption of 9 watts.
104:
51:Artist's impression of SMART-1
1:
6102:Space probes launched in 2003
1221:28 February 2005, 05:18:39.9
1161:15 November 2004, 17:47:12.1
1155:
991:19 February 2004, 22:46:08.6
971:29 December 2003, 05:21:47.8
951:19 December 2003, 06:41:47.6
931:19 November 2003, 04:29:48.4
457:Smart-1 Infrared Spectrometer
4068:List of crewed lunar landers
4028:List of missions to the Moon
3851:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
3810:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
3582:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost
2897:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
2553:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1382:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1138:
1071:24 October 2004, 06:12:40.9
1051:19 October 2004, 21:30:45.9
911:26 October 2003, 21:20:00.0
871:
840:geostationary transfer orbit
610:Xenon throughput: 82 kg
488:Legacy ESA insignia for the
3910:International Lunar Network
2314:SMART-1, Europe at the Moon
1822:Planetary and Space Science
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:9 January 2005, 15:24:55.0
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1181:4 December 2004 10:37:47.3
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
885:
874:
863:geocentric orbital elements
773:Halloween 2003 solar storms
449:Ka band TT&C Experiment
188:27 September 2003, 23:14:46
167:287 kilograms (633 lb)
159:367 kilograms (809 lb)
6133:
5293:Mars sample return mission
5113:European Data Relay System
4793:Meteosat Second Generation
4706:James Webb Space Telescope
4568:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
4250:European Data Relay System
4224:Concurrent Design Facility
1787:Advances in Space Research
1605:Smart-1 Moon orbit descend
1241:25 April 2005, 08:19:05.4
1011:19 March 2004, 00:40:52.7
868:
250:3 September 2006, 05:42:22
29:
6097:Space programme of Sweden
6052:
5366:
4916:Meteosat Third Generation
4775:Meteosat First Generation
4436:
4424:Planetary Science Archive
4209:European Astronaut Centre
4131:
4076:
2716:List of Apollo astronauts
2307:28 September 2007 at the
1842:10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002
1807:10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.078
1301:18 July 2005, 11:14:28.0
1281:20 June 2005, 10:21:37.1
1031:25 August 2004, 00:00:00
634:Swedish Space Corporation
481:
410:
406:
349:
345:
266:
262:
237:
233:
175:
171:
150:Swedish Space Corporation
136:
132:
56:
44:
4013:Colonization of the Moon
1992:15 December 2004 at the
1466:15 November 2004: First
1261:16 May 2005, 09:08:52.9
1119:of its lunar orbit. The
4335:Living Planet Programme
4194:Space Operations Centre
4063:Apollo 11 anniversaries
3900:European Lunar Explorer
3123:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)
2288:SMART-1 Mission Profile
1974:2 November 2005 at the
1834:2004P&SS...52.1261B
1629:Smart- 1 Mission Phases
1111:influence, and at 1748
616:Total ΔV: 3.9 km/s
613:Total Impulse: 1.2 MN-s
532:. "SMART-1" stands for
501:was a Swedish-designed
4646:Hubble Space Telescope
4214:Space Astronomy Centre
3249:Emirates Lunar Mission
2017:"SMART-1 impacts Moon"
1606:
1507:
1459:2 November 2004: Last
1344:spectroscopic analysis
559:gas contained in a 50
254:2006-09-03UTC05:42:23Z
192:2003-09-27UTC23:14:46Z
4443:Projects and missions
4125:European Space Agency
3858:Lunar Orbital Station
3310:Peregrine Mission One
2022:European Space Agency
1604:
1562:3 August 2019 at the
1505:
740:infrared spectrometer
503:European Space Agency
276:Reference system
141:Spacecraft properties
6082:Missions to the Moon
5718:Optus and Defence C1
5465:Orbital launches in
5043:European Robotic Arm
4887:Sentinel-5 Precursor
4023:List of lunar probes
4018:Google Lunar X Prize
3967:Project Harvest Moon
3080:Lunar Roving Vehicle
2560:(relay satellite at
549:Hall effect thruster
5368:Future missions in
4414:European Space Camp
4145:Guiana Space Centre
4048:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3977:Resource Prospector
3905:First Lunar Outpost
3888:Baden-Württemberg 1
3844:Boeing Lunar Lander
2969:Apollo Lunar Module
2783:(propulsion module)
2748:Apollo Lunar Module
2350:Spacecraft missions
2029:on 5 September 2006
1948:2005AcAau..57..455R
1921:2014EGUGA..1613174S
1869:2005AcAau..57..250D
1799:2006AdSpR..37...14J
1399: /
1364: /
1135:
883:(to Earth equator)
865:
832:Guiana Space Centre
706:. The detection of
628:(about 170 million
569:electrostatic field
555:-G) using 82 Kg of
522:Guiana Space Centre
473:X-ray Solar Monitor
387: /
297:Periselene altitude
41:
5218:Ceres Polar Lander
5053:Telecommunications
3716:Cislunar Explorers
1766:. 3 September 2006
1738:Astronomy Magazine
1677:Spaceflight portal
1607:
1551:in Germany (DLR).
1508:
1506:Smart-1 spacecraft
1153:(to Moon equator)
1127:
891:27 September 2003
857:
775:. It was built by
692:x-ray fluorescence
321:90.26 degrees
307:Aposelene altitude
271:Orbital parameters
6064:
6063:
5424:
5423:
5362:
5361:
4980:
4979:
4762:Earth observation
4592:Comet Interceptor
4583:Rosalind Franklin
4555:Trace Gas Orbiter
4506:Planetary science
4432:
4431:
4345:Science Programme
4091:
4090:
3937:Lunar Mission One
3894:#dearMoon project
3867:
3866:
3749:
3748:
3594:Lunar Trailblazer
3483:
3482:
2925:Moon Impact Probe
2652:
2651:
1936:Acta Astronautica
1857:Acta Astronautica
1828:(14): 1261–1285.
1446:
1445:
1403:34.262°S 46.193°W
1320:
1319:
1151:Inclination (deg)
1090:
1089:
881:Inclination (deg)
728:solar variability
596:orbital maneuvers
567:thruster used an
540:Spacecraft design
496:
495:
477:
476:
391:34.262°S 46.193°W
362:Orbital insertion
16:(Redirected from
6124:
6117:2006 on the Moon
5470:
5469:
5468:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5428:
5414:
5413:
5402:
5390:
5389:
5378:
5377:
5354:Schiaparelli EDM
5213:Calathus Mission
5037:Georges Lemaître
4995:ISS contribution
4454:
4438:
4133:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4095:
3760:
3710:Lunar Pathfinder
3494:
3390:Lunar Flashlight
2877:Lunar Prospector
2663:
2544:(service module)
2516:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2271:Official website
2236:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1984:
1978:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1942:(2–8): 455–468.
1931:
1925:
1924:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1863:(2–8): 250–256.
1852:
1846:
1845:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1703:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1438:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:-34.262; -46.193
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1142:Periselene (km)
1136:
1121:osculating orbit
1105:Lagrangian Point
866:
830:rocket from the
577:specific impulse
486:
417:
412:
402:
401:
399:
398:
397:
396:-34.262; -46.193
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
365:15 November 2004
257:
255:
195:
193:
180:Start of mission
125:Mission duration
106:
97:
96:
90:
49:
42:
21:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6077:LQ26 quadrangle
6067:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6048:
5989:
5948:
5890:
5844:
5794:
5773:
5727:Molniya-3 No.53
5671:
5635:
5595:Molniya-1 No.92
5583:
5553:
5532:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5455:
5425:
5420:
5358:
5327:
5195:
5189:
5170:LISA Pathfinder
5127:
5125:
5118:
5048:
5031:Albert Einstein
5019:Johannes Kepler
4976:
4757:
4615:
4613:
4606:
4501:
4445:
4428:
4387:
4366:
4254:
4233:
4182:
4160:Launch vehicles
4154:
4127:
4122:
4092:
4087:
4072:
4043:Lunar resources
4001:
3873:
3863:
3824:
3755:
3745:
3674:
3649:
3600:
3568:
3489:
3479:
3314:
3306:(Chandrayaan-2)
3237:Failed landings
3232:
3152:
3128:(Chandrayaan-3)
3066:
3053:(Chandrayaan-3)
2954:
2901:
2852:Lunar Orbiter 1
2721:
2666:Crewed landings
2658:
2648:
2632:
2616:
2590:
2565:
2511:
2505:
2397:Lunar Precursor
2364:
2356:
2347:
2309:Wayback Machine
2269:
2268:
2265:
2255:abstract 1535,
2239:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1994:Wayback Machine
1985:
1981:
1976:Wayback Machine
1967:
1963:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1631:
1564:Wayback Machine
1500:
1470:of lunar orbit.
1463:of Earth orbit.
1436:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1152:
1145:Aposelene (km)
1103:
1092:After its last
882:
816:
803:
797:
764:
756:
736:
724:
688:X-ray telescope
684:
675:
670:
654:Gerhard Schwehm
542:
487:
415:
395:
393:
389:
386:
381:
378:
376:
374:
373:
331:4.95 hours
253:
251:
191:
189:
91:
86:
65:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6130:
6128:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6069:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6057:Crewed flights
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6008:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5976:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5932:
5927:
5920:
5915:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5875:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5703:Progress M1-10
5700:
5695:
5690:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5521:
5516:
5500:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5396:
5384:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5233:Darwin Mission
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5178:(2019–present)
5173:
5167:
5161:
5160:(2013–present)
5155:
5154:(2009–present)
5149:
5143:
5142:(2001–present)
5137:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5115:(2016–present)
5110:
5105:
5104:(2014–present)
5099:
5098:(2011–present)
5093:
5092:(2010–present)
5087:
5086:(2008–present)
5081:
5080:(2005–present)
5075:
5074:(2001–present)
5069:
5063:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5025:Edoardo Amaldi
5022:
5016:
5015:(2010–present)
5010:
5004:
5003:(2008–present)
4998:
4997:(1998–present)
4991:
4989:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4895:(2018–present)
4890:
4889:(2017–present)
4884:
4883:(2016–present)
4870:
4869:(2015–present)
4852:
4851:(2014–present)
4838:
4837:(2013–present)
4832:
4831:(2010–present)
4826:
4825:(2009–present)
4820:
4814:
4813:(2006–present)
4808:
4802:
4796:
4795:(2002–present)
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4771:(1988–present)
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4714:(2023–present)
4709:
4708:(2021–present)
4703:
4702:(2019–present)
4697:
4696:(2013–present)
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4672:(2002–present)
4667:
4666:(1999–present)
4661:
4655:
4649:
4648:(1990–present)
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4611:
4608:
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4596:
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4564:(2018–present)
4559:
4558:(2016–present)
4550:
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4533:(2003–present)
4528:
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4509:
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4490:(2020–present)
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4478:(1995–present)
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4404:ESA Television
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4392:Related topics
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4238:Communications
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3942:Lunar Observer
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2263:External links
2261:
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2174:
2134:
2122:
2091:
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2008:
1997:
1979:
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1519:Octavio Camino
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662:Octavio Camino
618:
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494:
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242:End of mission
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26:
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6039:Ekspress AM22
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5918:Resourcesat-1
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5909:
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5897:
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5870:
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5847:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Progress M-48
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
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5797:
5791:
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5776:
5770:
5769:Cubesat XI-IV
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5737:Monitor-E GVM
5735:
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5545:
5544:Progress M-47
5542:
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5138:
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5132:
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5129:
5126:demonstrators
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4612:Astronomy and
4609:
4602:
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4547:Venus Express
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4488:Solar Orbiter
4486:
4483:
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4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:Solar physics
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4360:
4356:
4355:Cosmic Vision
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4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:Lunar Gateway
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Lunar IceCube
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3158:Sample return
3155:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:Chandrayaan-3
2779:
2777:
2776:Chandrayaan-1
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:Chandrayaan-2
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Lunar Orbiter
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:Venus Express
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1383:
1377:
1368:34.4°S 46.2°W
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:meteor impact
1337:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1300:
1299:
1280:
1279:
1260:
1259:
1240:
1239:
1220:
1219:
1200:
1199:
1180:
1179:
1160:
1159:
1148:Eccentricity
1147:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:gravitational
1106:
1099:
1095:
1070:
1069:
1050:
1049:
1030:
1029:
1010:
1009:
990:
989:
970:
969:
950:
949:
930:
929:
910:
909:
890:
889:
878:Eccentricity
877:
872:Perigee (km)
867:
864:
862:
855:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
836:French Guiana
833:
829:
825:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
781:Spede Pasanen
778:
774:
770:
761:
759:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
733:
731:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
681:
679:
672:
667:
665:
663:
659:
658:Bernard Foing
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:on behalf of
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
604:
602:
597:
593:
592:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
539:
537:
535:
531:
530:French Guiana
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
491:
485:
480:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:
409:
405:
400:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
281:
280:Selenocentric
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
187:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
107:
100:
95:
89:
85:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:Lunar orbiter
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6056:
5978:
5939:Chuang Xin 1
5922:
5910:
5885:
5683:Mars Express
5662:Hellas Sat 2
5623:
5549:Intelsat 907
5509:SpaceHab RDM
5502:
5403:
5392:
5379:
5369:
5278:Lunar Lander
5196:and proposed
5181:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4573:
4554:
4531:Mars Express
4524:
4493:
4371:Predecessors
4350:Horizon 2000
4081:
3932:Lunar Lander
3919:
3892:
3880:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3736:(late 2020s)
3562:Artemis VIII
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3340:Chang'e 5-T1
3332:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3098:
3091:
3084:
2967:
2891:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2542:Chang'e 5-T1
2455:South Korean
2252:
2229:, retrieved
2221:
2214:
2203:
2192:, retrieved
2184:
2177:
2152:, retrieved
2144:
2137:
2125:
2114:, retrieved
2106:
2069:, retrieved
2061:
2054:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2020:
2011:
2000:
1982:
1964:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1912:
1908:
1885:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1793:(1): 14–20.
1790:
1786:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1744:27 September
1742:. Retrieved
1736:
1711:. Retrieved
1658:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1553:
1542:
1530:Mars Express
1523:
1509:
1475:Mare Crisium
1421:
1373:-34.4; -46.2
1348:
1333:
1330:Lunar impact
1323:
1321:
1139:Epoch (UTC)
1128:
1091:
875:Apogee (km)
869:Epoch (UTC)
858:
847:spaceref.com
844:
817:
798:
765:
757:
737:
725:
685:
676:
630:U.S. dollars
619:
590:
586:
575:achieving a
546:
543:
533:
498:
497:
489:
287:Eccentricity
146:Manufacturer
61:Mission type
36:
6087:Hall effect
6019:Kosmos 2404
6015:Kosmos 2403
6011:Kosmos 2402
5965:Shen Tong 1
5924:Soyuz TMA-3
5825:Kosmos 2401
5821:Kosmos 2400
5811:Kosmos 2399
5806:EchoStar IX
5785:Opportunity
5761:AAU-Cubesat
5693:Kosmos 2398
5625:Soyuz TMA-2
5619:Kosmos 2397
5416:WikiProject
5288:MarcoPolo-R
5238:Don Quijote
5208:Ariane 5 ME
5172:(2015–2017)
5102:Galileo FOC
5096:Galileo IOV
5068:(1989–1993)
5007:Jules Verne
4988:spaceflight
4819:(2009–2013)
4807:(2003–2007)
4805:Double Star
4801:(2002–2012)
4789:(1995–2011)
4783:(1991–2000)
4777:(1977–1997)
4690:(2009–2013)
4684:(2009–2013)
4660:(1995–1998)
4642:(1989–1993)
4636:(1983–1986)
4630:(1978–1996)
4624:(1975–1982)
4562:BepiColombo
4549:(2005–2014)
4543:(2004–2016)
4527:(2003–2006)
4521:(1997–2005)
4515:(1985–1992)
4484:(2000–2024)
4472:(1990–2009)
4466:(1977–1987)
4399:Arianespace
3962:OrbitBeyond
3872:Cancelled /
3740:Argonaut M1
3698:Beresheet 2
3686:Hakuto-R M2
3554:Artemis VII
3522:Artemis III
3360:Longjiang-1
3254:Hakuto-R M1
2817:Longjiang-2
2792:Explorer 35
2436:Chandrayaan
2362:Exploration
2033:3 September
1426:mission to
1424:BepiColombo
1406: /
1371: /
1176:129.247777
1156:Period (h)
1129:Summary of
1086:330.053834
1077:305,214.126
1074:179,717.894
1066:213.397970
1057:292,632.424
1046:143.738051
1037:240,824.363
886:Period (h)
859:Summary of
808:BepiColombo
668:Instruments
416:Instruments
394: /
370:Impact site
317:Inclination
228:Arianespace
211:Launch site
185:Launch date
156:Launch mass
6071:Categories
6006:Gruzomaket
5912:Shenzhou 5
5906:Horizons-1
5303:Phootprint
5283:Marco Polo
5124:Technology
4954:MetOp-SG-B
4946:MetOp-SG-A
4922:Sentinel-4
4893:ADM-Aeolus
4873:Sentinel-3
4855:Sentinel-2
4841:Sentinel-1
4769:Copernicus
4664:XMM-Newton
4482:Cluster II
4288:Copernicus
4259:Programmes
4187:Facilities
4137:Spaceports
3972:Prospector
3947:Lunokhod 3
3820:Moon Diver
3815:McCandless
3728:MoonRanger
3546:Artemis VI
3530:Artemis IV
3507:Artemis II
3405:Mariner 10
3294:Surveyor 2
3289:OMOTENASHI
3108:Lunokhod 1
3026:Surveyor 1
2787:Clementine
1713:2 December
1691:References
1394:46°11′35″W
1391:34°15′43″S
1196:37.304959
1187:20,713.095
1167:53,215.151
1131:osculating
1117:periselene
1098:Earth-Moon
1054:69,959.278
1034:37,791.261
1026:25.340528
1017:66,915.919
1014:20,683.545
1006:24.890737
997:65,869.222
994:20,690.564
986:18.622855
977:54,102.642
974:17,235.509
966:15.366738
957:49,369.049
954:13,390.351
946:13.450152
937:46,582.165
934:10,843.910
926:11.880450
917:44,178.401
861:osculating
769:solar wind
642:Saab Space
622:spaceships
565:ion engine
382:46°11′35″W
379:34°15′43″S
247:Decay date
224:Contractor
196: UTC
64:Technology
5974:Yamal-202
5970:Yamal-201
5902:Galaxy 13
5849:September
5790:Rainbow 1
5732:Orbview-3
5708:Thuraya 2
5667:Beidou 1C
5614:AsiaSat-4
5609:Galaxy 12
5344:CryoSat-1
5318:STE-QUEST
5253:Eddington
5243:e.Deorbit
5194:Cancelled
5066:Olympus-1
4908:EarthCARE
4829:CryoSat-2
4678:(2006–13)
4654:(1992–93)
4640:Hipparcos
4614:cosmology
3987:Ukrselena
3837:DSE-Alpha
3795:Garatéa-L
3785:Blue Moon
3780:Artemis-7
3704:ispace M3
3669:Chang'e 8
3663:Chang'e 7
3606:Luna-Glob
3538:Artemis V
3420:Pioneer 4
3410:NEA Scout
3385:LunaH-Map
3334:Apollo 13
3244:Beresheet
3223:Chang'e 5
3167:Apollo 11
3086:Apollo 15
2976:Chang'e 5
2907:Impactors
2761:Chang'e 1
2756:Artemis I
2674:Apollo 11
2602:Chang'e 3
2558:Queqiao 1
2472:Luna-Glob
1915:: 13174.
1707:"SMART-1"
1538:SCOS 2000
1453:launcher.
1316:4.947143
1313:90.263741
1307:4,600.376
1304:2,204.645
1296:4.947432
1293:90.232619
1287:4,549.196
1284:2,256.090
1276:4.949919
1273:89.734929
1267:4,515.857
1264:2,291.250
1256:4.949137
1253:90.141407
1247:4,523.111
1244:2,283.738
1236:4.970998
1233:90.063603
1227:4,618.220
1224:2,208.659
1216:8.409861
1207:6,941.359
1204:2,751.511
1184:5,454.925
1164:6,700.720
1083:20.591807
1063:12.477919
914:8,687.994
906:~10.6833
704:aluminium
696:magnesium
646:Linköping
520:from the
506:satellite
258: UTC
205:Ariane 5G
88:2003-043C
82:COSPAR ID
6044:Tan Ce 1
5994:December
5953:November
5944:SERVIS-1
5882:INSAT-3E
5869:BILSAT-1
5816:SCISAT-1
5757:QuakeSat
5687:Beagle 2
5652:Hayabusa
5605:INSAT-3A
5537:February
5489:Coriolis
5405:Wikinews
5381:Category
5001:Columbus
4925:) (2024)
4735:ARRAKIHS
4688:Herschel
4670:INTEGRAL
4600:EnVision
4553:ExoMars
4409:EUMETSAT
4300:Columbus
4293:Sentinel
4173:Ariane 6
4168:Ariane 5
3982:SELENE-2
3957:MoonRise
3952:MoonLITE
3874:concepts
3800:ISOCHRON
3756:missions
3754:Proposed
3490:missions
3425:Ranger 5
3057:EagleCam
2930:Ranger 4
2734:Apollo 8
2726:Orbiters
2659:missions
2644:ArgoMoon
2576:Tiandu-1
2531:CAPSTONE
2519:Orbiters
2512:missions
2494:Lunokhod
2443:Japanese
2412:Surveyor
2372:American
2365:programs
2305:Archived
2249:Foing B.
2163:citation
2080:citation
1990:Archived
1972:Archived
1764:BBC News
1663:See also
1560:Archived
1549:Weilheim
1468:perilune
1451:Ariane 5
1384:data at
1310:0.352054
1290:0.336960
1270:0.326807
1250:0.328988
1230:0.352952
1210:0.432261
1190:0.583085
1170:0.776329
1080:0.258791
1060:0.614115
1043:6.939815
1040:0.728721
1023:6.979793
1020:0.527770
1003:6.906311
1000:0.521936
983:6.847919
980:0.516794
963:6.825455
960:0.573280
943:6.861354
940:0.622335
923:6.914596
920:0.671323
828:Ariane 5
826:, by an
820:Insat 3E
748:pyroxene
716:titanium
553:PPS-1350
551:(Snecma
492:mission
291:0.352054
164:Dry mass
71:Operator
6029:USA-175
6024:USA-174
6001:USA-173
5960:FSW-3 1
5935:CBERS-2
5930:USA-172
5895:October
5886:SMART-1
5873:STSat-1
5860:Orion 5
5856:USA-171
5840:USA-170
5830:Spitzer
5722:BSAT-2c
5656:Minerva
5600:USA-169
5579:USA-168
5565:USA-167
5524:USA-166
5504:STS-107
5498:CHIPSat
5482:January
5393:Commons
5370:italics
5339:Cluster
5323:THESEUS
5308:SOLARIS
5183:PROBA-3
5176:OPS-SAT
5158:PROBA-V
5152:PROBA-2
5140:PROBA-1
5090:HYLAS-1
5084:GIOVE-B
5078:GIOVE-A
5072:Artemis
4900:Biomass
4799:Envisat
4738:(2030s)
4537:Rosetta
4525:SMART-1
4519:Huygens
4470:Ulysses
4450:Science
4325:ExoMars
4315:GALILEO
4305:CryoSat
4266:Artemis
4245:ESTRACK
4150:Esrange
4082:italics
4006:Related
3927:Lunar-A
3805:LunaNet
3763:Robotic
3730:(2020s)
3724:(2020s)
3718:(2020s)
3692:DESTINY
3646:(2030s)
3644:Luna 31
3640:(2030s)
3638:Luna 30
3634:(2030s)
3632:Luna 29
3626:Luna 28
3620:Luna 27
3614:Luna 26
3590:(2025)
3498:Artemis
3488:Planned
3350:Galileo
3345:Geotail
3208:Luna 16
3148:Jinchan
2960:Landers
2892:SMART-1
2822:Luna 10
2595:Landers
2586:ICUBE-Q
2538:Orbiter
2526:ARTEMIS
2467:Russian
2424:Chang'e
2419:Chinese
2402:Pioneer
2382:Artemis
2352:to the
2242:General
1944:Bibcode
1917:Bibcode
1865:Bibcode
1830:Bibcode
1795:Bibcode
1611:ESTRACK
1568:Envisat
1547:) plus
1545:ESTRACK
1526:Rosetta
1511:Smart-1
1490:begins.
1461:perigee
1428:Mercury
1359:46°12′W
1356:34°24′S
1324:SMART-1
1094:perigee
897:~42,223
824:eBird 1
787:lander
744:olivine
712:calcium
700:silicon
601:perigee
581:delta-v
510:orbited
499:SMART-1
490:SMART-1
357:orbiter
252: (
190: (
119:SMART-1
115:Website
103:SATCAT
40:SMART-1
32:Smart 1
18:Smart-1
6034:Amos-2
5984:IGS-2B
5980:IGS-2A
5878:e-Bird
5865:UK-DMC
5799:August
5765:CanX-1
5753:Cute-I
5745:DTUSat
5741:MIMOSA
5713:Spirit
5647:GSAT-2
5574:IGS-1B
5570:IGS-1A
5528:XSS-10
5494:ICESat
5474:2004 →
5459:← 2002
5349:GEOS 1
5332:Failed
5298:ODINUS
5268:Hopper
5263:Hermes
5258:EXPERT
5186:(2024)
5166:(2015)
5148:(2007)
5136:(1998)
5062:(1978)
5060:GEOS 2
5045:(2021)
5039:(2014)
5033:(2013)
5027:(2012)
5021:(2011)
5013:Cupola
5009:(2008)
4973:(2027)
4965:(2025)
4957:(2025)
4949:(2025)
4941:(2025)
4933:(2025)
4930:ALTIUS
4911:(2024)
4903:(2024)
4754:(2035)
4746:(2035)
4743:Athena
4730:(2029)
4722:(2026)
4712:Euclid
4700:CHEOPS
4682:Planck
4652:Eureca
4634:EXOSAT
4603:(2031)
4595:(2029)
4587:(2028)
4578:(2024)
4570:(2023)
4541:Philae
4513:Giotto
4498:(2031)
4464:ISEE-2
4278:Aurora
3882:Altair
3829:Crewed
3742:(2031)
3712:(2026)
3706:(2026)
3700:(2025)
3694:(2025)
3688:(2024)
3679:Others
3671:(2028)
3665:(2026)
3628:(2030)
3622:(2028)
3616:(2027)
3584:(2024)
3565:(2033)
3557:(2032)
3549:(2031)
3541:(2030)
3533:(2028)
3525:(2026)
3510:(2025)
3475:PAS-22
3450:Zond 3
3430:STEREO
3415:Nozomi
3365:Luna 1
3320:Flybys
3304:Vikram
3259:Luna 5
3142:Sora-Q
3072:Rovers
3051:Vikram
2986:Luna 9
2920:Luna 2
2915:LCROSS
2637:Flybys
2628:Yutu-2
2621:Rovers
2548:Danuri
2510:Active
2484:Crewed
2479:Soviet
2460:Danuri
2431:Indian
2407:Ranger
2377:Apollo
1770:23 May
1213:87.892
1193:83.035
1173:81.085
900:~0.714
894:~7,035
814:Flight
789:Philae
682:D-CIXS
561:litres
526:Kourou
430:D-CIXS
327:Period
215:Kourou
201:Rocket
5698:AMC-9
5631:GALEX
5588:April
5558:March
5519:SORCE
5313:SPICA
5108:EGNOS
4970:FORUM
4962:SMILE
4835:Swarm
4811:MetOp
4787:ERS-2
4781:ERS-1
4727:ARIEL
4719:PLATO
4676:CoRoT
4622:Cos-B
4585:rover
4495:Vigil
4419:GEWEX
4362:Pride
4320:ELIPS
4310:EGNOS
3997:VIPER
3790:BOLAS
3775:ALINA
3400:LunIR
3138:LEV-2
3133:LEV-1
2887:PFS-2
2882:PFS-1
2812:LADEE
2807:Hiten
2802:GRAIL
2231:8 May
2226:(PDF)
2194:8 May
2189:(PDF)
2154:8 May
2149:(PDF)
2130:SMART
2116:8 May
2111:(PDF)
2071:8 May
2066:(PDF)
1417:North
851:xenon
762:SPEDE
626:euros
557:xenon
508:that
462:SPEDE
355:Lunar
337:Epoch
218:ELA-3
110:27949
5778:July
5749:MOST
5676:June
5467:2003
5273:LOFT
5248:EChO
5228:CSTS
5203:AIDA
5146:YES2
4938:FLEX
4823:SMOS
4817:GOCE
4751:LISA
4694:Gaia
4575:Hera
4476:SOHO
4330:FLPP
4178:Vega
3992:XL-1
3722:CU-E
3655:CLEP
3588:IM-2
3574:CLPS
3445:Wind
3440:WMAP
3435:TESS
3118:Yutu
3062:IM-1
2657:Past
2612:SLIM
2499:Zond
2489:Luna
2387:CLPS
2354:Moon
2233:2020
2196:2020
2169:link
2156:2020
2118:2020
2086:link
2073:2020
2035:2006
1772:2010
1746:2017
1715:2022
1576:PDAs
1572:MUST
1557:MOIS
1532:and
1515:ESOC
1488:PELs
903:~6.9
822:and
804:band
795:KATE
754:EPDP
746:and
714:and
708:iron
702:and
673:AMIE
573:ions
514:Moon
512:the
446:KATE
438:EPDP
422:AMIE
5640:May
5513:EDO
5164:IXV
5134:ARD
4986:ISS
4658:ISO
4628:IUE
4283:ATV
4271:ESM
3915:LEO
3355:ICE
2290:by
1952:doi
1873:doi
1838:doi
1803:doi
1580:SMS
1336:UTC
834:in
785:ESA
734:SIR
722:XSM
650:ESA
644:in
638:ESA
524:in
518:UTC
470:XSM
454:SIR
105:no.
75:ESA
6073::
6017:,
6013:,
5982:,
5972:,
5937:,
5884:,
5880:,
5871:,
5867:,
5858:/
5823:,
5767:,
5763:,
5759:,
5755:,
5751:,
5747:,
5743:,
5739:,
5720:,
5607:,
5572:,
5526:,
5511:,
5496:,
4881:3B
4879:/
4877:3A
4875:/
4867:2C
4865:/
4863:2B
4861:/
4859:2A
4857:/
4849:1B
4847:/
4845:1A
4843:/
3921:LK
3328:4M
3284:25
3279:18
3274:15
3218:24
3213:20
3202:17
3195:16
3188:15
3181:14
3174:12
3100:17
3093:16
3021:24
3016:23
3011:21
3006:20
3001:17
2996:16
2991:13
2972:×6
2847:22
2842:19
2837:14
2832:12
2827:11
2797:49
2741:10
2709:17
2702:16
2695:15
2688:14
2681:12
2165:}}
2161:{{
2094:^
2082:}}
2078:{{
2019:.
1950:.
1940:57
1938:.
1913:16
1911:.
1899:^
1871:.
1861:57
1859:.
1836:.
1826:52
1824:.
1801:.
1791:37
1789:.
1762:.
1735:.
1723:^
1698:^
1528:,
1521:.
1430:.
1346:.
1113:UT
791:.
710:,
698:,
664:.
528:,
5904:/
5689:)
5685:(
5658:)
5654:(
5515:)
5507:(
5450:e
5443:t
5436:v
4919:(
4539:/
4117:e
4110:t
4103:v
4084:.
3470:8
3465:7
3460:6
3455:5
3380:6
3375:4
3370:3
3299:4
3269:8
3264:7
3228:6
3144:)
3140:(
3113:2
3046:7
3041:6
3036:5
3031:3
2981:6
2950:9
2945:8
2940:7
2935:6
2872:5
2867:4
2862:3
2857:2
2771:5
2766:2
2718:)
2714:(
2607:4
2581:2
2571:2
2567:)
2564:2
2562:L
2342:e
2335:t
2328:v
2258:.
2171:)
2088:)
2037:.
1958:.
1954::
1946::
1923:.
1919::
1893:.
1879:.
1875::
1867::
1844:.
1840::
1832::
1809:.
1805::
1797::
1774:.
1748:.
1717:.
1477:.
1102:1
1100:L
802:a
800:K
591:g
256:)
194:)
34:.
20:)
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