1191:
are connected in parallel to the signaling path so that the current flow is monitored to indicate a closure of the circuit path by any connected detector when smoke or other similar environmental stimuli sufficiently influences any detector. The resulting increase in current flow (or a dead short) is interpreted and processed by the control unit as a confirmation of the presence of smoke and a fire alarm signal is generated. In a conventional system, smoke detectors are typically wired together in each zone and a single fire alarm control panel usually monitors several zones which can be arranged to correspond to different areas of a building. In the event of a fire, the control panel can identify which zone or zones contain the detector or detectors in alarm. However, they cannot identify which individual detector or detectors are in a state of alarm.
197:. In the late 1930s, Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger attempted to invent a sensor for poison gas. He expected the gas entering the sensor to bind to ionized air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit of the instrument. However, his device did not achieve its purpose as small concentrations of gas did not affect the sensor's conductivity. Frustrated, Jaeger lit a cigarette and was surprised to notice that a meter on the instrument had registered a drop in current. Unlike poison gas, the smoke particles from his cigarette were able to alter the circuit's current. Jaeger's experiment was one of the developments that paved the way for the modern smoke detector. In 1939, Swiss physicist Ernst Meili devised an ionization chamber device capable of detecting combustible gases in mines. He also invented a
1532:) data revealing serious performance problems with ionization technology in the early, smoldering stage of a fire, a rise in litigation involving ionization smoke alarms, and increasing legislation mandating the installation of photoelectric smoke alarms. The speech cited in May 2013, World Fire Safety Foundation report published in the Australian Volunteer Firefighter Association's magazine titled, 'Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?' The speech concluded with a request for one of the world's largest ionization smoke alarm manufacturers and the CSIRO to disclose the level of visible smoke required to trigger the manufacturers' ionization smoke alarms under CSIRO scientific testing. The US state of California banned the sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries.
537:
electronic circuit detects that a current difference has developed between the open and sealed chambers, and sounds the alarm. The circuitry also monitors the battery used to supply or back up power. It sounds an intermittent warning when it nears exhaustion. A user-operated test button simulates an imbalance between the ionization chambers and sounds the alarm if and only if the power supply, electronics, and alarm device are functional. The current drawn by an ionization smoke detector is low enough for a small battery used as a sole or backup power supply to be able to provide power for years without the need for external wiring.
1022:(NFPA) focused on understanding the cause of the higher number of deaths in such high-risk groups. Initial research into the effectiveness of the various alerting methods is sparse. Research findings suggest that a low frequency (520 Hz) square wave output is significantly more effective at awakening high-risk individuals. Wireless smoke and carbon monoxide detectors linked to alert mechanisms such as vibrating pillow pads for the hearing impaired, strobes, and remote warning handsets are more effective at waking people with serious hearing loss than other alarms.
1212:
determination of a wide range of faults in detection capabilities of smoke detectors. Detectors become contaminated usually as a result of the build-up of atmospheric particulates in the detectors being circulated by the heating and air-conditioning systems in buildings. Other causes include carpentry, sanding, painting, and smoke in the event of a fire. Panels can also be interconnected to monitor a large number of detectors in multiple buildings. This is most commonly used in hospitals, universities, resorts and other large centres or institutions.
4038:
1182:(FACP). These are the most common type of detector and are usually significantly more expensive than single-station battery-operated residential smoke alarms. They are used in most commercial and industrial facilities and other places such as ships and trains, but are also part of some security alarm systems in homes. These detectors do not need to have built-in alarms, as alarm systems can be controlled by the connected FACP, which will set off relevant alarms, and can also implement complex functions such as a staged evacuation.
229:. This greatly reduced the detectors' cost and size and made it possible to monitor battery life. The previous alarm horns which required special batteries were replaced with horns that were more energy-efficient and allowed the use of widely available batteries. These detectors could also function with smaller amounts of radioactive source material, and the sensing chamber and smoke detector enclosure were redesigned to make the operation more effective. The rechargeable batteries were often replaced by a pair of
432:(NFPA), "photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering". Studies by Texas A&M and the NFPA cited by the City of Palo Alto, California state, "Photoelectric alarms react slower to rapidly growing fires than ionization alarms, but laboratory and field tests have shown that photoelectric smoke alarms provide adequate warning for all types of fires and have been shown to be far less likely to be deactivated by occupants."
1031:
chirp repeatedly if the battery is low in power. It has been found that battery-powered smoke detectors in many houses have dead batteries. It has been estimated that in the UK, over 30% of smoke alarms have dead or removed batteries. In response public information campaigns have been created to remind people to change smoke detector batteries regularly. In
Australia, for example, a public information campaign suggests that smoke alarm batteries should be replaced on
1163:
1154:
Regulations in
England, Wales and Scotland recommend that BS 5839: Pt.6 should be followed, but as a minimum a Grade D, LD3 system should be installed. Building Regulations in Northern Ireland require a Grade D, LD2 system to be installed, with smoke alarms fitted in the escape routes and the main living room and a heat alarm in the kitchen; this standard also requires all detectors to have a mains supply and a battery backup.
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5639:
4707:
338:
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also includes additional requirements for smoke alarms, which are suitable for use in leisure accommodation vehicles. However, much of EN14604 is voluntary. A study published in 2014 assessed six areas of compliance and found that 33% of devices claiming to meet this standard did not do so in one or more of the specifics. The study also found 19% of the products to have a problem with actual fire detection.
952:
Several detectors (whether standalone or interconnected) are normally used in the rooms of a dwelling. There are inexpensive smoke alarms that may be interconnected so that any detector triggers all alarms. They are powered by mains electricity, with disposable or rechargeable battery backup. They may be interconnected by wires, or wirelessly. They are required in new installations in some jurisdictions.
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31:
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habits, routines, and lifestyle. Since smart smoke detectors are connected to the internet, they are vulnerable to hacking. An unauthorized person could potentially access the device and the data it collects. In extreme cases, if the device includes a camera or microphone, a hacker could use it to spy on the home's inhabitants.
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smoke alarm in the dwelling. This is so all would be activated together. From that date, all replacement smoke alarms must be photoelectric; from
January 1, 2022, all dwellings sold, leased, or where a lease is renewed must comply as for new dwellings; and from January 1, 2027, all dwellings must comply as for new dwellings.
635:), corresponding to about 0.3 μg of the isotope. This provides sufficient ion current to detect smoke while producing a very low level of radiation outside the device. Some Russian-made smoke detectors, most notably the RID-6m and IDF-1m models, contain a small amount of plutonium (18 MBq), rather than the typical
1932:
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The word "conventional" is slang used to distinguish the method used to communicate with the control unit in newer addressable systems. So-called "conventional detectors" are smoke detectors used in older interconnected systems and resemble electrical switches by their way of working. These detectors
1118:
72, National Fire Alarm and
Signaling Code. Laws governing the installation of smoke detectors vary depending on the locality. However, some rules and guidelines for existing homes are relatively consistent throughout the developed world. For example, Canada and Australia require a building to have a
1070:
Regular cleaning can prevent false alarms caused by the build-up of dust and insects, particularly on optical-type alarms as they are more susceptible to these factors. A vacuum cleaner can be used to clean domestic smoke detectors to remove detrimental dust. Optical detectors are less susceptible to
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Batteries are used either as sole or as backup power for residential smoke detectors. Mains-operated detectors have disposable or rechargeable batteries; others run only on 9-volt disposable batteries. When the battery is exhausted, a battery-only smoke detector becomes inactive; most smoke detectors
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Some models have a hush or temporary silence feature that allows silencing, typically by pressing a button on the housing, without removing the battery. This is especially useful in locations where false alarms can be relatively common (e.g. near a kitchen), or situations where users might remove the
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Smoke alarm systems used in a home or residential environment are typically smaller and less expensive than commercial units. The system may include one or more individual standalone units, or multiple, interconnected units. They typically generate a loud acoustic warning signal as their only action.
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to flow. The currents in both chambers should be the same as they are equally affected by air pressure, temperature, and the ageing of the source. If any smoke particles enter the open chamber, some of the ions will attach to the particles and not be available to carry the current in that chamber. An
89:
from the detector itself or several detectors if there are multiple devices interlinked. Household smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units to several interlinked units with battery backup. With interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, alarms will trigger at all of the units.
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Many users have taken steps to protect their privacy when using smart smoke detectors. This can include using strong, unique passwords for their devices, disabling unnecessary features, and regularly updating device software to protect against security vulnerabilities. Some users may also choose to
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An additional (harmonised) EN14604 also exists, which tends to be the standard usually cited at the domestic point of sale. This standard expands on the EN54 recommendations for domestic smoke alarms and specifies requirements, test methods, performance criteria, and manufacturer's instructions. It
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An addressable system gives each detector an individual number or address. Addressable systems allow the exact location of an alarm to be plotted on the FACP while allowing several detectors to be connected to the same zone. In certain systems, a graphical representation of the building is provided
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The US National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) recommends that homeowners replace smoke detector batteries at least once per year when they start chirping (a signal that the battery is low on power output). Batteries should also be replaced when or if they fail a test, which the NFPA recommends
1017:
While current technology is very effective at detecting smoke and fire conditions, the deaf and hard-of-hearing community has raised concerns about the effectiveness of the alerting function in awakening sleeping individuals in certain high-risk groups. People part of groups like the elderly, those
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program. The NEOFPA tests showed ionization smoke alarms were failing to activate in the early, smoldering stage of a fire. The combination ionization/photoelectric alarms failed to activate for an average of over 20 minutes after the stand-alone photoelectric smoke alarms. This vindicated the June
753:
In
November 2013, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association (OFCA) published a position paper supporting the use of photoelectric technology in Ohioan residences. The OFCA's position states, "In the interest of public safety and to protect the public from the deadly effects of smoke and fire, the Ohio Fire
734:
In June 2006, the
Australian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council, the peak representative body for all Australian and New Zealand fire departments, published an official report, 'Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation'. Clause 3.0 states, "Ionization smoke alarms may not
723:. Ionization smoke detectors respond faster (typically 30–60 seconds) to the flaming stage of a fire. The smoke from the flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles between 0.01 and 0.3 μm. Also, ionization detectors are weaker in high airflow environments.
674:
The amount of americium-241 contained in ionizing smoke detectors does not represent a significant radiological hazard. If the americium is left in the ionization chamber of the alarm, the radiological risk is insignificant because the chamber acts as a shield to the alpha radiation. A person would
408:
or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device or reflected to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types,
213:
and
Stanley Bennett Peterson. It was an individual, replaceable, battery-powered unit that could be easily installed. The "SmokeGard 700" was beehive-shaped, fire-resistant, and made of steel. The company began mass-producing these units in 1975. Studies in the 1960s determined that smoke detectors
39:
1548:
Many smart device manufacturers share user data with third parties, often for advertising or data analysis purposes. This can be a significant privacy concern if the data includes sensitive or personally identifiable information. Some manufacturers may also cooperate with law enforcement agencies,
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mandated all smoke alarms in new dwellings (or where a dwelling is substantially renovated) must be photoelectric, and not also contain an ionization sensor. They also were to be hardwired to the mains power supply with a secondary power source (i.e. battery) and be interconnected with every other
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Addressable systems are usually more expensive than conventional non-addressable systems, and offer extra options, including a custom level of sensitivity (sometimes called Day/Night mode) which can determine the amount of smoke in a given area and contamination detection from the FACP that allows
204:
In 1951, ionization smoke detectors were first sold in the United States. In the following years, they were used only in major commercial and industrial facilities due to their large size and high cost. In 1955, simple "fire detectors" for homes were developed, which detected high temperatures. In
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devices, can collect and transmit a significant amount of data. This can include data about when and where the device is used, the frequency of alarms, and even audio and video data if the device includes a microphone or camera. This data can potentially infer sensitive information about a user's
1496:
In June 2013, a World Fire Safety
Foundation report titled, 'Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?' was published in the official magazine of the Australian Volunteer Firefighter Association. The report brings into question the validity of testing criteria used by American and
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model building codes begin requiring smoke alarms to be interconnected and located in all sleeping rooms. In 1989 NFPA 74 first required smoke alarms to be interconnected in every new home construction, and 1993 NFPA 72 first required that smoke alarms be installed in all bedrooms. The NFPA began
1153:
In the UK, the installation of smoke alarms in new builds must comply with
British Standard BS5839 pt6. BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004, which recommends that a new-build property consisting of no more than 3 floors (less than 200 square metres per floor) should be fitted with a Grade D, LD2 system. Building
1082:
brand ionization smoke detector failed to sound. The cause of the fire was a frayed electrical cord behind a couch that smoldered for hours before engulfing the house with flames and smoke. The ionization smoke detector was found to be defectively designed, and in 2006 a jury in the United States
435:
Although photoelectric alarms are highly effective at detecting smoldering fires and do provide adequate protection from flaming fires, fire safety experts and the NFPA recommend installing what are called combination alarms, which are alarms that either detect both heat and smoke or use both the
1149:
A dozen or more detectors may be connected via wiring or wirelessly such that if one detects smoke, the alarms will sound on all the detectors in the network, improving the likelihood that occupants will be alerted even if smoke is detected far from their location. Wired interconnection is more
1119:
working smoke detector on every level. The United States NFPA code, cited earlier, requires smoke detectors on every habitable level and within the vicinity of all bedrooms. Habitable levels include attics that are tall enough to allow access. Many other countries have comparable requirements.
1066:
report concluded that "Smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provided time for occupants to escape from most residential fires," and, "Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provided somewhat better response to flaming fires than
584:(electromagnetic) radiation, is used for two reasons: the alpha particles can ionize enough air to make a detectable current; and they have low penetrative power, meaning they will be stopped, safely, by the air or the plastic shell of the smoke detector. During the alpha decay,
730:
have banned the use of domestic ionization smoke alarms because of concerns that they are not reliable enough as compared to other technologies. Where an ionizing smoke detector has been the only detector, fires in the early stages have not always been effectively detected.
749:
In December 2011, the Volunteer Firefighter's Association of Australia published a World Fire Safety Foundation report, "Ionization Smoke Alarms are DEADLY", citing research outlining substantial performance differences between ionization and photoelectric technology.
540:
Ionization smoke detectors are usually less expensive to manufacture than optical detectors. Ionization detectors may be more prone than photoelectric detectors to false alarms triggered by non-hazardous events, and are much slower to respond to typical house fires.
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2108:
1527:
In June 2013, in an Australian Parliamentary speech, the question was asked, "Are ionization smoke alarms defective?" This was further to the Australian Government's scientific testing agency (the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation –
497:, to ionize air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated. Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical detectors, while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early smouldering stage.
1134:, depending on local codes. Smoke detectors on the outside will detect fires more quickly, assuming the fire does not begin in the bedroom, but the sound of the alarm will be reduced and may not wake some people. Some areas also require smoke detectors in
687:
Disposal regulations and recommendations for ionization smoke detectors vary from region to region. The government of New South Wales, Australia considers it safe to discard up to 10 ionization smoke detectors in a batch with domestic rubbish. The U.S.
3439:
745:
In May 2011, the Fire Protection Association of Australia's (FPAA) official position on smoke alarms stated, "The Fire Prevention Association of Australia considers that all residential buildings should be fitted with photoelectric smoke alarms..."
448:
456:
66:. Smoke detectors/Alarms are usually housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either optically (
797:
Due to the varying levels of detection capabilities between detector types, manufacturers have designed multi-criteria devices which cross-reference the separate signals to both rule out false alarms and improve response times to real fires.
454:
453:
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225: (equivalent to $ 980.72 in 2023) and sold at a rate of a few hundred thousand units per year. Several developments in smoke detector technology occurred between 1971 and 1976, including the replacement of cold-cathode tubes with
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is the standard for smoke detectors. European standards are developed to allow free movement of goods in the EU countries. EN 54 is widely recognized around the world. The EN 54 certification of each device must be issued annually.
1757:
45:
44:
41:
40:
74:). Detectors may use one or both sensing methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect and deter smoking in banned areas. Smoke detectors in large commercial and industrial buildings are usually connected to a central
46:
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photoelectric alarms (57 to 62 seconds faster response), and photoelectric alarms provided (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms (47 to 53 minutes faster response)."
1674:
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In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is
3259:
BS 5839-6:2013 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings - Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of fire detection and fire alarm systems in domestic premises
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718:
Photoelectric smoke detectors respond faster to fire that is in its early, smoldering stage. The smoke from the smoldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large combustion particles between 0.3 and
2587:
2167:
2132:
43:
742:(IAFF) passed a resolution recommending the use of photoelectric smoke alarms, saying that changing to photoelectric alarms "Will drastically reduce the loss of life among citizens and firefighters."
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particles, and dark or black smoke, while more modern photoelectric detectors are best at detecting slow-smouldering fires with larger 0.4–10.0 micron particles, and light-coloured white/grey smoke.
2989:"Single and Multiple Station Smoke Alarms, UL 1971: Signaling Devices for the Hearing Impaired, UL 268: Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Signaling Systems" (Document). Underwriters Laboratories 217.
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from particulates of smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke.
1208:
on the screen of the FACP which shows the locations of all of the detectors in the building, while in others the address and location of the detector or detectors in alarm are simply indicated.
404:. In spot-type detectors, all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums,
4554:
768:
2246:
Residential Smoke Alarm Performance, Thomas Cleary, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, UL Smoke and Fire Dynamics Seminar. November, 2007.
1509:, enacted a photoelectric-only legislation after a unanimous decision by the Albany City Council; several other Californian and Ohioan cities enacted similar legislation shortly afterwards.
609:
The amount of elemental americium-241 in ionization smoke detectors is small enough to be exempt from the regulations applied to larger deployments. A smoke detector contains about 37
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452:
3689:. Australia: Hansard – Mr Christopher Gulaptis MP, Private Member's Statements, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, New South Wales. 20 June 2013. p. 22218.
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808:. Obscuration is the effect smoke has in reducing light intensity, expressed in percent absorption per unit length; higher concentrations of smoke result in higher obscuration levels.
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levels are the fastest fire indicators. Unlike ionization and optical detectors, they can also detect fires that do not generate smoke, such as those fueled by alcohol or gasoline.
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2080:
872:, which may build up due to faulty ventilation where there are combustion appliances such as gas heaters and cookers, although there is no uncontrolled fire outside the appliance.
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with hearing loss, and those who are intoxicated, may have a more difficult time using sound-based detectors. Between 2005 and 2007, research sponsored by the United States
209:(USAEC) granted the first license to distribute smoke detectors that used radioactive material. In 1965, the first low-cost smoke detector for domestic use was developed by
2027:
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In the United States, the first standard for home smoke alarms was established in 1967. In 1969, the USAEC allowed homeowners to use smoke detectors without a license. The
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Inside a basic ionization smoke detector. The black, round structure at the right is the ionization chamber. The white, round structure at the upper left is the
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1472:(NFPA 101), passed by the US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in 1976, first required smoke alarms in homes. Smoke alarm sensitivity requirements in
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42:
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reports that the ionization detector is the best at detecting incipient-stage fires with invisibly small particles, fast-flaming fires with smaller 0.01–0.4
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Chiefs' Association endorses the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in both new construction and when replacing old smoke alarms or purchasing new alarms."
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which may be undesirable and harmful, but not indicative of a fire. This type of sensor can also be used to detect and warn of the much higher levels of
772:
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as part of a fire alarm system. Usually, an individual commercial smoke detector unit does not issue an alarm; some, however, have built-in sounders.
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enacted Australia's first residential photoelectric legislation mandating the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in all new Northern Territory homes.
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217:
The first single-station smoke detector was invented in 1970 and was brought out the next year. It was an ionization detector powered by a single
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considers ionizing smoke detectors safe to dispose with household trash. Alternatively, smoke detectors can be returned to the manufacturer.
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detectors are not susceptible to false alarms due to particles making them particularly suitable for use in dusty and dirty environments.
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An integrated locking mechanism for commercial building doors. Inside an enclosure are a locking device, smoke detector and power supply.
236:
The photoelectric (optical) smoke detector was invented by Donald Steele and Robert Emmark from Electro Signal Lab and patented in 1972.
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In new construction, minimum requirements are typically more stringent. For example, all smoke detectors must be hooked directly to the
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for backup with a life of typically ten years. After this, it is recommended that the detector be replaced. User-replaceable disposable
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that is a mandatory standard for every product that is going to be delivered and installed in any country in the European Union (EU).
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1920:
679:. The radiation risk of exposure to an ionizing smoke detector operating normally is much smaller than natural background radiation.
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ionization and photoelectric smoke sensing methods. Some combination alarms may also include a carbon monoxide detection capability.
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775:(IAFF). Both the AFAC and the IAFF recommend photoelectric smoke alarms, but not combination ionization/photoelectric smoke alarms.
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2013:
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Photoelectric detectors and ionization detectors differ in their performance depending on the type of smoke generated by a fire.
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tube that could amplify the small signal generated by the detection mechanism so that it was strong enough to activate an alarm.
97:. Some smoke alarms use a combination of the 2; usually using the 9V battery as an extra power source in the event of an outage.
1493:(UL) changed smoke alarm labeling requirements so that all smoke alarms must have a manufactured date written in plain English.
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In June 2014, tests by the Northeastern Ohio Fire Prevention Association (NEOFPA) on residential smoke alarms were broadcast on
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Tactile stimulation (e.g. bed or pillow shaker), although no standards existed as of 2008 for tactile stimulation alarm devices
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A 2007 U.S. guide to placing smoke detectors, suggesting that one be placed on every floor of a building, and in each bedroom
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battery permanently to avoid the annoyance of false alarms, preventing the alarm from detecting a fire should one break out.
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2260:"Performance of Home Smoke Alarms Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings"
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The type and sensitivity of light source and photoelectric sensor and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers.
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504:, one open to the air, and a reference chamber which does not allow the entry of particles. The radioactive source emits
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reports 0.53 deaths per 100 fires in homes with working smoke detectors compared to 1.18 deaths without (2009–2013).
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the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received
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use traditional smoke detectors that do not connect to the internet, to completely avoid these privacy concerns.
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District Court for the Northern District of New York decided that First Alert, and its then parent company,
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Optical smoke detector with the cover removed; the angled plastic in an arc across the top is a light baffle
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2106:, Donald F. Steele & Robert B. Enemark, "Optical Smoke Detector", issued 1975-01-28
1039:, campaigns may suggest that people change their batteries when they change their clocks or on a birthday.
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regarding the required number and placement of smoke detectors are based upon standards established in
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3465:"BS EN 54-11:2001 - Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Manual call points – BSI British Standards"
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Francis R. Upton of Newark, Mr. Edison's oldest associate, has been elected President of the Pioneers.
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3539:"Compliance of Smoke Alarm Devices to EN 14604 - Statistical Analysis of Market Surveillance Results"
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due to component constraints (Audio advancements for persons with hearing impairments have been made)
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675:
have to open the sealed chamber and ingest or inhale the americium for the dose to be comparable to
5394:
5250:
5240:
5107:
5036:
5016:
4427:
4334:
2500:
1050:, which last at least twice as long as alkaline batteries, are also available for smoke detectors.
1032:
142:
107:
The risk of dying in a residential fire is cut in half in houses with working smoke detectors. The
2839:
5728:
5718:
5434:
5419:
5092:
4943:
4880:
4787:
4214:
4142:
4107:
4102:
3957:
3464:
1726:
1604:
evaluates the exposure risk as low but cites 33 keV as the primary component of gamma radiation.
1541:
1513:
1506:
1448:
Information that is in bold is the standard coverage of the detector. Smoke detector coverage is
606:, but it is low-energy and therefore not considered a significant contributor to human exposure.
501:
410:
5215:
3317:
1606:
955:
Several smoke detection methods are used and documented in industry specifications published by
3116:
1572:
Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials, NUREG-1717
5599:
5459:
5454:
5056:
5031:
5001:
4640:
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4417:
4399:
4289:
4127:
4037:
4022:
3666:
3226:
2296:
2227:
1850:
1777:
1607:"Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas"
1497:
Australian government agencies when undergoing scientific testing of ionization smoke alarms.
1175:
1162:
1123:
1047:
558:
525:
218:
210:
94:
75:
3008:
2133:"The Effects of High Air Velocity and Complex Airflow Patterns on Smoke Detector Performance"
5296:
4991:
4624:
3962:
1473:
1469:
1108:
533:
470:
3521:"CE marking to Smoke Alarm Device–EN 14604_Firefighting Device_Fire test center_FireTC.net"
5399:
5291:
5260:
5245:
5041:
4923:
4868:
4802:
4782:
4666:
4319:
4254:
4193:
4162:
4137:
4087:
4082:
3896:
3856:
2569:
2530:
2209:
2018:
1719:"Birthday Party to Edison; Men Associated with Him in the Early 80s Organize the Pioneers"
1549:
potentially providing them with access to users' data without their knowledge or consent.
1043:
1003:
869:
603:
1988:
804:
is a unit of measurement that has become the standard way of specifying smoke detectors'
3520:
3038:
1170:
Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or addressable, and are connected to
5479:
5429:
5331:
5255:
5180:
5102:
5021:
4953:
4485:
4447:
4309:
4249:
4219:
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4132:
4092:
4027:
4017:
3912:
2259:
1171:
1143:
1127:
876:
505:
2350:
1889:
1130:. In addition, typically, smoke detectors are required either inside or outside every
1054:
to be carried out at least once per month by pressing the "test" button on the alarm.
5707:
5619:
5469:
5336:
5210:
5185:
5170:
5127:
5066:
4692:
4682:
4480:
4452:
4369:
3987:
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3947:
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1642:
565:
494:
393:
377:
186:
182:
337:
5525:
5510:
5409:
5200:
5165:
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5026:
5011:
4986:
4981:
4958:
4885:
4812:
4792:
4766:
4609:
4495:
4374:
4364:
4299:
4264:
4224:
4183:
4147:
3937:
3932:
3902:
3793:
3409:
1489:
requiring the replacement of smoke detectors after ten years in 1999. In 1999, the
1095:
989:
727:
614:
549:
490:
198:
2382:
1570:
801:
3258:
3163:
5530:
5205:
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4918:
4863:
4817:
4774:
4329:
4284:
4274:
4167:
4112:
4077:
3972:
1776:. H.M. Patent Office (originally 1881) later published by S.R. Publishers 1970.
1199:
1079:
977:
569:
381:
276:
2677:. Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council. Archived from
2562:
Smoke Detector Sensitivity testing: Siemens and Canadian Fire Alarm Association
5439:
5225:
5195:
5175:
5112:
5082:
5046:
4890:
4797:
4589:
4442:
3942:
3927:
3907:
3591:
1520:
1104:
1084:
577:
422:
414:
401:
230:
190:
71:
67:
17:
2475:
2300:
5464:
5444:
5424:
5414:
5404:
5286:
5230:
5160:
5155:
5006:
4511:
4339:
4304:
4294:
4279:
4259:
4234:
4007:
4002:
3967:
3922:
3870:
3821:
Smoke alarm research from the National Institute of Standards and Technology
3743:"How to secure IoT devices and protect them from cyber attacks | TechTarget"
2646:. Confederation of Fire Protection Associations in Europe. 2008. p. 5.
2226:. Quincy, Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association. p. 249.
2023:
610:
581:
573:
521:
30:
1975:
White Paper: Home Smoke Alarms and Other Fire Detection and Alarm Equipment
1476:
were modified in 1985 to reduce susceptibility to nuisance alarms. In 1988
1456:. The height from the ground is an important issue for correct protection.
477:
3592:"Albany, California Ordinance 2010-06 Photoelectric Specific Requirements"
2960:"Why are interconnected smoke alarms better than standalone smoke alarms?"
1755:, George Andrew Darby, "An Electric Heat-indicator and Fire-alarm"
1071:
false alarms in locations such as near a kitchen producing cooking fumes.
93:
Residential smoke alarms are usually powered with a 9-volt battery, or by
5520:
5515:
5356:
4928:
4827:
4604:
4314:
4269:
3992:
3982:
3881:
2728:"Position Statement – Selection of Residential Smoke Alarms – clause 5.0"
1135:
1074:
On the night of May 31, 2001, Bill Hackert and his daughter Christine of
554:
513:
373:
239:
In 1995, the 10-year-lithium-battery-powered smoke alarm was introduced.
2531:"Disposing of Smoke Detectors | Radiation Protection | US EPA"
1241:
Coverage of smoke and temperature detectors with European standard EN54
1139:
1131:
995:
974:
704:
509:
465:
301: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
194:
735:
operate in time to alert occupants to escape from a smoldering fire."
329:
185:. In 1902, George Andrew Darby patented the first European electrical
50:
Knowing this sound could save your life - it means replace the battery
712:
3770:"IoT security: How we are keeping consumers safe from cyber threats"
919:
generated by a fire. Some manufacturers say that detectors based on
3152:"Federal appeals court upholds $ 2.8M award for faulty smoke alarm"
2815:"'GMA' Investigates: Will Your Smoke Detector Respond Fast Enough?"
2705:. The International Association of Fire Fighters, California, USA.
2321:
5087:
4645:
4599:
3825:
2222:
Cote, Arthur; Bugbee, Percy (1988). "Ionization smoke detectors".
1529:
1227:
1198:
1161:
1094:
967:
794:
cloud from open fire can usually be detected before particulates.
779:
726:
Some European countries, including France, and some US states and
720:
548:
476:
464:
446:
336:
328:
86:
59:
37:
29:
1813:. United States Nuclear Regulation Commission. 4 September 2013.
260:
256:
4594:
3159:
1977:(Technical report). Public/Private Fire Safety Council. 2006. 1.
1111:
1063:
1042:
Some mains-powered detectors are fitted with a non-rechargeable
671:
mixed with titanium dioxide onto a cylindrical alumina surface.
177:
The first automatic electric fire alarm was patented in 1890 by
63:
4739:
4735:
3829:
2733:. Fire Protection Association Australia. May 2011. p. 7.
529:
270:
118:
3794:"IoT Security: Risks, Examples, and Solutions | IoT Glossary"
3713:"Law bans sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries"
769:
Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council
3001:"Alarm concern from the Hearing Loss Association of America"
27:
Device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire
4555:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
3619:. Australia: Northern Territory Fire & Rescue Service.
3571:"Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?"
2478:. Australia: New South Wales Government. 26 November 2012.
1150:
practical in new construction than for existing buildings.
3617:"Northern Territory Photoelectric smoke alarm legislation"
2703:"International Association of Fire Fighters Resolution 15"
1645:, the primary component of the gamma radiation is 60 keV.
461:
A video overview of how an ionization smoke detector works
425:
and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm.
2168:"Risk Analysis of Residential Fire Detector Performance"
576:
of 432.6 years. Alpha particle radiation, as opposed to
2672:"Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation"
2588:"Fire and Life Safety in Mission-Critical Applications"
2892:"Low-Profile Plug-in Intelligent Laser Smoke Detector"
2476:"Safe disposal of smoke alarms – Fire and Rescue NSW"
2390:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1615:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
771:(AFAC) and the October 2008 official position of the
145:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
3594:. The Albany City Council, Albany, California, USA.
5612:
5587:
5544:
5503:
5385:
5364:
5355:
5274:
5146:
4967:
4899:
4856:
4773:
4675:
4654:
4582:
4535:
4471:
4398:
4207:
4045:
3863:
1225:Fire detection products have the European Standard
895:. Such sensors are often used to measure levels of
90:This happens even if household power has gone out.
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
233:along with a plastic shell encasing the detector.
214:respond to fires much faster than heat detectors.
4350:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2050:Voluntary Standards and Accreditation Act of 1977
1087:, was liable for millions of dollars in damages.
2394:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2283:"Chemistry in Pictures: Americium the beautiful"
891:) may indicate a fire, and can be detected by a
2582:
2580:
2578:
1203:An addressable Simplex TrueAlarm smoke detector
255:process. Fire without smoke can be detected by
100:Commercial smoke detectors issue a signal to a
3222:Residential Construction Academy: House Wiring
2351:"Smoke detectors and americium-241 fact sheet"
1969:
1519:From January 1, 2017, the Australian state of
1441:Smax (square meters): Maximum surface coverage
4751:
3841:
3355:"Adding Smoke Detectors to a Security System"
3064:. Augusta Margaret River Mail. Archived from
2422:"Analysis of Soviet smoke detector plutonium"
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1846:50 Best Business Ideas That Changed the World
8:
5485:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
861:Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection
481:An americium container from a smoke detector
2862:
2860:
1452:and temperature smoke detector coverage is
868:detect potentially fatal concentrations of
812:Typical smoke detector obscuration ratings
5361:
5317:International Association of Fire Fighters
4758:
4744:
4736:
4158:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
3848:
3834:
3826:
3145:
3143:
3141:
2613:"Lycée Blaise Pascal Rouen – Smoke alarms"
2557:
2555:
1078:, died when their house caught fire and a
773:International Association of Fire Fighters
740:International Association of Fire Fighters
4543:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3182:
3180:
3062:"Don't be a fool: change alarm batteries"
2784:"OFCA Position Statement on Smoke Alarms"
2501:"Americium in Ionization Smoke Detectors"
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1641:According to the physical study cited at
1536:Safety concerns regarding smart detectors
317:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
81:Household smoke detectors, also known as
3876:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3094:. National Fire Protection Association.
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1244:
846:0.005–20.5% obs/m (0.0015–6.25% obs/ft)
810:
617:) of radioactive element americium-241 (
259:. Incomplete burning can be detected by
141:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4522:Listing and approval use and compliance
2381:Gerberding, Julie Louise (April 2004).
2254:
2252:
1658:
1562:
109:US National Fire Protection Association
85:, generally issue an audible or visual
3671:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3664:
3410:"Contaminated (dirty) Smoke Detectors"
3200:from the original on 22 September 2014
2590:. Life Safety Magazine. Archived from
1617:Radiation Emergency Medical Management
778:According to fire tests conformant to
207:United States Atomic Energy Commission
4567:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
3764:
3762:
3387:. Westminster International Limited.
2383:"Toxicological Profile for Americium"
2083:from the original on 20 December 2015
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1230:Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems
653:source, in the form of reactor-grade
7:
5650:
5475:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
4718:
4561:National Fire Protection Association
3693:from the original on 29 October 2013
3544:. ANPI. October 2014. Archived from
3442:. Cen.eu. 2012-11-11. Archived from
3265:from the original on 2 December 2014
2842:. The World Fire Safety Foundation.
2761:. The World Fire Safety Foundation.
2759:"Ionization Smoke Alarms Are DEADLY"
2281:Bettenhausen, Craig (July 7, 2021).
2203:"Smoke Detector Technology Research"
1807:"NRC: Fact Sheet on Smoke Detectors"
1020:National Fire Protection Association
854:0.06–6.41% obs/m (0.02–2.0% obs/ft)
430:National Fire Protection Association
299:adding citations to reliable sources
3334:from the original on 29 August 2017
2175:Walker Property Evaluation Services
1774:Birmingham Inventors And Inventions
828:0.70–13.0% obs/m (0.2–4.0% obs/ft)
473:horn that produces the alarm sound.
34:Smoke detector mounted on a ceiling
5123:Self-contained breathing apparatus
4823:Firefighter assist and search team
4063:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
3573:. The World Fire Safety Foundation
2482:from the original on 20 April 2013
1540:Smart smoke detectors, like other
248:
25:
4438:Fire alarm notification appliance
3420:from the original on 29 July 2014
3365:from the original on 14 July 2014
3219:Fletcher, Gregory (18 May 2011).
2970:from the original on 4 March 2016
2868:"Carbon Dioxide – Life and Death"
2789:. Ohio Fire Chief's Association.
2447:"Backgrounder on Smoke Detectors"
2030:from the original on 14 July 2014
2022:. No. ALL-TIME 100 Gadgets.
1817:from the original on 27 July 2014
1667:"Smoke Alarms in U.S. Home Fires"
836:2.6–5.0% obs/m (0.8–1.5% obs/ft)
5685:
5673:
5661:
5649:
5638:
5637:
4848:Fire department ranks by country
4717:
4706:
4705:
4036:
3723:from the original on 3 July 2017
3711:Finney, Michael (29 July 2015).
3225:. Technology & Engineering.
3117:"Cleaning Smoke and Heat Alarms"
2541:from the original on 2 June 2013
2270:from the original on 2010-08-22.
1919:Jones, Hilton Ira (April 1955).
1900:from the original on 7 June 2014
561:on a coin-sized aluminum button.
275:
123:
5686:
5322:International Firefighters' Day
5282:Candidate Physical Ability Test
4199:Vehicle fire suppression system
3887:Combustibility and flammability
3654:from the original on 2017-02-18
3623:from the original on 2011-10-01
3598:from the original on 2012-02-03
3502:from the original on 2013-11-03
3471:from the original on 2014-10-18
3416:. Firewize Holdings Pty. 2012.
3391:from the original on 2009-11-24
3239:from the original on 8 May 2018
3127:from the original on 2015-09-25
3098:from the original on 2009-08-21
2940:from the original on 2012-01-31
2926:New York City Fire Department.
2908:from the original on 2014-05-02
2846:from the original on 2014-10-06
2821:from the original on 2014-09-03
2796:from the original on 2014-10-06
2765:from the original on 2014-04-16
2740:from the original on 2013-05-10
2709:from the original on 2013-08-28
2653:from the original on 2015-05-11
2403:from the original on 2009-09-06
2363:from the original on 2011-07-06
2288:Chemical & Engineering News
2140:AFCOM8-21.AFCOM-Miami-Admin.com
1935:from the original on 2018-05-08
1843:Wallis, Ian (1 November 2013).
1677:from the original on 2017-07-29
1126:, be interconnected and have a
709:Canadian Fire Alarm Association
411:light intensity will be reduced
286:needs additional citations for
252:
62:, typically as an indicator of
4833:Special operations firefighter
2330:Brookhaven National Laboratory
767:2006 official position of the
247:Smoke can be detected using a
1:
5372:Wildfire emergency management
4939:Hazardous materials apparatus
4549:Institution of Fire Engineers
4506:Fire Safety Evaluation System
4178:Personal protective equipment
3150:Segall, Bob (April 2, 2008).
2840:"Smoke Alarm Myths Explained"
2455:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2224:Principles of fire protection
2012:Ha, Peter (25 October 2010).
1580:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1248:Surface area (square meters)
1035:every year. In regions using
4620:GHS precautionary statements
4458:Manual fire alarm activation
2356:. Canadian Nuclear Society.
2071:David Lucht (1 March 2013).
1989:"History of Smoke Detectors"
1890:"How smoke detector is made"
1435:EN54-5: Temperature detector
959:. Alerting methods include:
677:natural background radiation
5347:World Police and Fire Games
5302:Fire protection engineering
4491:Fire protection engineering
4423:Explosive gas leak detector
4240:Electromagnetic door holder
4073:External water spray system
2617:pascal-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr
1931:(4). Rotary International.
1621:Argonne National Laboratory
1602:Argonne National Laboratory
1464:Australia and United States
1410:EN54-5 Clase A2,B,C,D,E,F,G
520:(voltage) between pairs of
500:The smoke detector has two
5750:
5595:Glossary of wildfire terms
5327:List of firefighting films
4775:Personnel and organization
4667:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
4058:Automatic fire suppression
3998:K-factor (fire protection)
2958:Nest Labs (17 June 2015).
2637:"Smoke Alarms in the Home"
2093:With picture of SmokeGard.
1849:. Jaico Publishing House.
1103:In the United States most
1091:Installation and placement
508:into both chambers, which
70:) or by physical process (
5633:
5307:Geography of firefighting
4838:Volunteer fire department
4701:
4573:Underwriters Laboratories
4408:Aspirating smoke detector
4068:Detonation flame arrester
4034:
3088:"SMOKE ALARM SAFETY TIPS"
2293:American Chemical Society
1921:"Peeps at Things to Come"
1772:Prosser, Richard (1970).
1505:In June 2010 the City of
1386:
1367:EN54-5 Clase A2,B,C,D,F,G
1343:
1301:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1180:fire alarm control panels
966:Varies between 2900–3500
957:Underwriters Laboratories
487:ionization smoke detector
5734:Fire detection and alarm
5625:Template:Fire protection
5342:World Firefighters Games
5236:Gaseous fire suppression
4517:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
4433:Fire alarm control panel
4413:Carbon monoxide detector
4390:Standpipe (firefighting)
4153:Gaseous fire suppression
3918:Enthalpy of vaporization
3440:"CEN – Technical Bodies"
3031:"All about Hearing Loss"
2928:"Carbon monoxide alarms"
2873:. senseair.se. p. 4
2817:. Good Morning America.
2426:Special Nuclear Material
1623:. August 2005. p. 5
1582:. June 2001. p. 2-3
1048:9-volt lithium batteries
102:fire alarm control panel
58:is a device that senses
5312:History of firefighting
4360:Pressurisation ductwork
4325:Firewall (construction)
4173:Passive fire protection
4123:Fire suppression system
3385:"Addressable Equipment"
2212:, retrieved 2011-11-07.
1491:Underwriters Laboratory
1444:Rmax (m): Maximum radio
1221:EN54 European standards
866:Carbon monoxide sensors
696:Performance differences
386:incandescent light bulb
372:, contains a source of
354:Photodiode (transducer)
261:sensing carbon monoxide
227:solid-state electronics
5714:Active fire protection
5450:Firefighting apparatus
5138:Thermal imaging camera
5118:Secure information box
4934:Firefighting apparatus
4536:Industry organizations
4501:Fire-resistance rating
4380:Smoke exhaust ductwork
4355:Penetration (firestop)
4345:Packing (firestopping)
4053:Active fire protection
4013:Spontaneous combustion
3035:www.hearinglossweb.com
2264:Bukowski, Cleary et al
2052:(S. 825). 1 March 1977
1512:In November 2011, the
1432:EN54-7: Smoke detector
1260:Ceiling slope >20°
1204:
1167:
1100:
562:
482:
474:
462:
398:photoelectric receiver
370:optical smoke detector
361:
341:Optical smoke detector
334:
257:sensing carbon dioxide
51:
35:
5495:Wildland water tender
5077:Hydraulic rescue tool
4843:Women in firefighting
4688:Template:Firefighting
4662:Arthur B. Guise Medal
4615:GHS hazard statements
4118:Fire sprinkler system
4098:Fire-retardant fabric
3467:. Shop.bsigroup.com.
2104:US patent 3863076
1700:Francis Robbins Upton
1600:A study published by
1202:
1165:
1098:
893:carbon dioxide sensor
559:americium-241 dioxide
552:
524:in the chambers; the
480:
468:
460:
340:
332:
179:Francis Robbins Upton
49:
33:
5536:Wildland fire module
5490:Wildland fire engine
5377:Wildfire suppression
4914:Fire command vehicle
4909:Airport crash tender
4808:Retained firefighter
4472:Professions, trades,
4385:Smokeproof enclosure
4245:Electromagnetic lock
3953:Flammability diagram
3864:Fundamental concepts
3774:World Economic Forum
3551:on December 22, 2018
3123:. Hav Direct. 2011.
3011:on 27 September 2007
2322:"NuDat 3.0 database"
2073:"Where Theres Smoke"
1271:Smax (square meters)
1265:Smax (square meters)
1037:daylight saving time
763:Good Morning America
738:In August 2008, the
518:potential difference
390:light-emitting diode
295:improve this article
134:factual accuracy is
5724:American inventions
5395:Aerial firefighting
5251:Stop, drop and roll
5241:Multiple-alarm fire
5108:Portable water tank
5017:Fire proximity suit
4428:Fire alarm call box
4335:Heat and smoke vent
3318:"Fire Alarm System"
3166:on December 7, 2008
1643:Americium-241#Decay
1257:Ceiling slope ≤20°
1076:Rotterdam, New York
813:
502:ionization chambers
384:light—typically an
5435:Fire retardant gel
5420:Fire lookout tower
5093:New York roof hook
4944:Light and air unit
4881:Fire lookout tower
4788:Chief fire officer
4400:Fire alarm systems
4215:Annulus (firestop)
4143:Flashback arrestor
4108:Fire-safe polymers
4103:Fire retardant gel
3958:Flammability limit
3121:SDFireAlarms.co.uk
3092:Safety Information
2568:2016-02-22 at the
2511:. 27 November 2018
2208:2016-04-20 at the
1730:. February 3, 1918
1727:The New York Times
1673:. September 2015.
1542:Internet of things
1514:Northern Territory
1507:Albany, California
1205:
1176:fire alarm systems
1168:
1101:
985:Spoken voice alert
980:loudness at 3 feet
811:
703:A presentation by
563:
483:
475:
463:
362:
335:
181:, an associate of
52:
36:
5701:
5700:
5608:
5607:
5600:List of wildfires
5460:Helicopter bucket
5455:Firefighting foam
5057:Hard suction hose
5002:Fire extinguisher
4992:Fire brigade keys
4733:
4732:
4641:Safety data sheet
4636:List of S-phrases
4631:List of R-phrases
4527:Sprinkler fitting
4418:Circuit integrity
4290:Fire extinguisher
4128:Firefighting foam
4023:Thermal radiation
3359:Wiki.hometech.com
3232:978-1-111-30621-2
3193:(72-2013). 2013.
3060:Beacham, Janine.
2594:on April 16, 2012
1856:978-81-8495-284-1
1429:
1428:
1251:Type of detector
1124:electrical wiring
858:
857:
526:electrical charge
458:
428:According to the
327:
326:
319:
211:Duane D. Pearsall
175:
174:
167:
95:mains electricity
76:fire alarm system
47:
16:(Redirected from
5741:
5689:
5688:
5677:
5676:
5665:
5664:
5653:
5652:
5641:
5640:
5362:
5297:Fire photography
5079:("Jaws of life")
5037:Fireman's switch
4760:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4721:
4720:
4709:
4708:
4625:Life Safety Code
4230:Compartmentation
4040:
3963:Flammable liquid
3850:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3490:"AENOR Noticias"
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3322:
3314:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3261:(5839-6). 2013.
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3162:. Archived from
3147:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3037:. Archived from
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3007:. Archived from
2997:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2899:SystemSensor.com
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2584:
2573:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2537:. 27 June 2012.
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2256:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2219:
2213:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2177:. Archived from
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2142:. Archived from
2137:
2128:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2014:"Smoke Detector"
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:The Daily Secure
1985:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1886:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1803:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1663:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1611:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1470:Life Safety Code
1454:20 square meters
1450:60 square meters
1438:SA: Surface area
1245:
1033:April Fools' Day
1006:for illumination
942:
941:
940:
930:
929:
928:
918:
917:
916:
906:
905:
904:
890:
889:
888:
814:
793:
792:
791:
670:
669:
668:
661:
660:
652:
651:
650:
643:
642:
634:
633:
632:
625:
624:
601:
600:
599:
592:
591:
534:electric current
459:
322:
315:
311:
308:
302:
279:
271:
224:
221:. It cost about
170:
163:
159:
156:
150:
147:reliably sourced
127:
126:
119:
48:
21:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5674:
5662:
5629:
5604:
5583:
5540:
5499:
5400:Controlled burn
5387:
5381:
5351:
5292:Fire engine red
5270:
5261:Two-in, two-out
5216:Fireman's carry
5142:
5042:Flame retardant
4963:
4924:Fire motorcycle
4895:
4869:Fire department
4852:
4803:Station officer
4783:Battalion chief
4769:
4764:
4734:
4729:
4697:
4671:
4650:
4578:
4531:
4473:
4467:
4394:
4320:Firestop pillow
4255:Emergency light
4208:Building design
4203:
4194:Tank blanketing
4163:Inerting system
4138:Flame retardant
4088:Fire protection
4083:Fire prevention
4041:
4032:
3897:Dangerous goods
3859:
3857:Fire protection
3854:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3642:"Archived copy"
3640:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3167:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3068:on 3 April 2011
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3041:on 18 June 2010
3029:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3005:hearingloss.org
2999:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2570:Wayback Machine
2560:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2210:Wayback Machine
2200:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1791:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1733:
1731:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1538:
1503:
1466:
1390:EN54-5 Clase A1
1347:EN54-5 Clase A1
1243:
1223:
1218:
1197:
1188:
1160:
1093:
1060:
1044:lithium battery
1028:
1004:Emergency light
949:
939:
936:
935:
934:
932:
927:
924:
923:
922:
920:
915:
912:
911:
910:
908:
903:
900:
899:
898:
896:
887:
884:
883:
882:
880:
875:High levels of
870:carbon monoxide
863:
790:
787:
786:
785:
783:
698:
685:
667:
665:
664:
663:
659:
657:
656:
655:
654:
649:
647:
646:
645:
641:
639:
638:
637:
636:
631:
629:
628:
627:
623:
621:
620:
619:
618:
604:gamma radiation
598:
596:
595:
594:
590:
588:
587:
586:
585:
580:(electron) and
547:
506:alpha particles
447:
445:
360:
345:Optical chamber
323:
312:
306:
303:
292:
280:
269:
245:
222:
171:
160:
154:
151:
140:
132:This section's
128:
124:
117:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5747:
5745:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5659:
5647:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5430:Fire retardant
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5256:Structure fire
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5181:Door breaching
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5133:Smoke detector
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5032:Fireman's pole
5029:
5024:
5022:Fire retardant
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4954:Rescue vehicle
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4715:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Fire insurance
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4463:Smoke detector
4460:
4455:
4450:
4448:Flame detector
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:Fire sprinkler
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:Emergency exit
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Area of refuge
4217:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Spark arrestor
4186:
4181:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4133:Flame arrester
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Fire retardant
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4028:Water pressure
4025:
4020:
4018:Structure fire
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:Dust explosion
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
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3815:External links
3813:
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3798:www.emnify.com
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3687:"Smoke Alarms"
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3353:Fisher, Jeff.
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877:carbon dioxide
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817:Detector type
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728:municipalities
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219:9-volt battery
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155:September 2021
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56:smoke detector
26:
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18:Smoke Detector
14:
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5275:Miscellaneous
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4693:Template:HVAC
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4683:Template:Fire
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4481:Duct cleaning
4479:
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4459:
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4453:Heat detector
4451:
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4370:Smoke control
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4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Heat transfer
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Friction loss
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Fire triangle
3946:
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3892:Conflagration
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3460:
3457:
3446:on 2013-05-20
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3010:
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2969:
2965:
2964:Nest Web site
2961:
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2684:on 2012-12-24
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2198:
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2184:on 2016-04-11
2180:
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2149:on 2012-03-20
2145:
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2131:Brazzell, D.
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2026:. p. 1.
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583:
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571:
570:alpha emitter
567:
566:Americium-241
560:
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542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:. There is a
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
495:americium-241
492:
488:
479:
472:
471:piezoelectric
467:
442:
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412:
407:
403:
400:—typically a
399:
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367:
366:photoelectric
356:
353:
351:Case moulding
350:
347:
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296:
290:
289:
284:This section
282:
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273:
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267:Photoelectric
266:
264:
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258:
254:
251:sensor or an
250:
249:photoelectric
242:
240:
237:
234:
232:
228:
220:
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212:
208:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:heat detector
184:
183:Thomas Edison
180:
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120:
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69:
68:photoelectric
65:
61:
57:
32:
19:
5691:
5679:
5667:
5655:
5643:
5552:Ancient Rome
5526:Hotshot crew
5511:Fire lookout
5410:Fire flapper
5201:Fire control
5166:Chimney fire
5132:
5052:Halligan bar
5027:Fire shelter
5012:Fire hydrant
4987:Fire blanket
4982:Escape chair
4959:Water tender
4886:Fire station
4813:Fire marshal
4793:Fire captain
4767:Firefighting
4723:
4711:
4610:Flame spread
4496:Fireproofing
4474:and services
4462:
4375:Smoke damper
4365:Safety glass
4300:Fire hydrant
4265:Fire curtain
4225:Booster pump
4184:Relief valve
4148:Fusible link
3938:Fire loading
3933:Fire control
3903:Deflagration
3801:. Retrieved
3797:
3788:
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3773:
3750:. Retrieved
3746:
3737:
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3717:abc7news.com
3716:
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3681:
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3565:
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3546:the original
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3484:
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3459:
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3444:the original
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3414:Firewize.com
3413:
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3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3361:. TechWiki.
3358:
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3324:
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2679:the original
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2592:the original
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2525:
2515:24 September
2513:. Retrieved
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2470:
2460:24 September
2458:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2428:. 2017-02-07
2425:
2416:
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2376:
2365:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:24 September
2333:. Retrieved
2326:NNDC.BNL.gov
2325:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2286:
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2242:
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2197:
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2179:the original
2174:
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2144:the original
2139:
2098:
2085:. Retrieved
2076:
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2054:. Retrieved
2044:
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2017:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:
1983:
1974:
1937:. Retrieved
1928:
1925:The Rotarian
1924:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1893:
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1810:
1773:
1767:
1753:GB 190225805
1747:
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1627:25 September
1625:. Retrieved
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1234:EN 54 part 7
1233:
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1210:
1206:
1189:
1186:Conventional
1169:
1152:
1148:
1121:
1102:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1052:
1041:
1029:
1016:
1012:
954:
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820:Obscuration
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748:
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737:
733:
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717:
702:
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686:
673:
613:(1,000
608:
564:
539:
499:
493:, typically
491:radioisotope
486:
484:
438:
434:
427:
419:
406:optical beam
369:
365:
363:
357:Infrared LED
313:
304:
293:Please help
288:verification
285:
246:
238:
235:
231:AA batteries
216:
203:
199:cold cathode
176:
161:
152:
133:
106:
99:
92:
83:smoke alarms
82:
80:
55:
53:
5545:By location
5531:Smokejumper
5388:and tactics
5266:Ventilation
5206:Fire safety
5191:False alarm
5148:Terminology
5098:PASS device
5072:Hose bridge
5062:Hazmat suit
4997:Fire bucket
4977:Bunker gear
4919:Fire engine
4864:Drill tower
4818:Fire police
4330:Grease duct
4285:Fire escape
4275:Fire damper
4168:Intumescent
4113:Fire safety
4078:Fire bucket
3973:Flash point
3555:October 22,
3269:24 November
3243:24 November
2451:NRC Library
1896:. Advameg.
1894:MadeHow.com
1734:January 13,
1501:Legislation
1254:Height (m)
1195:Addressable
1080:First Alert
1058:Reliability
947:Residential
833:Ionization
806:sensitivity
802:Obscuration
382:ultraviolet
307:August 2016
5708:Categories
5577:Washington
5572:California
5440:Fire trail
5386:Equipment
5226:Flash fire
5196:Fire class
5176:Deluge gun
5113:Rotary saw
5083:Kelly tool
5047:Fog nozzle
4891:Hose tower
4857:Facilities
4798:Fire chief
4627:(NFPA 101)
4590:CE marking
4443:Fire drill
4046:Technology
3943:Fire point
3928:Fire class
3908:Detonation
3803:2023-05-12
3779:2023-05-12
3752:2023-05-12
3747:IoT Agenda
3697:2013-06-26
3658:2017-02-06
3627:2001-06-27
3602:2013-06-27
3577:2013-06-27
3525:firetc.net
3506:2013-08-26
3475:2014-08-22
3450:2014-08-22
3395:2010-06-09
3170:2008-10-28
3131:2015-07-31
3102:2009-05-17
2944:2012-05-28
2912:2014-05-01
2877:2018-12-21
2850:2014-09-03
2825:2014-05-29
2800:2014-10-03
2769:2001-06-27
2744:2013-06-27
2713:2013-06-27
2688:2006-06-01
2657:2015-05-11
2622:2015-12-28
2598:2011-07-01
2545:2013-06-26
2486:2013-06-26
2432:2021-12-23
2407:2009-08-29
2367:2009-08-31
2188:2022-07-19
2153:2009-05-13
1998:2020-12-27
1939:2014-11-27
1862:2014-11-20
1681:2017-07-28
1653:References
1521:Queensland
1158:Commercial
1085:BRK Brands
842:Aspirating
719:10.0
532:allows an
522:electrodes
443:Ionization
415:scattering
402:photodiode
253:ionization
205:1963, The
191:Birmingham
72:ionization
5729:Detectors
5719:Americium
5557:Australia
5504:Personnel
5465:Hose pack
5445:Firebreak
5425:Fire rake
5415:Fire hose
5405:Driptorch
5357:Wildfires
5287:Fire camp
5231:Flashover
5161:Barn fire
5156:Backdraft
5007:Fire hose
4969:Equipment
4901:Apparatus
4583:Standards
4512:Fire test
4340:Occupancy
4305:Fire pump
4295:Fire hose
4280:Fire door
4260:Exit sign
4235:Crash bar
4008:Pyrolysis
4003:Pool fire
3968:Flashover
3923:Explosive
3871:Backdraft
3325:ssspl.org
2974:7 January
2644:CFPA-E.eu
2301:0009-2347
2087:7 January
1696:US 436961
1387:SA >30
1302:SA >80
1216:Standards
1136:stairways
1026:Batteries
574:half-life
557:speck of
545:Radiation
514:molecules
512:some air
423:scattered
143:talk page
5668:Glossary
5644:Category
5613:See also
5521:Helitack
5516:Handcrew
5246:Rollover
5221:Firewall
4929:Fireboat
4828:Handcrew
4712:Category
4676:See also
4605:EN 16034
4315:Firestop
4270:Fire cut
3993:Jet fire
3983:Gas leak
3899:(HAZMAT)
3882:Boilover
3721:Archived
3691:Archived
3667:cite web
3649:Archived
3621:Archived
3596:Archived
3497:Archived
3469:Archived
3418:Archived
3389:Archived
3363:Archived
3329:Archived
3263:Archived
3237:Archived
3204:6 August
3195:Archived
3156:WTHR.com
3125:Archived
3096:Archived
3072:19 April
2968:Archived
2935:Archived
2903:Archived
2844:Archived
2819:Archived
2791:Archived
2763:Archived
2735:Archived
2707:Archived
2648:Archived
2566:Archived
2539:Archived
2480:Archived
2398:Archived
2358:Archived
2268:Archived
2206:Archived
2081:Archived
2077:Nfpa.org
2028:Archived
1933:Archived
1898:Archived
1815:Archived
1675:Archived
1671:nfpa.org
1274:Rmax(m)
1268:Rmax (m)
1140:hallways
707:and the
683:Disposal
396:, and a
392:(LED)—a
374:infrared
136:disputed
5692:Outline
5656:Commons
5567:History
5480:Pulaski
5365:General
5103:The pig
4724:Commons
4557:(NCEES)
3878:(BLEVE)
3188:NFPA 72
2505:RadTown
2453:. U.S.
2306:11 June
2056:24 July
1811:NRC.gov
1578:. U.S.
1144:garages
1138:, main
1132:bedroom
1062:A 2004
996:candela
988:Visual
973:85–100
705:Siemens
572:with a
528:on the
510:ionizes
489:uses a
413:due to
378:visible
223:US$ 125
195:England
115:History
5470:McLeod
5332:Muster
4655:Awards
4569:(SFPE)
4563:(NFPA)
4545:(FEMA)
4508:(FSES)
3424:6 June
3369:6 June
3229:
2299:
2230:
2110:
2034:9 June
1904:9 June
1853:
1821:9 June
1780:
1759:
1705:
1698:,
1484:, and
1474:UL 217
1344:SA ≤30
1305:EN54-7
1282:EN54-7
1279:SA ≤80
998:output
851:Laser
782:, the
713:micron
602:emits
568:is an
553:A 141
243:Design
5680:Index
5588:Lists
5186:Draft
5128:Siren
5088:Nomex
4949:Quint
4646:UL 94
4600:EN 54
4551:(IFE)
4180:(PPE)
3727:8 May
3652:(PDF)
3645:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3500:(PDF)
3493:(PDF)
3338:8 May
3332:(PDF)
3321:(PDF)
3198:(PDF)
3191:(PDF)
3045:8 May
3015:8 May
2938:(PDF)
2931:(PDF)
2906:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2871:(PDF)
2794:(PDF)
2787:(PDF)
2738:(PDF)
2731:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
2675:(PDF)
2651:(PDF)
2640:(PDF)
2401:(PDF)
2361:(PDF)
2354:(PDF)
2182:(PDF)
2171:(PDF)
2147:(PDF)
2136:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1610:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1557:Notes
1530:CSIRO
1486:SBCCI
1228:EN 54
1109:local
1105:state
780:EN 54
759:ABC's
582:gamma
380:, or
368:, or
348:Cover
87:alarm
60:smoke
4874:list
4595:EN 3
4575:(UL)
3729:2018
3673:link
3557:2022
3426:2014
3371:2014
3340:2018
3271:2014
3245:2014
3227:ISBN
3206:2014
3160:WTHR
3074:2011
3047:2018
3017:2018
2976:2016
2517:2022
2462:2022
2337:2022
2308:2023
2297:ISSN
2228:ISBN
2089:2016
2058:2014
2036:2014
2024:Time
2019:Time
1906:2014
1851:ISBN
1823:2014
1778:ISBN
1736:2011
1629:2022
1588:2022
1482:ICBO
1478:BOCA
1425:6,5
1405:6,5
1393:≤7,5
1382:5,7
1362:5,7
1350:≤7,5
1339:9,6
1320:8,7
1297:8,2
1142:and
1116:NFPA
1112:laws
1107:and
1064:NIST
994:177
578:beta
530:ions
394:lens
64:fire
2535:EPA
2509:EPA
1419:3,5
1399:3,5
1376:4,4
1370:≤ 6
1356:4,4
1336:110
1333:6,6
1314:5,7
1291:6,6
1285:≤12
1174:or
690:EPA
615:nCi
611:kBq
485:An
388:or
297:by
189:in
5710::
3796:.
3772:.
3761:^
3745:.
3719:.
3715:.
3669:}}
3665:{{
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3179:^
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3140:^
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2859:^
2642:.
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2554:^
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2251:^
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2117:^
2079:.
2075:.
2016:.
1991:.
1948:^
1929:86
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1923:.
1892:.
1871:^
1831:^
1809:.
1792:^
1738:.
1724:.
1669:.
1619:.
1612:.
1480:,
1422:40
1416:20
1413:≤6
1402:40
1396:20
1379:30
1373:30
1359:30
1353:30
1330:80
1317:90
1311:60
1308:≤6
1294:80
1288:80
1146:.
975:dB
968:Hz
933:CO
921:CO
909:CO
897:CO
881:CO
784:CO
721:μm
662:Pu
644:Am
626:Am
593:Am
555:ng
376:,
364:A
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