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the village were invited to a party, and the highlight of the party was the Great Cake, a career milestone by which Master Cooks were judged. In the year the story begins, the Master Cook was Nokes, who had landed the position more or less by default; he delegated much of the creative work to his apprentice Alf. Nokes crowned his Great Cake with a little doll jokingly representing the Queen of Faery. Various trinkets were hidden in the cake for the children to find; one of these was a star the Cook discovered in the old spice box.
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655:" (1962, with a history going back to his 1934 "Looney"). The two works share a distinctive feature: a "prohibition against the return to Faërie." She states, however, that the two works describe the prohibition in differing moods and at different times. "The Sea-Bell" was written at the beginning of Tolkien's career, "cry for lost beauty";
152:. It tells the tale of a Great Cake, baked for the once in twenty-four year Feast of Good Children. The Master Cook, Nokes, hides some trinkets in the cake for the children to find; one is a star he found in an old spice box. A boy, Smith, swallows the star. On his tenth birthday the star appears on his forehead, and he starts to roam the
246:
in his free time he roamed the Land of Faery. The star on his forehead protected him from many of the dangers threatening mortals in that land, and the Folk of Faery called him "Starbrow". The book describes his many travels in Faery, until at last he meets the true Queen of Faery. The identity of the King is also revealed.
576:, states that for Tolkien, "allegorical interpretation" was not the same as allegory, as interpretations come from a free interchange between text and reader, whereas allegory is imposed by the author. Long sees both religious "undertones" in the story, and autobiographical elements. He notes that the Catholic writer
615:
of his life on a worthless piece of fantasy literature—a place he didn’t belong, or so they thought." In other words, he writes, the dispute was inside the philological community; far from fighting literary criticism, Tolkien had done much to heal the split between the critics and the philologists at Oxford.
259:
241:
The village of
Wootton Major was well known around the countryside for its annual festivals, which were particularly famous for their culinary delights. The biggest festival of all was the Feast of Good Children. This festival was celebrated only once every twenty-four years: twenty-four children of
245:
The star was not found at the Feast, but was swallowed by a blacksmith's son. The boy did not feel its magical properties at once, but on the morning of his tenth birthday the star fixed itself on his forehead, and became his passport to Faery. The boy grew up to be a blacksmith like his father, but
614:
In addition, Long sees
Shippey's identification of birch and oak with philology and criticism as correct, but differs about what Tolkien wanted to say here. In Long's view, the birch "represents the sharp critique of most of his philological colleagues who supposed that Tolkien had squandered years
249:
The time came for another Feast of Good
Children. Smith had possessed his gift for most of his life, and the time had come to pass it on to some other child. So he regretfully surrendered the star to Alf, and with it his adventures into Faery. Alf, who had become Master Cook long before, baked it
627:
as an allegory, instead seeking comparisons with
Tolkien's other fantasies. She argues that the story had sufficient "bounce" that no allegorical explanation was necessary, and indeed that such explanation detracts from the story of travels in the land of "Faery" and the element of mystery. She
31:
355:
writes that "defeat hangs heavy" in the story, while
Tolkien called it "an old man's book", with presage of bereavement. Shippey adds that when Tolkien presents images of himself in his writings, as with Niggle, the anti-hero of
309:, includes a previously unpublished essay by Tolkien, explaining the background and just why the elf-king spent so long in Wootton Major. It also explains how the story grew from this first idea into the published version.
584:, and that Flieger accepts "a level of allegory" but not the philological version proposed by Shippey. Instead, the Hall would be the church, Cook would be the parson, and cooking would be "personal religion". Or,
163:
or is, less tightly, capable of various allegorical interpretations; and if so, on what those interpretations might be. Suggestions have included autobiographical allusions such as to
Tolkien's profession of
673:
could then be a reply, much later, to his own poem. Whether or not that was the intention, she writes, Tolkien sought to "create a true fairy-tale quality without the use of a traditional fairy-tale plot."
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into the festive cake once again for another child to find. After the feast, Alf retired and left the village; and Smith returned to his forge to teach his craft to his now-grown son.
156:. After twenty-four years the Feast comes around again, and Smith surrenders the star to Alf, the new Master Cook. Alf bakes the star into a new Great Cake for another child to find.
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364:'", he had immediately added "though it is capable of course of allegorical interpretation at certain points". Shippey presents evidence in support of the claim.
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Further, Flieger sees "thematic connections" between the story and the "dark power and ... echoes of a past too deep to forget" of his poem "
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almost at its end, "an autumnal acceptance of things as they are". She comments, too, that "The Sea-Bell" could be a "corrective" reply to
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959:"An Examination of Fantasy Illustration and the Illustrations of Pauline Baynes and John Howe Through the Writings of J. R. R. Tolkien"
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Long, Josh B. (2021). "Faery, Faith, and Self-Portrayal: An
Allegorical Interpretation of Smith of Wootton Major".
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suggest, Alf is a figure of Christ, the king of a heavenly realm who arrives as a child and grows to be a man.
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603:, with the lilies "near the lawn" as her symbol; Alf as Christ; the Great Cake perhaps as a Twelfth-cake for
360:" and Smith, there is "a persistent streak of alienation". While Tolkien had stated that the story was "not '
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83:
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sees the story as religious, with experiences of the numinous and "traditional mystical ideas and motifs".
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Smith "never bakes a Great Cake"; Tolkien "never produced a major full-length work on medieval literature"
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on 9 November 1967, with 11 black and white illustrations and a coloured jacket illustration by
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168:, and religious interpretations such as that Alf is a figure of Christ. The American scholar
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Baynes presented the original illustration of Smith and his family to the
Tolkien scholars
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likens the "first Cook" to a whole series of "Tolkien's far-traveled characters", namely
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by means of a story about a cook and his cake, and
Tolkien originally thought to call it
599:
Long presents his own religious interpretation, likening the story's Faery Queen to the
278:. Tolkien had asked Baynes to limit her palette to black and white, as she had done for
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First edition front cover; the illustration extends over the spine to the back cover.
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The story was first published in the United
Kingdom as a stand-alone book by
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Nokes's family all with nunnated names, Nell, Nan, Ned for Ell, Ann, Ed;
581:
72:
1320:
The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology
1225:(2001). "Allegory Versus Bounce: Tolkien's 'Smith of Wootton Major'".
1052:(2004). "Tolkien and the Appeal of the Pagan: Edda and Kalevala". In
1357:
608:
549:
441:
257:
216:
1361:
508:
433:
648:-Eriol "and of course Tolkien himself—all the Elf-friends."
2809:
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
452:
Literary study, offering "not much food for the imagination"
262:
Black and white illustration, as requested by Tolkien, by
607:; Nokes as a fool or "a kind of anti-Tolkien"; Smith, a "
526:
The "wood of the world" where people wander "bewildered"
223:. It was intended to be part of a preface by Tolkien to
1213:
1211:
554:
Josh B. Long likens the Faery Queen with lilies to the
733:
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518:(elf); Alf is eventually revealed as King of Faërie
460:"Old books of recipes left behind by previous cooks"
266:
of Smith and his family for the first edition, 1967.
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2029:
1946:
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1187:
A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie
421:
an A-scheme (literature) and a B-scheme (philology)
128:
115:
107:
99:
89:
79:
68:
60:
50:
40:
966:Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences
455:"no bigger than was needed ... nothing left over"
159:Scholars have differed on whether the story is an
312:The story was republished in 2021 together with
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
800:Smith of Wootton Major: and Farmer Giles of Ham
1991:The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays
952:
950:
371:'s analysis of "Smith of Wootton Major" as an
215:began as an attempt to explain the meaning of
1451:The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son
1373:
1096:, pp. 309–319 "On the Cold Hill's Side".
393:Unsympathetic literary critic (as opposed to
8:
2290:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
290:was first published in the United States by
23:
2297:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
1059:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader
294:the same year. It was reprinted in 1969 by
201:interested in language and poetry from the
148:, first published in 1967, is a novella by
2033:
1869:Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale
1543:
1380:
1366:
1358:
29:
22:
2690:Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings
941:
863:
722:
2525:Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
2311:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
2304:J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator
1039:, p. 315 "On the Cold Hill's Side".
899:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
366:
2568:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
1939:(as translator and lexicographer, 1966)
1093:
1036:
926:
881:
715:
683:
193:was a scholar of English literature, a
1495:The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
2007:Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
540:Capable of allegorical interpretation
415:Tolkien had arranged teaching at the
7:
1731:The History of The Lord of the Rings
1535:List of Tolkien's alliterative verse
1228:Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts
2424:Understanding The Lord of the Rings
2181:Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny
725:, #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951
483:"Vision, receptiveness to fantasy,
2229:Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
284:; he was pleased with the result.
14:
2518:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
1008:"Our Collections: Pauline Baynes"
2685:Languages constructed by Tolkien
1724:The Lost Road and Other Writings
1018:from the original on 2 June 2015
111:Print (hardback & paperback)
18:1967 novella by J. R. R. Tolkien
2794:Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
2597:Tolkien and the Classical World
1958:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
1839:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
1520:The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
1291:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
1012:Too Many Books and Never Enough
2390:Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon
2086:Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
2072:The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
1879:: The Monsters and the Critics
1855:Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad
1466:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
1293:: Revised and Expanded Edition
1184:(2001). "Pitfalls in Faërie".
347:Leaf by Niggle § Allegory
319:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
172:sees it instead as a story of
1:
2539:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
2050:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography
1349:Introduction and overview of
1263:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography
837:Tales from the Perilous Realm
566:family workshop, 16th century
329:Tales from the Perilous Realm
2712:Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
2053:(1977, authorized biography)
1842:(Middle English text, 1925)
1663:The Father Christmas Letters
1576:The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun
1064:University Press of Kentucky
546:Christianity in Middle-earth
511:, reassuring guide to Faërie
305:The 2005 edition, edited by
2719:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
1752:The Peoples of Middle-earth
1717:The Shaping of Middle-earth
1695:The History of Middle-earth
1192:Kent State University Press
944:, p. 244 "Headington".
558:. Glazed terracotta plaque
2874:
2724:Tolkien and the modernists
1809:The Nature of Middle-earth
1600:The Fellowship of the Ring
1432:Songs for the Philologists
835:Tolkien, J. R. R. (2021).
798:Tolkien, J. R. R. (1969).
771:Tolkien, J. R. R. (1967).
543:
344:
183:
2831:Books by J. R. R. Tolkien
2802:Language and Human Nature
2780:Works inspired by Tolkien
2065:Tolkien and the Great War
1777:The History of The Hobbit
1541:
1395:
28:
2588:Sandra Ballif Straubhaar
2575:The Road to Middle-Earth
2354:The Keys of Middle-earth
1848:The Devil's Coach Horses
902:. Vol. Chronology.
623:Flieger opposes viewing
560:The Virgin of the Lilies
272:George Allen & Unwin
84:George Allen & Unwin
2856:Allen & Unwin books
1999:Beowulf and the Critics
957:Hasirci, Baris (2021).
24:Smith of Wootton Major
2340:Master of Middle-Earth
1703:The Book of Lost Tales
1642:Smith of Wootton Major
1616:The Return of the King
1351:Smith of Wootton Major
773:Smith of Wootton Major
744:Smith of Wootton Major
698:for their engagement.
671:Smith of Wootton Major
657:Smith of Wootton Major
625:Smith of Wootton Major
567:
288:Smith of Wootton Major
267:
213:Smith of Wootton Major
145:Smith of Wootton Major
2841:Fantasy short stories
2668:Francis Xavier Morgan
2413:Elizabeth Whittingham
1969:(translations, 1975)
1785:The Story of Kullervo
1769:The Children of Húrin
1745:The War of the Jewels
1710:The Lays of Beleriand
1592:The Lord of the Rings
1504:The Road Goes Ever On
1354:at Tolkien-online.com
1153:Tolkien: Man and Myth
1135:10.1353/tks.2021.0007
978:10.52096/jsrbs.7.14.3
553:
544:Further information:
533:("town in the wood")
425:for Tolkien, A meant
345:Further information:
261:
209:and Northern Europe.
205:, especially that of
184:Further information:
121:The Road Goes Ever On
2117:Matthew T. Dickerson
1801:The Fall of Gondolin
1194:. pp. 227–253.
1066:. pp. 163–178.
1006:(9 September 2012).
868:Roger Lancelyn Green
580:took the story as a
351:The Tolkien scholar
2789:(biographical film)
2746:The Tolkien Society
2739:Tolkien fan fiction
2533:Michael D. C. Drout
2199:Janet Brennan Croft
2167:Douglas A. Anderson
2112:Stratford Caldecott
2080:Catherine McIlwaine
1817:The Fall of Númenor
1584:Farmer Giles of Ham
1286:Carpenter, Humphrey
1258:Carpenter, Humphrey
1235:(2 (46)): 186–200.
929:, pp. 146–149.
738:Tolkien, J. R. R.;
417:University of Leeds
382:Allegorical meaning
375:
314:Farmer Giles of Ham
300:Farmer Giles of Ham
281:Farmer Giles of Ham
254:Publication history
207:Anglo-Saxon England
25:
2846:1967 short stories
2707:Mythopoeic Society
2583:Elizabeth Solopova
2255:A Question of Time
2044:Humphrey Carpenter
1634:The Tolkien Reader
1528:The Fall of Arthur
1323:(Third ed.).
870:, 12 December 1967
750:. p. Jacket.
568:
449:Nokes's Great Cake
367:
268:
176:in its own right.
136:(posthumous)
2818:
2817:
2651:
2650:
2455:Carl F. Hostetter
2445:Anthony Appleyard
2368:A Tolkien Compass
2329:Charles A. Huttar
2248:Interrupted Music
2218:Bradford Lee Eden
2186:Picturing Tolkien
2177:Bradley J. Birzer
1929:English and Welsh
1793:Beren and Lúthien
1512:Bilbo's Last Song
1334:978-0-261-10275-0
1306:978-0-35-865298-4
1277:978-0-04-928037-3
1000:Hammond, Wayne G.
913:978-0-618-39113-4
894:Hammond, Wayne G.
850:978-0-3586-5296-0
813:978-0-3453-3606-4
757:978-0-00-720247-8
586:Matthew Dickerson
570:Josh B. Long, in
537:
536:
401:Noke, Oxfordshire
141:
140:
134:Bilbo's Last Song
100:Publication place
2863:
2851:British novellas
2775:Tolkien research
2633:Michael Martinez
2592:Hamish Williams
2450:Helge Fauskanger
2376:John D. Rateliff
2280:Wayne G. Hammond
2262:Splintered Light
2142:Fleming Rutledge
2034:
1983:Finn and Hengest
1970:
1907:
1886:On Fairy-Stories
1843:
1679:Unfinished Tales
1671:The Silmarillion
1547:
1389:J. R. R. Tolkien
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1338:
1310:
1281:
1268:Ballantine Books
1245:
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1004:Scull, Christina
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890:Scull, Christina
886:
871:
866:, Letter 299 to
861:
855:
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832:
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804:Ballantine Books
795:
789:
788:
777:Houghton Mifflin
768:
762:
761:
735:
726:
720:
699:
692:Wayne G. Hammond
688:
594:Martin Sternberg
376:
292:Houghton Mifflin
225:George MacDonald
191:J. R. R. Tolkien
186:J. R. R. Tolkien
150:J. R. R. Tolkien
129:Followed by
116:Preceded by
91:Publication date
45:J. R. R. Tolkien
33:
26:
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2872:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2759:Tolkien Studies
2647:
2628:Glen GoodKnight
2604:
2504:Perilous Realms
2488:
2479:
2431:
2408:Richard C. West
2403:Anna Vaninskaya
2385:Brian Rosebury
2381:Robin Anne Reid
2324:Thomas Honegger
2284:Christina Scull
2205:Tolkien on Film
2158:
2151:
2098:
2094:Charles Moseley
2025:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1936:Jerusalem Bible
1905:
1900:On Translating
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1539:
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1288:, ed. (2023) .
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1219:Flieger, Verlyn
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1182:Flieger, Verlyn
1180:
1179:
1164:
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1146:
1142:
1123:Tolkien Studies
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906:. p. 711.
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740:Flieger, Verlyn
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631:
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2557:Gergely Nagy
2537:
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2485:Medievalists
2475:Allan Turner
2422:
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2319:Randel Helms
2309:
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2237:Jason Fisher
2227:
2223:Dimitra Fimi
2203:
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2132:Holly Ordway
2127:Peter Kreeft
2122:Colin Duriez
2084:
2070:
2063:
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2017:
2012:Sellic Spell
2005:
1997:
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1488:The Sea-Bell
1481:Fastitocalon
1464:
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1403:Bibliography
1350:
1319:
1315:Shippey, Tom
1295:. New York:
1289:
1266:. New York:
1261:
1232:
1226:
1223:Shippey, Tom
1186:
1152:
1143:
1126:
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1094:Shippey 2005
1058:
1054:Chance, Jane
1050:Shippey, Tom
1044:
1037:Shippey 2005
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1011:
994:
969:
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927:Shippey 2005
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624:
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571:
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564:Della Robbia
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529:Old English
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514:Old English
480:The fay-star
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237:Plot summary
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20:
15:
2562:Tom Shippey
2512:Jane Chance
2490:Classicists
2037:Biographers
1947:Posthumous
1864:" (1932–34)
1653:Posthumous
1441:Bagme Bloma
669:; and that
601:Virgin Mary
556:Virgin Mary
473:Philologist
436:), B meant
427:Old English
369:Tom Shippey
353:Tom Shippey
203:Middle Ages
199:medievalist
195:philologist
51:Illustrator
2836:1967 books
2825:Categories
2675:Influences
2618:Lin Carter
2465:David Salo
2460:Tom Loback
2275:Nick Groom
2059:John Garth
1761:Roverandom
1561:The Hobbit
1129:: 93–129.
972:(14): 44.
706:References
485:mythopoeic
409:atten okes
296:Ballantine
180:Background
2770:Reception
2765:Memorials
2437:Linguists
2104:Christian
1966:Sir Orfeo
1913:Sir Orfeo
1888:" (1939)
1687:Mr. Bliss
1423:and songs
1317:(2005) .
986:2149-178X
877:Secondary
785:849891109
666:Mary Rose
385:Evidence
166:philology
80:Publisher
2701:Mythlore
2695:Inklings
2157:Literary
2030:Scholars
2014:" (2014)
1949:academic
1931:" (1963)
1881:" (1936)
1871:" (1934)
1857:" (1929)
1850:" (1925)
1828:Academic
1571:" (1947)
1474:Errantry
1461:" (1954)
1260:(1977).
1241:43308514
1151:(1998).
1016:Archived
896:(2006).
742:(2005).
642:Eärendil
605:Epiphany
531:wudu-tún
470:Old Cook
373:allegory
362:allegory
341:Allegory
336:Analysis
161:allegory
61:Language
2797:(album)
2786:Tolkien
2680:Artwork
2656:Related
2610:Popular
2159:critics
1902:Beowulf
1877:Beowulf
1655:fiction
1553:Fiction
1469:(1962)
1435:(1936)
1408:Letters
1251:Sources
1056:(ed.).
1022:25 July
822:2949056
711:Primary
646:Ælfwine
582:parable
403:, from
322:, and "
75:novella
73:Fantasy
64:English
2751:Awards
2663:Family
2282:&
2022:(2016)
2010:with "
2002:(2002)
1994:(1983)
1986:(1982)
1978:(1981)
1975:Exodus
1964:, and
1924:(1962)
1916:(1944)
1908:(1940)
1820:(2022)
1812:(2021)
1804:(2018)
1796:(2017)
1788:(2015)
1780:(2007)
1772:(2007)
1764:(1998)
1690:(1982)
1682:(1980)
1674:(1977)
1666:(1976)
1645:(1967)
1637:(1966)
1629:(1964)
1619:(1955)
1611:(1954)
1603:(1954)
1587:(1949)
1579:(1945)
1564:(1937)
1531:(2013)
1523:(2009)
1515:(1974)
1507:(1967)
1454:(1953)
1421:Poetry
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174:Faërie
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41:Author
1962:Pearl
1830:works
1237:JSTOR
962:(PDF)
678:Notes
494:Smith
442:birch
438:beorc
419:into
390:Nokes
326:" as
217:Faery
69:Genre
1329:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1024:2023
982:ISSN
908:ISBN
845:ISBN
818:OCLC
808:ISBN
781:OCLC
752:ISBN
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197:and
1131:doi
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